723:, Italy embarked on a project to preserve the sound of Stradivarius instruments. In January 2019, four musicians recorded scales and arpeggios using two violins, a viola, and a cello, including a famous 1727 violin named "Vesuvio." These recordings, known as the "Stradivarius Sound Bank," preserve the sounds. The project involved closing off streets and minimizing noise to ensure a quiet environment during the recordings. The musicians recorded over one million sound files across different techniques to capture the instruments' tonal characteristics. These recordings are stored as part of a permanent collection at the Museo del Violino. Fausto Cacciatori, curator of the museum, emphasized that while the sounds of these instruments change over time due to natural aging, the project will allow future generations to experience the original sound of these Stradivarius instruments.
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431:", expert players could not distinguish old from new instruments by playing them for a short time in a small room. In an additional test, performed in a concert hall, one of the Stradivarius violins placed first, but one of the participants stated that "the audience in the concert hall were essentially equivocal on which instruments were better in each of the pair-wise instrument comparisons" and "I could tell slight differences in the instruments... but overall they were all great. None of them sounded substantially weaker than the others." Modern violins were rated as having better sound-carrying qualities and were preferred again in a study in 2017.
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results suggest that differences in density differentials in the material may have played a significant role in the sound production of classical violins. A later survey, focused on comparing median densities in both classical and modern violin examples, questioned the role available materials may have played in sound production differences, though it made no comment on variations in density differentials. The content of copper and aluminium is higher than current instruments.
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470:, circa 1645 to 1750, during which cooler temperatures throughout Europe are believed to have caused stunted and slowed tree growth, resulting in unusually dense wood. Further evidence for this "Little Ice Age theory" comes from a simple examination of the dense growth rings in the wood used in Stradivari's instruments. Two researchers – University of Tennessee tree-ring scientist
84:: Antonius Stradivarius), in Cremona, Italy, during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These instruments are known for their craftsmanship, tonal quality, and lasting legacy, and are considered some of the finest ever made. Stradivari's violins, in particular, are coveted by musicians and collectors, with many selling for millions of dollars.
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in 2008 found no significant differences in median densities between modern and classical violins, or between classical violins from different origins; instead the survey of several modern and classical examples of violins highlighted a notable distinction when comparing density differentials. These
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and his co-workers have studied varnishes on
Stradivarius violins. He reported in 2010 that even when varnish is no longer visible to the human eye on the surface of older violins, it can be detected within the top layers of cells. A lower layer of varnish is found within the topmost wood cells while
458:
Some maintain that the very best
Stradivari have unique superiorities. Various attempts at explaining these supposed qualities have been undertaken, most results being unsuccessful or inconclusive. Over the centuries, numerous theories have been presented – and debunked – including an assertion that
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reveals that he has always held the belief that there are a wide range of chemicals that will improve the violin's sound. In a 2009 study co-authored with Renald
Guillemette and Clifford Spiegelman, Nagyvary obtained shavings from a Stradivarius violin and examined them, and analysis indicated they
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del Gesú, an 1846 Vuillaume, and a 1976 British violin played behind a screen by a professional soloist. The two violinists were allowed to play all the instruments first. None of the listeners identified more than two of the four instruments. Two of the listeners identified the 20th-century violin
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Echard, Jean-Philippe; Bertrand, Loïc; von Bohlen, Alex; Le Hô, Anne-Solenn; Paris, Céline; Bellot-Gurlet, Ludovic; Soulier, Balthazar; Lattuati-Derieux, Agnès; Thao, Sylvie; Robinet, Laurianne; Lavédrine, Bertrand; Vaiedelich, Stéphane (4 January 2010). "The Nature of the
Extraordinary Finish of
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Stradivari made mainly violins but also violas, cellos and some plucked string instruments (five guitars, two mandolins and one harp are known). About 650 original
Stradivarius instruments have survived. Thousands of violins have been made in tribute to Stradivari, copying his model and bearing
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The reputation of
Stradivarius instruments for having unmatched sound quality has been debated. Blind experiments conducted from the 19th century to the present have often found no significant difference between Stradivari violins and high-quality modern violins. These findings have led some to
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Stradivarius instruments are at risk of theft. Stolen instruments are often recovered, even after being missing for many years. They are difficult to sell illicitly, as dealers will typically call the police if approached by a seller with a
Stradivarius known to have been stolen. The
418:
researcher
Francis Schwarze had treated with fungi, received 90 of the 180 votes for the best tone, while the Stradivarius came second with 39 votes. The majority (113) of the listeners misidentified the winning violin as the Stradivarius. Analysis of the treated wood revealed a
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an upper rests upon the wood. Echard's findings suggest that
Stradivari used a mixture of common Cremonese resin, oil, and pigment as a varnish, rather than making his own. Echard did not find traces of specialized ingredients such as protein materials, gums, or fossil amber.
1603:
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Antonio
Stradivari made over 1,100 instruments, with approximately 650 surviving today. The exact methods Stradivari used to produce instruments' famed sound remain unknown, with theories ranging from the unique quality of the wood used during the
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from 1817 to as recent as 2014 have never found any difference in sound between Stradivari's violins and high-quality violins in comparable style of other makers and periods, nor has acoustic analysis. In a particularly famous test on a
150:'s violins differ in their tonal quality, comparable to the difference between red and white wine. The Stradivari's sound is described as more "direct and precise", responding to the slightest touch with refined direction and elegance.
1865:. A committee of scientists and musicians, listening to the violins played in an adjacent room, judged Chanot's violin to be at least as good as the Stradivarius, but apparently Chanot's instruments quickly lost their good qualities.
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have aimed to digitally capture and preserve the sounds of these instruments for future generations. Stradivarius instruments have become known in popular culture, appearing in fiction and representing elite musical artistry.
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in wood from Stradivari violins. The traces may have come from chemical preservatives applied by loggers to the wood they sold. As well, the violin makers applied varnishes to their instruments. Potassium borate
961:
Tai, Hwan-Ching; Li, Guo-Chian; Huang, Shing-Jong; Jhu, Chang-Ruei; Chung, Jen-Hsuan; Wang, Bo Y.; Hsu, Chia-Shuo; Brandmair, Brigitte; Chung, Dai-Ting; Chen, Hao Ming; Chan, Jerry Chun Chung (3 January 2017).
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accompanied by relatively little change in the speed of sound. According to this analysis, treatment improves the sound radiation ratio to the level of cold-climate wood considered to have superior resonance.
1778:
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502:. This wood is known for its extreme density resulting from the slow growth caused by harsh Croatian winters. Croatian wood was traded by Venetian merchants of the era, and is still used today by local
415:
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A Stradivarius made in the 1680s, or during Stradivari's "Long Pattern" period from 1690 to 1700, could be worth hundreds of thousands to several million U.S. dollars at today's prices. The 1697 "
1542:
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In a test in 2009, the British violinist Matthew Trusler played his 1711 Stradivarius, said to be worth two million U.S. dollars, and four modern violins made by the Swiss violin-maker
2247:
1577:
572:, Antonio Fantinuoli, Giangiacomo Pinardi, Paola Poncet. Francesco Maria Veracini, Francesco Geminiani, Arangelo Corelli, Giuseppe Tartini, Pietro Antonio Locatelli, Antonio Vivaldi.
491:, the researchers found that these violins all have extremely consistent density, with relatively low variation in the apparent growth patterns of the trees that produced this wood.
134:, who employed an outer form. It is clear from the number of forms throughout his career that he experimented with some of the dimensions of his instruments. The woods used included
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There has been conjecture that the wood used may have been treated with several types of minerals, both before and after construction of a violin. Scientists at
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appeal. In Spring 2014 the "Macdonald" viola was put up for auction through the musical instrument auction house Ingles & Hayday in conjunction with
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in the Netherlands, announced further evidence that wood density caused the claimed high quality of these instruments. After examining the violins with
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3011:
A FourDoc (short on-line documentary) about a group of violin makers making a violin in the original spec of the maurin Stradivarius in just five days
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via silent auction with a minimum bid of $ 45 million. The auction failed to reach its minimum bid by 25 June 2014, and the viola was not sold.
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and Lloyd Burckle, a Columbia University climatologist – published their conclusions supporting the theory on increased wood density in the journal
284:
Depending on condition, instruments made during Stradivari's "golden period" from 1700 to about 1725 can be worth millions of dollars. In 2011, his
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and iron salts." He also found that the wood had decayed a little, to the extent that the filter plates in the pores between the wood's component
2676:
2483:
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Fritz, Claudia; Curtin, Joseph; Poitevineau, Jacques; Borsarello, Hugues; Wollman, Indiana; Tao, Fan-Chia; Ghasarossian, Thierry (20 May 2014).
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labels that read "Stradivarius". The presence of a Stradivarius label does not confirm that the instrument is a genuine work of Stradivari.
2181:
1268:"Wood Densitometry in 17th and 18th Century Dutch, German, Austrian and French Violins, Compared to Classical Cremonese and Modern Violins"
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928:
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901:
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400:(in most cases), the judges are often not experts, and the sounds of violins are hard to evaluate objectively and reproducibly.
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to the varnishes and chemical treatments applied. Despite extensive scientific research, including modern acoustic analysis and
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1596:"Roman Totenberg: Violinist who claimed rival musician stole his Stradivarius is vindicated three years after his death"
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as the Stradivarius. Violinists and others have criticized these tests on various grounds such as that they are not
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was stolen in 2004. It was returned three weeks later by a woman who found it and handed it over to the police. The
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96:, no one has been able to conclusively replicate or fully explain the tonal qualities of Stradivarius instruments.
1822:
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While many world-class soloists play violins by Antonio Stradivari, there are notable exceptions. For example,
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545:". Data regarding the differing densities of woods used were then used to create a reproduction instrument.
442:. He states that the listener cannot tell that his instrument is modern, and he regards it as excellent for
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131:
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Stradivarius instruments are still played by leading musicians and housed in museums worldwide, such as the
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3323:
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Fritz, Claudia; Joseph Curtin; Jacques Poitevineau; Palmer Morrel-Samuels; Fan-Chia Tao (3 January 2012).
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from 1721, which is in pristine condition, was sold in London for $ 15.9 million (it is named after
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Some research points to wood preservatives used in that day as contributing to the resonant qualities.
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2940:
Violin Iconography of Antonio Stradivari 1644–1737, Herbert K. Goodkind, Larchmont, New York, 1972.
1899:
945:"The Amazing Stradivarius, Guarneri, and Amatise Violin Characteristics | Mio Cannone Violini"
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The Stradivarius instruments are famous for the quality of sound they produce. However, the many
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A more modern theory attributes tree growth during a time of global low temperatures during the
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2001:
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2020:
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2216:
2143:
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1991:
1981:
1398:"Austin violinist Anne Akiko Meyers buys rare Stradivarius for record-setting $ 3.6 million"
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632:
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467:
314:
307:
1893:
1861:
A guitar-like violin made by the naval engineer François Chanot, a member of a family of
130:
Stradivari made his instruments using an inner form, unlike the French copyists, such as
2845:
Stradivari's Genius: Five Violins, One Cello, and Three Centuries of Enduring Perfection
2354:
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1977:
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1996:
1961:
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1206:
998:
963:
678:
Isabelle Faust, Alexander Melnikov. Albert Dietrich, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms.
646:
628:
463:
296:, who owned it for 30 years). It was sold by the Nippon Music Foundation in aid of the
238:
bought the Da Vinci Stradivarius violin for $ 25,000 from a private dealer from Berlin.
191:
89:
1895:
The Violin: Some Account of That Leading Instrument and its Most Eminent Professors...
3645:
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3421:
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2569:
2427:
2303:
2221:
2204:
2176:
689:
388:
235:
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2325:
likened the test to trying to compare a Ford and a Ferrari in a Walmart parking lot.
1870:
Biographie Universelle des Musiciens et Bibliographie Générale de la Musique, Tome 1
17:
3610:
3471:
3466:
3426:
3133:
3105:
2905:
2756:"To save the true sound of a Stradivarius, an entire Italian city is keeping quiet"
2337:
Fritz, Claudia; Curtin, Joseph; Poitevineau, Jacques; Tao, Fan-Chia (23 May 2017).
739:
569:
109:
in Cremona, which preserves several Stradivarius instruments. Initiatives like the
2089:
The Violin Maker: A Search for the Secrets of Craftsmanship, Sound, and Stradivari
1625:
341:
was stolen in an armed robbery on 27 January 2014 and subsequently recovered. The
301:
1292:
1233:
891:
438:
formerly played "a quite famous Strad", but switched to a violin made in 2002 by
3580:
3522:
3507:
3411:
3355:
3306:
3258:
3226:
3181:
3151:
2248:"Violinists can't tell the difference between Stradivarius violins and new ones"
2203:
Schwarze, Francis W. M. R.; Spycher, Melanie; Fink, Siegfried (September 2008).
1921:
1574:"The $ 5 Million Violin and the Telltale Taser: Inside an Epically Stupid Crime"
829:
380:
376:
53:
49:
2205:"Superior wood for violins – wood decay fungi as a substitute for cold climate"
2118:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1966:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1804:
1716:
1374:
3492:
3382:
3311:
3278:
3253:
1848:
1690:
289:
195:
2996:
1207:"A Comparison of Wood Density between Classical Cremonese and Modern Violins"
3558:
3377:
3370:
3317:
3283:
2873:
2363:
2138:
1986:
988:
530:
had rotted away, perhaps while the wood was stored in or under water in the
203:
2833:
2382:
2230:
2157:
2005:
1311:
1252:
1188:
1180:
1007:
671:
Isabelle Faust, Alexander Melnikov, Teunis van der Zwart. Johannes Brahms.
2976:
2810:
How Many Strads?, Ernest N. Doring, William Lewis & Son, Chicago, 1945
1153:
American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers
317:
have started to appear, pushing already astronomical prices even higher".
122:
3568:
3345:
3333:
3243:
3231:
3221:
3199:
2057:
1211:
527:
523:
519:
447:
392:
263:
218:
175:
158:
76:, and guitars, crafted by members of the Stradivari family, particularly
1873:(Second ed.). Paris: Firmin Didot Frères, Fils, et Cie. p. 249
1266:
Stoel, Berend C.; Borman, Terry M.; de Jongh, Ronald (10 October 2012).
30:
This article is about the string-instrument family. For other uses, see
3497:
3338:
3328:
3194:
3166:
2646:"Secrets Of Stradivarius' Unique Violin Sound Revealed, Professor Says"
1862:
720:
503:
499:
166:
93:
65:
2542:"10 Non-Military Historical Events Drastically Changed by the Weather"
1740:"Multi-million dollar violin stolen from Milwaukee Symphony performer"
964:"Chemical distinctions between Stradivari's maple and modern tonewood"
446:
and better than a Stradivarius for "the big Romantic and 20th-century
3517:
3248:
3072:
2989:
The Violin: A Social History of the World's Most Versatile Instrument
1344:
531:
183:
162:
139:
135:
73:
69:
2814:
Hill, William Henry; Hill, Arthur F.; Hill, Alfred Ebsworth (1902).
2730:"Inside the extraordinary experiment to save the Stradivarius sound"
866:"Inside the extraordinary experiment to save the Stradivarius sound"
39:
2712:"To Save the Sound of a Stradivarius, a Whole City Must Keep Quiet"
246:
Antonio Stradivari violin of 1703 on exhibit, behind glass, at the
27:
String instruments built by Stradivari family, particularly Antonio
3585:
3143:
3115:
1151:
Feltman, Jeff (1987). "Jack Batts: An interview by Jeff Feltman".
1026:"The Brilliance of a Stradivari Violin Might Rest Within Its Wood"
706:. Label: Narodowe Forum Muzyki. Cello by Bastian Muthesius (2004).
641:
iano Concerto in A minor, Concerto for Piano and Violin in D minor
515:
495:
488:
241:
229:
199:
171:
143:
121:
81:
38:
2308:"In Classic vs. Modern Violins, Beauty Is in Ear of the Beholder"
1771:"Stolen Stradivarius violin found in suitcase in Milwaukee attic"
1543:"The World's Most Expensive Instrument Just Got Slightly Cheaper"
537:
Steven Sirr, a radiologist, worked with researchers to perform a
391:
tried to distinguish between the "Chaconne" Stradivarius, a 1739
3595:
3026:
2628:"Secrets of the Stradivarius: An Interview with Joseph Nagyvary"
2511:"Did "Little Ice Age" Create Stradivarius Violins' Famous Tone?"
697:
Recordings made with replicas of Stradivarius string instruments
3030:
1687:"Cello by Antonio Stradivari, 1684 (General Kyd; ex-Leo Stern)"
1205:
Stoel, Berend C.; Borman, Terry M (2008). Grama, Ananth (ed.).
664:, Boris Faust, Wolfgang Emanuel Schmidt. Carl Maria von Weber.
416:
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
100:
question the objectivity of the instruments' legendary status.
1513:"Sale of rare Stradivari viola could set world auction record"
3022:
Instruments by Antonio Stradivari on the MIMO online database
2242:
2240:
564:
Recordings made with original Stradivarius string instruments
2114:"Soloist evaluations of six Old Italian and six new violins"
350:
A number of stolen instruments remain missing, such as the
1898:(Fourth ed.). London: Robert Cocks and Co. pp.
1713:"Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1721 (Sinsheimer; Iselin)"
1371:"Cozio.com: violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1697 (Molitor)"
702:
Jaroslaw Thiel, Katarzyna Drogosz. Ludwig van Beethoven.
673:
Horn Trio Op. 40, Violin Sonata Op. 78, Fantasies Op. 116
313:
reported in May 2013 that "in recent years, Stradivarius
2486:. CNN. Associated Press. 8 December 2003. Archived from
805:"Secrets of Stradivarius violins unlocked by scientists"
427:
In a double-blind test in 2012 published in the study "
414:. One of Rhonheimer's violins, made with wood that the
2022:
The Violin Explained: Components, Mechanism, and Sound
607:
Ralph Holmes, Richard Burnett. Johann Nepomuk Hummel.
3018:
Online database of instruments by Antonio Stradivari.
2339:"Listener evaluations of new and Old Italian violins"
2673:"Researchers Use CT to Recreate Stradivarius Violin"
466:
associated with unusually low solar activity of the
3541:
3485:
3397:
3297:
3212:
3180:
3142:
3114:
3071:
3064:
2274:"Double-Blind Violin Test: Can You Pick The Strad?"
1200:
1198:
498:wood used was sourced from the forests of northern
2842:
2568:
1801:"Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1712 (Karpilowsky)"
1093:
2816:Antonio Stradivari, His Life and Work (1644–1737)
1845:"Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1714 (Le Maurien)"
1452:The violin: its famous makers and their imitators
262:" Stradivarius, once rumored to have belonged to
1480:"Stradivarius Nets $ 16M for Japan Quake Relief"
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
760:"Stradivarius violins fetch millions at auction"
266:(it actually belonged to a general in his army,
2887:Universal Dictionary of Violin & Bow Makers
2343:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
968:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
783:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
655:Sinfonia Concertante; Violin Concerti 1 & 4
586:L'Archibudelli. Felix Mendelssohn, Niels Gade.
1589:
1587:
3042:
1962:"Player preferences among new and old violin"
920:The Manual of Musical Instrument Conservation
494:Yet another possible explanation is that the
281:for $ 3,600,000, at the time a world record.
146:for the back, ribs, and neck. Stradivari and
8:
2609:"Why do Stradivari's violins sound sublime?"
2172:"Fungus-Treated Violin Outdoes Stradivarius"
1424:"Tarisio, October 2010 (New York) – Lot 467"
779:"Wood Treatment of Stradivarius Instruments"
429:Player preferences among new and old violins
2866:Dictionnaire Universel del Luthiers (vol.3)
2567:Hill, W.H.; Hill, A.F.; Hill, A.E. (1963).
2025:. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–90.
666:Sonatas for violin and piano, Piano Quartet
600:, Christian Poltéra. Ludwig van Beethoven.
459:the wood was salvaged from old cathedrals.
3068:
3049:
3035:
3027:
2932:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2484:"Cool weather may be Stradivarius' secret"
2051:
2049:
1127:"The varnished truth about a Stradivarius"
1063:"Stradivari and the Search for Brilliance"
347:was stolen in 1981 and recovered in 2015.
64:is one of the string instruments, such as
2372:
2362:
2220:
2147:
2137:
1995:
1985:
1301:
1291:
1242:
1232:
997:
987:
923:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
653:. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn.
142:for the internal blocks and linings, and
2575:. New York: Dover Publications. p.
1955:
1953:
506:and craftsfolk for musical instruments.
174:) may have been used to protect against
2991:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1821:. FBI Art Theft Program. Archived from
1169:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
751:
2925:
2458:"The Secret of the Stradivarius Sound"
2408:from the original on 23 September 2009
2091:. Harper Perennial. pp. 133–134.
1523:from the original on 24 September 2015
1326:"Toscha Seidel Buys Celebrated Violin"
1019:
1017:
893:The Violin Forms of Antonio Stradivari
581:Quintet in C D. 956, Rondo in A D. 438
273:, 1er Comte Molitor), sold in 2010 at
2868:. Bruxelles: Les Amis de la musique.
2679:from the original on 30 November 2011
2571:Antonio Stradivari: His Life and Work
2438:from the original on 16 February 2008
2396:Norris, Geoffrey (10 February 2005).
1781:from the original on 22 February 2014
1125:Lemonick, Michael (13 October 2000).
956:
954:
688:, Across the Stars, Various works by
651:Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment
194:, an egg tempera varnish composed of
7:
2969:J.B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre
2910:Meister Italienischer Geigenbaukunst
1775:Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel
1750:from the original on 1 February 2014
1667:from the original on 11 October 2007
1404:from the original on 17 October 2010
1106:from the original on 12 January 2022
534:lagoon before Stradivarius used it.
2432:"The Sweet Sound of a Stradivarius"
2284:from the original on 3 January 2012
2254:from the original on 3 January 2012
1095:"Stradivari 'owes it all to worms'"
803:Knapton, Sarah (2 September 2015).
541:scan of a Stradivari known as the "
335:in 2008 and recovered in 2009. The
2946:"Is A Stradivarius Just A Violin?"
1769:Ashley Luthern (6 February 2014).
1606:from the original on 9 August 2015
1511:Reaney, Patricia (27 March 2014).
454:Theories and reproduction attempts
379:programme in 1977, the violinists
25:
2944:Kestenbaum, David (16 May 2014).
2710:Paradiso, Max (17 January 2019).
2548:from the original on 21 June 2008
2540:Rachelle Oblack (10 March 2008).
2430:; Hoffman, Miles (24 June 2004).
2398:"Debunking the Stradivarius Myth"
2068:from the original on 20 July 2011
1938:from the original on 8 April 2014
1738:Colleen Henry (28 January 2014).
1636:from the original on 6 April 2008
1626:"Rare cello escapes CD rack fate"
1580:from the original on 11 May 2014.
1492:from the original on 26 June 2011
1430:from the original on 16 July 2011
1373:. cozio.com. 2010. Archived from
1351:from the original on 13 June 2017
846:from the original on 8 April 2014
387:and the violin expert and dealer
217:A comparative study published in
3624:
3623:
2971:(in French). London: W.E. Hill.
2818:. London: W.E. Hill & Sons.
2607:Marks, Paul (29 November 2006).
2509:John Pickrell (7 January 2004).
2434:. National Public Radio (U.S.).
2222:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02524.x
1926:"A Strad? Violinists Can't Tell"
1819:"Theft Notices & Recoveries"
1396:Jeanne Claire van Ryzin (2010).
834:"A Strad? Violinists Can't Tell"
733:
704:Sonatas Op. 5, Variations WoO 45
680:Violin Sonatas Op. 100 & 108
579:L'Archibudelli. Franz Schubert.
555:List of Stradivarius instruments
485:Leiden University Medical Center
252:Berlin Musical Instrument Museum
2782:"Saving The Stradivarius Sound"
2184:from the original on 5 May 2010
2056:Coggins, Alan (February 2007).
1867:Fétis, François-Joseph (1868).
1092:Uhlig, Robert (31 March 2001).
1024:Yin, Steph (20 December 2016).
777:Tai, Hwan-Ching (August 2017).
298:Japanese earthquake and tsunami
157:have detected trace amounts of
2700:Smithsonian Institution, 2006.
2626:Choi, Charles (10 June 2002).
1655:Kevin Roderick (18 May 2004).
1594:Nuckols, Ben (6 August 2015).
1572:Justin Rohrlich (9 May 2014).
1549:. 26 June 2014. Archived from
483:In 2008, researchers from the
182:may have been used to prevent
1:
186:, rotting and insect damage.
126:Maker's label from Stradivari
32:Stradivarius (disambiguation)
2890:. Brighton; England: Amati.
1657:"Cello returned with damage"
1293:10.1371/journal.pone.0046629
1234:10.1371/journal.pone.0002554
692:. Label: Deutsche-Grammophon
574:The 1690 'Tuscan' Stradivari
366:Comparisons in sound quality
1847:. Cozio.com. Archived from
1803:. Cozio.com. Archived from
1715:. Cozio.com. Archived from
1689:. Cozio.com. Archived from
1345:"Stradivarius Violin Price"
1167:Stradivari's Instruments".
271:Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor
3678:
2849:. New York: Random House.
2644:Texas A&M University.
1478:Yoree Koh (21 June 2011).
1455:. London: Dulau. pp.
609:Works for Violin and Piano
552:
358:, stolen in 1995, and the
155:National Taiwan University
29:
3619:
2671:RSNA (28 November 2011).
917:Pollens, Stewart (2015).
890:Pollens, Stewart (1992).
657:. Label: Channel Classics
3385:(changing string tuning)
2515:National Geographic News
1892:Dubourg, George (1852).
621:. Ludwig van Beethoven.
324:General Kyd Stradivarius
111:Stradivarius Sound Bank'
2967:Millant, Roger (1972).
2364:10.1073/pnas.1619443114
2139:10.1073/pnas.1323367111
2087:Marchese, John (2008).
2058:"Blind Listening Tests"
1987:10.1073/pnas.1114999109
1485:The Wall Street Journal
1061:Roberts, Jacob (2017).
989:10.1073/pnas.1611253114
682:. Label: Harmonia Mundi
675:. Label: Harmonia Mundi
668:. Label: Harmonia Mundi
248:Musikinstrumentenmuseum
188:Simone Fernando Sacconi
3657:Stradivari instruments
2864:Vannes, Rene (1985) .
1181:10.1002/anie.200905131
639:. Felix Mendelssohn. P
594:Frank Peter Zimmermann
354:, stolen in 1953. the
255:
239:
206:, may have been used.
127:
57:
3606:Violin musical styles
3554:History of the violin
3190:Electric upright bass
2951:All Things Considered
2180:. 14 September 2009.
2019:Beamen, John (2000).
1449:Hart, George (1875).
421:reduction in density,
338:Lipinski Stradivarius
245:
233:
125:
42:
3457:Double bass concerto
2841:Faber, Toby (2004).
2698:Stradivarius Violins
1851:on 10 December 2008.
1807:on 14 December 2010.
766:. 18 September 2018.
472:Henri Grissino-Mayer
440:Stefan-Peter Greiner
211:Jean-Philippe Echard
18:Stradivarius Violins
3486:Related instruments
3400:and genres of music
3366:Finger substitution
2632:Scientific American
2355:2017PNAS..114.5395F
2130:2014PNAS..111.7224F
1978:2012PNAS..109..760F
1377:on 10 November 2013
1284:2012PLoSO...746629S
1225:2008PLoSO...3.2554S
980:2017PNAS..114...27T
649:, Pavlo Beznosiuk,
602:String Trios, Op. 9
286:"Lady Blunt" violin
56:of a craftsman-hero
3652:String instruments
3091:Five-string violin
2716:The New York Times
2651:2016-10-02 at the
2313:The New York Times
2306:(2 January 2012).
2250:. 2 January 2012.
1931:The New York Times
1334:Section 2, page 1.
1330:The New York Times
1030:The New York Times
947:. 4 February 2022.
896:. Peter Biddulph.
839:The New York Times
711:Sound preservation
686:Anne-Sophie Mutter
662:Alexander Melnikov
588:Octets for Strings
436:Christian Tetzlaff
405:Michael Rhonheimer
362:, stolen in 2002.
256:
240:
180:potassium silicate
128:
78:Antonio Stradivari
58:
54:romanticized image
45:Antonio Stradivari
3639:
3638:
3208:
3207:
2985:Schoenbaum, David
2912:. Wilhelmshaven.
2897:978-0-901424-00-6
2856:978-0-375-50848-6
2586:978-0-486-20425-3
2464:. 27 October 2002
2349:(21): 5395–5400.
2124:(20): 7224–7229.
2098:978-0-06-001268-7
2032:978-0-19-816739-6
1576:. Vice magazine.
1553:on 6 January 2015
1426:. Tarisio. 2010.
717:Museo del Violino
625:. Label: Hyperion
477:Dendrochronologia
372:blind experiments
344:Ames Stradivarius
329:Sinsheimer/Iselin
292:'s granddaughter
279:Anne Akiko Meyers
148:Giuseppe Guarneri
106:Museo del Violino
16:(Redirected from
3669:
3627:
3626:
3549:Violin acoustics
3503:Hardanger fiddle
3437:String orchestra
3101:Alexander violin
3069:
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2661:25 January 2009.
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2517:. Archived from
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2215:(4): 1095–1104.
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1924:(7 April 2014).
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1332:. 27 April 1924.
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832:(7 April 2014).
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740:Music portal
738:
737:
736:
660:Isabelle Faust,
611:. Label: Amon-Ra
598:Antoine Tamestit
422:
413:
385:Pinchas Zukerman
333:Hanover, Germany
315:investment funds
275:Tarisio Auctions
21:
3677:
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3672:
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3670:
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3667:
3666:
3662:Lost inventions
3642:
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3640:
3635:
3615:
3601:Violin lutherie
3537:
3513:Lira da braccio
3481:
3442:Violin concerto
3399:
3393:
3293:
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3176:
3162:Cello da spalla
3157:Baritone violin
3138:
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3096:Violino piccolo
3081:Electric violin
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2882:Henley, William
2880:
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2807:
2805:Further reading
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2789:
2786:Reader's Digest
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2734:Popular Science
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2653:Wayback Machine
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1825:on 2 April 2007
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1719:on 7 March 2012
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1632:. 15 May 2004.
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1600:The Independent
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643:. Label: Teldec
637:Rainer Kussmaul
615:Steven Isserlis
576:. Label: Glossa
557:
551:
511:Joseph Nagyvary
468:Maunder Minimum
456:
420:
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368:
356:Davidoff-Morini
294:Lady Anne Blunt
228:
209:French chemist
190:suggested that
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3564:Bass amplifier
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3477:Carnatic music
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3452:Cello concerto
3449:
3447:Viola concerto
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3417:String quintet
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3407:String quartet
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3172:Electric cello
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3005:External links
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2521:on 2 July 2007
2501:
2490:on 13 May 2007
2475:
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2428:Inskeep, Steve
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553:Main article:
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464:Little Ice Age
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331:was stolen in
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3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
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3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Violin sonata
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:String sextet
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
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3354:
3352:
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3340:
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3335:
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3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Shoulder rest
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
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3237:
3233:
3230:
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3211:
3201:
3198:
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3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Viola pomposa
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Violin family
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2919:3-7959-0537-0
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:Hamma, Walter
2903:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
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2825:9780521873048
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2787:
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2706:
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2699:
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2678:
2674:
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2664:
2660:
2659:
2658:Science Daily
2654:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2613:New Scientist
2610:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2560:
2547:
2544:. About.com.
2543:
2536:
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2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2489:
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2402:The Telegraph
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2356:
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2348:
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2304:Nicholas Wade
2299:
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2206:
2199:
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2177:Science Daily
2173:
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2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
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2123:
2119:
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2100:
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2090:
2083:
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2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
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1872:
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1864:
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1705:
1693:on 3 May 2008
1692:
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1548:
1547:Bloomberg.com
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1400:. Austin360.
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1100:The Telegraph
1096:
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1067:Distillations
1064:
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903:0-9520109-0-9
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867:
861:
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845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
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822:
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809:The Telegraph
806:
799:
796:
784:
780:
773:
770:
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745:
741:
731:
730:
726:
724:
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718:
710:
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699:
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691:
690:John Williams
687:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
656:
652:
648:
645:
642:
638:
634:
633:Concerto Köln
630:
627:
624:
623:Cello Sonatas
620:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
592:
590:. Label: Sony
589:
585:
583:. Label: Sony
582:
578:
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566:
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389:Charles Beare
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305:
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291:
287:
282:
280:
277:to violinist
276:
272:
269:
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261:
253:
249:
244:
237:
236:Toscha Seidel
232:
225:
223:
220:
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193:
189:
185:
181:
178:. Sodium and
177:
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168:
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156:
151:
149:
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138:for the top,
137:
133:
124:
117:
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97:
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85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3628:
3611:Violin octet
3591:Stradivarius
3590:
3472:Cello sonata
3467:Viola sonata
3427:String octet
3316:
3134:Tenor violin
3106:Stroh violin
2988:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2949:
2909:
2886:
2865:
2844:
2815:
2790:. Retrieved
2788:. April 2022
2785:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2762:. April 2022
2759:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2736:. April 2022
2733:
2724:
2715:
2705:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2666:
2656:
2640:
2631:
2621:
2612:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2570:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2514:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2401:
2391:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2324:
2317:. Retrieved
2311:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2212:
2208:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2061:
2036:. Retrieved
2021:
2014:
1969:
1965:
1940:. Retrieved
1929:
1922:Belluck, Pam
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1894:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1869:
1857:
1849:the original
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1813:
1805:the original
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1451:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1320:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1219:(7): e2554.
1216:
1210:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1155:(10): 38–39.
1152:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1131:The Guardian
1130:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1099:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1070:
1066:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
974:(1): 27–32.
971:
967:
939:
919:
912:
892:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:
860:
848:. Retrieved
837:
830:Belluck, Pam
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:
798:
786:. Retrieved
782:
772:
763:
754:
714:
703:
696:
695:
679:
672:
665:
654:
640:
622:
619:Robert Levin
608:
604:. Label: BIS
601:
587:
580:
573:
570:Fabio Biondi
563:
562:
558:
536:
508:
493:
482:
475:
461:
457:
433:
426:
402:
398:double-blind
369:
359:
355:
351:
349:
342:
336:
328:
322:
319:
308:
306:
283:
257:
247:
226:Market value
216:
208:
152:
129:
118:Construction
110:
104:
102:
98:
86:
62:Stradivarius
61:
59:
43:
36:
3581:Jazz violin
3523:Nyckelharpa
3508:Hurdy-gurdy
3412:String trio
3356:Double stop
3259:Fingerboard
3182:Double bass
3152:Bass violin
3065:Instruments
2792:9 September
2766:9 September
2740:9 September
2683:28 November
1785:18 February
1671:10 February
1661:LA Observed
875:9 September
814:9 September
788:9 September
549:Instruments
514:contained "
408: [
381:Isaac Stern
377:BBC Radio 3
352:Karpilowsky
50:Edgar Bundy
3646:Categories
3493:Arpeggione
3383:Scordatura
3312:Bow stroke
3299:Techniques
3289:Tuning peg
3279:Sound post
2760:Classic FM
2442:23 January
2188:22 January
2038:23 January
1754:28 January
1697:9 February
1640:9 February
1434:17 October
1408:17 October
1381:17 October
1073:(3): 12–23
746:References
360:Le Maurien
290:Lord Byron
196:gum arabic
52:, 1893: a
3574:Slap bass
3559:Jazz bass
3398:Ensembles
3378:Pizzicato
3371:Bariolage
3361:Fingering
3351:Harmonics
3318:Col legno
3284:Tailpiece
3016:Cozio.com
2997:783162545
2928:cite book
2319:2 January
2288:3 January
2258:3 January
2064:: 52–55.
2062:The Strad
1744:WISN News
528:tracheids
520:fluorides
448:concertos
302:Sotheby's
234:In 1924,
204:egg white
132:Vuillaume
3630:Category
3569:Big band
3528:Pochette
3346:Arpeggio
3334:Spiccato
3244:Chinrest
3222:Bass bar
3200:Octobass
3086:Pochette
2987:(2012).
2908:(1993).
2884:(1969).
2874:53749830
2677:Archived
2649:Archived
2546:Archived
2462:Newsweek
2436:Archived
2412:8 August
2406:Archived
2383:28484030
2282:Archived
2252:Archived
2231:18554266
2182:Archived
2158:24711376
2072:14 March
2066:Archived
2006:22215592
1936:Archived
1863:luthiers
1779:Archived
1748:Archived
1723:12 March
1665:Archived
1634:Archived
1630:BBC News
1610:7 August
1604:Archived
1578:Archived
1521:Archived
1490:Archived
1463:5 August
1428:Archived
1402:Archived
1349:Archived
1312:23071602
1272:PLOS ONE
1253:18596937
1212:PLoS ONE
1189:19967687
1104:Archived
1008:27994135
844:Archived
727:See also
524:chromium
504:luthiers
393:Guarneri
311:magazine
264:Napoleon
219:PLOS One
176:woodworm
159:aluminum
94:CT scans
3533:Quinton
3498:Baryton
3389:Vibrato
3339:Tremolo
3329:Portato
3324:Martelé
3195:Violone
3167:Cellone
2958:1 April
2834:8179349
2552:11 June
2525:24 June
2494:24 June
2468:13 June
2374:5448217
2351:Bibcode
2278:NPR.org
2149:4034184
2126:Bibcode
1997:3271912
1974:Bibcode
1942:9 April
1906:21 July
1877:21 July
1829:7 April
1517:Reuters
1496:29 June
1355:13 June
1303:3468601
1280:Bibcode
1244:2438473
1221:Bibcode
1136:14 June
1110:14 June
1035:14 June
999:5224390
976:Bibcode
850:9 April
721:Cremona
500:Croatia
268:Marshal
260:Molitor
254:), 2006
167:calcium
66:violins
3518:Lirone
3307:Bowing
3269:Scroll
3254:F-hole
3249:Endpin
3239:Bridge
3073:Violin
2995:
2977:865746
2975:
2916:
2894:
2872:
2853:
2832:
2822:
2592:3 July
2583:
2381:
2371:
2229:
2156:
2146:
2095:
2029:
2004:
1994:
1310:
1300:
1251:
1241:
1187:
1077:6 June
1006:
996:
927:
900:
532:Venice
489:X-rays
202:, and
184:mildew
165:, and
163:copper
140:willow
136:spruce
74:cellos
70:violas
3586:Rosin
3542:Other
3214:Parts
3144:Cello
3116:Viola
2954:. NPR
1557:3 May
1527:3 May
1459:, 135
543:Betts
516:borax
496:maple
412:]
200:honey
172:borax
144:maple
82:Latin
48:, by
3596:Viol
3232:Frog
2993:OCLC
2973:OCLC
2960:2020
2934:link
2914:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2870:OCLC
2851:ISBN
2830:OCLC
2820:ISBN
2794:2024
2768:2024
2742:2024
2685:2011
2594:2008
2581:ISBN
2554:2008
2527:2007
2496:2007
2470:2018
2444:2009
2414:2009
2379:PMID
2321:2012
2290:2012
2260:2012
2227:PMID
2190:2010
2154:PMID
2093:ISBN
2074:2011
2040:2009
2027:ISBN
2002:PMID
1944:2014
1908:2011
1902:–357
1879:2011
1831:2007
1787:2014
1756:2014
1725:2009
1699:2008
1673:2008
1642:2008
1612:2015
1559:2018
1529:2018
1498:2011
1465:2011
1436:2010
1410:2010
1383:2010
1357:2017
1308:PMID
1249:PMID
1185:PMID
1138:2018
1112:2018
1079:2018
1037:2018
1004:PMID
925:ISBN
898:ISBN
877:2024
852:2014
816:2024
790:2024
715:The
444:Bach
383:and
309:Vice
3264:Nut
3227:Bow
2577:162
2369:PMC
2359:doi
2347:114
2217:doi
2213:179
2144:PMC
2134:doi
2122:111
1992:PMC
1982:doi
1970:109
1900:356
1457:130
1298:PMC
1288:doi
1239:PMC
1229:doi
1177:doi
994:PMC
984:doi
972:114
764:BBC
719:in
450:."
3648::
2948:.
2930:}}
2926:{{
2828:.
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2276:.
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2000:.
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