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1622:, effectively bypassing the Strait of Hormuz. It has a maximum capacity of around 2 million barrels per day, over three-quarters of the UAE's 2012 production rate. The UAE is also increasing Fujairah's storage and off-loading capacities. The UAE is building the world's largest crude oil storage facility in Fujairah with a capacity of holding 14 million barrels to enhance Fujairah's growth as a global oil and trading hub. The Habshan – Fujairah route secures the UAE's energy security and has the advantage of being a ground oil pipeline transportation which is considered the cheapest form of oil transportation and also reduces insurance costs as oil tankers would no longer enter the Persian Gulf.
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convention in
December 1982, Iran entered a declaration stating "that only states parties to the Law of the Sea Convention shall be entitled to benefit from the contractual rights created therein", including "the right of transit passage through straits used for international navigation". In May 1993, Iran enacted a comprehensive law on maritime areas, several provisions of which conflict with UNCLOS provisions, including a requirement that warships, submarines, and nuclear-powered ships obtain permission before exercising innocent passage through Iran's territorial waters. The United States does not recognize any of the claims by Oman and Iran and has contested each of them.
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594:, in 2011, an average of 14 tankers per day passed out of the Persian Gulf through the Strait carrying 17 million barrels (2,700,000 m) of crude oil. This was said to represent 35% of the world's seaborne oil shipments and 20% of oil traded worldwide. The report stated that more than 85% of these crude oil exports went to Asian markets, with Japan, India, South Korea and China the largest destinations. In 2018 alone, 21 million barrels a day were passing through the strait - this means $ 1.17 billion worth of oil a day, at September 2019 prices.
1483:, a Pentagon spokesman, was quoted in a December 2011 Reuters article: "Efforts to increase tension in that part of the world are unhelpful and counter-productive. For our part, we are comfortable that we have in the region sufficient capabilities to honor our commitments to our friends and partners, as well as the international community." In the same article, Suzanne Maloney, an Iran expert at the Brookings Institution, said, "The expectation is that the U.S. military could address any Iranian threat relatively quickly."
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another round and high mountain called
Semiramis; between them the passage across the strait is about six hundred stadia; beyond which that very great and broad sea, the Persian Gulf, reaches far into the interior. At the upper end of this gulf there is a market-town designated by law called Apologus, situated near Charaex Spasini and the River Euphrates.
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officials appeared to contradict the
Pentagon version of the 16 January event, in which the Pentagon had reported that U.S. vessels had almost fired on approaching Iranian boats. The Navy's regional commander, Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, said the Iranians had "neither anti-ship missiles nor torpedoes" and he "wouldn't characterize the posture of the
623:'s aim in attacking Iranian shipping was, among other things, to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the Strait of Hormuz to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing American intervention. Iran limited the retaliatory attacks to Iraqi shipping, leaving the strait open.
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contended that Iran could seal off or impede traffic in the Strait for a month, and an attempt by the U.S. to reopen it would be likely to escalate the conflict. In a later issue, however, the journal published a response which questioned some key assumptions and suggested a much shorter timeline for
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The U.S. Navy spokesman
Commander Bill Speaks quickly responded that deployment of U.S. military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S. Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe
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In 2020, France deployed about 600 troops at sea and in the air under the CTF474 to protect maritime trade, regional business, and to ease local tensions. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one French airplane ATLANTIC2
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imposed sanctions on
Iranian oil. A senior member of Iran's parliament said that the Islamic Republic would close the entry point to the Persian Gulf if new sanctions block its oil exports. "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait of Hormuz will definitely be closed,"
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in August 1989, Oman submitted declarations confirming its 1981 royal decree that only innocent passage is permitted through its territorial sea. The declarations further asserted that prior permission was required before foreign warships could pass through Omani territorial waters. Upon signing the
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through the newly expanded area. In July 1972, Oman also expanded its territorial sea to 12 nmi (22 km) by decree. Thus, by mid-1972, the Strait of Hormuz was completely "closed" by the combined territorial waters of Iran and Oman. During the 1970s, neither Iran or Oman attempted to impede
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The
Iranian Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16 January 2012 that it has received a letter from the United States concerning the Strait of Hormuz, "via three different channels." Authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged. The United States had
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While earlier statements from Iran had little effect on global oil markets, coupled with the new sanctions, these comments from Iran are driving crude futures higher, up over 4%. Pressure on prices reflect a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's recent response – reducing oil
January
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claimed that cutting off oil shipments would be "easy". Despite an initial 2% rise in oil prices, oil markets ultimately did not react significantly to the
Iranian threat, with oil analyst Thorbjoern Bak Jensen of Global Risk Management concluding that "they cannot stop the flow for a longer period
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In
December 2011, the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy began a ten-day exercise in international waters along the strait. The Iranian Rear Admiral Habibollah Sayyari stated that the strait would not be closed during the exercise; Iranian forces could easily accomplish that but such a decision must be
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was a major war game exercise conducted by the United States armed forces in 2002. According to a 2012 article in The
Christian Science Monitor, it simulated an attempt by Iran to close the strait. The assumptions and results were controversial. In the article, Iran's strategy beats the materially
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passage" only if: 1) there is threatened or actual use of force, occurring during passage, against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of a state bordering the strait; or 2) the vessel in any other way violates the principles of international law as embodied in the
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At the upper end of these Calaei islands is a range of mountains called Calon, and there follows not far beyond, the mouth of the Persian Gulf, where there is much diving for the pearl-mussel. To the left of the straits are great mountains called Asabon and to the right there rises in full view
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would be violated if Iran followed through on its threat to block passage of vessels such as oil tankers, and that the act of passage is not related in law to the imposition of economic sanctions. The article further asserts that a coastal state may prevent "transit or non-suspendable innocent
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On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which allowed some of Iran's customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of the U.S. economic sanctions against Iran. Again, this had implication playing out in the Strait of Hormuz, as Iranian threats of Strait
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A series of naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the Strait of Hormuz occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iranian officials denied the allegations. On 14 January 2008, U.S. Navy
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of the Iranian Armed Forces, stating "We are not after closing the Strait of Hormuz but if the hostility of the enemies increases, we will be able to do so". Baqeri is also quoted for stating "If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either".
1328:, sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces. The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action". This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian tanker,
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As of 11 August 2008, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships reportedly were en route to the Strait of Hormuz. One U.S. carrier battle group from Japan would complement the two which are already in the Persian Gulf, for a total of five battle groups, not including the submarines.
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or the United States attacked Iran, it would seal off the Strait of Hormuz to wreak havoc in the oil markets. This followed more ambiguous threats from Iran's oil minister and other government officials that an attack on Iran would result in turmoil in the world's oil supply.
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Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, commander of the U.S. 5th Fleet stationed in Bahrain across the Persian Gulf from Iran, warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage nearly a third of the world's oil supply.
1489:, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in January 2012 that Iran "has invested in capabilities that could, in fact, for a period of time block the Strait of Hormuz." He also stated, "We've invested in capabilities to ensure that if that happens, we can defeat that."
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that the United States would not tolerate Iran's closing of the strait. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the Strait on world oil markets, saying that any disruption of supply would cause a shock to markets that "no country" could manage.
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grain a century ago. He indicated that tensions involving the Strait of Hormuz are leading those currently dependent on shipments from the Persian Gulf to find alternative shipping capabilities. He stated that Saudi Arabia was considering building new pipelines to
1224:, which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. When the ship's master declined, one of the Iranian craft fired shots across the bridge of
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denied that Iran had ever claimed that it would close the Strait of Hormuz, saying that "the Islamic Republic of Iran is the most important provider of security in the strait... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened."
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Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the Strait of Hormuz to a test range in the Iranian desert. "It was shore-to-shore", said one U.S. official describing the launch, who like the others requested anonymity to discuss sensitive information.
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said the United States had moved an aircraft carrier out of the Persian Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. "Iran will not repeat its warning...the enemy's carrier has been moved to the
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1028:, which is the lead ship of her class is one of the "most advanced warships" in the world, and will undertake its first mission in the Persian Gulf. The British Government however have said that this move has been long-planned, as
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passes through the strait, making it a highly important strategic location for international trade. It has been so for centuries; its vast hinterlands were rich in luxury trade goods with no easy access to lucrative trading ports.
1067:, said this past weekend that the United States would "take action and re-open the strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. Defense Secretary
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was seized for allegedly causing pollution violations. The ship was said to be carrying roughly 7,000 tons of ethanol. South Korea refused to comment on the accusation of causing oil pollution in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship,
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In the last week of July 2008, in the Operation Brimstone, dozens of U.S. and foreign naval ships came to undergo joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran.
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says it has agreed to pay an Iranian company $ 163,000 over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. The court ruling allegedly ordered a fine of $ 3.6 million.
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The U.S. led sanctions may be "beginning to bite" as Iranian currency has recently lost some 12% of its value. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister
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meaning date palm. In the local dialects of Hurmoz and Minab this strait is still called Hurmogh and has the aforementioned meaning. The resemblance of this word to the name of the
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pipeline to ship crude to the Mediterranean. Luft stated that reducing Hormuz traffic "presents the West with a new opportunity to augment its current Iran containment strategy."
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who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the US in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports.
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In April 1959 Iran altered the legal status of the strait by expanding its territorial sea to 12 nmi (22 km) and declaring that it would recognize only transit by
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were both rocked by explosions shortly before dawn, the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship; the crew were rescued by the destroyer
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also stated that 17 million barrels passed out of the Persian Gulf daily, but that oil flows through the Strait accounted for roughly 40% of all world-traded oil.
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and the subsequent damage to an American warship. The U.S. Navy attacked with several groups of surface warships, plus aircraft from the aircraft carrier
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the passage of warships through the strait, but in the 1980s, both countries asserted claims that were different from customary (old) law. Upon ratifying
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Iran has persistently attacked various vessels and seized ships amidst political issues since 2019. On the morning of 13 June 2019, the oil tankers
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408:. The strait is about 90 nautical miles (167 km) long, with a width varying from about 52 nmi (96 km) to 21 nmi (39 km).
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previously announced its intention to warn Iran that closing the Strait of Hormuz is a "red line" that would provoke an American response. Gen.
532:(TSS): inbound ships use one lane, outbound ships another, each lane being two miles wide. The lanes are separated by a two-mile-wide "median".
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as telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. If they commit such a stupidity,
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Oman has a radar site Link Quality Indicator (LQI) to monitor the TSS in the Strait of Hormuz. This site is on a small island on the peak of
467:, which seems to have given the strait its name, was located here. Scholars, historians and linguists derive the name "Ormuz" from the local
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On 3 January 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S. Navy moves an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief
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had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the Hormuz Strait. These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and
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380:. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically important
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.htmlAljazeera.%7CAljazeera
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1436:, then steered the container ship through the strait, with 25 personnel on board, claiming that it had violated maritime laws.
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threatened to cut off oil supply from the Strait of Hormuz should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports. A
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The strait of Hormuz may have been named after the mother of King Shapur II, King of Persia, who ruled between 309 and 379 CE.
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of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy, sank in the Strait of Hormuz after catching fire. It was the IRIN's largest vessel.
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In August 2018, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile for the first time in 2018. According to the officials, the anti-ship
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume V: Development in contrast from the 16th century to the mid 19th century
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2030:"Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms"
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because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said.
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seized https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz seized
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https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html%7CAljazeera
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issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks. Iran subsequently denied the accusations, calling the incident a
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In May 2020, Iran launched missiles at one of their own ships in a friendly fire accident, killing 19 sailors.
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spokeswoman said in response that the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral
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In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait. Citing looming American sanctions after the U.S.
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Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil?
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2979:"17 Indians among 25 crew on ship seized by Iran; India in touch with Iran to secure release of Indians"
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3536:"Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers"
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and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."
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The Strait of Hormuz as seen from an airliner at 35,000 feet. Musandam is in the foreground.
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Mohammed Kookherdi (1997) Kookherd, an Islamic civil at Mehran river, third edition: Dubai
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2550:"Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf"
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reopened the Iraq Pipeline through Saudi Arabia (IPSA), which was confiscated from
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off the coast of Iran. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers (the
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On 7 January 2012, the British government announced that it would be sending the
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On 8 July 2008, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iran's Supreme Leader
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3028:"Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved"
2953:. "Business as usual in Strait of Hormuz after blacklisting". Aljazeera, 2019.
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2721:"Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions"
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3509:"Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS"
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The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the
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The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law
1801:"The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint"
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Kirkpatrick, David D.; Pérez-Peña, Richard; Reed, Stanley (13 June 2019).
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To reduce the risk of collision, ships moving through the Strait follow a
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2919:"Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say"
2691:"Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption"
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1803:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 4 January 2012. Archived from
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3213:"Iranian navy's largest warship catches fire and sinks in Gulf of Oman"
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2255:"U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway"
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were rescued by Iranian ships. That afternoon, U.S. secretary of state
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in the strait. The collision, which slightly injured 15 sailors aboard
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As of 2013, the treaty had been ratified by 63 states, including most
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started when Iraq attacked the oil terminal and oil tankers at Iran's
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Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88
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3001:"US Navy says it prevented Iran from seizing tankers in Gulf of Oman"
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Bumiller, Elisabeth; Schmitt, Eric; Shanker, Thom (12 January 2012).
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1827:"2 oil tankers were damaged in possible attacks in the Gulf of Oman"
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flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce."
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675:. The attack began with coordinated strikes by two surface groups.
502:) has resulted in the popular belief that these words are related.
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Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz
2330:"Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf"
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958:
574:
513:
464:
424:'s memoirs recount how almonds had to be carried from the distant
421:
286:
4438:
3428:"Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route"
3289:"Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'"
579:
Oil trade through the strait by origin and destination, 2014–2018
299:
Map of Strait of Hormuz with maritime political boundaries (2004)
4547:
4094:
3574:"United Nations Treaty Collection - Chapter XXI: Law of the Sea"
2863:"Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions"
2779:"Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions"
2632:
2066:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from
1649:
1588:
1545:
1521:
1513:
1440:
is leased by MSC from Gortal Shipping, which is an affiliate of
1004:
2012 purchases from Iran by 50% compared to those made in 2011.
886:, spilling 25,000 US gallons (95 m) of marine diesel fuel.
642:
479:
405:
385:
272:
250:
239:
187:
183:
4442:
3869:
3666:"World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE"
2304:"JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training"
1595:
port. It will have a capacity of 1.65 million barrels per day.
637:
Operation Praying Mantis was an attack on 18 April 1988 by the
3187:"Iran Seizes Ship, Ramps Up Enrichment as Gulf Tensions Mount"
2359:
1599:
1261:
reported they were ready to carry out the action if required.
899:
2356:"U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision"
325:
3127:"French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz"
1492:
A May 2012 article by Nilufer Oral, a Turkish researcher of
316:
3096:"Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move"
3066:"Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran"
2836:"Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran"
1362:
reported that a South Korea-flagged oil vessel headed from
3805:. Cupertino, California: Payvand Iran News. Archived from
2965:. "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Aljazeera, 2019.
2186:"Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface"
1717:"How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint"
3823:
3368:"Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz"
2660:"U.S. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz"
712:(CG-49) when it was wrongly identified as a jet fighter.
641:
within Iranian territorial waters in retaliation for the
4372:
List of cities, towns and villages in Hormozgan Province
3843:
Online, Vol. 37 (Spring 2012), pp. 23-34. Archived from
1895:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 25 July 2017.
3312:"How Iran could beat up on America's superior military"
1591:
in 2001 and travels from Iraq across Saudi Arabia to a
1520:
nations but with the notable exceptions of most of the
4653:
National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company
2751:"Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail'"
5011:
328:
3825:
what is tourist attractions around strait of Hormuz?
2496:"Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite'"
16:
Strait between the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf
4848:
4830:
4812:
4757:
4694:
4661:
4633:
4590:
4561:
4509:
4380:
4364:
4237:
4210:
4177:
4159:
4126:
4103:
4085:
4062:
4034:
4016:
3983:
3960:
3942:
3929:
3904:
3697:"The UAE's longer term approach on energy security"
3507:Hunter, Kathleen; Gienger, Viola (8 January 2012).
2470:"Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy"
1129:), seven British warships, including the destroyer
322:
319:
313:
225:
209:
205:
197:
176:
164:
125:
111:
23:
2893:"Iran's Guards say Strait of Hormuz is for all or"
2810:"Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond"
2777:
2548:
2443:"Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback"
1290:2019 U.S.–Iran tensions and attacks on oil tankers
741:, a 300,000-ton Japanese-flagged very large crude
3462:. CNBC. Reuters. 28 December 2011. Archived from
1956:Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
956:due to the amount of U.S. hardware in the area".
3486:"Hormuz Blockade: Not as Easy as Iran May Think"
3460:"Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief"
2522:"State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure"
2282:"Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked"
126:
1744:"Transit Passage Through International Straits"
1432:off the UAE coast, of the Emirati port city of
1177:On 24 January, tensions rose further after the
689:On 3 July 1988, 290 people were killed when an
545:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
535:To traverse the Strait, ships pass through the
450:
4871:DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company
3366:O'Neil, William D.; Talmadge, Caitlin (2009).
2412:"US warns Iran over threat to block oil route"
2386:"Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies"
2116:
2114:
2112:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1795:
1793:
1656:, and that Iraq might revive the disused Iraq–
1635:compared Iran and the Strait of Hormuz to the
1046:convoy in the Strait of Hormuz on 21 July 2016
585:Center for Strategic and International Studies
463:In the 10th–17th centuries AD, the Kingdom of
4454:
3881:
2524:. Yahoo! News. 3 January 2012. Archived from
488:
472:
32:
8:
3636:"New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz"
2973:
2971:
1050:On 9 January 2012, Iranian Defense Minister
49:
5059:Bodies of water of the United Arab Emirates
2332:. Debkafile. 11 August 2008. Archived from
2221:. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008
1879:, (in Persian). Retrieved 30 December 2011.
976:transits the Strait of Hormuz in May 2012.
4625:South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field
4515:
4461:
4447:
4439:
3939:
3888:
3874:
3866:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3283:
3281:
839:USS Hartford and USS New Orleans collision
458:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 35
34:
20:
3391:
1919:
1917:
727:On 8 January 2007, the nuclear submarine
2213:"A game of chicken in the, Persian Gulf"
801:, was quoted by the student news agency
294:
266:
93:
5018:
2306:. US Navy. 15 July 2008. Archived from
2257:. Fox News. 2 July 2008. Archived from
1707:
1278:closure was put forward in April 2019.
235:
3850:
3267:
3255:
3244:
2946:
2944:
2476:from the original on 24 September 2015
2392:from the original on 18 September 2020
2232:
2105:from the original on 17 November 2021.
2059:Anthony H. Cordesman (26 March 2007).
1924:Alejandra Roman & Administration.
592:U.S. Energy Information Administration
3548:American Society of International Law
3440:from the original on 28 December 2011
3322:from the original on 17 February 2012
2861:Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (5 July 2018).
2188:. The Virginian Pilot. Archived from
2061:"Iran, Oil, and the Strait of Hormuz"
1837:from the original on 21 February 2020
1753:. University of Hawaii. p. 216.
1168:), and a French warship, the frigate
696:was shot down over the strait by the
7:
3515:from the original on 10 January 2012
3106:from the original on 9 December 2019
2842:from the original on 16 October 2015
2790:from the original on 12 January 2022
2757:from the original on 23 January 2012
2731:from the original on 25 January 2012
2701:from the original on 2 February 2014
2639:from the original on 3 December 2012
2561:from the original on 12 January 2022
2441:Gibbons, Robert (28 December 2011).
5094:Bodies of water of the Persian Gulf
5074:Borders of the United Arab Emirates
3554:from the original on 5 October 2016
3310:Peterson, Scott (26 January 2012).
3167:from the original on 31 August 2020
2929:from the original on 12 August 2018
2502:from the original on 7 January 2012
2449:from the original on 8 January 2012
2422:from the original on 7 January 2012
2211:Isenberg, David (10 January 2008).
1751:The Future of Ocean Regime-Building
1428:container ship sailing through the
1324:In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker,
489:
473:
428:region to Hormuz to reach markets.
362:
340:
50:
4974:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
4538:Iranian Central Oil Fields Company
4528:National Iranian South Oil Company
4276:Fort of Our Lady of the Conception
3731:Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran
3703:from the original on 21 March 2019
3408:from the original on 23 April 2019
2816:from the original on 28 April 2015
2670:from the original on 21 April 2017
2547:Harding, Thomas (6 January 2012).
2165:from the original on 6 August 2021
2002:from the original on 25 March 2021
1962:from the original on 14 April 2009
1742:Jon M. Van Dyke (2 October 2008).
1448:Ability of Iran to hinder shipping
777:On 29 June 2008, the commander of
388:, and on the south coast lies the
14:
4686:Special industrial economic zones
3841:Yale Journal of International Law
3676:from the original on 1 April 2022
3646:from the original on 25 July 2012
3488:. CNBC. Reuters. 29 December 2011
3219:from the original on 13 June 2021
3076:from the original on 30 July 2019
3046:from the original on 13 June 2019
2873:from the original on 10 June 2019
2581:"HMS Daring to head for the Gulf"
2468:Hafezi, Parisa (3 January 2012).
2028:Groves, Steven (24 August 2011).
1993:United States Department of State
1932:from the original on 5 April 2016
1759:10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50
1643:, a choke point for shipments of
1257:deal earlier in the year. Iran's
769:as afraid of these small boats".
448:, a 1st-century mariner's guide:
5021:
4581:
3920:
2899:from the original on 6 July 2018
2776:Blair, David (23 January 2012).
2689:Smith, Grant (16 January 2012).
2184:Dorsey, Jack (10 January 2007).
2093:"The Strait of Hormuz Explained"
2040:from the original on 17 May 2021
1986:"Presidential Proclamation 5030"
1902:from the original on 21 May 2019
1203:Maersk § Business with Iran
904:
896:2011–12 Strait of Hormuz dispute
309:
249:
238:
92:
85:
69:
5084:Landforms of Hormozgan province
4996:National Iranian Tanker Company
4342:Portuguese Castle, Qeshm Island
3125:Costa, George (12 April 2020).
2607:"Iran and the Strait of Hormuz"
2362:. 20 March 2009. Archived from
2155:"Strait of Hormuz – Tanker War"
2121:Karsh, Efraim (25 April 2002).
1890:"World Oil Transit Chokepoints"
1281:Aljazeera quoted Major-General
890:U.S.–Iran tensions in 2011–2012
760:2008 U.S.–Iranian naval dispute
754:2008 U.S.–Iranian naval dispute
415:and almost 25% of total global
271:The Strait of Hormuz separates
196:
4681:National Petrochemical Company
2280:Hafezi, Parisa (8 July 2008).
2129:. Osprey Publishing. pp.
1719:. Oilprice.com. Archived from
1412:On 13 April 2024, the Iranian
1346:2020 Iranian military activity
1273:2019 threats of strait closure
1245:2018 threats of strait closure
882:, ruptured a fuel tank aboard
734:, traveling submerged, struck
518:1606 map of the Ottoman Empire
445:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
4600:Gas Exporting Countries Forum
2753:. BBC News. 23 January 2012.
1928:. The Encyclopedia of Earth.
1604:Habshan–Fujairah oil pipeline
1574:Habshan–Fujairah oil pipeline
1507:Charter of the United Nations
953:Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
936:On 27 December 2011, Iranian
110:
4704:Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran
4671:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
4643:2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan
4610:National Iranian Gas Company
4533:Iranian Offshore Oil Company
4523:National Iranian Oil Company
4496:Energy subsidies reform plan
3764:Resources in other libraries
3534:Oral, Nilufer (3 May 2012).
2498:. BBC News. 3 January 2012.
2125:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
1578:East-West Crude Oil Pipeline
1235:, to monitor the situation.
277:Musandam Governorate of Oman
5104:Straits of the Indian Ocean
3799:Diba, Bahman Aghai (2011).
3070:Latvian Public Broadcasting
1564:Alternative shipping routes
1502:Convention on the High Seas
1476:made at a political level.
1211:patrol boats contacted the
539:of Iran and Oman under the
439:Her name was Ifera Hurmiz.
5125:
4767:Atomic Energy Organization
4296:Hindu Temple, Bandar Abbas
3695:Gulf News (6 March 2019).
3604:Luft, Gal (19 July 2012).
3384:10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190
2838:. Reuters. 30 April 2015.
1496:, concludes that both the
1462:superior US armed forces.
1451:
1200:
893:
836:
779:Iran's Revolutionary Guard
757:
682:
668:, and her cruiser escort,
639:United States Armed Forces
630:
384:. On the north coast lies
4932:National Development Fund
4908:Foreign direct investment
4579:
4569:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
4518:
4476:
4300:The Historic Bath of Siba
3918:
3774:Wise, Harold Lee (2007).
3759:Resources in your library
2388:. CNN. 27 December 2011.
2239:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1459:Millennium Challenge 2002
1354:2021 Iranian ship seizure
913:This section needs to be
870:amphibious transport dock
530:Traffic Separation Scheme
80:
68:
33:
28:
5001:Jey Oil Refining Company
4840:Jey Oil Refining Company
4388:Greater and Lesser Tunbs
3857:: CS1 maint: location (
3356:, Harvard Kennedy School
1108:) and three destroyers (
633:Operation Praying Mantis
627:Operation Praying Mantis
283:to the south. (1892 map)
201:21 nmi (39 km)
5054:Bodies of water of Oman
5049:Bodies of water of Iran
3350:, by Caitlin Talmadge,
2034:The Heritage Foundation
1696:Hormuz Peace Initiative
1358:On 4 January 2021, the
679:Downing of Iran Air 655
583:A 2007 report from the
411:A third of the world's
4928:Oil Stabilization Fund
4861:Climate change in Iran
4281:Geno Biosphere Reserve
3372:International Security
3353:International Security
3346:21 August 2008 at the
2812:. CNN. 28 April 2015.
1859:. UNESCO. p. 335.
1580:
1487:General Martin Dempsey
1468:International Security
1309:while the crew of the
1063:, the chairman of the
1047:
984:
826:Collision between USS
813:Naval activity in 2008
799:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
785:, said that if either
773:Iranian defence policy
716:Collision between USS
580:
461:
300:
292:
284:
5089:International straits
4923:Ministry of Petroleum
4866:Construction industry
3782:Naval Institute Press
3131:International Insider
1870:Municipality of Minab
1571:
1334:, bound for Syria in
1065:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1042:
1032:will replace another
1024:to the Persian Gulf.
962:
578:
413:liquefied natural gas
298:
290:
275:to the north and the
270:
4903:Environmental issues
4615:Natural gas reserves
3985:Bandar Lengeh County
3672:. 27 February 2019.
3466:on 24 September 2015
3436:. 26 December 2011.
2418:. 28 December 2011.
1807:on 11 September 2018
1723:on 11 September 2018
1618:oil terminal on the
1602:began using the new
1387:On 2 June 2021, the
1368:United Arab Emirates
1259:Revolutionary Guards
941:Mohammad-Reza Rahimi
651:international waters
565:Musandam Governorate
398:Musandam Governorate
394:United Arab Emirates
281:United Arab Emirates
192:United Arab Emirates
4991:Naftiran Intertrade
4893:Dams and reservoirs
4266:Dariush Grand Hotel
3962:Bandar Abbas County
3833:Waehlisch, Martin.
3809:on 25 February 2021
2784:The Daily Telegraph
2727:. 23 January 2012.
2635:. 16 January 2012.
1875:6 July 2018 at the
1399:replenishment oiler
1194:2015 seizure of MV
980:is deployed to the
783:Mohammad Ali Jafari
685:Iran Air Flight 655
145: /
4918:Ministry of Energy
4553:Petroleum industry
4486:Petroleum industry
3897:Hormozgan Province
3847:on 25 August 2012.
3580:on 17 October 2013
3161:mobile.twitter.com
3032:The New York Times
2664:The New York Times
2366:on 13 January 2012
2336:on 1 December 2009
2261:on 20 October 2012
2192:on 16 October 2015
2159:The Strauss Center
2133:–8, 12–16, 19–82.
1926:"Strait of Hormuz"
1691:Musandam Peninsula
1681:Hormozgān Province
1598:In July 2012, the
1581:
1465:A 2008 article in
1360:Tasnim News Agency
1338:a few days prior.
1207:On 28 April 2015,
1048:
985:
949:Habibollah Sayyari
862:collided with the
845:United States Navy
843:On 20 March 2009,
698:United States Navy
581:
543:provisions of the
537:territorial waters
508:labels the Strait
390:Musandam peninsula
301:
293:
285:
5009:
5008:
4957:Machine Sazi Arak
4898:Energy superpower
4577:
4576:
4436:
4435:
4233:
4232:
3791:978-1-59114-970-5
3745:Library resources
3610:foreignpolicy.com
3266:Missing or empty
2585:Press Association
2528:on 9 January 2012
2292:on 17 March 2016.
2218:Asia Times Online
2140:978-1-84176-371-2
1984:(10 March 1983).
1686:Kingdom of Hormuz
1319:false-flag attack
1300:Kokuka Courageous
1079:By 23 January, a
1061:Martin E. Dempsey
1016:Type 45 destroyer
934:
933:
590:According to the
265:
264:
5116:
5044:Strait of Hormuz
5026:
5025:
5017:
4986:Strait of Hormuz
4585:
4516:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4428:Strait of Hormuz
4365:populated places
4305:Khe Aab Mountain
4064:Hajjiabad County
4018:Bashagard County
3940:
3924:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3795:
3750:Strait of Hormuz
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3642:. 15 July 2012.
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3612:. Archived from
3601:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3576:. Archived from
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3395:
3363:
3357:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:. 4 January 2021
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3137:on 7 August 2020
3133:. Archived from
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3102:. 21 July 2019.
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3072:. 22 July 2019.
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:"News Headlines"
2625:
2619:
2618:
2617:on 29 July 2013.
2613:. Archived from
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2587:. 7 January 2012
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2288:. Archived from
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2128:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:on 19 March 2012
2072:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:. 13 June 2019.
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:on 7 August 2020
1777:
1771:. Archived from
1748:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1454:Military of Iran
1405:2024 Seizure of
1213:Marshall Islands
1188:Fars News Agency
1184:Mohammad Kossari
1171:La Motte-Picquet
1136:and a number of
945:U.S. Fifth Fleet
929:
926:
920:
908:
907:
900:
749:Tensions in 2008
552:innocent passage
492:
491:
476:
475:
459:
392:, shared by the
364:
356:
355:
354:
352:
344:Tangeh-ye Hormoz
342:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
305:Strait of Hormuz
254:
253:
243:
242:
160:
159:
157:
156:
155:
150:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
128:
100:Strait of Hormuz
96:
95:
89:
73:
61:
53:
52:
46:
38:
37:
36:
24:Strait of Hormuz
21:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5109:Straits of Iran
5099:Straits of Asia
5069:Borders of Oman
5064:Borders of Iran
5034:
5033:
5032:
5020:
5012:
5010:
5005:
4979:U.S. withdrawal
4881:Khatam al-Anbia
4844:
4826:
4808:
4799:Nuclear program
4753:
4734:Korpeje–Kordkuy
4719:Iran–Iraq–Syria
4690:
4657:
4629:
4586:
4573:
4557:
4505:
4472:
4467:
4437:
4432:
4376:
4360:
4324:, Bandar Lengeh
4256:Castle of Aamaj
4229:
4206:
4173:
4155:
4122:
4099:
4081:
4058:
4030:
4012:
3979:
3956:
3925:
3916:
3900:
3894:
3849:
3832:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3798:
3792:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:Further reading
3722:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3616:on 23 July 2012
3603:
3602:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3348:Wayback Machine
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3291:. 15 April 2024
3287:
3286:
3279:
3265:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3215:. 2 June 2021.
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2981:. 14 April 2024
2977:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2310:on 22 July 2008
2302:
2301:
2297:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1877:Wayback Machine
1868:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1715:Viktor Katona.
1714:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1666:
1625:In a July 2012
1566:
1456:
1450:
1442:Zodiac Maritime
1410:
1385:
1356:
1348:
1292:
1283:Mohammad Baqeri
1275:
1247:
1205:
1199:
1105:Abraham Lincoln
1071:told troops in
1069:Leon E. Panetta
989:Ataollah Salehi
930:
924:
921:
918:
909:
905:
898:
892:
841:
835:
815:
775:
762:
756:
751:
725:
687:
681:
635:
629:
619:in early 1984.
605:
600:
573:
541:transit passage
526:
506:Jodocus Hondius
460:
457:
434:
417:oil consumption
350:
348:
347:
346:
312:
308:
261:
258:
248:
247:
237:
234:
233:
218:
180: countries
153:
151:
147:
144:
139:
136:
134:
132:
131:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
97:
76:
75:Satellite image
64:
55:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5122:
5120:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4663:Petrochemicals
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4648:Fuel smuggling
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Power stations
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:Energy in Iran
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Shidvar Island
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:Takhti Stadium
4343:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4322:Lashtan Castle
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Dasak Mountain
4268:
4263:
4261:Castle of Siba
4258:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4161:Parsian County
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3944:Abumusa County
3937:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3830:
3819:
3796:
3790:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3687:
3657:
3627:
3591:
3565:
3526:
3499:
3477:
3451:
3419:
3378:(3): 190–198.
3358:
3333:
3302:
3277:
3230:
3204:
3178:
3148:
3117:
3087:
3057:
3018:
2992:
2967:
2955:
2940:
2910:
2884:
2853:
2827:
2801:
2768:
2742:
2712:
2681:
2650:
2620:
2598:
2572:
2539:
2513:
2487:
2460:
2433:
2403:
2377:
2347:
2321:
2295:
2272:
2246:
2203:
2176:
2146:
2139:
2108:
2084:
2051:
2013:
1982:U.S. President
1973:
1943:
1913:
1881:
1862:
1848:
1818:
1789:
1767:
1734:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1637:Ottoman Empire
1628:Foreign Policy
1583:In June 2012,
1565:
1562:
1449:
1446:
1409:
1403:
1384:
1377:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1291:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1246:
1243:
1217:container ship
1198:
1192:
1179:European Union
1034:Armilla patrol
982:U.S. 5th Fleet
965:guided-missile
938:Vice President
932:
931:
925:September 2017
912:
910:
903:
894:Main article:
891:
888:
837:Main article:
834:
824:
814:
811:
774:
771:
758:Main article:
755:
752:
750:
747:
724:
714:
701:guided missile
683:Main article:
680:
677:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
621:Saddam Hussein
604:
601:
599:
596:
572:
571:Oil trade flow
569:
525:
522:
496:(a variant of
455:
433:
430:
263:
262:
260:
259:
231:
230:
229:
227:
223:
222:
213:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
181:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
129:
123:
122:
113:
109:
108:
99:
98:
91:
90:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
63:
62:
47:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5121:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:Privatization
4935:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4749:Tabriz–Ankara
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Iran–Pakistan
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Gas Trunkline
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Hormuz Island
4401:
4399:
4398:Hengam Island
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4356:Zeer Mountain
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Paraw Kukherd
4336:
4334:
4333:Nakh Mountain
4331:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Bandar Khamir
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4105:Khamir County
4102:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4036:Bastak County
4033:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Bandar Lengeh
3996:
3994:
3993:Bandar Charak
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3780:. Annapolis:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3675:
3671:
3670:Khaleej Times
3667:
3661:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3640:aljazeera.com
3637:
3631:
3628:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:"Choke Point"
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3553:
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3511:. Bloomberg.
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3007:. 6 July 2023
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1500:and the 1958
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659:Iran–Iraq War
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611:phase of the
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214:
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149:26.6°N 56.5°E
130:
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67:
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5079:Gulf of Oman
4985:
4913:Kharg Island
4714:Iran–Armenia
4543:Oil reserves
4427:
4423:Sirri Island
4413:Lavan Island
4408:Larak Island
4328:Mehran River
4286:Hara forests
4250:Caravanserai
4225:Ziarat-e Ali
4212:Rudan County
4179:Qeshm County
4128:Minab County
3970:Bandar Abbas
3912:Bandar Abbas
3845:the original
3835:
3824:
3811:. Retrieved
3807:the original
3801:
3776:
3749:
3729:
3705:. Retrieved
3690:
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3614:the original
3609:
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3578:the original
3568:
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3502:
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3480:
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3464:the original
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3431:
3422:
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3393:1721.1/57443
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3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3315:
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3268:|title=
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
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3031:
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2958:
2931:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2867:the Guardian
2866:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2783:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2724:
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2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2663:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2623:
2615:the original
2610:
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2589:. Retrieved
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2554:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2406:
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2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:the original
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2298:
2290:the original
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2249:
2223:. Retrieved
2216:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:the original
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2158:
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2096:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2033:
2004:. Retrieved
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1904:. Retrieved
1884:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1811:11 September
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1780:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1750:
1737:
1727:11 September
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1710:
1626:
1624:
1620:Gulf of Oman
1597:
1585:Saudi Arabia
1582:
1542:Saudi Arabia
1511:
1494:maritime law
1491:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1472:re-opening.
1466:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1430:Gulf of Oman
1417:
1411:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1373:Hankuk Chemi
1372:
1364:Saudi Arabia
1357:
1349:
1340:
1329:
1326:Stena Impero
1325:
1323:
1311:Front Altair
1310:
1305:
1299:
1296:Front Altair
1295:
1293:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1248:
1237:
1231:
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1206:
1195:
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1111:
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1090:
1078:
1057:
1052:Ahmad Vahidi
1049:
1029:
1025:
1020:
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1006:
1002:
998:
994:Gulf of Oman
986:
977:
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883:
879:
874:
864:
858:
848:
842:
831:
827:
820:
816:
796:
792:
776:
767:US 5th Fleet
763:
737:
731:Newport News
730:
726:
721:
718:Newport News
717:
708:
688:
671:
664:
655:Persian Gulf
636:
617:Kharg Island
606:
589:
582:
562:
549:
534:
527:
512:("Strait of
509:
504:
497:
493:
477:
462:
451:
443:
441:
438:
435:
410:
382:choke points
378:Gulf of Oman
374:Persian Gulf
372:between the
366:Maḍīq Hurmuz
365:
363:مَضيق هُرمُز
343:
341:تنگهٔ هُرمُز
304:
302:
245:Bandar Abbas
220:Qeshm Island
120:Gulf of Oman
116:Persian Gulf
18:
4962:MAPNA Group
4856:Caspian Sea
4620:Persian LNG
4592:Natural gas
4310:Kish Island
4136:Hasht Bandi
4087:Jask County
3813:22 February
3680:27 February
3433:China Daily
3412:28 February
3326:25 February
2895:. Reuters.
2674:28 February
2472:. Reuters.
2445:. Reuters.
2196:29 December
1641:Dardanelles
1572:Map of the
1558:South Korea
1554:North Korea
1526:Arab League
1518:Soviet-bloc
1315:Mike Pompeo
1144:Westminster
1091:Carl Vinson
1085:Arabian Sea
1009:Alain Juppé
884:New Orleans
875:New Orleans
865:San Antonio
849:Los Angeles
832:New Orleans
720:and tanker
694:Airbus A300
657:during the
499:Ahura Mazda
485:Zoroastrian
226:Settlements
152: /
127:Coordinates
5038:Categories
4822:Wind power
4772:Facilities
4315:Greek Ship
3256:|url=
2794:27 January
2761:24 January
2735:24 January
2643:24 January
2557:. London.
2532:24 January
2265:2 December
2077:1 February
2006:21 January
1702:References
1610:fields in
1516:-bloc and
1481:John Kirby
1452:See also:
1422:Portuguese
1379:2021 IRIS
1306:Bainbridge
1201:See also:
1140:frigates (
1098:Enterprise
738:Mogamigawa
722:Mogamigawa
665:Enterprise
609:Tanker War
603:Tanker War
524:Navigation
516:") on his
198:Min. width
154:26.6; 56.5
4969:Sanctions
4787:Darkhovin
4744:Neka–Jask
4724:Iran–Oman
4696:Pipelines
4511:Petroleum
4501:Transport
4393:Hendurabi
4252:of Bastak
4077:Hajjiabad
3853:cite book
3822:Hormuzi.
3558:26 August
3519:9 January
3492:8 January
3470:8 January
3444:8 January
3247:cite news
3197:4 January
3157:"Twitter"
3110:5 January
3040:0362-4331
2933:12 August
2695:Bloomberg
2591:8 January
2565:8 January
2506:8 January
2480:8 January
2453:8 January
2426:8 January
2370:8 January
2340:11 August
2314:11 August
2235:cite news
2225:8 January
1631:article,
1612:Abu Dhabi
1606:from the
1438:MSC Aries
1418:MSC Aries
1414:IRGC Navy
1407:MSC Aries
1336:Gibraltar
1304:USS
1266:Fateh-110
1253:from the
1215:-flagged
1165:St Albans
1163:HMS
1156:HMS
1149:HMS
1142:HMS
1131:HMS
1124:USS
1117:USS
1110:USS
1103:USS
1096:USS
1089:USS
1044:U.S. Navy
1036:frigate.
1019:HMS
971:USS
968:destroyer
873:USS
857:USS
854:submarine
709:Vincennes
432:Etymology
51:مضيق هرمز
35:تنگه هرمز
4804:Timeline
4635:Gasoline
4605:Iran LNG
4381:See also
4288:of Qeshm
4187:Dargahan
4072:Fareghan
4026:Sardasht
3952:Abu Musa
3931:Counties
3707:21 March
3701:Archived
3674:Archived
3644:Archived
3620:6 August
3552:Archived
3540:Insights
3513:Archived
3438:Archived
3406:Archived
3402:18420122
3344:Archived
3320:Archived
3295:18 April
3217:Archived
3165:Archived
3141:13 April
3104:Archived
3080:2 August
3074:Archived
3044:Archived
3011:18 April
2985:18 April
2927:Archived
2897:Archived
2871:Archived
2840:Archived
2820:28 April
2814:Archived
2788:Archived
2755:Archived
2729:Archived
2725:HuffPost
2705:11 March
2699:Archived
2668:Archived
2637:Archived
2559:Archived
2500:Archived
2474:Archived
2447:Archived
2420:Archived
2416:BBC News
2396:3 August
2390:Archived
2169:6 August
2163:Archived
2103:Archived
2038:Archived
1997:Archived
1960:Archived
1930:Archived
1897:Archived
1873:Archived
1835:Archived
1670:Abu Musa
1664:See also
1639:and the
1633:Gal Luft
1616:Fujairah
1576:and the
1479:Captain
1434:Fujairah
1396:Ol-class
1342:(ATL2).
1251:withdrew
1232:Farragut
1158:Somerset
1081:flotilla
880:Hartford
859:Hartford
830:and USS
828:Hartford
807:Tel Aviv
736:MV
691:Iran Air
456:—
426:Ferghana
396:and the
376:and the
112:Location
4849:Related
4832:Bitumen
4782:Bushehr
4759:Nuclear
4739:Nabucco
4562:Defunct
4491:Economy
4351:Terenah
4292:Harireh
4245:Boz Dam
4169:Parsian
4146:Senderk
4054:Kukherd
3905:Capital
3720:Sources
3650:27 July
3258:value (
3223:13 June
3100:AP News
3050:14 June
3005:Reuters
2923:FoxNews
2286:Reuters
2098:YouTube
2044:9 April
1966:29 June
1906:13 June
1841:13 June
1645:Russian
1614:to the
1608:Habshan
1593:Red Sea
1426:flagged
1416:seized
1383:sinking
1366:to the
1331:Grace 1
1138:Type 23
1119:Sterett
951:of the
915:updated
704:cruiser
672:Truxtun
653:in the
643:Iranian
469:Persian
402:exclave
368:) is a
337:Persian
211:Islands
140:56°30′E
137:26°36′N
43:Persian
5028:Oceans
5014:Portal
4942:AzarAb
4876:ISOICO
4792:Fordow
4238:Sights
4192:Hormuz
4118:Ruydar
4044:Bastak
3935:cities
3899:, Iran
3839:. The
3788:
3747:about
3546:(16).
3400:
3254:Check
3171:12 May
3038:
2903:6 July
2877:6 July
2846:2 July
2611:Tabeer
2137:
1958:. UN.
1936:2 June
1782:6 July
1765:
1672:island
1556:, and
1544:, and
1538:Jordan
1498:UNCLOS
1239:Maersk
1151:Argyll
1133:Daring
1126:Halsey
1112:Momsen
1094:, the
1030:Daring
1026:Daring
1021:Daring
978:Porter
973:Porter
867:-class
851:-class
787:Israel
743:tanker
647:mining
645:naval
598:Events
557:UNCLOS
494:Hormoz
370:strait
359:Arabic
351:listen
256:Khasab
171:Strait
58:Arabic
54:
39:
4947:HEPCO
4886:SADRA
4676:Marun
4220:Rudan
4197:Qeshm
4151:Sirik
4141:Minab
4049:Jenah
3584:3 May
3398:S2CID
2071:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
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