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51:
343:. A second topic of interest regarding this little tEMDW flow is that it crosses the midline of the strait, more precisely the Malta sill. When the dense water flow reaches the western sill, it flows along the Tunisian coast instead of the Sicilian shelf. The water mass flows at a shallow depth of 300 m, while beneath the LIW, the tEMDW flows westward. Further downstream, the LIW has lower velocities and the dense water flow returns to the
609:
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78:
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58:
362:
313:, south of the Malta Bank with a sill of 560 m deep, and, on the western side, two passages connect the strait with the Western Mediterranean basin. The passage or channel more closely to Sicily is narrow and around 430 m deep while the channel at the side of Tunisia is broader and shallower with a maximum depth of 365 m. Due to this particular
284:
440:
during the 1990s. This dense water caused enhanced salinity and temperatures in the Aegean Sea for a few years creating the deep/mediate
Mediterranean overturning perturbation which has been given the name of Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). The EMT is the major perturbation of the circulation
322:
At the surface and in the upper 200 m the strait consists of an eastward flow provided by the
Modified Atlantic Water (MAW). Underneath this eastward flow, the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) flows in westward direction. Just above the bottom of the Strait a relative small flow has been observed.
401:
on the
Adventure Bank (AB) and the southern Sicilian coast. Upwelling is found to be the most intense during summer when the AIS is also relatively stronger than in other seasons. Due to the upwelling these coasts are of great interests of fishery. The ATC shows a specific path in winter while the
396:
The second is the sub-basin scale with scales of 200 km till 300 km. This scale represents two dense water veins; the
Atlantic Tunisian Current (ATC) which flows along the African coast and the Atlantic Ionian Stream (AIS) along the Sicilian coast. The AIS flows mainly eastward which can
497:
During the past years (measured from 1993 till 1998) the potential temperature and salinity of the LIW have decreased significantly. This change in thermohaline properties of the LIW is in agreement with another event that occurred in the 1990s which is the uplifting of the colder and less saline
657:
on the underwater volcano to claim the island if it resurfaced.) In the year 1863 this volcano also erupted. As of 2023 the most recent eruption in the region was in 1891, around 5 km north of
Pantelleria. At the southeast of Graham Bank, at the Pinne Bank an emission was observed in 1941.
461:(nutrient-rich) waters from the Western Mediterranean towards the Adriatic. The density of the dense waters that flow from the Adriatic Sea into the northern Ionian Sea highly depends on the type of circulation (cyclonic, or anticyclonic) in the Ionian Sea and at the other hand influences the
574:) is between a few meters to 120 meters deep. Its bright red calcific axis has been used for jewelry from ancient times. Although extinction of these corals is not the case yet because of high productivity in this ecosystem, a decline has been observed in the shallow waters.
534:
The Strait of Sicily is rich in biodiversity due to its different water currents. Also its geographical position between the
Eastern and Western Mediterranean contributes to the high ecological importance of the strait. Warm temperature and tropical species from the
448:
between the Ionic and the
Adriatic sea. The thermohaline properties of the Adriatic Sea show quasi-decadal oscillations that are related to the circulation of the Ionian Sea. The upper-layer of the northern Ionian Sea shows circulations that vary between a
509:
is an
Italian island located in the Strait of Sicily around 64 km from Tunisia. Nowadays the island is one of the destinations migrants, mostly from Tunisia, try to reach. Sometimes over 200 people in only two days cross the strait in little boats.
334:
it fills the transitional layer between the
Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water and the LIW. This dense water exits the strait at a depth of 300 m at the sill and sinks down, because of its higher density than the LIW, till 1800 m when reaching the
323:
This vein follows the same route as LIW but consists of different characteristics. The water flow is named 'transitional
Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water' (tEMDW) and contains fresher, colder and denser (with a potential seawater density,
465:
in the Ionian Sea itself resulting in a feedback mechanism. BiOS is one of the dominant mechanisms influencing biochemical processes in the Adriatic and therefore has great impact on the organisms within this sea and in the strait.
317:
with two different channels, the strait is called a "two-sill strait". In the central region the strait is around 50 km to 100 km wide and 700 m to 900 m deep, but some parts consist of trenches of even 1800 m deep.
577:
These corrals are part of an initiative of worldwide conservation. During the Conference of the Parties of CITES number 14 (CoP14) two workshops were decided to be organized about the corals in the Pacific and Mediterranean.
592:
Due to high biodiversity, productivity rates and importance of the different species for the ecosystem, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Sicily are becoming of more interest for researchers during the recent years.
308:
it is one of the topographically complex regions. With a length of 600 km it connects the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins. The strait is delimited by two systems; at the eastern side it is connected with the
1352:
Incarbona, Alessandro; Martrat, Belen; Mortyn, P. Graham; Sprovieri, Mario; Ziveri, Patrizia; Gogou, Alexandra; Jordà, Gabriel; Xoplaki, Elena; Luterbacher, Juerg; Langone, Leonardo; Marino, Gianluca (July 2016).
1841:
Ministero Affari Esteri, Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", International Workshop Napoli-Villa Doria d'Angri. 23-26 Settembre
1540:
428:
The outflow of dense-water-masses characteristics of the Strait of Sicily are not stable but have been found to change interannually. Also the thermohaline circulation showed changes in structure and
649:
The submarine volcanoes are located in the Adventure Plateau, Graham and Nameless Banks. In 1831 a submarine volcano erupted on the Graham Bank at a depth of around 200 m, forming the
857:
Astraldi, M.; Gasparini, G. P.; Moretti, M.; Sansone, E.; Sparnocchia, S. (1996). "The characteristics of the water masses and the water transport in the Sicily Channel at long time scales".
347:
position located naturally along the Sicilian coast. Here the dense water sinks into the deeper ocean sea, around 1500 m–1850 m. This inversion of the interface slope is possible because the
653:, 65 m above sea level. The island was claimed by Britain, France, and Sicily, with the potential for hostilities, but it had been washed away by December 1831. (In November 2000
474:
Through the strait of Sicily passes the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The LIW is a westward flowing water mass in the intermediate layers (from 200 m till 400 m) formed in the
441:
and water mass aspects in this area since systematic observational data is available (1950s). The effect of the EMT on the Strait of Sicily was a freshening of the surface waters.
539:
cross the strait. The vast variety in species cannot only be found near the surface and coasts but also the deep water contains communities of vulnerable species as the
741:
1651:"Effects of spatial variability and colony size on the reproductive output and gonadal development cycle of the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.)"
374:
The Central Mediterranean can be characterized by looking at differences in spatial and temporal scale. Three scales are common to use among oceanographers.
490:
and temperature. This high salinity concentrations is one of the important factors for the formation of the deep water in the Southern Adriatic and the
3164:
1126:"Numerical simulation and decomposition of kinetic energies in the Central Mediterranean Sea: insight on mesoscale circulation and energy conversion"
670:
1984:
1615:
Taviani, Marco; Freiwald, Andre; Beuck, Lydia; Angeletti, Lorenzo; Remia, Alessandro; Vertino, Agostina; Dimech, Mark; Schembri, Patrick Joseph.
50:
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with a horizontal scale around ten kilometers and periods of days till a maximum of ten days. The sea can be influenced within the mesoscale by
2097:
300:
in the strait flow from east to west, and the current nearer the surface travels from west to east. This unusual water flow is of interest to
1519:
959:
95:
2002:
Carapezza, M.; Ferla, P.; Nuccio, P. M.; Valenza, M. (1979). "Caratteri petrologici e geochimici delle vulcaniti dell'Isola "Ferdinandea"".
1074:
Robinson, A.R.; Sellschopp, J.; Warn-Varnas, A.; Leslie, W.G.; Lozano, C.J.; Haley, P.J.; Anderson, L.A.; Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (April 1999).
1217:"The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the Strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea"
3159:
3169:
1355:"Mediterranean circulation perturbations over the last five centuries: Relevance to past Eastern Mediterranean Transient-type events"
355:
are balancing each other in a so-called 'geostrophic balance' which is possible because of the flow velocities of both LIW and EMDW.
650:
444:
Another important circulation mechanism that exists in the Strait of Sicily is the Biomodal Oscillating System (BiOS) Which is a
365:
Cross section of the Strait of Sicily using the horizontal and vertical component of the current from the GODAS data file of 2020.
1621:
Conference: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Red Coral Science, Management, and Trade: Lessons from the Mediterranean
758:
Astraldi, M; Balopoulos, S; Candela, J; Font, J; Gacic, M; Gasparini, G.P; Manca, B; Theocharis, A; Tintoré, J (August 1999).
3174:
1467:
Vilibic, I.; Mihanovic, H.; Sepic, J.; Dunic, N.; Denamiel, C.; Peharda, M.; Somot, S.; Sevault, F.; Gacic, M. (2018-12-01).
1264:"Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s"
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389:
and by internal dynamical processes. Boundary currents and jets can be created by these processes which can evolve into
2853:
1262:
Roether, Wolfgang; Klein, Birgit; Manca, Beniamino Bruno; Theocharis, Alexander; Kioroglou, Sotiris (September 2007).
453:
movement, corresponding advection of waters from the Eastern Mediterranean with very saline waters and low nutrients (
2069:
1872:"Nurseries, spawning grounds and recruitment of Octopus vulgaris in the Strait of Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea"
3149:
2090:
1500:"Intermediate Water Formation in the Levantine Sea: The Response to Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Forcing"
693:
639:. Minor submarine eruptions still occur, mostly on the seafloor along the northwest and southeast regional faults.
1935:"The Strait of Sicily continental rift systems: Physiography and petrochemistry of the submarine volcanic centres"
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834:
809:
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406:
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flowing along the Sicilian slope. This sharp sinking down of the dense water flow is a topic of interest among
2523:
3009:
2818:
2638:
1784:"Reproduction and population sexual structure of the overexploited Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum"
1617:"The deepest known occurrence of the precious red coral Corallium Rubrum (L. 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea"
277:
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2253:
429:
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2518:
2513:
2508:
2498:
1634:
Cattaneo-Vietti, R.; Cicogna, F. (1993). "Red Coral in the Mediterranean Sea: Art, History and Science".
2798:
2503:
2493:
2363:
2083:
1698:"Red Coral Fishery at the Costa Brava (NW Mediterranean): Case Study of an Overharvested Precious Coral"
266:
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1946:
1795:
1570:"The North sector of the Strait of Sicily: a priority area for conservation in the Mediterranean Sea"
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1870:
Garofalo, Germana; Ceriola, Luca; Gristina, Michele; Fiorentino, Fabio; Pace, Roberta (2010-08-04).
760:"The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation"
358:
The tEMDW shows little variations in height, width and path and is thus geometrically quite stable.
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2883:
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2723:
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Tsounis, Georgios; Rossi, Sergio; Aranguren, Maria; Gili, Josep-Maria; Arntz, Wolf (January 2006).
1469:"The Adriatic-Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System: relevance, phenomenology, reproducibility, impact"
589:, especially the species O. Vulgaris, are of interest both for industrial and artisanal fisheries.
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1597:
1420:"Can internal processes sustain reversals of the ocean upper circulation? The Ionian Sea example"
654:
378:
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2738:
2703:
2643:
2378:
2348:
2318:
600:, information can be gained by researching the changes in biodiversity in the Strait of Sicily.
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deep waters in the Eastern Mediterranean referred as the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT).
2893:
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2140:
2021:
Imbò, G. (1965). "Catalogue of the active volcanoes of the world including solfatara fields".
1962:
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1504:
The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems
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1914:
English: Map of tectonic plates of Sicily, modified from File:Tectonic_plates_(empty).svg
661:
In 2023 three further underwater volcanoes, possibly active, were discovered off Sicily.
1950:
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1178:"The dynamics of the Sicily Strait: a comprehensive study from observations and models"
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2328:
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2135:
1958:
1616:
1029:"Hydrological characteristics in the Tunisia–Sardinia–Sicily area during spring 1995"
621:
536:
518:
The winds that are found above the Strait of Sicily are the two Mediterranean winds:
475:
405:
The last common used scale is the large Mediterranean Basin scale which includes the
301:
297:
1825:
1729:
1682:
1468:
1418:
Gačić, M.; Borzelli, G. L. Eusebi; Civitarese, G.; Cardin, V.; Yari, S. (May 2010).
920:
77:
3120:
2989:
2868:
2613:
2598:
2568:
2478:
2208:
2130:
1745:"Red coral: conservation and management of an over-exploited Mediterranean species"
1601:
1541:"Migranti, a Pantelleria riprendono gli sbarchi dalla Tunisia: arrivati più di 200"
1310:
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873:
759:
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437:
340:
1934:
1696:
Tsounis, Georgios; Rossi, Sergio; Gili, Josep-Maria; Arntz, Wolf E. (2007-08-04).
1499:
1263:
1215:
Gasparini, G.P.; Ortona, A.; Budillon, G.; Astraldi, M.; Sansone, E. (June 2005).
874:"Dynamics and mixing of the Eastern Mediterranean outflow in the Tyrrhenian basin"
872:
Sparnocchia, S; Gasparini, G.P; Astraldi, M; Borghini, M; Pistek, P (April 1999).
616:
Due to the natural position of the Strait of Sicily, above the conjunction of the
276:
There are regular ferries between Sicily and Tunis across the Strait of Sicily; a
1912:
1511:
1287:
646:
erupted, and other seamounts have been covered by Pliocene-Quaternary sediments.
17:
3097:
2898:
2633:
2168:
2120:
1027:
Sammari, C; Millot, C; Taupier-Letage, I; Stefani, A; Brahim, M (October 1999).
636:
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563:
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270:
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1713:
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582:
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454:
433:
386:
331:
314:
310:
1966:
1897:
1888:
1871:
1839:"Red Coral Science, Management and Trading: Lessons from the Mediterranean".
1817:
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110:
97:
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2728:
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2533:
2193:
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1933:
Calanchi, N.; Colantoni, P.; Rossi, P.L.; Saitta, M.; Serri, G. (May 1989).
1138:
1125:
939:
462:
421:. Also the westward LIW in the intermediate layer and less saltier eastward
398:
1404:
951:
719:
Allan R. Robinson, Wayne G. Leslie, Alexander Theocharis, Alex Lascaratos.
2064:
1568:
Di Lorenzo, Manfredi; Sinerchia, Matteo; Colloca, Francesco (2017-10-11).
1124:
Sorgente, R.; Olita, A.; Oddo, P.; Fazioli, L.; Ribotti, A. (2011-05-24).
283:
2623:
2548:
2036:
1444:
1419:
1311:"Evolution and status of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (1997–1999)"
861:. CIESM Science Series 2. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco.
643:
586:
567:
548:
487:
445:
348:
808:
Astraldi, M.; Gasparini, G. P.; Gervasio, L.; Salusti, E. (2001-12-01).
696:, Chicago (U.S.A.), 1989. Page 36, Geographic coordinates 37.20N 11.20E.
2968:
2145:
1808:
1783:
1354:
982:"Estimation and study of mesoscale variability in the strait of Sicily"
519:
410:
361:
257:. The strait is about 145 kilometres (90 mi) wide and divides the
254:
137:
1378:
1744:
810:"Dense Water Dynamics along the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea)"
632:
390:
250:
246:
1855:
IAPPCS (March 7, 2009). "Report of the First Meeting in Hong Kong".
1760:
269:
Sea. The maximum depth is 316 meters (1,037 ft). The island of
478:, the most eastern part of the Mediterranean sea and ending in the
1985:"Three possibly active underwater volcanoes discovered off Sicily"
413:
and is driven by, at one site, the fresh waters entering from the
133:
1155:
Seasonal variability in the Central Mediterranean Sea circulation
1309:
Theocharis, A.; Klein, B.; Nittis, K.; Roether, W. (June 2002).
393:
and filament patterns that can interact with large scale flows.
2079:
2075:
417:
and on the other side, the negative freshwater budget from the
409:. The thermohaline circulation in the Strait of Sicily is anti-
457:
water), and anticyclonic movement which results in saline and
2037:"Sicily Channel (Sicilian Channel; Strait of Sicily), Italy"
287:
Basic scheme of the two-sill system in the Strait of Sicily.
835:
10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3457:DWDATS>2.0.CO;2
1782:
Santangelo, G; Carletti, E; Maggi, E; Bramanti, L (2003).
1182:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
581:
Among the species that are fished at high rates, are the
30:
For waters separating Sicily from the rest of Italy, see
1636:
Ministero delle Risorse Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali
624:
tectonic plate, volcanic activity occurs in the strait.
432:. These changes were caused by deep water formed in the
1221:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1033:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1749:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
1563:
1561:
1506:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 441–446,
919:
NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS).
558:
The habitat of one of the corals in the strait, the
522:, bringing dry and warm air from the South East and
3078:
2977:
2159:
2111:
627:Volcanic activity is mainly focused on the islands
155:
147:
143:
126:
87:
39:
635:. A climax in volcanic activity was found in the
921:"GODAS U and V current component data year 2020"
612:Tectonic Plates underneath the Strait of Sicily.
88:
82:Map showing the location of the Strait of Sicily
859:Dynamics of Mediterranean Straits and Channels
2091:
1743:Santangelo, Giovanni; Abbiati, Marco (2001).
707:The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean
330:of around 29.10) water than the LIW. In the
8:
740:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
402:route is less clearly-marked during summer.
233:
938:Robinson, A.R.; Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (2001),
425:water on top are considered in this scale.
280:has been proposed to link the two regions.
2098:
2084:
2076:
36:
1887:
1807:
1443:
1394:
1137:
833:
1978:
1976:
607:
526:, bringing cold air from the northwest.
470:Levantine intermediate water circulation
360:
282:
57:
682:
436:which replaced the water formed in the
733:
1857:International Forum on Precious Coral
1119:
1117:
27:The strait between Sicily and Tunisia
7:
803:
801:
753:
751:
671:Italy–Tunisia Delimitation Agreement
1498:Nittis, K.; Lascaratos, A. (1999),
486:. The LIW is characterized by high
234:
222:
986:Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans
273:lies in the middle of the strait.
25:
2023:Italy. Intern. Assoc. Volcanology
3165:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
3119:
3109:
2854:Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape)
2063:
2004:Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrol
1983:Tondo, Lorenzo (9 August 2023).
980:Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (July 1999).
814:Journal of Physical Oceanography
76:
56:
49:
721:"Mediterranean Sea Circulation"
154:
146:
1876:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1788:Marine Ecology Progress Series
946:, Elsevier, pp. 623–634,
944:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
1:
1547:(in Italian). 12 October 2020
1331:10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00054-4
1194:10.1016/s0967-0645(04)00027-x
1100:10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00079-7
1053:10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00026-6
1006:10.1016/s0377-0265(99)00008-1
940:"Data Assimilation In Models"
898:10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00088-8
784:10.1016/s0079-6611(99)00021-x
642:During historical times some
1959:10.1016/0025-3227(89)90145-x
1512:10.1007/978-94-011-4796-5_31
1424:Geophysical Research Letters
1288:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.03.001
1076:"The Atlantic Ionian Stream"
925:Physical Sciences Laboratory
596:Also regarding the current
240:
227:
151:145 kilometres (90 mi)
3191:
3160:Bodies of water of Tunisia
1473:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
159:316 meters (1,037 ft)
29:
3106:
1714:10.1007/s10021-007-9072-5
1667:10.1007/s00227-005-0100-8
1586:10.1007/s10750-017-3389-7
1315:Journal of Marine Systems
1241:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.001
1130:Ocean Science Discussions
1080:Journal of Marine Systems
878:Journal of Marine Systems
728:robinson.seas.harvard.edu
75:
44:
1911:FieldsetJ (2017-11-09),
1268:Progress in Oceanography
1176:BERANGER, K (May 2004).
764:Progress in Oceanography
709:, Springer, 1st edition.
705:Scott C. Truver (1980),
655:Sicilians planted a flag
407:thermohaline circulation
2819:Porto Alexandre, Angola
2524:Enseada dos Três Irmãos
2025:. Part XVIII. Rome: 72.
1139:10.5194/osd-8-1161-2011
694:Encyclopædia Britannica
241:Maḍīq al-Waṭan al-Qiblī
208:
2639:Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē
1889:10.1093/icesjms/fsq101
952:10.1006/rwos.2001.0404
613:
366:
304:. Within the Central
288:
194:
3175:International straits
2759:Mietjie Frans se Baai
2364:Bay of Saint-Augustin
1844:. Abstract: 49. 2009.
611:
364:
286:
267:eastern Mediterranean
3170:Italy–Tunisia border
3010:Canal de São Vicente
2764:Moraha Bahir Selat’ē
2254:Baia de Porto Amboim
2072:at Wikimedia Commons
1445:10.1029/2010gl043216
692:, Britannica Atlas,
3145:Geography of Sicily
3050:Strait of Gibraltar
3035:Mozambique Channel
2864:Saint Sebastian Bay
2519:Enseada do Quitungo
2514:Enseada do Quicombo
2509:Enseada do Chalungo
2499:Enseada de São Braz
2259:Baía de Santa Marta
1951:1989MGeol..87...55C
1800:2003MEPS..248...99S
1545:Giornale di Sicilia
1485:2018AGUFM.A53L2670V
1436:2010GeoRL..37.9608G
1371:2016NatSR...629623I
1323:2002JMS....33...91T
1280:2007PrOce..74..540R
1233:2005DSRI...52..915G
1092:1999JMS....20..129R
1045:1999DSRI...46.1671S
998:1999DyAtO..29..255L
890:1999JMS....20..301S
826:2001JPO....31.3457A
776:1999PrOce..44...65A
480:strait of Gibraltar
419:Mediterranean Basin
187:Pantelleria Channel
107: /
2799:Plaatjieskraalbaai
2559:Ghoubbet-el-Kharab
2504:Enseada do Catumbo
2494:Enseada das Pombas
2459:Dakhlet Nouadhibou
1809:10.3354/meps248099
1359:Scientific Reports
614:
446:feedback mechanism
367:
289:
214:Strittu di Sicilia
200:Stretto di Sicilia
3150:Straits of Africa
3132:
3131:
3126:Oceans portal
3116:Africa portal
3020:Guardafui Channel
2849:Saint Francis Bay
2544:Fernao Veloso Bay
2314:Baie de Sangareya
2264:Baía de Sucujaque
2141:Mediterranean Sea
2068:Media related to
1521:978-0-7923-5586-1
1379:10.1038/srep29623
1317:. 33–34: 91–116.
1039:(10): 1671–1703.
961:978-0-12-227430-5
820:(12): 3457–3475.
604:Volcanic activity
377:The first is the
306:Mediterranean sea
263:Mediterranean Sea
235:مضيق الوطن القبلي
210:Canali di Sicilia
196:Canale di Sicilia
179:Channel of Sicily
163:
162:
32:Strait of Messina
18:Straits of Sicily
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3155:Straits of Italy
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3070:Zanzibar Channel
3060:Straits of Tiran
3055:Strait of Sicily
2959:Walvis Bay (bay)
2874:Sandwich Harbour
2814:Pointe-Noire Bay
2604:Gulf of Tadjoura
2589:Gulf of Hammamet
2554:Frederik se Baai
2359:Bay of Langarano
2244:Baía de Mossuril
2229:Baía da Condúcia
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2070:Strait of Sicily
2067:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1882:(7): 1363–1371.
1867:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1188:(4–5): 411–440.
1173:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1086:(1–4): 129–156.
1071:
1065:
1064:
1024:
1018:
1017:
992:(2–4): 255–303.
977:
971:
970:
969:
968:
935:
929:
928:
916:
910:
909:
884:(1–4): 301–317.
869:
863:
862:
854:
848:
847:
837:
805:
796:
795:
755:
746:
745:
739:
731:
725:
716:
710:
703:
697:
690:Strait of Sicily
687:
562:, family of the
560:Corallium rubrum
415:Gibraltar Strait
261:and the western
243:
237:
236:
230:
228:Maḍīq Ṣiqillīyah
224:
183:Sicilian Narrows
175:Sicilian Channel
167:Strait of Sicily
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
90:
80:
64:Strait of Sicily
60:
59:
53:
40:Strait of Sicily
37:
21:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3080:
3074:
3030:Massawa Channel
3000:Canal de Bolola
2995:Canal de Bolama
2973:
2919:Spoegrivierbaai
2809:Plettenbergbaai
2619:Hafun Bay South
2434:Chake-Chake Bay
2394:Bight of Biafra
2239:Baía de Mocambo
2234:Baía da Corimba
2214:Antsiranana Bay
2204:Angra de Cintra
2161:
2155:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1761:10.1002/aqc.451
1742:
1741:
1737:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1026:
1025:
1021:
979:
978:
974:
966:
964:
962:
937:
936:
932:
918:
917:
913:
871:
870:
866:
856:
855:
851:
807:
806:
799:
770:(1–3): 65–108.
757:
756:
749:
732:
723:
718:
717:
713:
704:
700:
688:
684:
679:
667:
606:
532:
516:
504:
476:Levantine basin
472:
372:
353:Coriolis forces
328:
321:
294:
171:Sicilian Strait
169:(also known as
130: countries
115:
113:
111:37.20°N 11.20°E
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
83:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:Erythraean Sea
3090:
3088:Aethiopian Sea
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Shubuk Channel
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Río de Oro Bay
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Hottentotsbaai
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Gulf of Guinea
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Dalwakteah Bay
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Conception Bay
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Cape Negro Bay
2426:
2424:Cape Cross Bay
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Bight of Benin
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Bay of Tangier
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Bay of Hawakil
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Baía do Govuro
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Baía do Ambriz
2271:
2269:Baía de Tombua
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Baía de Namibe
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Ana Chaves Bay
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Al Hoceima Bay
2176:
2174:Acheïl Dakhlet
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2151:Southern Ocean
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Atlantic Ocean
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2058:External links
2056:
2053:
2052:
2041:www.mindat.org
2028:
2013:
1994:
1972:
1939:Marine Geology
1925:
1903:
1862:
1847:
1831:
1774:
1755:(4): 253–259.
1735:
1708:(6): 975–986.
1688:
1661:(3): 513–527.
1655:Marine Biology
1641:
1626:
1607:
1580:(1): 235–253.
1557:
1532:
1520:
1490:
1459:
1410:
1344:
1301:
1274:(4): 540–571.
1254:
1227:(6): 915–935.
1207:
1168:
1145:
1113:
1066:
1019:
972:
960:
930:
911:
864:
849:
797:
747:
711:
698:
681:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
666:
663:
605:
602:
598:climate change
585:family. These
545:Antipatharians
537:Lavantin basin
531:
528:
515:
512:
503:
500:
484:Atlantic Ocean
471:
468:
430:stratification
371:
368:
341:oceanographers
337:Tyrrhenian Sea
326:
302:oceanographers
293:
290:
259:Tyrrhenian Sea
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
131:
124:
123:
91:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
63:
62:
55:
54:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Tigres Strait
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Pemba Channel
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Mafia Channel
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Canal do Meio
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Canal de Caió
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Bab-el-Mandeb
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Skoonbergbaai
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:St Helena Bay
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Prinzen Bucht
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:McDougall Bay
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:John Owen Bay
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Inhambane Bay
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Harrison Cove
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Gulf of Tunis
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Gulf of Sidra
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Gulf of Gabès
2577:
2575:
2574:Gulf of 'Agig
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Bombetoka Bay
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Bay of Beylul
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Bay of Arguin
2327:
2325:
2324:Bay of Anfile
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Baie de Gorée
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Baía do Nzeto
2297:
2295:
2294:Baía do Lúrio
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Baía do Dande
2282:
2280:
2279:Baía do Bengo
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Levantine Sea
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1611:
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1574:Hydrobiologia
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1479:: A53L–2670.
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1153:Sorgente, R.
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651:Graham Island
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492:Gulf of Lions
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132:
129:
125:
120:
92:
86:
79:
74:
52:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3054:
2990:Bab Iskender
2869:Saldanha Bay
2719:Lüderitz Bay
2669:Jammer Bucht
2614:Gulf of Zula
2599:Gulf of Suez
2569:Gulf of Aden
2564:Grosse Bucht
2529:Equimina Bay
2479:Dungonab Bay
2469:Deurloopbaai
2399:Bocock’s Bay
2374:Benguela Bay
2334:Bay of Arzew
2304:Baía do Suto
2224:Baía Almeida
2209:Antongil Bay
2131:Indian Ocean
2106:African seas
2044:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1989:The Guardian
1988:
1945:(1): 55–83.
1942:
1938:
1928:
1918:, retrieved
1913:
1906:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1638:. Rome: 263.
1635:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1577:
1573:
1549:. Retrieved
1544:
1535:
1525:, retrieved
1503:
1493:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1365:(1): 29623.
1362:
1358:
1347:
1314:
1304:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1185:
1181:
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1154:
1148:
1129:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1036:
1032:
1022:
989:
985:
975:
965:, retrieved
943:
933:
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914:
881:
877:
867:
858:
852:
817:
813:
767:
763:
727:
714:
706:
701:
689:
685:
660:
648:
641:
626:
615:
595:
591:
580:
576:
557:
541:Scleractinia
533:
517:
505:
496:
473:
455:oligotrophic
443:
427:
404:
395:
376:
373:
357:
324:
320:
295:
275:
238:
225:
213:
209:
199:
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:
116:37.20; 11.20
3098:Sea of Zanj
2944:Tietiesbaai
2929:Swartstraat
2914:Spencer Bay
2909:Somnaasbaai
2899:Sodwana Bay
2844:Rooiwalbaai
2689:Lambert Bay
2684:Kiwaiyu Bay
2634:Henties Bay
2484:Durissa Bay
2439:Chameis Bay
2419:Cabinda Bay
2414:Bosluisbaai
2384:Betty’s Bay
2339:Bay of Aseb
2219:Arab's Gulf
2184:Algiers Bay
2169:Abu Qir Bay
2121:Alboran Sea
637:Pleistocene
629:Pantelleria
564:Coralliidae
507:Pantelleria
383:wind stress
345:geostrophic
271:Pantelleria
265:, from the
114: /
89:Coordinates
3139:Categories
3079:Historical
2954:Walker Bay
2949:Ungama Bay
2924:Struisbaai
2904:Sofala Bay
2879:Sierra Bay
2769:Mossel Bay
2739:Markusbaai
2734:Maputo Bay
2714:Luanda Bay
2709:Lobito Bay
2704:Loango Bay
2679:Kalawy Bay
2644:Horingbaai
2489:Elands Bay
2474:Doringbaai
2444:Chwaka Bay
2379:Bera’esoli
2349:Bay of Edd
2319:Bandombaai
2046:2021-05-13
2010:: 377–388.
1920:2021-05-13
1794:: 99–108.
1702:Ecosystems
1551:2021-05-13
1527:2021-05-13
1430:(9): n/a.
1163:1188462670
967:2021-05-13
677:References
587:molluscans
583:Cephalopod
572:Gorgonacea
553:red corals
549:gorgonians
459:copiotroph
434:Aegean Sea
387:topography
332:Ionian Sea
315:bathymetry
311:Ionian Sea
223:مضيق صقلية
156:Max. depth
148:Max. width
2964:Yawri Bay
2934:Table Bay
2894:Slangbaai
2889:Skurfbaai
2839:Roode Bay
2794:Pipas Bay
2789:Pemba Bay
2784:Oran Gulf
2749:Menai Bay
2744:Memba Bay
2729:Manza Bay
2659:Hydra Bay
2539:Farta Bay
2534:False Bay
2194:Ambas Bay
2189:Algoa Bay
1967:0025-3227
1898:1095-9289
1818:0171-8630
1769:1052-7613
1722:1432-9840
1675:0025-3162
1594:0018-8158
1454:0094-8276
1387:2045-2322
1339:0924-7963
1296:0079-6611
1249:0967-0637
1202:0967-0645
1108:0924-7963
1061:0967-0637
1014:0377-0265
906:0924-7963
844:0022-3670
792:0079-6611
644:seamounts
463:vorticity
411:estuarine
399:upwelling
379:mesoscale
245:) is the
2939:Thysbaai
2834:Rock Bay
2804:Platbaai
2779:Noopbaai
2774:Möwebaai
2754:Meob Bay
2699:Langbaai
2694:Lamu Bay
2624:Hann Bay
2549:Foul Bay
2454:Cuio Bay
2409:Bootbaai
2162:and bays
2114:and seas
1826:54979671
1730:25259570
1683:86404698
1405:27412622
736:cite web
665:See also
618:Eurasian
568:Anthozoa
502:Migrants
488:salinity
482:and the
451:cyclonic
438:Adriatic
423:Atlantic
391:vortices
370:Dynamics
349:buoyancy
298:currents
249:between
205:Sicilian
2978:Straits
2969:Yof Bay
2654:Hurdiyo
2146:Red Sea
1947:Bibcode
1796:Bibcode
1602:2514441
1481:Bibcode
1432:Bibcode
1396:4944156
1367:Bibcode
1319:Bibcode
1276:Bibcode
1229:Bibcode
1088:Bibcode
1041:Bibcode
994:Bibcode
886:Bibcode
822:Bibcode
772:Bibcode
622:African
530:Biology
524:Mistral
520:Sirocco
397:create
255:Tunisia
198:or the
191:Italian
138:Tunisia
102:11°12′E
99:37°12′N
2112:Oceans
1965:
1896:
1824:
1816:
1767:
1728:
1720:
1681:
1673:
1600:
1592:
1518:
1452:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1337:
1294:
1247:
1200:
1161:
1106:
1059:
1012:
958:
904:
842:
790:
633:Linosa
278:tunnel
251:Sicily
247:strait
219:Arabic
2160:Gulfs
1859:: 50.
1822:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1598:S2CID
724:(PDF)
514:Winds
296:Deep
292:Flows
134:Italy
128:Basin
3081:seas
1963:ISSN
1894:ISSN
1842:2009
1814:ISSN
1765:ISSN
1718:ISSN
1671:ISSN
1590:ISSN
1516:ISBN
1450:ISSN
1401:PMID
1383:ISSN
1335:ISSN
1292:ISSN
1245:ISSN
1198:ISSN
1159:OCLC
1104:ISSN
1057:ISSN
1010:ISSN
956:ISBN
902:ISSN
840:ISSN
788:ISSN
742:link
631:and
620:and
551:and
351:and
253:and
185:and
165:The
1955:doi
1884:doi
1804:doi
1792:248
1757:doi
1710:doi
1663:doi
1659:148
1582:doi
1578:821
1508:doi
1440:doi
1391:PMC
1375:doi
1327:doi
1284:doi
1237:doi
1190:doi
1134:doi
1096:doi
1049:doi
1002:doi
948:doi
894:doi
830:doi
780:doi
232:or
212:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
