543:, and as with other owls, the tawny owl's two ear openings differ in structure and are asymmetrically placed to improve directional hearing. A passage through the skull links the eardrums, and small differences in the time of arrival of a sound at each ear enables its source to be pinpointed. The left ear opening is higher on the head than the larger right ear and tilts downward, improving sensitivity to sounds from below. Both ear openings are hidden under the facial disk feathers, which are structurally specialized to be transparent to sound, and are supported by a movable fold of skin (the pre-aural flap).
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discovered and "mobbed" by small birds during the day, but they normally ignore the disturbance. Tawny owls are very territorial, and will indicate the location of their chosen territory by their vocalisations, which occur at their greatest frequency during the night, though some owls will continue to call during the day. The owl's home range is determined in early autumn, and the territory is defended throughout the winter and into spring when the breeding season begins.
256:
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550:, gives an improved ability to detect low-frequency sounds at a distance, which could include rustling made by prey moving in vegetation. The tawny owl's hearing is ten times better than a human's, and it can hunt using this sense alone in the dark of a woodland on an overcast night, but the patter of raindrops makes it difficult to detect faint sounds, and prolonged wet weather can lead to starvation if the owl cannot hunt effectively.
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990:. Although tawny owls occur in urban environments, especially those with natural forests and wooded habitat patches, they are less likely to occur at sites with high noise levels at night. The tawny owl is mainly a lowland bird in the colder parts of its range, but breeds to 550 metres (1,800 ft) in Scotland, 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in the
1146:, was an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young, with 36% dying between fledging and independence. The mortality risk increased with fledging date from 14% in April to more than 58% in June, and increasing predation of late broods may be an important selective agent for early breeding in this species.
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produced a response from the owl within 30 minutes in 94% of trials. A male's response to a broadcast song appears to be indicative of his health and vigour; owls with higher blood parasite loads use fewer high frequencies and a more limited range of frequencies in their responses to an apparent
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The parents care for young birds for two or three months after they fledge, but from August to
November the juveniles disperse to find a territory of their own to occupy. If they fail to find a vacant territory, they usually starve. The juvenile survival rate is unknown, but the annual survival rate
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The tawny owl has a geographical range of at least 10 million km (3.8 million mi) and a large population including an estimated 970,000–2,000,000 individuals in Europe alone. Population trends have not been quantified, but there is evidence of an overall increase. This owl is not
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are often poorly differentiated, and may be at a flexible stage of subspecies formation with features related to the ambient temperature, the colour tone of the local habitat, and the size of available prey. Consequently, various authors have historically described between 10 and 15 subspecies. The
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The tawny owl holds a place in human folklore: because it is active at night and has what many humans experience as a haunting call, people have traditionally associated it with bad omens and death. Many people think that all owl species make a hooting sound, but that is an overgeneralization based
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owls, strikes for the intruder's head with its sharp talons. Because its flight is silent, it may not be detected until it is too late to avoid the danger. Dogs, cats and humans may be assaulted, sometimes without provocation. Perhaps the best-known victim of the tawny owl's fierce attack was the
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10 to 100 times better than humans in low-light conditions. However, the experimental basis for this claim is probably inaccurate by at least a factor of 10. The owl's actual visual acuity is only slightly greater than that of humans, and any increased sensitivity is due to optical factors rather
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The tawny owl is a robust bird, 37–46 cm (15–18 in) in length, with an 81–105 cm (32–41 in) wingspan. Weight can range from 385 to 800 g (0.849 to 1.764 lb). Its large rounded head lacks ear tufts, and the facial disc surrounding the dark brown eyes is usually rather
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relationship for life. An established pair's territory is defended year-round and maintained with little, if any, boundary change from year to year. The pair sit in cover on a branch close to a tree trunk during the day, and usually roost separately from July to
October. Roosting owls may be
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The tawny owl flies with long glides on rounded wings, less undulating and with fewer wingbeats than other
Eurasian owls, and typically at a greater height. The flight of the tawny owl is rather heavy and slow, particularly at takeoff, though the bird can attain a top flight speed of around
1153:, the incidence of which has tripled in the last 70 years, in parallel with increasing global temperatures. An increase of one degree Celsius produces a two- to three-fold increase in the rate of malaria. In 2010, the incidence in British tawny owls was 60%, compared to 2–3% in 1996.
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colour, one form having rufous brown upperparts and the other greyish brown, although intermediates also occur. The underparts of both morphs are whitish and streaked with brown. Feathers are moulted gradually between June and
December. This species is
1076:. The glossy white eggs are 48 mm × 39 mm (1.9 in × 1.5 in) in size and weigh 39.0 g (1.38 oz), of which 7% is shell. The typical clutch of two or three eggs is incubated for 30 days to hatching, and the
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occur in much of the
European range, brown birds predominate in the more humid climate of western Europe, with the grey morph becoming more common further east; in the northernmost regions, all the owls are a cold-grey colour. The Siberian and
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The tawny owl hunts almost entirely at night, watching from a perch before dropping or gliding silently down to its victim, but very occasionally it will hunt in daylight when it has young to feed. This species takes a wide range of
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is no more sensitive than a human's. Its directional hearing skill is more important to its hunting success: its ears are asymmetrically placed, which enables it to more precisely pinpoint the location from which a sound originates.
357:. It is able to hunt successfully at night because of its vision, hearing adaptations and its ability to fly silently. It usually hunts by dropping suddenly from a perch and seizing its prey, which it swallows whole. It mainly hunts
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in a further 35–39 days. Incubation is usually undertaken by the female alone, although the male has rarely been observed to assist. The young usually leave the nest up to ten days before fledging, and hide on nearby branches.
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intruder. The vocal activity of tawny owls depends on sex, annual cycle stage and weather, with males being more vocal than females year-round, with peak vocal activity during incubation and post-breeding.
335:. The tawny owl's underparts are pale with dark streaks, whilst its upper body may be either brown or grey (in several subspecies, individuals may be of both colours). The tawny owl typically makes its
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on the call of this particular species. In addition, the double hoot, which many people think is the tawny owl’s prototypical call, is actually a call and response between a male and a female.
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in favour of the grey morph is reduced. There are also environmental factors involved. The
Italian study showed that brown-morph birds were found in denser woodland, and in Finland,
1022:, and populations are stable or increasing in most European countries. Declines have occurred in Finland, Estonia, Italy and Albania. Tawny owls are listed in Appendix II of the
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and highly territorial: as a result, when young birds grow up and leave the parental nest, if they cannot find a vacant territory to claim as their own, they will often starve.
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for adults is 76.8%. The typical lifespan is five years, but an age of over 18 years has been recorded for a wild tawny owl, and of over 27 years for a captive bird.
427:
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the absence of the tawny owl allowed the long-eared owl to become the dominant owl. Similarly, where the tawny owl has moved into built-up areas, it tends to displace
1269:. These are medium-sized and grey, consisting mainly of rodent fur and often with bones protruding, and are found in groups under trees used for roosting or nesting.
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have superior light sensitivity. There are few coloured oil drops, which would reduce the light intensity. Unlike diurnal birds of prey, owls normally have only one
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Zuberogoitia, I.; Burgos, G.; González‐Oreja, J.A.; Morant, J.; Martínez, J.E.; Albizua, J.Z. (2019). "Factors affecting spontaneous vocal activity of Tawny Owls
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than brown birds. Although this might suggest that eventually the brown morph could disappear, the owls show no colour preference when choosing a mate, so the
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361:, although in urbanized areas its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. It also sometimes catches smaller owls, and is itself sometimes hunted by the
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50 mph. As with most owls, its flight is silent because of its feathers' soft, furry upper surfaces and a fringe on the leading edge of the outer
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controlled, and studies in
Finland and Italy indicate that grey-morph tawny owls have more reproductive success, better immune resistance, and fewer
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plantations, preferring locations with access to water. Cemeteries, gardens and parks have allowed it to spread into urban areas, including central
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Adaptations to night vision include the large size of the eye, its tubular shape, large numbers of closely packed retinal rods, and an absence of
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Fröhlich, A.; Ciach, M. (2018). "Noise pollution and decreased size of wooded areas reduces the probability of occurrence of Tawny Owl
1099:, who lost his left eye when struck by a bird he was attempting to photograph near its nest in 1937. He later called his autobiography
571:(Act 5, Scene 2) as "Then nightly sings the staring owl, Tu-whit; Tu-who, a merry note, While greasy Joan doth keel the pot", but this
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is quoted as saying "Whatever wise people may say of them, I at least have found the owl's cry always prophetic of mischief to me".
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cannot usually co-exist with the stronger tawny owls, which may take them as food items, and are found in different habitats; in
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may raid nests, especially where artificial nest boxes make the owls easy to find, and several instances have been recorded of
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than to greater retinal sensitivity; both humans and owl have reached the limit of resolution for the retinas of terrestrial
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1317:(Act 1 Scene 3): "And yesterday the bird of night did sit/ Even at noon-day upon the market-place/ Hooting and shrieking."
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1638:
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2015:
Redpath, Stephen M.; Appleby, Bridget M.; Petty, Steve J. (2000). "Do male hoots betray parasite loads in Tawny Owls?".
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subspecies are 12% larger and 40% heavier, and have 13% longer wings than western
European birds, in accordance with
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864:
567:
31:
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2320:
2209:
Jánossy D. (1972) "Die mittelpleistozäne
Vogelfauna der Stránská skála". In: Musil R. (ed.): "Stránská skála I."
641:
2017:
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Martin, Graham R. (August 1977). "Absolute visual threshold and scotopic spectral sensitivity in the tawny owl
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criterion of declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations and is therefore evaluated as being of
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583:. The call is easily imitated by blowing into cupped hands through slightly parted thumbs, and a study in
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per square millimetre (36 million per square inch); although earlier claims that it could see in the
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673:
625:
226:
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An owl's eyes are placed at the front of the head and have a field overlap of 50–70%, giving it better
48:
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The
Folklore of Birds: An Enquiry into the Origin and Distribution of Some Magico-Religious Traditions
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and has a distribution stretching discontinuously across temperate Europe, from Great Britain and the
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building nests on top of a brooding female tawny owl leading to the death of the adult and chicks. A
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Amber List of Concern. This species has expanded its range in Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway and
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461:. Its size, squat shape and broad wings distinguish it from other owls found within its range; the
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2104:"The colour of fitness: plumage coloration and lifetime reproductive success in the tawny owl"
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which predicts that northern forms will typically be bigger than their southern counterparts.
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Bergmann, Carl (1847). "Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse".
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1254:. In urban areas, birds make up a larger proportion of the diet, and species as unlikely as
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1072:. It nests from February onwards in the south of its range, but rarely before mid-March in
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765:
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Sunde, Peter (September 2005). "Predators control post-fledging mortality in tawny owls,
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GaramszegI, László Z. (2011). "Climate change increases the risk of malaria in birds".
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1954:
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1026:(CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated.
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Galeotti, Paolo; Sacchi, Roberto (2003). "Differential parasitaemia in the tawny owl (
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Wordsworth described the technique for calling an owl in his poem "There Was a Boy".
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S. capite laevi, corpore ferrugineo, iridíbus atris, remi-gibus primoribus serratís.
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would suggest that paler birds would in any case predominate in the colder climate.
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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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Tracks and Signs of the Birds of Britain and Europe (Helm Identification Guides)
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606:
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453:; the female is much larger than the male, 5% longer and more than 25% heavier.
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The tawny owl, like its relatives, has often been seen as an omen of bad luck;
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Tawny owls pair off from the age of one year, and stay together in a usually
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north and central Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Black Sea
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Prey is typically swallowed whole, with indigestible parts regurgitated as
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This species is fearless in defence of its nest and young, and, like other
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where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. It is
17:
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734:, (sometimes considered conspecific), its larger northern neighbour, the
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was created from a revision of this article dated 8 April 2009
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of the tawny owl, which would make it that species' immediate ancestor.
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The internal structure of the ear, which has large numbers of auditory
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Brown, Roy; Ferguson, John; Lawrence, Michael; Lees, David (1987).
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family Strigidae, which contains all species of owl other than the
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Based on Güntürkün, Onur, "Structure and functions of the eye" in
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918:
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691:
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423:
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404:
396:
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116:
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2108:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1801:"The sensibility of the nocturnal long-eared owl in the spectrum"
1682:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (two volumes)
1984:"Censusing Tawny Owls Strix aluco by the use of imitation calls"
1243:
1196:
1065:
1015:
991:
967:) and in northwest Africa it is replaced by the closely related
617:
173:
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Tawny Owl Chicks Hatch & Grow Under Careful Watch of Adults
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than diurnal birds of prey (overlap 30–50%). The tawny owl's
2516:
2367:
An Eye for a Bird: The Autobiography of a Bird Photographer
714:. Within its genus, the tawny owl's closest relatives are
1534:"Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) - Information, Pictures, Sounds"
1491:. 5th Edition. Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 1–18.
1463:"Tawny owl guide: how to identify, diet and where to see"
776:
seven currently recognised subspecies are listed below.
2102:
Brommer, Jon E.; Kari, Ahola; Karstinen, Teuvo (2005).
1110:
Predators of the tawny owl include large birds such as
1024:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
959:. In the Himalayas and East Asia it is replaced by the
790:(parentheses indicate originally in a different genus)
1685:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 907–910.
893:
northeast Turkey and northwest Iran to Turkmenistan
778:
575:
call is actually a duet, with the female making the
553:
The commonly heard female contact call is a shrill,
508:
have been dismissed, it is still often said to have
2598:
1679:Snow, David (1998). Perrins, Christopher M. (ed.).
1514:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
1288:from their traditional nesting sites in buildings.
1142:study showed that predation by mammals, especially
1767:
654:The species was given its current scientific name
1393:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725469A86871093.en
1910:. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm. pp. 88–100.
1337:That they might answer him.—And they would shout
915:Ancient deciduous woodland is a favoured habitat
700:The tawny owl is a member of the wood-owl genus
650:Individual from France perched upon a human hand
30:"Brown owl" redirects here. For other uses, see
1343:And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud
1329:And there, with fingers interwoven, both hands
557:but the male has a quavering advertising song
2048:and implications for surveying large areas".
1799:Hecht, Selig; Pirenne, Maurice Henri (1940).
1341:Responsive to his call,—with quivering peals,
1331:Pressed closely palm to palm and to his mouth
8:
2581:Tawny owl nestbox cameras in The Netherlands
1068:or holes in buildings, and readily takes to
998:, and up to 2,800 m (9,200 ft) in
420:Hooting song, Gloucestershire, England, 1978
2563:ARKive – images and video of the tawny owl
2369:. London, Hutchinson & Co. p. 20.
2301:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
1908:How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World
1555:
1553:
943:- probably because of competition from the
2586:
2299:RSPB Red Amber & Green Lists Explained
690:"tawny owl" (which in turn comes from the
254:
88:
61:
47:
38:
2155:): effects of colour morph and habitat".
2127:
1999:
1949:
1947:
1846:
1844:
1824:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1391:
1149:This species is increasingly affected by
485:) are similar in shape, but much larger.
2546:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1729:
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1339:Across the watery vale, and shout again,
1272:Less powerful woodland owls such as the
982:and mixed forests, and sometimes mature
1774:. London: Granada Publishing. pp.
1601:RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014).
1412:
1410:
1357:
1345:Redoubled and redoubled; concourse wild
1335:Blew mimic hootings to the silent owls,
1333:Uplifted, he, as through an instrument,
1155:
2365:Hosking, Eric; Lane, Frank W. (1972).
2224:
2222:
2193:(in Latin). Lars Salvius. p. 93.
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1581:. London: HarperCollins. p. 206.
877:west and southern Europe, west Turkey
827:Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan
2244:. International Ornithologists' Union
1961:. London, Collins. pp. 209–219.
1300:Grey individual, probably subspecies
539:Hearing is important for a nocturnal
7:
3002:FB959BAA-F527-4221-878E-91FC382D9EEB
2807:5b2c0add-deec-478c-8c7f-09c77ae9dd8e
1957:; Cameron, Ad (illustrator) (1988).
1180:Young leave the nest before fledging
401:Field of view compared with a pigeon
3025:IUCN Red List least concern species
1379:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1053:The tawny owl typically nests in a
951:) - and only a rare vagrant to the
409:An owl's retina has a single fovea.
994:, 2,350 m (7,710 ft) in
327:across Europe, as well as western
25:
2295:"RSPB Red Amber & Green List"
2031:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310404.x
1512:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1041:Breeding biology of the tawny owl
496:has about 56,000 light-sensitive
2528:
2443:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02346.x
2408:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.14069.x
2242:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
1738:. Christopher Helm. p. 86.
1210:Dietary biology of the tawny owl
1185:
1173:
1158:
393:Juvenile specimen of a tawny owl
130:
2468:. London: Collins. p. 114.
1959:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere
1368:BirdLife International (2016).
579:sound, and the male responding
27:Stocky medium-sized owl species
431:'Kewick' calls, England, 1960s
1:
2464:Armstrong, Edward A. (1958).
1805:Journal of General Physiology
1639:British Trust for Ornithology
814:northwest India and Pakistan
722:, (formerly considered to be
559:hoo...ho, ho, hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo
2571:EBCC breeding map for Europe
1262:have been killed and eaten.
315:, is a stocky, medium-sized
3055:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1095:renowned bird photographer
331:, and has seven recognized
3071:
1489:Sturkie's Avian Physiology
1238:up to the size of a young
1207:
1038:
923:Tawny owl hiding on a tree
844:west Iran, northeast Iraq
764:is sometimes considered a
639:
323:. It is commonly found in
32:Brown owl (disambiguation)
29:
2171:10.1017/S0952836903003960
2001:10.1080/00063659409477219
1906:Sinclair, Sandra (1985).
1707:"Tawny Owl (Strix aluco)"
1631:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1014:. In the UK it is on the
978:This species is found in
787:
784:
781:
642:Taxonomy of the tawny owl
277:
270:
262:
253:
232:
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127:Scientific classification
125:
108:
86:
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72:
60:
55:
46:
41:
2484:Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
2018:Journal of Avian Biology
1386:: e.T22725469A86871093.
1057:, but will also use old
907:Distribution and habitat
565:used this owl's song in
3050:Birds described in 1758
3035:Birds of prey of Europe
2236:, eds. (January 2022).
1982:Redpath, S. M. (1994).
1766:Burton, Robert (1985).
1487:Sturkie, P. D. (1998).
2524:
2504:Listen to this article
2120:10.1098/rspb.2005.3052
1350:
1304:
1222:
924:
916:
651:
616:The plumage colour is
596:Geographical variation
444:which differ in their
432:
421:
410:
402:
394:
56:Grey morph individual
3040:Birds of Central Asia
2932:Paleobiology Database
2523:
2423:Global Change Biology
1444:. The Wildlife Trusts
1326:
1299:
1217:
1193:Strix aluco sylvatica
1165:Tawny owls are quite
1006:believed to meet the
935:eastwards to western
922:
914:
649:
600:Although both colour
430:
419:
408:
400:
392:
2802:Fauna Europaea (new)
2555:More spoken articles
1817:10.1085/jgp.23.6.709
1418:"Appendices | CITES"
939:. It is absent from
857:central Russia from
568:Love's Labour's Lost
2480:Wordsworth, William
2435:2011GCBio..17.1751G
1869:1977Natur.268..636M
1311:used it as such in
1309:William Shakespeare
840:S. a. sanctinicolai
563:William Shakespeare
350:The tawny owl is a
311:), also called the
292:Linnaeus, 1758
284:Linnaeus, 1758
80:Conservation status
3045:Birds of West Asia
2525:
2490:. London: Longman.
2325:The Barn Owl Trust
2232:; Donsker, David;
2158:Journal of Zoology
1578:Collins Bird Guide
1561:Mullarney, Killian
1305:
1230:, mainly woodland
1223:
925:
917:
759:Middle Pleistocene
652:
626:selection pressure
471:Eurasian eagle-owl
451:sexually dimorphic
433:
422:
411:
403:
395:
3012:
3011:
2919:Open Tree of Life
2592:Taxon identifiers
2521:
2376:978-0-09-104460-2
2321:"Tawny Owl facts"
2281:10.1111/ibi.12554
2234:Rasmussen, Pamela
2114:(1566): 935–940.
2085:Göttinger Studien
2062:10.1111/ibi.12684
1968:978-0-00-219493-8
1917:978-0-7099-3336-6
1863:(5621): 636–638.
1785:978-0-246-12440-1
1745:978-0-7470-0201-7
1711:beautyofbirds.com
1692:978-0-19-854099-1
1607:978-1-4729-0647-2
1588:978-0-00-219728-1
1520:978-0-8493-4258-5
1498:978-0-12-747605-6
1467:Discover Wildlife
1234:, but also other
1136:Eurasian jackdaws
1120:Eurasian goshawks
1101:An Eye for a Bird
973:Strix mauritanica
933:Iberian Peninsula
927:The tawny owl is
904:
903:
889:S. a. willkonskii
791:
676:derives from the
428:
417:
299:
298:
120:
103:
73:Hooting song, UK
66:
16:(Redirected from
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2885:NHMSYS0000530625
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2429:(5): 1751–1759.
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2211:Anthropos (Brno)
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1979:
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1569:Zetterstrom, Dan
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1395:
1365:
1221:is a common prey
1189:
1177:
1162:
861:to west Siberia
847:(Zarudny, 1905)
789:
779:
762:Strix intermedia
697:"screech-owl").
587:found that this
490:binocular vision
429:
418:
367:Eurasian goshawk
293:
285:
263:Distribution of
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2906:Observation.org
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2536:This audio file
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2488:Lyrical Ballads
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1955:Voous, Karel H.
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1347:Of jocund din!
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1199:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1128:common buzzards
1080:, downy chicks
1059:European magpie
1043:
1037:
1032:
965:Strix nivicolum
909:
873:S. a. sylvatica
810:S. a. biddulphi
804:Linnaeus, 1758
766:paleosubspecies
732:Strix nivicolum
669:Systema Naturae
644:
638:
611:Bergmann's rule
598:
534:short-eared owl
483:Strix uralensis
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2789:Fauna Europaea
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2499:
2498:External links
2496:
2494:
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2413:
2402:(3): 461–472.
2382:
2375:
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2336:
2312:
2286:
2275:(3): 634–646.
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2056:(3): 495–503.
2036:
2025:(4): 457–462.
2007:
1994:(3): 192–198.
1974:
1967:
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1840:
1811:(6): 709–717.
1791:
1784:
1770:Bird Behaviour
1751:
1744:
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1691:
1652:
1611:
1594:
1587:
1565:Svensson, Lars
1549:
1532:Lewis, Deane.
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1278:long-eared owl
1208:Main article:
1205:
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1179:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1055:hole in a tree
1039:Main article:
1036:
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957:Canary Islands
945:long-eared owl
908:
905:
902:
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878:
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869:
868:
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855:
853:S. a. siberiae
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771:The tawny owl
744:North American
706:, part of the
640:Main article:
637:
634:
597:
594:
585:Cambridgeshire
467:Strix nebulosa
463:great grey owl
386:
383:
319:in the family
297:
296:
295:
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286:
281:Strix stridula
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3030:Strix (genus)
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2597:
2593:
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2565:(Strix aluco)
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2091:(1): 595–708.
2090:
2087:(in German).
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1538:The Owl Pages
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1314:Julius Caesar
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1154:
1152:
1151:avian malaria
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:golden eagles
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
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1098:
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1056:
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1042:
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1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:least concern
1009:
1008:IUCN Red List
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:Himalayan owl
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
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929:non-migratory
921:
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817:Scully, 1881
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795:
794:
788:Described by
780:
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774:
769:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
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741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Himalayan owl
725:
721:
720:Strix butleri
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:in 1758. The
671:
670:
665:
664:tenth edition
661:
660:Carl Linnaeus
657:
648:
643:
635:
633:
631:
630:Gloger's rule
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
595:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:stereotypical
570:
569:
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531:
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438:nominate race
407:
399:
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370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
348:
346:
345:non-migratory
342:
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290:
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261:
257:
252:
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244:
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237:
231:
228:
227:Binomial name
224:
220:
219:
218:S. aluco
214:
211:
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118:
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107:
101:
96:
95:Least Concern
85:
81:
76:
71:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2599:
2564:
2487:
2474:
2465:
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2426:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2350:, retrieved
2345:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2241:
2213:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2022:
2016:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1958:
1907:
1901:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1769:
1735:
1715:. Retrieved
1713:. 2021-09-16
1710:
1701:
1681:
1643:. Retrieved
1634:
1628:
1597:
1577:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1488:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1397:. Retrieved
1383:
1377:
1371:
1328:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1271:
1264:
1224:
1192:
1148:
1132:Pine martens
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:Eric Hosking
1089:
1087:
1052:
1044:
1004:
977:
972:
964:
948:
926:
888:
872:
852:
839:
823:S. a. harmsi
822:
809:
796:
770:
761:
750:
740:S. uralensis
739:
731:
719:
701:
699:
694:
687:
680:
667:
655:
653:
615:
607:Scandinavian
599:
580:
576:
566:
558:
554:
552:
545:
541:bird of prey
538:
519:
504:part of the
487:
482:
474:
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455:
434:
379:
371:
355:bird of prey
349:
312:
307:
306:
302:
300:
288:
280:
264:
235:
233:
217:
216:
204:
184:Strigiformes
36:
2989:Strix-aluco
2828:iNaturalist
2644:Strix_aluco
2630:Strix aluco
2624:Wikispecies
2600:Strix aluco
2392:Strix aluco
2305:10 December
2265:Strix aluco
2230:Gill, Frank
2207:(in German)
2185:Linnaeus, C
2153:Strix aluco
2046:Strix aluco
1853:Strix aluco
1629:Strix aluco
1627:"Tawny Owl
1442:"Tawny owl"
1399:19 November
1372:Strix aluco
1319:John Ruskin
1302:S. a. aluco
1074:Scandinavia
969:Maghreb owl
797:S. a. aluco
782:Subspecies
724:conspecific
708:typical owl
656:Strix aluco
618:genetically
515:vertebrates
436:plain. The
385:Description
308:Strix aluco
289:Strix glaux
265:Strix aluco
236:Strix aluco
113:Appendix II
18:Strix aluco
3019:Categories
2984:Xeno-canto
2551:Audio help
2542:2009-04-08
2352:2022-02-08
2330:2022-11-14
1988:Bird Study
1717:2023-04-27
1543:2023-02-07
1472:2021-06-24
1448:2021-06-24
1427:2022-01-14
1353:References
1292:In culture
1274:little owl
1248:earthworms
1116:eagle owls
1070:nest boxes
1047:monogamous
773:subspecies
747:barred owl
742:, and the
716:Hume's owl
683:"owl" and
522:cone cells
333:subspecies
42:Tawny owl
2165:: 91–99.
1635:BirdFacts
1422:cites.org
1286:barn owls
1260:kittiwake
1219:Bank vole
1167:nocturnal
1144:red foxes
1112:Ural owls
1078:altricial
1030:Behaviour
980:deciduous
949:Asio otus
865:Dementiev
712:barn owls
622:parasites
526:rod cells
498:rod cells
475:Bubo bubo
459:primaries
363:eagle owl
352:nocturnal
341:tree hole
325:woodlands
321:Strigidae
313:brown owl
303:tawny owl
212:Species:
194:Strigidae
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
2945:Species+
2872:22725469
2846:11226795
2680:22725469
2675:BirdLife
2664:BioLib:
2609:Wikidata
2553: ·
2486:(1800).
2451:84073382
2216:: 35–64.
2187:(1758).
2138:16024349
2070:91861192
1835:19873186
1575:(1999).
1276:and the
1063:squirrel
1035:Breeding
953:Balearic
900:, 1896)
898:Menzbier
834:, 1911)
751:S. varia
736:Ural owl
674:binomial
636:Taxonomy
577:kew-wick
555:kew-wick
524:, since
510:eyesight
506:spectrum
502:infrared
479:Ural owl
440:has two
365:and the
272:Synonyms
243:Linnaeus
190:Family:
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
100:IUCN 3.1
2997:ZooBank
2820:9282206
2742:tawowl1
2716:bob7610
2703:tawowl1
2652:Avibase
2540: (
2511:minutes
2431:Bibcode
2248:2 March
2129:1564093
1893:4184444
1865:Bibcode
1826:2237955
1282:Ireland
1267:pellets
1256:mallard
1252:beetles
1236:mammals
1232:rodents
1204:Feeding
1061:nests,
1020:Ukraine
1000:Myanmar
984:conifer
941:Ireland
937:Siberia
883:, 1809
867:, 1934
832:Zarudny
726:), the
688:allocco
685:Italian
666:of his
662:in the
589:mimicry
548:neurons
446:plumage
359:rodents
329:Siberia
200:Genus:
180:Order:
170:Class:
115: (
98: (
2976:558588
2937:365951
2924:116522
2898:111821
2859:555428
2776:EURING
2755:STRXAL
2615:Q25756
2449:
2373:
2238:"Owls"
2136:
2126:
2068:
1965:
1914:
1891:
1885:895859
1883:
1857:Nature
1833:
1823:
1782:
1742:
1689:
1645:31 May
1605:
1585:
1518:
1495:
1242:, and
1240:rabbit
1195:egg -
1140:Danish
1126:, and
1082:fledge
996:Turkey
988:London
785:Range
753:. The
695:ulucus
602:morphs
494:retina
477:) and
442:morphs
374:retina
2971:WoRMS
2963:16952
2841:IRMNG
2833:19898
2794:97047
2763:EUNIS
2737:eBird
2729:532G9
2700:BOW:
2693:93218
2447:S2CID
2396:Oikos
2066:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1776:44–48
1641:(BTO)
1244:birds
1091:Strix
859:Urals
755:Early
703:Strix
692:Latin
681:strix
678:Greek
530:fovea
339:in a
205:Strix
117:CITES
111:CITES
2950:6137
2893:NCBI
2867:IUCN
2854:ITIS
2815:GBIF
2781:7610
2768:1287
2750:EPPO
2688:BOLD
2667:8768
2371:ISBN
2307:2017
2269:Ibis
2250:2022
2134:PMID
2050:Ibis
1963:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1881:PMID
1831:PMID
1780:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1647:2008
1603:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1401:2021
1384:2016
1258:and
1250:and
1228:prey
1197:MHNT
1066:drey
1016:RSPB
992:Alps
955:and
881:Shaw
581:hooo
372:Its
337:nest
301:The
247:1758
174:Aves
2958:TSA
2880:NBN
2724:CoL
2711:BTO
2639:ADW
2439:doi
2404:doi
2400:110
2394:".
2277:doi
2273:160
2267:".
2167:doi
2163:261
2124:PMC
2116:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
