76:
1713:
699:
2914:
1751:
Standard French contrasts up to 13 oral vowels and up to 4 nasal vowels. The schwa (in the center of the diagram next to this paragraph) is not necessarily a distinctive sound. Even though it often merges with one of the mid front rounded vowels, its patterning suggests that it is a separate phoneme
5230:
Emphatic stress is used to call attention to a specific element in a given context such as to express a contrast or to reinforce the emotive content of a word. In French, this stress falls on the first consonant-initial syllable of the word in question. The characteristics associated with emphatic
5185:
Word stress is not distinctive in French, so two words cannot be distinguished based on stress placement alone. Grammatical stress is always on the final full syllable (syllable with a vowel other than schwa) of a word. Monosyllables with schwa as their only vowel
5211:
The difference between stressed and unstressed syllables in French is less marked than in
English. Vowels in unstressed syllables keep their full quality, regardless of whether the rhythm of the speaker is syllable-timed or mora-timed (see
3386:
elsewhere. However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec,
2936:
While there is much variation among speakers in France, a number of general tendencies can be observed. First of all, the distinction is most often preserved in word-final stressed syllables such as in these minimal pairs:
2898:
is sometimes no longer maintained in
Parisian French, which leads some researchers to reject the idea of two distinct phonemes. However, the back is always maintained in Northern French, but only in final open syllables,
975:, but and are considered dialectal. The most common pronunciation is as a default realisation, complemented by a devoiced variant in the positions before or after a voiceless obstruent or at the end of a sentence. See
4550:('snout'). They can be dealt with in different ways, as by adding appropriate contextual conditions to the glide formation rule or by assuming that the phonemic inventory of French includes underlying glides or rising
3035:
The difference in quality is often reinforced by a difference in length (but the difference is contrastive in final closed syllables). The exact distribution of the two vowels varies greatly from speaker to speaker.
4465:
The glides , , and appear in syllable onsets immediately followed by a full vowel. In many cases, they alternate systematically with their vowel counterparts , , and such as in the following pairs of verb forms:
1601:
A few cases of gemination do not correspond to double consonant letters in the orthography. The deletion of word-internal schwas (see below), for example, can give rise to sequences of identical consonants:
3166:
distinguish them mainly through increased lip rounding of the former, but many speakers use only the latter phoneme, especially most speakers in northern France such as Paris (but not farther north, in
1006:
may also be palatalised to . Velar palatalisation has traditionally been associated with the working class, though recent studies suggest it is spreading to more demographics of large French cities.
756:
are dentalised laminal alveolar (commonly called 'dental'), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the back of the upper front teeth, with the tip resting behind lower front teeth.
5327:
The information question intonation is a rapid fall-off from a high pitch on the first word of a non-yes/no question, often followed by a small rise in pitch on the last syllable of the question.
3483:
On the other hand, it is pronounced word-internally when it follows more pronounced consonants that cannot be combined into a complex onset with the initial consonants of the next syllable:
1677:
Many words in French can be analyzed as having a "latent" final consonant that is pronounced only in certain syntactic contexts when the next word begins with a vowel. For example, the word
5260:
For words that begin with a vowel, emphatic stress falls on the first syllable that begins with a consonant or on the initial syllable with the insertion of a glottal stop or a
4507:
The glides in the examples can be analyzed as the result of a glide formation process that turns an underlying high vowel into a glide when followed by another vowel:
5934:
5776:
s in French, but evidence from speaker to speaker and sometimes within the speech of a single speaker is too contradictory to give empirical support to this claim".
2641:
Although the mid vowels contrast in certain environments, there is a limited distributional overlap so they often appear in complementary distribution. Generally,
7051:
116:
75:
3513:, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word. For example,
5216:). Moreover, words lose their stress to varying degrees when pronounced in phrases and sentences. In general, only the last word in a phonological phrase (
3675:('teacher'), variation in vowel length is entirely allophonic. Vowels can be lengthened in closed, stressed syllables, under the following two conditions:
2574:
In contrast with the mid vowels, there is no tense–lax contrast in close vowels. However, non-phonemic lax (near-close) appear in Quebec as allophones of
4443:
in syntactic combinations with a following word that begins with a vowel. For example, compare the pronunciation of the unstressed subject pronoun, in
7717:
7318:
308:
7009:
5461:
381:(resyllabification) in which word-final and word-initial consonants may be moved across a syllable boundary, with syllables crossing word boundaries:
1567:
varies by speaker and gives rise to widely varying stylistic effects. In particular, the gemination of consonants other than the liquids and nasals
1471:('he was dying'). In some other words, most modern speakers have reduced to , such as "il pourrait" ('he could'). Other verbs that have a double
3626:→ ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress.
6688:
6036:
5362:
2838:
has been lost in the southern half of France, where these two sounds are found only in complementary distribution. The phonemic oppositions of
4624:('bee'). Schane (1968) proposes an abstract analysis deriving postvocalic from an underlying lateral by palatalization and glide conversion (
3150:
The phonetic qualities of the back nasal vowels differ from those of the corresponding oral vowels. The contrasting factor that distinguishes
682:
7323:
7286:
6928:
6905:
6852:
6792:
6741:
6721:
6662:
6589:
6553:
6450:
5907:
6571:
799:
689:
3174:
In some dialects, particularly that of Europe, there is an attested tendency for nasal vowels to shift in a counterclockwise direction:
2628:
776:
655:
588:
7044:
3158:
is the extra lip rounding of the latter according to some linguists, and tongue height according to others. Speakers who produce both
3406:
The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization.
6698:
5900:
Les voyelles nasales du français parisien moderne. Aspects linguistiques, sociolinguistiques et perceptuels des changements en cours
784:
6599:
3532:) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel
1759:
The table below primarily lists vowels in contemporary
Parisian French, with vowels only present in other dialects in parentheses.
144:
7153:
5810:
3248:
In the
Provence and Occitanie regions, nasal vowels are often realized as oral vowels before a stop consonant, thus reviving the
620:
595:
5852:'cup', but for others the reverse is true. There are also, of course, those who use the same vowel, either or , in both words".
4538:('to nail'). Some sequences of glide + vowel can be found after obstruent-liquid onsets, however. The main examples are , as in
7554:
7541:
7080:
6090:
3320:
1844:
581:
172:
63:
45:
7752:
7105:
5342:
3535:
2814:
2806:
1885:
1879:
134:
3442:
Word-final schwas are optionally pronounced if preceded by two or more consonants and followed by a consonant-initial word:
7712:
7677:
7308:
7095:
7037:
6460:
5357:
3390:
3332:
1851:
627:
301:
239:
111:
7298:
7251:
7090:
4514:
This process is usually blocked after a complex onset of the form obstruent + liquid (a stop or a fricative followed by
3803:
The following table presents the pronunciation of a representative sample of words in phrase-final (stressed) position:
3527:
3381:
3308:
1893:
1865:
1742:
613:
4377:
1900:
1814:
7004:
3605:
that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel
2606:. Laxing always occurs in stressed closed syllables, but it is also found in other environments to various degrees.
7690:
7226:
7176:
7110:
7085:
5747:
1914:
991:
953:
662:
512:
5318:
The continuation pattern is a rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a rhythm group (typically a phrase).
7851:
7399:
7328:
7186:
7166:
6980:
2620:
1926:
1821:
1496:, the resulting word is sometimes pronounced with a geminate and similarly for the variants of the same prefix
7856:
7722:
7404:
7338:
7303:
5309:
1830:
749:
519:
294:
181:
84:
5231:
stress include increased amplitude and pitch of the vowel and gemination of the onset consonant, as mentioned
3202:
in this case. According to one source, the typical phonetic realization of the nasal vowels in Paris is for
7566:
7449:
7419:
7384:
7171:
7115:
7100:
5367:
4417:
Though a more prominent feature of Quebec French, phrase-medial devoicing is also found in
European French.
945:
634:
544:
528:
355:
in which word-final consonants are not pronounced unless they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel;
7820:
7607:
7414:
7313:
6937:
Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded
Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community",
6708:
6513:
6504:
Chitoran, Ioana (2002), "A perception-production study of
Romanian diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences",
6475:
5632:
5628:
5160:
5155:
5137:
5129:
5124:
5106:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4597:
4559:
4555:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4454:
4447:
4432:
4410:
4403:
In Quebec French, close vowels are often devoiced when unstressed and surrounded by voiceless consonants:
4396:
4387:
4369:
4365:
4324:
4290:
4256:
4222:
4188:
4156:
4122:
4088:
4069:
4041:
4007:
3979:
3945:
3917:
3883:
3864:
3830:
3790:
3786:
3764:
3760:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3660:
3656:
3644:
3637:
3623:
3606:
3594:
3583:
3574:
3558:
3549:
3518:
3500:
3491:
3475:
3466:
3448:
3434:
3418:
3371:
3357:
3346:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3065:
3040:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2975:
2966:
2955:
2946:
2920:
2895:
2891:
2879:
2875:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2579:
2575:
2546:
2541:
2524:
2519:
2502:
2497:
2473:
2468:
2451:
2446:
2429:
2424:
2407:
2402:
2380:
2375:
2358:
2353:
2336:
2331:
2314:
2309:
2292:
2287:
2270:
2265:
2248:
2243:
2226:
2221:
2204:
2199:
2182:
2177:
2160:
2155:
2138:
2133:
2116:
2111:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1568:
1564:
1448:
consonants are relatively rare in the pronunciation of such words. The following cases can be identified.
1421:
1416:
1399:
1394:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1351:
1346:
1329:
1324:
1307:
1302:
1283:
1278:
1263:
1258:
1241:
1236:
1221:
1216:
1199:
1194:
1179:
1174:
1157:
1152:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1095:
1090:
1073:
1068:
1053:
1048:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
972:
930:
919:
912:
908:
904:
897:
888:
875:
871:
864:
860:
852:
822:
812:
808:
790:
770:
764:
760:
753:
742:
445:
403:
200:
59:
55:
41:
5636:
7431:
7424:
7333:
7246:
7241:
6751:
5321:
The finality pattern is a sharp fall in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a declarative statement.
1571:
is "generally considered affected or pedantic". Examples of stylistically marked pronunciations include
949:
642:
551:
475:
468:
149:
6994:
6986:
2796:
are found in closed syllables ending in , and only is found in closed monosyllables before , , and .
7810:
7672:
7582:
7561:
7471:
7198:
6088:
3533:
3525:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3280:
2812:
2804:
2626:
2618:
1740:
851:. Some speakers who have difficulty with this consonant realise it as a sequence or replace it with
797:
782:
774:
560:
482:
362:
244:
6518:
6480:
7800:
7707:
7685:
7642:
7627:
7592:
7536:
7481:
7476:
7345:
7231:
7208:
7148:
6600:"Sound Change and Articulatory Release: Where and Why are High Vowels Devoiced in Parisian French?"
5347:
5324:
The yes/no intonation is a sharp rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a yes/no question.
3214:, suggesting that the first two are unrounded open vowels that contrast by backness (like the oral
794:
568:
139:
6387:
Anderson, Stephen R. (1982), "The
Analysis of French Shwa: Or, How to Get Something for Nothing",
4600:, but the analysis is not always adequate because of the existence of possible minimal pairs like
206:
101:
7697:
7506:
7441:
7436:
7391:
7350:
7138:
7064:
6954:
6885:
6828:
6635:
6531:
6493:
6404:
6376:
5352:
2096:
490:
435:
225:
195:
106:
7597:
7029:
377:
5314:
French intonation differs substantially from that of
English. There are four primary patterns:
3115:
may become if the word in question loses its stress within the extended phonological context:
7825:
7790:
7775:
7759:
7747:
7732:
7702:
7662:
7632:
7612:
7602:
7546:
7526:
7516:
7501:
7486:
7371:
7366:
7293:
7263:
7258:
7236:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7193:
6924:
6901:
6848:
6788:
6737:
6717:
6694:
6658:
6585:
6567:
6549:
6446:
6298:
Mora-timed speech is frequent in French, especially in Canada, where it is very much the norm.
5903:
5337:
5218:
3398:
3282:
1858:
856:
746:
606:
537:
440:
364:
125:
3305:('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding. Many authors consider its value to be
1537:
7805:
7737:
7727:
7667:
7657:
7652:
7637:
7622:
7617:
7531:
7521:
7464:
7273:
7161:
7143:
7133:
6946:
6877:
6818:
6810:
6766:
6646:
6627:
6523:
6485:
6424:
6396:
6368:
6000:
5261:
4426:
1672:
941:
455:
430:
425:
358:
348:
272:
267:
3771:
When such syllables lose their stress, the lengthening effect may be absent. The vowel of
1579:
7815:
7795:
7780:
7742:
7647:
7587:
7511:
7496:
7491:
7459:
7454:
7281:
7268:
7181:
6823:
6680:
5814:
5631:, as the vowel has become more open in recent times and is noticeably different from oral
3793:, however, it is still pronounced with a long vowel even in an unstressed position, as in
2642:
1838:
698:
462:
450:
333:
325:
282:
234:
177:
92:
28:
6866:"Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect"
6650:
3590:
211:
6615:
6359:
Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The
Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe",
1444:
Although double consonant letters appear in the orthographic form of many French words,
7830:
7785:
6861:
6841:
5974:
3043:
is much rarer in unstressed syllables, but it can be encountered in some common words:
3002:
There are certain environments that prefer one open vowel over the other. For example,
2650:
1974:
1873:
961:
249:
167:
158:
5807:
4280:
4262:
3342:
3048:
1451:
The geminate pronunciation is found in the future and conditional forms of the verbs
7845:
6958:
6889:
6865:
6684:
6639:
5624:
4565:
Glide formation normally does not occur across morpheme boundaries in compounds like
4436:
3314:
2930:
1780:
1553:
1529:
671:
574:
505:
6832:
6802:
6535:
6497:
4271:
4194:
4094:
3671:
5235:. Emphatic stress does not replace, but occurs in tandem with, grammatical stress.
4596:('sun'). There again, one can formulate a derivation from an underlying full vowel
4296:
3873:
3565:
A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers:
3545:
3073:
1573:
1559:
1521:
965:
957:
879:
188:
6814:
6607:
Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Science, San Francisco
4212:
4112:
3994:
3951:
3410:
That is usually the case when it follows a single consonant in a medial syllable:
3056:
2951:
2714:
1712:
6915:
6781:
6731:
6543:
6439:
4620:
4314:
3960:
3570:
3414:
3353:
1547:
1383:
847:
841:
835:
3932:
3923:
3733:
3692:
2971:
2925:
2742:
2679:
2386:
2254:
2188:
2014:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1513:
1163:
819:
341:
277:
17:
4614:
4592:
4339:
4330:
4305:
4128:
3969:
3889:
3836:
3698:
3665:
3487:
3194:
for which it becomes more open like , resulting in a merger of Standard French
2929:(pasta) . The distinction is still clearly maintained in many dialects such as
2901:
2770:
2736:
2728:
2673:
2066:
is phonologically distinct, its phonetic quality tends to coincide with either
1459:
1453:
7019:
7014:
6950:
6881:
6631:
6527:
6489:
6037:
Timbre du schwa en français et variation régionale : un étude comparative
3190:
shifts to or . Also, in some regions, there also is an opposite movement for
3082:
2854:
in terminal open syllables have been lost in almost all of France, but not in
2144:
2004:
1951:
1908:
1785:
1475:
orthographically in the future and conditional are pronounced with a simple :
1445:
976:
925:
703:
6562:
Detey, Sylvain; Durand, Jacques; Laks, Bernard; Lyche, Chantal, eds. (2016),
6097:
5848:
5842:
4487:
4348:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4137:
4047:
4013:
3985:
3898:
3854:
3845:
3773:
3755:
3745:
3739:
3430:
3291:
3019:
2962:
2942:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2708:
1614:('him/her/it') is also realised as a geminate when it appears after another
27:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of French for Knowledge articles, see
7060:
5213:
4551:
1595:
830:
329:
5532:
5530:
4608:
4602:
4575:
4499:
4475:
4203:
4171:
4162:
4146:
4103:
4056:
4031:
4022:
3907:
3300:
3100:
2870:
2530:
2508:
2479:
2457:
2413:
2342:
2298:
2232:
2166:
1679:
1427:
1405:
1357:
1335:
1289:
1269:
1227:
1205:
1121:
1101:
1079:
884:
4590:
The glide can also occur in syllable coda position, after a vowel, as in
3460:
verbs, however, the schwa is sometimes deleted even after two consonants:
6429:
5200:
4373:
3727:
3610:
3027:
2991:
2982:
2907:
2864:
2722:
2552:
2435:
2320:
2091:
1488:
1313:
1247:
1185:
1143:
1059:
1035:
1024:
893:
337:
51:
5751:
1686:('two') is pronounced in isolation or before a consonant-initial word (
6461:"From hiatus to diphthong: the evolution of vowel sequences in Romance"
5881:
5879:
5877:
5194:
5188:
4440:
4078:
3781:, in which the word is phrase-final and therefore stressed, but not in
3615:
3168:
2859:
2855:
2364:
2276:
2210:
2122:
969:
826:
499:
7024:
6408:
6380:
3705:
All vowels are lengthened if followed by one of the voiced fricatives—
6771:
5748:"Phonétique et prononciation du français pour apprenants finnophones"
5462:
Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents
5205:
4534:, a word with a complex onset, does not trigger the glide formation:
3510:
3064:
Morphologically complex words derived from words containing stressed
2775:
707:
352:
3233:
In Quebec French, two of the vowels shift in a different direction:
2788:
among French phonologists, there are some exceptions. For instance,
6400:
6372:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5222:) retains its full grammatical stress (on its last full syllable).
2657:) are found in closed syllables. However, there are minimal pairs:
929:, 'wet l'), but in the modern standard variety, it has merged with
5790:
3276:
2617:
is somewhat debatable as it has been variously described as close
1716:
1711:
697:
370:
7010:
mp3 Audio Pronunciation of French vowels, consonants and alphabet
6752:"La loi de position ou de l'explication en phonologie historique"
5464:, edited by Randall Scott Gess, Chantal Lyche, Trudel Meisenburg.
1467:('he would die'), for example, contrasts with the imperfect form
3640:('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to
3633:
are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example,
1642:
can exhibit gemination of its first syllable-initial consonant:
1563:('illusion'). The pronunciation of such words, in many cases, a
7033:
6545:
Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
3655:
Except for the distinction still made by some speakers between
5864:
5862:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
1545:
Other cases of optional gemination can be found in words like
1127:'sweet' (food, feelings), 'gentle' (person), 'mild' (weather)
5705:
5703:
5701:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5399:
5397:
5395:
4530:
shows an alternation between and , the same suffix added to
4376:. A devoiced vowel may be followed by a sound similar to the
7020:
French Consonants Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)
3690:, and the nasal vowels are lengthened before any consonant:
3517:
in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced , with the
3178:
tends to be more open and shifts toward the vowel space of
2051:
realised as central . Some dialects also feature a rounded
900:'law'), there are many cases where there is free variation.
6580:
Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Kibbee, Douglas; Jenkins, Fred (2006),
5944:
5942:
1233:'under', 'on' (drugs), 'in' (packaging), 'within' (times)
373:) are elided (such as when final before an initial vowel);
5275:('It's terrible.'; emphatic stress on second syllable of
2578:
when the vowel is both phonetically short (so not before
7015:
French Vowels Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)
6145:
6143:
5824:
5822:
3619:, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like
6965:
Yaguello, Marina (1991), "Les géminées de M. Rocard",
5688:
5686:
759:
Word-final consonants are always released. Generally,
6803:"Phrase-medial vowel devoicing in spontaneous French"
5772:"Some phoneticians claim that there are two distinct
1739:. In the latter case, the outcome is an open central
5536:
3524:
Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel (
50:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7768:
7575:
7359:
7126:
7025:
IPA chart of French phonology with audio recordings
6847:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press,
6415:Berns, Janine (2013), "Velar variation in French",
6266:
6254:
6218:
6173:
6084:
6024:
5885:
5658:
5588:
5548:
5509:
3759:('pie') are pronounced with short vowels since the
3326:
1700:(→ 'two years'), the linking or liaison consonant
1610:('honesty'). The elided form of the object pronoun
344:, and three processes affecting word-final sounds:
6983:'s freely downloadable course on French phonology
6840:
6780:
6438:
5420:
6939:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6657:(in French), Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Duculot,
6620:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6506:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4569:('semi-arid'). However, in colloquial registers,
3814:
2613:are consistently close , but the exact height of
6185:
3426:It is occasionally mute in word-final position:
1731:(especially in the northern half of France) and
64:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
6445:, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press,
5242:. ('It's perfectly true.'; no emphatic stress)
2923:phoneme is fronted to , but it is always long,
2704:mostly in closed monosyllables, such as these:
918:Some dialects of French have a palatal lateral
855:. It could be considered a separate phoneme in
7005:Large collection of recordings of French words
6801:Torreira, Francisco; Ernestus, Mirjam (2010),
6598:Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Moisset, Christine (1999),
6459:Chitoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007),
6242:
5497:
5485:
5299:(initial syllable with glottal stop insertion)
3329:state, more specifically, that it merges with
3263:, there is no attested tendency for the nasal
1598:region, as opposed to other southern accents.
7045:
6161:
5868:
5677:
5560:
5449:
5403:
3186:rises and rounds to (realised also as ) and
302:
8:
6736:, Continuum International Publishing Group,
6614:Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993),
3597:→ ('brand'), which can also be pronounced .
391:
336:. Notable phonological features include its
6542:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) ,
5922:
5709:
4063:
4001:
3939:
3111:Even in the final syllable of a word, back
2669:contrast in final-position open syllables:
1720:
1635:Gemination is obligatory in such contexts.
1319:'soft', 'weak' (stronger: person, actions)
7052:
7038:
7030:
6205:('king'), which contrasts with disyllabic
6060:
5935:Oral articulation of nasal vowel in French
5777:
5289:(initial syllable with liaison consonant )
3252:otherwise lost in other accents: quarante
2598:)' not only in the presence of the final
2490:
934:
309:
295:
70:
6822:
6770:
6584:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
6517:
6479:
6428:
2582:) and in a closed syllable, so that e.g.
1747:between the two (not shown on the chart).
6673:Phonétisme et prononciations du français
6230:
6072:
5948:
5584:
5386:
4638:
3805:
2803:has been variously described as central
2076:
2035:and a distinction between an open front
1937:
1765:
1009:
416:
6716:, Melbourne: River Seine Publications,
5378:
4573:('if she') can be pronounced just like
3721:(not in combination)—or by the cluster
3456:In the future and conditional forms of
2002:
1972:
1906:
1871:
1836:
1806:
257:
224:
157:
124:
91:
6923:, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press,
6331:
6319:
6307:
6286:
6149:
6134:
6122:
6110:
6048:
5960:
5902:(in French). Museum Tusculanum Press.
5853:
5840:"For example, some have the front in
5828:
5646:
5612:
5600:
5572:
5310:Intonation (linguistics) § French
2906:
2784:Beyond the general rule, known as the
1492:combines with a base that begins with
944:has a wide range of realizations: the
6843:The Sounds of French: An Introduction
6277:are more frequently pronounced and .
5721:
5692:
5521:
5473:
5432:
4364:In Parisian French, the close vowels
3824:
3821:
3811:
3808:
3141:→ ('I went to the Vincennes woods').
2919:, but in final closed syllables, the
2563:† Not distinguished in all dialects.
1299:
781:but sometimes laminal denti-alveolar
7:
6917:The Pronunciation of Canadian French
6733:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
6343:
5733:
3521:enunciated at the end of each word.
2890:The phonemic contrast between front
2823:, in both cases becoming similar to
1639:
328:. This article discusses mainly the
54:. For the distinction between ,
6690:The Sounds of the World's Languages
6255:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6219:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6174:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6025:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5886:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5659:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5589:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5549:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5510:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5363:Phonologie du Français Contemporain
3783:Qu'est-ce qu'elle saute bien !
3364:in phrase-final stressed position:
3327:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
3237:→ , more or less as in Europe, but
2649:) are found in open syllables, and
2027:While some dialects feature a long
399:Meaning: "We left the window open."
34:Sound system of the French language
6267:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006
6085:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006
5973:Lindsey, Geoff (15 January 2012).
5208:but otherwise may receive stress.
1275:'cabbage', 'lovely' (person, pet)
968:. These are all recognised as the
721: only in some educated speech
25:
6616:"Illustrations of the IPA:French"
6582:French: A Linguistic Introduction
5999:Lindsey, Geoff (22 August 2012).
3749:('book'). However, words such as
3267:to become central in any accent.
2602:but also in the tenseness of the
2595:
2013:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1925:
1913:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1463:('to die'). The conditional form
688:
681:
661:
654:
633:
626:
619:
612:
594:
587:
580:
559:
550:
543:
527:
518:
511:
489:
481:
474:
467:
385:An example of the above is this:
6996:Introduction to French Phonology
6988:Introduction to French Phonology
6759:Revue Québécoise de Linguistique
6197:The correspond to orthographic
5421:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
4372:at the end of utterances can be
2587:
2043:, Parisian French features only
1638:Finally, a word pronounced with
1107:'all', 'anything' (possibility)
361:, in which certain instances of
74:
6900:, University of Calgary Press,
6787:, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press,
6783:French Phonology and Morphology
6609:, vol. 1, pp. 309–312
4522:). For example, while the pair
3812:Vowel value in closed syllable
3779:Regarde comme elle saute !
3763:appears in clusters other than
3337:before high vowels and glides:
1723::225–226). Some speakers merge
874:correspond to the close vowels
393:On a laissé la fenêtre ouverte.
46:International Phonetic Alphabet
6969:, Paris: Seuil, pp. 64–70
6824:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-C810-3
6417:Linguistics in the Netherlands
6186:Torreira & Ernestus (2010)
5746:Kalmbach, Jean-Michel (2011).
5343:Phonological history of French
5232:
4435:) of a number of monosyllabic
3629:Cases of word-internal stable
2062:In Metropolitan French, while
727: usual in educated speech
145:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1:
6998:(student & teacher texts)
6815:10.21437/Interspeech.2010-568
6710:Intonation Patterns of French
5358:Reforms of French orthography
418:Consonant phonemes of French
6967:En écoutant parler la langue
6750:Morin, Yves-Charles (1986),
6243:Chitoran & Hualde (2007)
5898:Hansen, Anita Berit (1998).
5498:Grevisse & Goosse (2011)
5486:Grevisse & Goosse (2011)
3478:→ ('we will precipitate ').
3275:When phonetically realised,
2799:The Parisian realization of
829:of French, but it occurs in
7287:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
6779:Schane, Sanford A. (1968),
6566:, Oxford University Press,
6548:(3rd ed.), Routledge,
6162:Fagyal & Moisset (1999)
5869:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5846:'breaks', and the back in
5678:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5561:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5450:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5404:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
4378:voiceless palatal fricative
3663:in rare minimal pairs like
3128:→ ('I went to the woods'),
2830:The phonemic opposition of
1618:to avoid misunderstanding:
998:, and more variably before
956:positional allophone , the
773:is usually apical alveolar
7873:
6564:Varieties of Spoken French
6441:The Sound System of French
5791:"Les Accents des Français"
5307:
4450:('I am sleeping'), and in
4424:
3822:Non-lengthening consonant
3799:C'est une fête importante.
3601:Instances of orthographic
3515:une grande femme fut ici,
3222:in some accents), whereas
1936:
1753:
1670:
807:In current pronunciation,
763:are voiced throughout and
26:
7071:
6981:Foreign Service Institute
6951:10.1017/S0025100300005892
6882:10.1017/S0047404500004358
6632:10.1017/S0025100300004874
6528:10.1017/S0025100302001044
6490:10.1017/S095267570700111X
6437:Casagrande, Jean (1984),
5923:Collins & Mees (2013)
5808:Postériorisation du / a /
5710:Collins & Mees (2013)
4647:
4644:
4641:
4431:The final vowel (usually
4323:
4289:
4255:
4221:
4187:
4155:
4121:
4087:
4073:
4068:
4040:
4006:
3978:
3944:
3916:
3882:
3868:
3863:
3829:
3503:→ ('seven little ones').
3403:are still distinguished.
2562:
2489:
2396:
2105:
2090:
2085:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1856:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1719:of Parisian French, from
1039:
1028:
1018:
1015:
903:Belgian French may merge
710:in the mid-20th century.
641:
632:
567:
498:
461:
422:
404:/ɔ̃alɛselafənɛːtʁəuvɛʁtə/
351:, a specific instance of
6914:Walker, Douglas (1984),
6896:Walker, Douglas (2001),
6839:Tranel, Bernard (1987),
3378:and that it merges with
2768:('good', feminine), vs.
2696:contrast with close-mid
2609:In Metropolitan French,
2055:, which has merged with
2047:and just one open vowel
1721:Collins & Mees (2013
1479:('he will be able to'),
878:. While there are a few
793:, it can be realised as
332:of all the varieties of
173:Articles and determiners
7319:Regional North American
6005:English Speech Services
5979:English Speech Services
5795:accentsdefrance.free.fr
5368:Quebec French phonology
5240:C'est parfaitement vrai
3469:→ ('you would guard'),
1693:→ 'two days'), but in
946:voiced uvular fricative
324:is the sound system of
42:phonetic transcriptions
7753:Dialects and varieties
7314:Received Pronunciation
7154:American Sign Language
6898:French Sound Structure
6809:, pp. 2006–2009,
6039:retrieved 14 July 2013
5847:
5841:
5204:, etc.) are generally
5199:
5193:
5187:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4591:
4574:
4546:('prey'), and , as in
4498:
4486:
4474:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4170:
4161:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4077:
4055:
4046:
4030:
4021:
4012:
3993:
3984:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3931:
3922:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3872:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3825:Lengthening consonant
3789:is distinguished from
3772:
3754:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3697:
3691:
3670:
3664:
3614:
3589:
3569:
3552:→ ('to harass'), with
3544:
3486:
3429:
3413:
3352:
3341:
3299:
3290:
3099:
3098:→ ('very rare', from
3081:
3072:
3055:
3047:
3026:
3018:
2990:
2981:
2970:
2961:
2950:
2941:
2924:
2900:
2869:
2863:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2678:
2672:
2551:
2529:
2507:
2478:
2456:
2434:
2412:
2385:
2363:
2341:
2319:
2297:
2275:
2253:
2231:
2209:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2121:
1748:
1678:
1586:Gemination of doubled
1578:
1572:
1565:spelling pronunciation
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1487:
1458:
1452:
1426:
1404:
1382:
1356:
1334:
1312:
1288:
1268:
1246:
1226:
1204:
1184:
1162:
1142:
1120:
1100:
1078:
1058:
948:, also realised as an
892:
883:
846:
840:
834:
735:
392:
376:
39:This article contains
6693:, Oxford: Blackwell,
4461:Glides and diphthongs
3451:→ ('a closed door').
3259:Contrary to the oral
3182:(realised also as ),
2874:are still opposed as
1715:
935:Glides and diphthongs
701:
6430:10.1075/avt.30.02ber
6001:"Rebooting Buttocks"
5539:, pp. 131, 415.
5252:(emphatic stress on
3753:('(they) serve') or
3647:→ or ('a bounce').
3226:is much closer than
2978:→ ('paste, pastry')
2858:or in areas with an
1752:(see the subsection
863:('bread') vs. penne
135:Phonological history
7678:Proto-Indo-European
7324:White South African
6870:Language in Society
6730:Lodge, Ken (2009),
6322:, pp. 200–201.
6310:, pp. 194–200.
5925:, pp. 225–226.
5627:prefers the symbol
5615:, pp. 151–153.
5575:, pp. 149–150.
5537:Detey et al. (2016)
5348:Varieties of French
4457:('I am arriving').
3785:In accents wherein
3449:/yn(ə)pɔʁt(ə)fɛʁme/
3139:/ʒeeteobwɑdəvɛ̃sɛn/
3006:is preferred after
2811:and centralized to
2688:likewise, open-mid
2677:('was going'), vs.
2079:
1940:
1768:
1012:
419:
140:Oaths of Strasbourg
6707:Lian, A-P (1980),
6199:⟨oi⟩
6075:, pp. 544–46.
6063:, pp. 228–29.
6051:, pp. 88–105.
5813:2011-07-06 at the
5353:French orthography
5297:pouvantable !
5287:pouvantable !
4583:('you have') like
4542:('rain'), , as in
4413:→ ('university').
4390:→ ('Thank you.'),
4368:and the mid front
3296:('dropped e') and
3068:do not retain it:
2949:→ ('stain'), vs.
2077:
1938:
1766:
1749:
1594:is typical of the
1583:('intelligence').
1473:⟨rr⟩
1367:in modern French)
1010:
891:'s/he rented' and
736:
417:
7839:
7838:
7329:Standard Canadian
7065:world's languages
6930:978-0-7766-4500-1
6907:978-1-55238-033-8
6854:978-0-521-31510-4
6794:978-0-262-19040-4
6743:978-0-8264-8873-2
6723:978-0-909367-21-3
6671:Léon, P. (1992),
6664:978-2-8011-1642-5
6647:Grevisse, Maurice
6591:978-0-521-82144-5
6555:978-0-415-50650-2
6452:978-0-87840-085-0
6334:, pp. 181–2.
6289:, pp. 57–60.
6221:, pp. 37–39.
6137:, pp. 49–51.
6125:, pp. 25–27.
6113:, pp. 98–99.
6061:Casagrande (1984)
5909:978-87-7289-495-9
5649:, pp. 51–60.
5563:, pp. 74–75.
5338:History of French
5178:
5177:
4612:('paycheck') and
4357:
4356:
3631:⟨e⟩
3603:⟨e⟩
3561:→ (' harasses').
3494:→ ('scoundrel'),
3473:nous brusquerons
3250:⟨n⟩
3080:→ ('aged', from
2862:substrate, where
2567:
2566:
2039:and an open back
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
1934:
1933:
1592:⟨n⟩
1588:⟨m⟩
1577:('addition') and
1557:('grammar'), and
1541:('irresponsible')
1483:('he will see').
1437:
1436:
979:and map at right.
977:French guttural r
870:The approximants
857:Meridional French
696:
695:
319:
318:
16:(Redirected from
7864:
7852:French phonology
7691:Kerkrade dialect
7304:General American
7054:
7047:
7040:
7031:
6970:
6961:
6933:
6922:
6910:
6892:
6857:
6846:
6835:
6826:
6807:Interspeech 2010
6797:
6786:
6775:
6774:
6772:10.7202/602567ar
6756:
6746:
6726:
6715:
6703:
6681:Ladefoged, Peter
6676:
6667:
6642:
6610:
6604:
6594:
6576:
6573:978-0-19957371-4
6558:
6538:
6521:
6500:
6483:
6465:
6455:
6444:
6433:
6432:
6411:
6383:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6269::39). The words
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6094:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5895:
5889:
5888:, p. 33-34.
5883:
5872:
5866:
5857:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5817:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5787:
5781:
5778:Casagrande (1984
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5754:on 10 March 2018
5750:. Archived from
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5696:
5690:
5681:
5675:
5662:
5661:, pp. 25–6.
5656:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5407:
5401:
5390:
5383:
5162:
5157:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5108:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4599:
4561:
4557:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4456:
4449:
4434:
4427:Elision (French)
4412:
4398:
4389:
4371:
4367:
4326:
4292:
4258:
4224:
4190:
4158:
4124:
4090:
4071:
4043:
4009:
3981:
3947:
3919:
3885:
3866:
3832:
3806:
3792:
3788:
3766:
3762:
3737:('sea/mother'),
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3585:
3576:
3560:
3551:
3539:
3531:
3520:
3502:
3493:
3477:
3468:
3450:
3446:une porte fermée
3436:
3420:
3402:
3394:
3385:
3373:
3360:→ ('workshop'),
3359:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3286:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3067:
3042:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2989:→ ('rat'), vs.
2988:
2977:
2969:→ ('leg'), vs.
2968:
2957:
2948:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2740:('Rhodes'), vs.
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2643:close-mid vowels
2632:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:)' differs from
2589:
2581:
2577:
2548:
2543:
2526:
2521:
2504:
2499:
2475:
2470:
2453:
2448:
2431:
2426:
2409:
2404:
2382:
2377:
2360:
2355:
2338:
2333:
2316:
2311:
2294:
2289:
2272:
2267:
2250:
2245:
2228:
2223:
2206:
2201:
2184:
2179:
2162:
2157:
2140:
2135:
2118:
2113:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2017:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1969:
1962:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1796:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1673:Liaison (French)
1593:
1589:
1570:
1486:When the prefix
1474:
1423:
1418:
1401:
1396:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1353:
1348:
1331:
1326:
1309:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1260:
1243:
1238:
1223:
1218:
1201:
1196:
1181:
1176:
1159:
1154:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1112:
1097:
1092:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1050:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:to and before
989:
985:
974:
932:
921:
914:
910:
906:
899:
890:
877:
873:
866:
862:
854:
825:is not a native
824:
814:
811:is merging with
810:
803:
792:
788:
780:
772:
767:are unaspirated.
766:
762:
755:
744:
738:Phonetic notes:
732:
726:
720:
714:
702:Distribution of
692:
685:
674:
665:
658:
649:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
598:
591:
584:
577:
563:
554:
547:
540:
531:
522:
515:
508:
493:
485:
478:
471:
420:
405:
395:
368:
322:French phonology
311:
304:
297:
78:
71:
61:
57:
21:
18:Stress in French
7872:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7857:French language
7842:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7764:
7718:Scottish Gaelic
7571:
7415:Standard Modern
7355:
7162:Modern Standard
7122:
7067:
7058:
6977:
6964:
6936:
6931:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6895:
6862:Trudgill, Peter
6860:
6855:
6838:
6800:
6795:
6778:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6729:
6724:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6679:
6675:, Paris: Nathan
6670:
6665:
6645:
6613:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6579:
6574:
6561:
6556:
6541:
6519:10.1.1.116.1413
6503:
6481:10.1.1.129.2403
6463:
6458:
6453:
6436:
6414:
6386:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6265:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6231:Chitoran (2002)
6229:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6209:(' punctured').
6198:
6196:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6172:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6083:
6079:
6073:Anderson (1982)
6071:
6067:
6059:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5975:"Le FOOT vowel"
5972:
5971:
5967:
5959:
5955:
5949:Anderson (1982)
5947:
5940:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5867:
5860:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5820:
5815:Wayback Machine
5806:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5720:
5716:
5708:
5699:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5585:Yaguello (1991)
5583:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5410:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5334:
5312:
5306:
5250:faitement vrai.
5228:
5226:Emphatic stress
5183:
4463:
4429:
4423:
4362:
3816:
3669:('to put') vs.
3653:
3630:
3602:
3577:→ ('to call'),
3421:→ ('to call'),
3349:→ ('clarity'),
3287:), also called
3273:
3249:
3148:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:[avokɑ]
2888:
2786:loi de position
2754:('apple'), vs.
2718:('fast', verb),
2712:('young'), vs.
2651:open-mid vowels
2639:
2625:and near-close
2572:
1965:
1958:
1799:
1792:
1710:
1704:is pronounced.
1675:
1669:
1640:emphatic stress
1591:
1587:
1472:
1457:('to run') and
1442:
734:
730:
728:
724:
722:
718:
716:
715: not usual
712:
670:
647:
605:
573:
536:
504:
454:
444:
434:
415:
334:Standard French
315:
283:Help:IPA/French
218:
217:
205:
93:French language
69:
68:
67:
35:
32:
29:Help:IPA/French
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7870:
7868:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7844:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7723:Serbo-Croatian
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6992:
6976:
6975:External links
6973:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6934:
6929:
6911:
6906:
6893:
6876:(2): 215–246,
6858:
6853:
6836:
6798:
6793:
6776:
6765:(2): 199–231,
6747:
6742:
6727:
6722:
6704:
6699:
6685:Maddieson, Ian
6677:
6668:
6663:
6643:
6611:
6595:
6590:
6577:
6572:
6559:
6554:
6539:
6512:(2): 203–222,
6501:
6456:
6451:
6434:
6412:
6401:10.2307/413848
6395:(3): 534–573,
6384:
6373:10.2307/412855
6367:(2): 282–292,
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6336:
6324:
6312:
6300:
6291:
6279:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6233:, p. 206.
6223:
6211:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6077:
6065:
6053:
6041:
6029:
6017:
5991:
5965:
5953:
5951:, p. 537.
5938:
5927:
5915:
5908:
5890:
5873:
5858:
5833:
5818:
5800:
5782:
5765:
5738:
5726:
5714:
5712:, p. 225.
5697:
5682:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5617:
5605:
5603:, p. 150.
5593:
5577:
5565:
5553:
5541:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5437:
5435:, p. 288.
5425:
5423:, p. 192.
5408:
5391:
5387:Trudgill (1974
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5308:Main article:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5280:
5258:
5257:
5243:
5227:
5224:
5219:mot phonétique
5182:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4606:('country') /
4505:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4462:
4459:
4437:function words
4425:Main article:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4391:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3817:open syllable
3815:Vowel value in
3813:
3810:
3769:
3768:
3703:
3652:
3649:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3586:→ ('I call'),
3578:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3376:
3375:
3374:→ ('say it'),
3362:
3361:
3350:
3272:
3269:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3109:
3108:
3090:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3000:
2999:
2979:
2959:
2887:
2884:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2747:
2733:
2726:('rock'), vs.
2719:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2665:and close-mid
2638:
2635:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:'this'/'that'
2280:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2078:Example words
2031:distinct from
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1709:
1706:
1671:Main article:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1551:('syllable'),
1543:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:'gnu' (dated,
1361:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:Example words
1008:
1007:
980:
962:alveolar trill
938:
916:
901:
868:
816:
805:
768:
757:
750:denti-alveolar
729:
723:
717:
711:
706:(such as ) in
694:
693:
686:
679:
677:
675:
667:
666:
659:
652:
650:
645:
639:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
602:
601:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
565:
564:
557:
555:
548:
541:
533:
532:
525:
523:
516:
509:
502:
496:
495:
486:
479:
472:
465:
459:
458:
448:
438:
428:
423:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
402:In isolation:
400:
397:
383:
382:
374:
356:
317:
316:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
262:
261:
255:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
229:
228:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
209:
203:
198:
191:
187:
185:
175:
170:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
96:
95:
89:
88:
80:
79:
62:⟩, see
38:
37:
36:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7869:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7567:Luxembourgish
7565:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7555:Maastrichtian
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7081:Orthographies
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6932:
6926:
6919:
6918:
6912:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6796:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6728:
6725:
6719:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6702:
6700:0-631-19815-6
6696:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6651:Goosse, André
6648:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6575:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6557:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6332:Walker (2001)
6328:
6325:
6321:
6320:Tranel (1987)
6316:
6313:
6309:
6308:Tranel (1987)
6304:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6287:Schane (1968)
6283:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6260:
6257:, p. 39.
6256:
6251:
6248:
6245:, p. 45.
6244:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6179:
6176:, p. 27.
6175:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6155:
6152:, p. 46.
6151:
6150:Walker (2001)
6146:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6135:Tranel (1987)
6131:
6128:
6124:
6123:Walker (1984)
6119:
6116:
6112:
6111:Tranel (1987)
6107:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6095:, TLFi, s.v.
6092:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6049:Tranel (1987)
6045:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6030:
6027:, p. 59.
6026:
6021:
6018:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5992:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5966:
5963:, p. 88.
5962:
5961:Tranel (1987)
5957:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5871:, p. 74.
5870:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5834:
5831:, p. 64.
5830:
5829:Tranel (1987)
5825:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5695:, p. 84.
5694:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5680:, p. 73.
5679:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5647:Walker (1984)
5643:
5640:
5637:
5626:
5625:John C. Wells
5621:
5618:
5614:
5613:Tranel (1987)
5609:
5606:
5602:
5601:Tranel (1987)
5597:
5594:
5591:, p. 51.
5590:
5586:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:Tranel (1987)
5569:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5554:
5551:, p. 42.
5550:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5512:, p. 47.
5511:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5476:, p. 44.
5475:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5455:
5452:, p. 75.
5451:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:, p. 79.
5405:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:Map based on
5382:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4640:
4637:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4587:(' killed').
4586:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4420:
4418:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4395:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3820:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3751:(ils) servent
3748:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3622:
3621:donnez-le-moi
3618:
3617:
3612:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3511:versification
3499:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3476:/nubʁyskəʁɔ̃/
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3370:
3369:dis-le !
3367:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3315:Geoff Lindsey
3310:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3257:
3246:
3231:
3172:
3170:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:Quebec French
2928:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2828:
2816:
2808:
2797:
2787:
2778:', the city).
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2607:
2593:
2585:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2397:Nasal vowels
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2060:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:('He ate it')
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1538:irresponsable
1535:
1533:('illegible')
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1002:. Word-final
993:
981:
978:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:
928:
927:
917:
902:
896:
895:
887:
886:
881:
880:minimal pairs
869:
858:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
828:
821:
817:
806:
801:
796:
786:
778:
769:
758:
751:
748:
741:
740:
739:
733: general
709:
705:
700:
691:
687:
684:
680:
678:
676:
673:
669:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:
530:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
501:
497:
492:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
464:
460:
457:
452:
449:
447:
442:
439:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
421:
412:
407:
401:
398:
396:
394:
388:
387:
386:
380:
379:
375:
372:
366:
360:
357:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
263:
260:
256:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
223:
213:
210:
208:
207:passé composé
204:
202:
199:
197:
193:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
156:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
123:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
102:Langues d'oïl
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
65:
53:
49:
47:
43:
30:
19:
7821:West Frisian
7608:Massachusett
7379:
7106:Prepositions
7075:
6995:
6987:
6966:
6945:(1): 31–54,
6942:
6938:
6916:
6897:
6873:
6869:
6842:
6806:
6782:
6762:
6758:
6732:
6709:
6689:
6672:
6655:Le Bon usage
6654:
6626:(2): 73–76,
6623:
6619:
6606:
6581:
6563:
6544:
6509:
6505:
6471:
6467:
6440:
6423:(1): 13–27,
6420:
6416:
6392:
6388:
6364:
6360:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6294:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6262:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6096:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
6004:
5994:
5982:. Retrieved
5978:
5968:
5956:
5930:
5918:
5899:
5893:
5854:Tranel (1987
5836:
5803:
5794:
5785:
5773:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5752:the original
5741:
5736:, p. ?.
5729:
5722:Morin (1986)
5717:
5693:Lodge (2009)
5654:
5642:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5580:
5568:
5556:
5544:
5522:Berns (2013)
5517:
5505:
5493:
5481:
5474:Wells (1989)
5469:
5457:
5433:Adams (1975)
5428:
5381:
5313:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5282:
5277:épouvantable
5276:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5254:parfaitement
5253:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5229:
5217:
5210:
5184:
5172:
5147:
5143:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5026:
5022:
5018:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4645:Onset glide
4618:('abbey') /
4589:
4584:
4580:
4579:('sky'), or
4570:
4566:
4564:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4464:
4451:
4444:
4430:
4416:
4411:/ynivɛʁsite/
4407:
4402:
4394:Allez !
4393:
4384:
4363:
4179:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3750:
3743:('crisis'),
3654:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3600:
3580:
3564:
3555:
3523:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3472:
3464:tu garderais
3463:
3457:
3445:
3437:→ ('door').
3405:
3377:
3368:
3363:
3297:
3288:
3274:
3258:
3247:
3232:
3173:
3149:
3146:Nasal vowels
3136:de Vincennes
3133:
3132:J'ai été au
3131:
3121:
3120:J'ai été au
3119:
3110:
3092:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3001:
2998:→ ('short')
2935:
2889:
2829:
2798:
2785:
2783:
2640:
2608:
2591:
2583:
2573:
2570:Close vowels
2514:'yesterday'
2370:'his'/'her'
2106:Oral vowels
2061:
2026:
1758:
1750:
1694:
1687:
1676:
1662:('horrible')
1657:
1655:
1652:('terrific')
1647:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1623:Il l'a mangé
1622:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:('inside'),
1603:
1600:
1585:
1580:intelligence
1544:
1525:('immortal')
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1450:
1443:
966:alveolar tap
958:uvular trill
923:
859:, e.g. pain
737:
390:
384:
378:enchaînement
342:nasal vowels
321:
320:
258:
212:passé simple
150:Anglo-Norman
117:Francophonie
58:and ⟨
40:
7551:Limburgish
7432:Greenlandic
7309:New Zealand
7242:Northern Wu
7096:Determiners
7076:Phonologies
7061:Phonologies
6344:Lian (1980)
6098:appellation
5734:Léon (1992)
5587:, cited in
5264:consonant.
4399:→ ('Go!').
3777:is long in
3696:('dough'),
3624:/dɔneləmwa/
3595:/apelasjɔ̃/
3591:appellation
3498:sept petits
3467:/tyɡaʁdəʁɛ/
3126:/ʒeeteobwɑ/
3052:('castle'),
3010:and before
2958:→ ('task')
2886:Open vowels
2732:('hoarse'),
2491:Semi-vowels
2097:Orthography
1608:l'honnêteté
1465:il mourrait
992:palatalised
990:may become
950:approximant
940:The French
933:. See also
820:velar nasal
643:Approximant
278:Aspirated h
226:Orthography
196:conjugation
7846:Categories
7811:Vietnamese
7682:Ripuarian
7673:Portuguese
7583:Macedonian
7562:Lithuanian
7472:Hindustani
7299:Australian
7252:Historical
7199:Belarusian
7091:Adjectives
5374:References
5304:Intonation
4567:semi-aride
4552:diphthongs
4408:université
3702:('sings').
3635:un rebelle
3556:il harcèle
3509:In French
3023:('three'),
2746:(' lurk'),
2637:Mid vowels
2419:'without'
2059:in Paris.
1688:deux jours
1631:('He ate')
1629:Il a mangé
1517:('innate')
1469:il mourait
1389:'kung-fu'
1016:Voiceless
964:, and the
867:('quill').
831:loan words
704:guttural r
413:Consonants
408:Together:
245:Circumflex
201:morphology
7801:Ukrainian
7708:Sardinian
7686:Colognian
7643:Old Saxon
7628:Norwegian
7593:Maldivian
7537:Latgalian
7482:Icelandic
7477:Hungarian
7465:Samaritan
7346:Esperanto
7232:Cantonese
7209:Bulgarian
7177:Levantine
7149:Afrikaans
6959:145148170
6890:145148233
6640:249404451
6514:CiteSeerX
6476:CiteSeerX
6474:: 37–75,
6468:Phonology
6087::63) for
5758:2 October
5500:, §33, b.
5488:, §32, b.
5214:isochrony
4648:Examples
4360:Devoicing
3645:/œ̃ʁəbɔ̃/
3642:un rebond
3638:/œ̃ʁəbɛl/
3581:j'appelle
3559:/ilaʁsɛl/
3501:/sɛtpəti/
3317:suggests
3210:and for
3096:/ʁaʁisim/
3093:rarissime
3060:('past').
2905:(lawyer)
2894:and back
2760:('palm'),
2683:('gone');
2661:open-mid
2580:/v,z,ʒ,ʁ/
2260:'sister'
1960:unrounded
1839:Close-mid
1794:unrounded
1604:là-dedans
1596:Languedoc
1554:grammaire
1530:illisible
1477:il pourra
1440:Geminates
1341:'we, us'
954:voiceless
952:, with a
922:(French:
882:(such as
795:retroflex
789:. Before
575:voiceless
569:Fricative
506:voiceless
389:Written:
330:phonology
259:Phonology
7698:Romanian
7507:Japanese
7460:Tiberian
7455:Biblical
7442:Hawaiian
7437:Gujarati
7400:Standard
7392:Galician
7380:Parisian
7351:Estonian
7282:Standard
7227:Mandarin
7223:Chinese
7187:Tunisian
7182:Moroccan
7167:Egyptian
7139:Acehnese
7111:Pronouns
7086:Grammars
6864:(1974),
6833:14248950
6687:(1996),
6653:(2011),
6536:10104718
6498:14947405
6389:Language
6361:Language
6201:, as in
5811:Archived
5332:See also
5273:antable.
4984:rt, quat
4952:, statuq
4503:('kill')
4491:('rent')
4479:('deny')
4455:/ʒ‿aʁiv/
4452:j'arrive
4374:devoiced
4297:emprunte
3809:Phoneme
3613:pronoun
3611:enclitic
3584:/ʒ‿apɛl/
3550:/aʁsəle/
3546:harceler
3492:/ɡʁədɛ̃/
3358:/atəlje/
3347:/nɛtəte/
3313:, while
3254:/kaʁɑ̃t/
3031:('gas').
2594:'small (
2586:'small (
2536:'eight'
2485:'brown'
2392:'dough'
2326:'silly'
2304:'under'
2238:'those'
2216:'known'
2194:'party'
2150:'fairy'
2086:Example
1975:Open-mid
1874:Open-mid
1756:below).
1698:/døz‿ɑ̃/
1695:deux ans
1660:vantable
1574:addition
1560:illusion
1522:immortel
1481:il verra
1446:geminate
1433:'wheel'
1378:/kuŋ.fu/
1295:'cheek'
1191:'crazy'
1169:'taste'
1065:'louse'
1040:Example
1029:Example
937:, below.
833:such as
752:, while
446:Postalv.
436:Alveolar
338:uvular r
235:Alphabet
182:personal
178:Pronouns
107:Dialects
85:a series
83:Part of
56:/ /
52:Help:IPA
7826:Yiddish
7791:Turkish
7776:Tagalog
7760:Swedish
7748:Spanish
7733:Slovene
7703:Russian
7663:Persian
7633:Occitan
7613:Medumba
7603:Marathi
7547:Latvian
7527:Kurdish
7517:Konkani
7502:Italian
7487:Ingrian
7446:Hebrew
7420:Ancient
7405:Bernese
7396:German
7376:French
7372:Finnish
7367:Faroese
7294:English
7264:Cornish
7259:Chukchi
7237:Hokkien
7219:Catalan
7214:Burmese
7204:Bengali
7194:Avestan
7158:Arabic
7063:of the
6990:(audio)
6353:Sources
5269:C'est é
5262:liaison
5206:clitics
5057:, fruct
4767:, extén
4694:sse, Él
4621:abeille
4571:si elle
4448:/ʒədɔʁ/
4445:je dors
4421:Elision
4388:/mɛʁsi/
4366:/i,y,u/
4315:emprunt
4281:réponds
4263:réponse
3961:joyeuse
3575:/apəle/
3571:appeler
3435:/pɔʁtə/
3419:/apəle/
3415:appeler
3354:atelier
3343:netteté
3241:→ and
3206:, for
3169:Belgium
3049:château
2860:Arpitan
2856:Belgium
2846:and of
2819:before
2655:/ɛ,œ,ɔ/
2647:/e,ø,o/
2576:/i,y,u/
2463:'twig'
2348:'fate'
2172:'does'
1967:rounded
1801:rounded
1781:Central
1772:
1691:/døʒuʁ/
1667:Liaison
1650:midable
1548:syllabe
1411:'wolf'
1384:kung-fu
1253:'shoo'
1149:'neck'
1019:Voiced
996:/i,e,ɛ/
982:Velars
970:phoneme
926:mouillé
876:/i,y,u/
872:/j,ɥ,w/
848:kung-fu
842:smoking
836:camping
827:phoneme
765:/p,t,k/
761:/b,d,ɡ/
747:laminal
743:/n,t,d/
500:Plosive
441:Palatal
359:elision
349:liaison
273:Liaison
268:Elision
250:Braille
240:Reforms
168:Adverbs
159:Grammar
126:History
112:Creoles
44:in the
7806:Uyghur
7738:Somali
7728:Slovak
7668:Polish
7658:Pashto
7653:Ottawa
7638:Ojibwe
7623:Nepali
7618:Navajo
7532:Kyrgyz
7522:Korean
7450:Modern
7411:Greek
7385:Quebec
7339:Middle
7278:Dutch
7274:Danish
7172:Hejazi
7144:Adyghe
7134:Abkhaz
6957:
6927:
6904:
6888:
6851:
6831:
6791:
6740:
6720:
6697:
6661:
6638:
6588:
6570:
6552:
6534:
6516:
6496:
6478:
6449:
6409:413848
6407:
6381:412855
6379:
6275:abbaye
6010:14 May
5984:14 May
5906:
5293:C'est
5283:C'est
5246:C'est
5181:Stress
4839:rre, d
4765:illant
4731:tre, t
4642:Vowel
4615:abbaye
4593:soleil
4536:clouer
4441:elided
4385:Merci.
4340:quinze
4331:teinte
4306:grunge
4272:éponge
4195:appâte
4129:bourse
4095:débute
3970:joyeux
3890:faites
3837:habite
3699:chante
3672:maître
3666:mettre
3651:Length
3609:. The
3488:gredin
3372:/dilə/
2902:avocat
2776:Beaune
2771:Beaune
2737:Rhodes
2729:rauque
2674:allait
2584:petite
2558:'yes'
2474:/bʁœ̃/
2452:/bʁɛ̃/
2441:'his'
2183:/fɛːt/
2101:Gloss
1939:Nasal
1717:Vowels
1708:Vowels
1569:/mnlʁ/
1460:mourir
1454:courir
1211:'you'
1085:'mud'
1043:Gloss
1032:Gloss
960:, the
942:rhotic
889:/lu.a/
731:
725:
719:
713:
708:Europe
672:labial
607:voiced
538:voiced
456:Uvular
431:Dental
426:Labial
353:sandhi
326:French
87:on the
60:
7816:Welsh
7796:Ubykh
7781:Tamil
7743:Sotho
7713:Scots
7648:Oromo
7598:Māori
7588:Malay
7542:Latin
7512:Kiowa
7497:Irish
7492:Inuit
7425:Koine
7269:Czech
7116:Verbs
7101:Nouns
6955:S2CID
6921:(PDF)
6886:S2CID
6829:S2CID
6755:(PDF)
6714:(PDF)
6636:S2CID
6603:(PDF)
6532:S2CID
6494:S2CID
6464:(PDF)
6405:JSTOR
6377:JSTOR
6207:troua
6101:for .
6093:]
6089:[
5849:tasse
5843:casse
5389::220)
5233:above
5144:illou
5089:antér
5063:oueux
5027:ouons
5013:/wɔ̃/
5008:/ɥɔ̃/
5003:/jɔ̃/
4946:illau
4868:/wɛ̃/
4863:/ɥɛ̃/
4858:/jɛ̃/
4771:, Ass
4759:/wɑ̃/
4754:/ɥɑ̃/
4749:/jɑ̃/
4698:rd, p
4581:tu as
4554:like
4548:groin
4544:proie
4540:pluie
4532:cloue
4528:louer
4509:/nie/
4488:louer
4397:/ale/
4370:/e,ɛ/
4349:teint
4247:pends
4238:genre
4229:pende
4213:appât
4138:bouse
4113:début
4048:sotte
4014:saute
3995:œuvre
3986:jeune
3952:jeûne
3899:faire
3855:habit
3846:livre
3774:saute
3756:tarte
3746:livre
3740:crise
3530:]
3526:[
3431:porte
3323:]
3319:[
3311:]
3307:[
3292:caduc
3277:schwa
3271:Schwa
3105:/ʁɑʁ/
3078:/ɑʒe/
3057:passé
3039:Back
3020:trois
2976:/pɑt/
2967:/pat/
2963:patte
2956:/tɑʃ/
2952:tâche
2947:/taʃ/
2943:tache
2817:]
2813:[
2809:]
2805:[
2765:bonne
2757:paume
2751:pomme
2715:jeûne
2709:jeune
2631:]
2627:[
2623:]
2619:[
2611:/i,u/
2592:petit
2525:/ɥit/
2503:/jɛʁ/
2430:/sɔ̃/
2408:/sɑ̃/
2381:/pɑt/
2337:/sɔʁ/
2249:/sœʁ/
2128:'if'
2083:Vowel
1947:Front
1809:Close
1776:Front
1767:Oral
1754:Schwa
1745:]
1741:[
1735:with
1727:with
1365:/ɡnu/
907:with
898:/lwa/
865:/pɛn/
861:/pɛŋ/
802:]
798:[
791:/f,ʒ/
787:]
783:[
779:]
775:[
754:/s,z/
648:plain
463:Nasal
451:Velar
371:schwa
189:Verbs
48:(IPA)
7831:Zuni
7786:Taos
6925:ISBN
6902:ISBN
6849:ISBN
6789:ISBN
6738:ISBN
6718:ISBN
6695:ISBN
6659:ISBN
6586:ISBN
6568:ISBN
6550:ISBN
6447:ISBN
6273:and
6271:pays
6012:2016
5986:2016
5904:ISBN
5856::48)
5780::20)
5760:2016
5629:/æ̃/
5271:pouv
5173:illu
5161:/jy/
5150:han
5138:/wu/
5130:/ju/
5107:/œ̃/
5099:oueu
5097:r, l
5093:r, s
5085:/wœ/
5080:/ɥœ/
5075:/jœ/
5059:ueux
5055:ieux
5049:/wø/
5044:/ɥø/
5039:/jø/
5023:uons
4998:/ɔ̃/
4976:/wɔ/
4971:/ɥɔ/
4966:/jɔ/
4940:/wo/
4935:/ɥo/
4930:/jo/
4915:le,
4911:n, h
4904:/wi/
4899:/ɥi/
4894:/ji/
4853:/ɛ̃/
4847:tte
4843:l, m
4831:/wɛ/
4826:/ɥɛ/
4821:/jɛ/
4809:ouer
4799:janv
4795:/we/
4790:/ɥe/
4785:/je/
4773:ouan
4769:uant
4744:/ɑ̃/
4737:ouas
4727:acar
4723:/wɑ/
4718:/ɥɑ/
4713:/jɑ/
4692:illa
4686:/wa/
4681:/ɥa/
4676:/ja/
4626:/lj/
4609:paye
4603:pays
4576:ciel
4560:/wa/
4558:and
4556:/ɥi/
4524:loue
4511:→ .
4500:tuer
4483:loue
4476:nier
4325:/ɛ̃/
4291:/œ̃/
4257:/ɔ̃/
4223:/ɑ̃/
4204:rase
4172:rage
4163:rate
4147:bout
4104:juge
4057:mort
4032:saut
4023:rose
3933:rêve
3924:fête
3918:/ɛː/
3908:fait
3795:fête
3787:/ɛː/
3765:/vʁ/
3734:mère
3723:/vʁ/
3693:pâte
3661:/ɛː/
3659:and
3395:and
3301:muet
3265:/ɔ̃/
3256:→ .
3245:→ .
3243:/ɑ̃/
3239:/ɛ̃/
3235:/ɔ̃/
3228:/ɛ̃/
3224:/ɔ̃/
3218:and
3212:/ɔ̃/
3208:/ɑ̃/
3204:/ɛ̃/
3200:/ɑ̃/
3198:and
3196:/ɔ̃/
3192:/ɔ̃/
3188:/ɔ̃/
3184:/ɑ̃/
3180:/ɑ̃/
3176:/ɛ̃/
3164:/ɛ̃/
3162:and
3160:/œ̃/
3156:/ɔ̃/
3154:and
3152:/ɑ̃/
3134:bois
3122:bois
3107:→ ).
3101:rare
3087:/ɑʒ/
3008:/ʁw/
2996:/ʁɑ/
2987:/ʁa/
2972:pâte
2926:pâte
2880:/po/
2878:and
2876:/pɔ/
2871:peau
2868:and
2850:and
2842:and
2834:and
2792:and
2743:rôde
2700:and
2692:and
2680:allé
2547:/wi/
2531:huit
2509:hier
2480:brun
2469:/œ̃/
2458:brin
2447:/ɛ̃/
2425:/ɔ̃/
2414:sans
2403:/ɑ̃/
2387:pâte
2359:/sa/
2343:sort
2315:/so/
2299:sous
2293:/su/
2271:/sə/
2255:sœur
2233:ceux
2227:/sø/
2205:/sy/
2189:fête
2178:/ɛː/
2167:fait
2161:/fɛ/
2139:/fe/
2117:/si/
2057:/ɛ̃/
2053:/œ̃/
2029:/ɛː/
2005:Open
1952:Back
1909:Open
1786:Back
1729:/ɛ̃/
1725:/œ̃/
1684:/dø/
1680:deux
1590:and
1514:inné
1428:roue
1422:/ʁu/
1406:loup
1400:/lu/
1358:gnou
1352:/ɲu/
1336:nous
1330:/nu/
1308:/mu/
1290:joue
1284:/ʒu/
1270:chou
1264:/ʃu/
1242:/zu/
1228:sous
1222:/su/
1206:vous
1200:/vu/
1180:/fu/
1164:goût
1158:/ɡu/
1138:/ku/
1122:doux
1116:/du/
1102:tout
1096:/tu/
1080:boue
1074:/bu/
1054:/pu/
986:and
885:loua
818:The
813:/nj/
745:are
7769:T–Z
7576:M–S
7360:F–L
7334:Old
7247:Old
7127:A–E
6947:doi
6878:doi
6819:hdl
6811:doi
6767:doi
6628:doi
6524:doi
6486:doi
6425:doi
6397:doi
6369:doi
6203:roi
5633:/ɛ/
5248:par
5201:que
5171:feu
5156:/y/
5125:/u/
5095:ueu
5091:ieu
5070:/œ/
5061:, b
5034:/ø/
5025:, j
5021:, t
5019:ion
4988:r,
4961:/ɔ/
4948:, d
4925:/o/
4917:ouï
4889:/i/
4882:oin
4880:, s
4878:uin
4876:, j
4874:ien
4845:oue
4816:/ɛ/
4807:, j
4805:uer
4803:, m
4801:ier
4780:/e/
4735:, j
4733:uas
4708:/ɑ/
4702:re
4671:/a/
4664:/w/
4659:/ɥ/
4654:/j/
4636:).
4634:/j/
4630:/ʎ/
4598:/i/
4585:tua
4520:/ʁ/
4518:or
4516:/l/
4495:tue
4471:nie
4439:is
4433:/ə/
4189:/ɑ/
4180:rat
4157:/a/
4123:/u/
4089:/y/
4070:/ə/
4042:/ɔ/
4008:/o/
3980:/œ/
3946:/ø/
3884:/ɛ/
3874:été
3865:/e/
3831:/i/
3797:in
3791:/ɛ/
3761:/ʁ/
3728:mer
3719:/ʁ/
3715:/ʒ/
3711:/z/
3707:/v/
3688:/ɑ/
3684:/ø/
3680:/o/
3657:/ɛ/
3607:/œ/
3519:/ə/
3458:-er
3261:/ɔ/
3220:/ɑ/
3216:/a/
3171:).
3113:/ɑ/
3089:→ )
3083:âge
3074:âgé
3066:/ɑ/
3041:/ɑ/
3028:gaz
3012:/z/
3004:/ɑ/
2992:ras
2983:rat
2921:/ɑ/
2896:/ɑ/
2892:/a/
2865:pot
2852:/ø/
2848:/œ/
2844:/o/
2840:/ɔ/
2836:/e/
2832:/ɛ/
2825:/œ/
2821:/ʁ/
2801:/ɔ/
2794:/ø/
2790:/o/
2723:roc
2702:/ø/
2698:/o/
2694:/œ/
2690:/ɔ/
2667:/e/
2663:/ɛ/
2615:/y/
2604:/i/
2600:/t/
2553:oui
2542:/w/
2520:/ɥ/
2498:/j/
2436:son
2376:/ɑ/
2354:/a/
2332:/ɔ/
2321:sot
2310:/o/
2288:/u/
2266:/ə/
2244:/œ/
2222:/ø/
2200:/y/
2156:/ɛ/
2145:fée
2134:/e/
2112:/i/
2092:IPA
2072:/œ/
2070:or
2068:/ø/
2064:/ə/
2049:/a/
2045:/ɛ/
2041:/ɑ/
2037:/a/
2033:/ɛ/
1737:/ɑ/
1733:/a/
1702:/z/
1658:pou
1648:for
1508::
1506:ir-
1502:il-
1498:im-
1489:in-
1417:/ʁ/
1395:/l/
1373:/ŋ/
1347:/ɲ/
1325:/n/
1314:mou
1303:/m/
1279:/ʒ/
1259:/ʃ/
1248:zou
1237:/z/
1217:/s/
1195:/v/
1186:fou
1175:/f/
1153:/ɡ/
1144:cou
1133:/k/
1111:/d/
1091:/t/
1069:/b/
1060:pou
1049:/p/
1036:IPA
1025:IPA
1004:/k/
1000:/a/
988:/ɡ/
984:/k/
973:/r/
931:/j/
920:/ʎ/
913:/y/
911:or
909:/w/
905:/ɥ/
894:loi
853:/ɲ/
845:or
823:/ŋ/
809:/ɲ/
771:/l/
7848::
6953:,
6943:19
6941:,
6884:,
6872:,
6868:,
6827:,
6817:,
6805:,
6763:15
6761:,
6757:,
6683:;
6649:;
6634:,
6624:23
6622:,
6618:,
6605:,
6530:,
6522:,
6510:32
6508:,
6492:,
6484:,
6472:24
6470:,
6466:,
6421:30
6419:,
6403:,
6393:58
6391:,
6375:,
6365:51
6363:,
6142:^
6003:.
5977:.
5941:^
5876:^
5861:^
5821:^
5793:.
5700:^
5685:^
5666:^
5635::
5529:^
5440:^
5411:^
5394:^
5198:,
5195:de
5192:,
5189:ce
5168:—
5165:—
5148:Wu
5146:,
5142:ca
5134:—
5117:—
5114:—
5111:—
5101:r
4992:k
4990:wo
4986:uo
4982:io
4954:uo
4950:uo
4919:r
4913:ui
4909:yi
4841:ue
4837:ie
4763:va
4729:iâ
4700:oi
4696:ua
4690:pa
4632:→
4628:→
4562:.
4497:;
4485:;
4473:;
4380::
4079:le
4064:—
4002:—
3940:—
3725::
3717:,
3713:,
3709:,
3686:,
3682:,
3616:le
3540::
3325:.
3298:e
3289:e
3230:.
3014::
2933:.
2882:.
2827:.
2774:('
2633:.
2596:m.
2588:f.
2365:sa
2277:ce
2211:su
2123:si
2074:.
2015:ɑ̃
1997:ɔ̃
1992:)
1989:œ̃
1981:ɛ̃
1930:)
1889:)
1886:ɛː
1612:l'
1504:,
1500:,
924:l
839:,
785:l̪
777:l̺
494:)
340:,
7053:e
7046:t
7039:v
6949::
6880::
6874:3
6821::
6813::
6769::
6630::
6526::
6488::
6427::
6399::
6371::
6346:.
6188:.
6164:.
6091:e
6014:.
5988:.
5912:.
5797:.
5774:a
5762:.
5724:.
5524:.
5295:é
5285:é
5279:)
5256:)
5186:(
5053:m
5017:l
4980:N
4944:M
4872:b
4835:l
4526:/
4074:—
3869:—
3767:.
3731:/
3538:/
3536:ɛ
3534:/
3528:œ
3401:/
3399:ə
3397:/
3393:/
3391:ø
3389:/
3384:/
3382:œ
3380:/
3335:/
3333:ø
3331:/
3321:ɵ
3309:œ
3285:/
3283:ə
3281:/
3279:(
2815:ɞ
2807:ɞ
2653:(
2645:(
2629:ʏ
2621:y
1986:(
1927:ɑ
1924:(
1915:a
1901:ɔ
1894:œ
1883:(
1880:ɛ
1866:o
1859:ə
1852:ø
1845:e
1831:u
1822:y
1815:i
1743:ä
1656:é
1616:l
1494:n
915:.
815:.
804:.
800:ɭ
690:w
683:ɥ
663:j
656:l
635:ʁ
628:ʒ
621:z
614:v
596:ʃ
589:s
582:f
561:ɡ
552:d
545:b
529:k
520:t
513:p
491:ŋ
488:(
483:ɲ
476:n
469:m
453:/
443:/
433:/
369:(
367:/
365:ə
363:/
310:e
303:t
296:v
214:)
194:(
184:)
180:(
66:.
31:.
20:)
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