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2012). These glutamatergic inputs make contact on the heads of dendritic spines of the striatal GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) whereas dopaminergic inputs synapse onto the spine neck, allowing for an important and complex interaction between these two inputs in modulation of MSN activity ... It should also be noted that there is a small population of neurons in the NAc that coexpress both D1 and D2 receptors, though this is largely restricted to the NAc shell (Bertran- Gonzalez et al., 2008). ... Neurons in the NAc core and NAc shell subdivisions also differ functionally. The NAc core is involved in the processing of conditioned stimuli whereas the NAc shell is more important in the processing of unconditioned stimuli; Classically, these two striatal MSN populations are thought to have opposing effects on basal ganglia output. Activation of the dMSNs causes a net excitation of the thalamus resulting in a positive cortical feedback loop; thereby acting as a 'go' signal to initiate behavior. Activation of the iMSNs, however, causes a net inhibition of thalamic activity resulting in a negative cortical feedback loop and therefore serves as a 'brake' to inhibit behavior ... there is also mounting evidence that iMSNs play a role in motivation and addiction (Lobo and
Nestler, 2011; Grueter et al., 2013). ... Together these data suggest that iMSNs normally act to restrain drug-taking behavior and recruitment of these neurons may in fact be protective against the development of compulsive drug use.
1687:) and express the peptides dynorphin and substance P and dopamine D1 and adenosine A1 but not A2A receptors ... These two different phenotypes of MSN are also present in the ventral striatum (mostly represented by the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle). However, although they are phenotypically equal to their dorsal counterparts, they have some differences in terms of connectivity. First, not only enkephalinergic but also dynorphinergic MSNs project to the ventral counterpart of the external globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, which, in fact, has characteristics of both the external and internal globus pallidus in its afferent and efferent connectivity. In addition to the ventral pallidum, the internal globus pallidus and the substantia nigra-VTA, the ventral striatum sends projections to the extended amygdala, the lateral hypothalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. ... It is also important to mention that a small percentage of MSNs have a mixed phenotype and express both D1 and D2 receptors (Surmeier et al., 1996).
47:
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terminal fields, dopamine confers motivational salience ("wanting") on the reward itself or associated cues (nucleus accumbens shell region), updates the value placed on different goals in light of this new experience (orbital prefrontal cortex), helps consolidate multiple forms of memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus accumbens core region and dorsal striatum). In this example, dopamine modulates the processing of sensorimotor information in diverse neural circuits to maximize the ability of the organism to obtain future rewards. ...
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extracellular DA in the NAc shell, and after continued drug use in the NAc core. After prolonged drug use, drug-associated cues produce increases in extracellular DA levels in the DS and not in the NAc. This lends to the notion that a shift in the relative engagement from the ventral to the dorsal striatum underlies the progression from initial, voluntary drug use to habitual and compulsive drug use. In addition to DA, recent evidence indicates that glutamatergic transmission in the DS is important for drug-induced adaptations and plasticity within the DS.
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1235:(ASD) is characterized by cognitive inflexibility and poor understanding of social systems. This inflexible behavior originates in defects in the pre-frontal cortex as well as the striatal circuits. The defects in the striatum seem to specifically contribute to the motor, social and communication impairments seen in ASD patients. In mice which have an ASD-like phenotype induced via the overexpression of the
672:
513:, while the embedded striosomes are acetylcholinesterase-poor. The matrix forms the bulk of the striatum, and receives input from most areas of the cerebral cortex. Clusters of neurons in the matrix, called matrisomes receive a similar input. Their output goes to both regions of the globus pallidus and to the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
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connect the striatum with the external globus pallidus and express the peptide enkephalin and a high density of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors (they also express adenosine A1 receptors), while dynorphinergic MSNs connect the striatum with the substantia nigra (pars compacta and reticulata) and the entopeduncular nucleus (
1255:. Because of its involvement in reward pathways, the ventral striatum has also been implicated in playing a critical role in addiction. It has been well established that the ventral striatum is strongly involved in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs, especially stimulants, through dopaminergic stimulation.
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receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SNr) and glutamatergic inputs from several areas, including the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus (Swanson, 1982; Phillipson and
Griffiths, 1985; Finch, 1996; Groenewegen et al., 1999; Britt et al.,
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and perservations (continuations of an utterance after the stimulus has ceased), which is associated with inhibited executive control, in the sense that executive control allows for the selection of the best choice among competing alternatives). Stimulation of the putamen results in the inhibition of
1612:
The DS (also referred to as the caudate-putamen in primates) is associated with transitions from goal-directed to habitual drug use, due in part to its role in stimulus–response learning. As described above, the initial rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse are mediated by increases in
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The brain reward circuitry that is targeted by addictive drugs normally mediates the pleasure and strengthening of behaviors associated with natural reinforcers, such as food, water, and sexual contact. Dopamine neurons in the VTA are activated by food and water, and dopamine release in the NAc is
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Two classes of MSNs, which are homogeneously distributed in the striatum, can be differentiated by their output connectivity and their expression of dopamine and adenosine receptors and neuropeptides. In the dorsal striatum (mostly represented by the nucleus caudate-putamen), enkephalinergic MSNs
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VTA DA neurons play a critical role in motivation, reward-related behavior (Chapter 15), attention, and multiple forms of memory. This organization of the DA system, wide projection from a limited number of cell bodies, permits coordinated responses to potent new rewards. Thus, acting in diverse
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Lesions to the striatum have been associated with deficits in speech production and comprehension. While striatal damage can impact all levels of language, damage can broadly be characterized as affecting the ability to manipulate linguistic units and rules, resulting in the promotion of default
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The NAc and VTA are central components of the circuitry underlying reward and memory of reward. As previously mentioned, the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA appears to be linked to reward prediction. The NAc is involved in learning associated with reinforcement and the modulation of
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The striatum is also thought to play a role in an at least partially dissociable executive control network for language, applied to both verbal working memory and verbal attention. These models take the form of a frontal-striatal network for language processing. While the striatum is often not
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motoric responses to stimuli that satisfy internal homeostatic needs. The shell of the NAc appears to be particularly important to initial drug actions within reward circuitry; addictive drugs appear to have a greater effect on dopamine release in the shell than in the core of the NAc.
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release acetylcholine, which has a variety of important effects in the striatum. In humans, other primates, and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with stereotyped responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the
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under the conditions of presentation. A number of other brain areas and circuits are also related to reward, such as frontal areas. Functional maps of the striatum reveal interactions with widely distributed regions of the cerebral cortex important to a diverse range of functions.
490:. Both of these areas have different roles in the acquisition of learnt behaviour and skill formation. The dorsomedial region receives projections from the frontal and the parietal cortices. The dorsolateral region receives projections from the sensorimotor cortex.
526:
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The striosomes receive input from the prefrontal cortex and give outputs to the substantia nigra pars compacta. There are more striosomes present in the dorsal striatum making up 10-15% of the striatal volume, than in the ventral striatum.
1239:, it has been shown that these defects seem to stem from the reduced ability to store and process information in the striatum, which leads to the difficulty seen in forming new motor patterns, as well as disengaging from existing ones.
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cascades triggered by activation of these dopamine receptors can modulate pre- and postsynaptic function, both in the short term and in the long term. In humans, the striatum is activated by stimuli associated with reward, but also by
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was coined by comparative anatomists comparing the subcortical structures between vertebrates, because it was thought to be a phylogenetically newer section of the corpus striatum. The term is still used by some sources, including
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pars compacta. While cortical axons synapse mainly on spine heads of spiny neurons, nigral axons synapse mainly on spine shafts. In primates, the thalamostriatal afferent comes from the central median-parafascicular complex of the
4759:
623:. Recently, two types of neuropeptide-y expressing GABAergic interneurons have been described in detail, one of which translates synchronous activity of cholinergic interneurons into inhibition of principal neurons. These
936:. Two others comprise the output to the thalamus, forming two separate channels: one through the internal segment of the globus pallidus to the ventral oralis nuclei of the thalamus and from there to the cortical
3955:
Fineberg, Naomi A; Potenza, Marc N; Chamberlain, Samuel R; Berlin, Heather A; Menzies, Lara; Bechara, Antoine; Sahakian, Barbara J; Robbins, Trevor W; Bullmore, Edward T; Hollander, Eric (25 November 2009).
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linguistic forms in conflicting situations in which selection, inhibition, and monitoring load is increased. Two subregions of the striatum have been shown to be particularly important in language: the
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659:. Injury caused to the striatum stimulates the migration of neuroblasts from the SVZ, to the striatum, where they differentiate into adult neurons. The normal passage of SVZ neuroblasts is to the
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Yamashita, T; Ninomiya, M; Hernández Acosta, P; GarcĂa-Verdugo, JM; Sunabori, T; Sakaguchi, M; Adachi, K; Kojima, T; Hirota, Y; Kawase, T; Araki, N; Abe, K; Okano, H; Sawamoto, K (14 June 2006).
816:). This afferent is glutamatergic. The participation of truly intralaminar neurons is much more limited. The striatum also receives afferents from other elements of the basal ganglia such as the
6365:
686:
Overview of the main circuits of the basal ganglia. The striatum is shown in blue. Picture shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures.
932:). The neurons of this projection are inhibited by GABAergic synapses from the dorsal striatum. Among these targets, the GPe does not send axons outside the system. Others send axons to the
2942:
Rosell, Antonio; Giménez-Amaya, José Manuel (September 1999). "Anatomical re-evaluation of the corticostriatal projections to the caudate nucleus: a retrograde labeling study in the cat".
422:. The striatum is divided into two subdivisions, a ventral striatum and a dorsal striatum, based upon function and connections. It is also divisible into a matrix and embedded striosomes.
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Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior. ...
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and, thus, are classified as inhibitory neurons. Medium spiny projection neurons comprise 95% of the total neuronal population of the human striatum. Medium spiny neurons have two
316:. Strictly speaking the globus pallidus is part of the striatum. It is common practice, however, to implicitly exclude the globus pallidus when referring to striatal structures.
3111:
Pujol, S.; Cabeen, R.; Sébille, S. B.; Yelnik, J.; François, C.; Fernandez Vidal, S.; Karachi, C.; Zhao, Y.; Cosgrove, G. R.; Jannin, P.; Kikinis, R.; Bardinet, E. (2016).
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contributed decades of research to the subject; concluding that the corpus striatum was vital in the "organization and generation of voluntary movement". In 1941,
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English, Daniel F; Ibanez-Sandoval, Osvaldo; Stark, Eran; Tecuapetla, Fatuel; Buzsáki, György; Deisseroth, Karl; Tepper, James M; Koos, Tibor (11 December 2011).
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Ernst, Aurélie; Alkass, Kanar; Bernard, Samuel; Salehpour, Mehran; Perl, Shira; Tisdale, John; Possnert, Göran; Druid, Henrik; Frisén, Jonas (February 2014).
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Santini, Emanuela; Huynh, Thu N.; MacAskill, Andrew F.; Carter, Adam G.; Pierre, Philippe; Ruggero, Davide; Kaphzan, Hanoch; Klann, Eric (23 December 2012).
1425:
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Goldberg, J.A.; Reynolds, J.N.J. (December 2011). "Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum".
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904:. The striato-pallidal pathway has a whitish appearance due to the myelinated fibers. This projection comprises successively the external globus pallidus (
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LUNA, BEATRIZ; SWEENEY, JOHN A. (1 June 2004). "The
Emergence of Collaborative Brain Function: fMRI Studies of the Development of Response Inhibition".
2607:"Electrophysiological and Morphological Characteristics and Synaptic Connectivity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Expressing Neurons in Adult Mouse Striatum"
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that form in the lateral ventricle adjacent to the striatum, integrate in the striatum. This has been noted in the human striatum following an
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1960:"Projections from the posterolateral olfactory amygdala to the ventral striatum: neural basis for reinforcing properties of chemical stimuli"
175:
171:
1036:, as most models only include cortical regions, integrative models are becoming more popular in light of imaging studies, lesion studies on
323:, the striatum is divided into the ventral striatum and the dorsal striatum, subdivisions that are based upon function and connections. The
6500:
4727:
3117:
Exploration of the
Connectivity between the Subthalamic Nucleus and the Globus Pallidus in the Human Brain Using Multi-Fiber Tractography"
2453:"Polysynaptic inhibition between striatal cholinergic interneurons shapes their network activity patterns in a dopamine-dependent manner"
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The striatum is seen as having its own internal microcircuitry. The ventral striatum receives direct input from multiple regions in the
563:
MSNs. A subpopulation of MSNs contain both D1-type and D2-type receptors, with approximately 40% of striatal MSNs expressing both
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482:. Primarily it mediates cognition and involves motor and executive function. The dorsal striatum can be further subdivided into the
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projecting to the striatum are located in layers II-VI, with the most dense projections come from layer V. They end mainly on the
3346:
2128:
Macpherson, Tom; Hikida, Takatoshi (June 2019). "Role of basal ganglia neurocircuitry in the pathology of psychiatric disorders".
6786:
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206:
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was used to designate many distinct, deep, infracortical elements of the hemisphere. Etymologically, it is derived from (Latin)
2416:
Raz, Aeyal (1996). "Neuronal synchronization of tonically active neurons in the striatum of normal and parkinsonian primates".
5956:
5495:
5399:
2562:
KoĂłs, Tibor; Tepper, James M. (May 1999). "Inhibitory control of neostriatal projection neurons by GABAergic interneurons".
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results in loss of dopaminergic innervation to the dorsal striatum (and other basal ganglia) and a cascade of consequences.
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6288:
5403:
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but this traffic is diverted to the striatum after an ischemic stroke. However, few of the new developed neurons survive.
194:
2885:"Subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the post-stroke adult striatum"
2884:
2160:"The Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Striatum: A Path through the Labyrinth from Neurochemistry toward Function"
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The main nucleus of the basal ganglia is the striatum which projects directly to the globus pallidus via a pathway of
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2369:"Regional, cellular, and subcellular variations in the distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate brain"
2089:"Opposing Roles of the Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatum in the Acquisition of Skilled Action Sequencing in Rats"
1890:"MR Anatomy of Deep Brain Nuclei with Special Reference to Specific Diseases and Deep Brain Stimulation Localization"
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signs at the point of the arrows indicate respectively whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect.
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2987:"Conditional Routing of Information to the Cortex: A Model of the Basal Ganglia's Role in Cognitive Coordination"
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Robbins, Trevor W.; Everitt, Barry J. (April 1992). "Functions of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum".
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and another through the substantia nigra to the ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus and from there to the
4162:
Kreisler, A.; Godefroy, O.; Delmaire, C.; Debachy, B.; Leclercq, M.; Pruvo, J.-P.; Leys, D. (14 March 2000).
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3506:"New insights into the specificity and plasticity of reward and aversion encoding in the mesolimbic system"
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FerrĂ© S, LluĂs C, Justinova Z, Quiroz C, Orru M, Navarro G, Canela EI, Franco R, Goldberg SR (June 2010).
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https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195257/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/images/news-items/r1_braindorsal1.jpg
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evidence suggests that the common property linking these stimuli, to which the striatum is reacting, is
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patients, and studies of language disorders concomitant with diseases known to affect the striatum like
993:
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3958:"Probing Compulsive and Impulsive Behaviors, from Animal Models to Endophenotypes: A Narrative Review"
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stimulated by the presence of natural reinforcers, such as food, water, or a sexual partner. ...
2654:
Ibanez-Sandoval, O.; Tecuapetla, F.; Unal, B.; Shah, F.; Koos, T.; Tepper, J. M. (16 November 2011).
2464:
2087:
Turner, Karly M.; Svegborn, Anna; Langguth, Mia; McKenzie, Colin; Robbins, Trevor W. (9 March 2022).
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1329:, which is the ventral part linking the two preceding together ventrally to the inferior part of the
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1272:. Lesions localized to the caudate nucleus, as well as direct electrical stimulation, can result in
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2705:"GABAergic circuits mediate the reinforcement-related signals of striatal cholinergic interneurons"
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1024:, mediates the encoding of new motor programs associated with future reward acquisition (e.g., the
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4219:"The role of dominant striatum in language: a study using intraoperative electrical stimulations"
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inputs from different sources; and serves as the primary input to the rest of the basal ganglia.
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Ibanez-Sandoval, O.; Tecuapetla, F.; Unal, B.; Shah, F.; Koos, T.; Tepper, J. M. (19 May 2010).
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Bergson, C; Mrzljak, L; Smiley, JF; Pappy, M; Levenson, R; Goldman-Rakic, PS (1 December 1995).
1937:
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https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/9/2/266/3246/A-Neural-Dissociation-within-Language-Evidence
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1572:"The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans"
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as a result of repeatedly using an addictive drug or overexposure to other addictive stimuli.
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30:"Neostriatum" redirects here. For the avian brain region formerly called the neostriatum, see
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Graybiel, Ann M.; Aosaki, Toshihiko; Flaherty, Alice W.; Kimura, Minoru (23 September 1994).
2328:"Coincident but Distinct Messages of Midbrain Dopamine and Striatal Tonically Active Neurons"
862:, and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Some of its other outputs include projections to the
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on the striatum that have identified two distinct striatal compartments, the matrix, and the
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4007:"Exaggerated translation causes synaptic and behavioural aberrations associated with autism"
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4064:"From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: Devolving views of their roles in drug addiction"
3761:
Delong, M. R.; Wichmann, T. (2007). "Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia".
2795:"Adult neurogenesis in the human striatum: possible implications for psychiatric disorders"
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Kim, BaekSun; Im, Heh-In (2019). "The role of the dorsal striatum in choice impulsivity".
3060:"Icahn School of Medicine | Neuroscience Department | Nestler Lab | Brain Reward Pathways"
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4278:"Neural modeling and imaging of the cortical interactions underlying syllable production"
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Morris, Genela; Arkadir, David; Nevet, Alon; Vaadia, Eilon; Bergman, Hagai (July 2004).
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1016:. There is a small degree of overlap, as the dorsal striatum is also a component of the
588:. The large aspiny cholinergic interneurons themselves are affected by dopamine through
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4937:
4654:
4607:
4574:
4550:
4533:
4509:
4476:
4310:
4277:
4253:
4218:
4139:
4104:
4039:
4006:
3982:
3957:
3932:
3907:
3879:
3854:
3830:
3821:
3805:
3644:
3620:"The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity"
3619:
3530:
3505:
3462:
3435:
3388:
3143:
3112:
3011:
2986:
2912:
2860:
2835:
2729:
2704:
2680:
2655:
2631:
2606:
2539:
2512:
2485:
2452:
2393:
2384:
2368:
2296:
2260:
2233:
2113:
2088:
1986:
1959:
1914:
1889:
1865:
1830:
1755:
1730:
1668:
1643:
1598:
1571:
1532:
1523:
1507:
1189:
1063:
997:
941:
877:
Striatal outputs from both the dorsal and ventral components are primarily composed of
719:
682:
660:
620:
498:
463:
447:
4421:
4390:
4217:
Robles, S. Gil; Gatignol, P.; Capelle, L.; Mitchell, M.-C.; Duffau, H. (1 July 2005).
3731:
2955:
7026:
6508:
6418:
6061:
5798:
5470:
5190:
4782:
4769:
4475:
Bromberg-Martin, Ethan S.; Matsumoto, Masayuki; Hikosaka, Okihide (9 December 2010).
3870:
3097:
2234:"Mechanisms for the Modulation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in Striatal Neurons"
2037:
1659:
1314:
1298:
1247:
Dysfunction in the ventral striatum can lead to a variety of disorders, most notably
1162:
1017:
989:
985:
913:
800:
781:
750:
699:
644:
607:
inhibition of principal neurons. Also, there are GABAergic interneurons that express
577:
571:
459:
446:, which differ by neural populations. The olfactory tubercle receives input from the
419:
289:
285:
254:
246:
95:
91:
52:
4203:
4080:
4063:
3747:
3590:
3313:
3282:
2971:
2591:
2511:
Tepper, James M.; Tecuapetla, Fatuel; Koós, Tibor; Ibáñez-Sandoval, Osvaldo (2010).
2312:
7001:
6736:
6718:
6652:
6557:
6148:
6107:
5934:
5878:
5858:
5818:
5212:
5109:
5030:
4893:
3790:
3521:
2903:
2793:
Inta, D; Lang, U E; Borgwardt, S; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Gass, P (16 February 2016).
2671:
2622:
2104:
1779:
1051:
632:
612:
580:
348:
262:
250:
74:
3412:
4492:
2344:
2327:
2176:
2159:
1644:"Adenosine-cannabinoid receptor interactions. Implications for striatal function"
1094:
is relevant for behavior, particularly adolescent development as proposed by the
592:. Dopamine also directly controls communication between cholinergic interneurons.
159:
134:
6913:
6662:
6607:
6343:
6136:
5698:
5535:
5456:
5285:
5281:
5163:
5155:
5136:
5079:
5002:
4791:
4773:
4293:
3212:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 147–148, 321, 367, 376.
1369:
1204:
An association has been observed between striatal expression of variants of the
1135:
1009:
769:
596:
351:
31:
17:
4733:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090914200329/http://www.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu/fmri.html
4590:
3906:
McDonald, M-L; MacMullen, C; Liu, D J; Leal, S M; Davis, R L (2 October 2012).
2770:
2753:
2476:
525:
6700:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6657:
6547:
6323:
6305:
6279:
6271:
6234:
6200:
6007:
5978:
4712:
3718:
3605:"Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience: About the Department"
2851:
2656:"A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y Interneuron"
2429:
1306:
1273:
738:
652:
281:
141:
4671:
4598:
4500:
4453:
4398:
4301:
4244:
4235:
4187:
4130:
4121:
3774:
3694:
3452:
3321:
3133:
2529:
2250:
1856:
1847:
1746:
1731:"The Striatum's Role in Executing Rational and Irrational Economic Behaviors"
187:
6839:
6635:
6542:
5202:
4879:
4703:
4699:
4445:
4276:
Guenther, Frank H.; Ghosh, Satrajit S.; Tourville, Jason A. (1 March 2006).
4163:
3574:
3034:
1976:
1905:
1277:
articulatory sequences and the inability to initiate motor speech commands.
1158:
886:
825:
735:
552:
548:
506:
451:
269:
4616:
4559:
4518:
4319:
4262:
4195:
4148:
4089:
4048:
3991:
3941:
3888:
3839:
3782:
3739:
3702:
3653:
3582:
3539:
3471:
3420:
3329:
3274:
3152:
3020:
2963:
2921:
2869:
2820:
2779:
2738:
2689:
2640:
2583:
2548:
2494:
2353:
2304:
2269:
2208:(4. ed.). Amsterdam Heidelberg: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 658.
2185:
1995:
1923:
1874:
1764:
1677:
1607:
1541:
671:
4461:
4406:
4374:
4179:
3635:
3604:
3304:. Special Issue in Honour of Jacques Mehler, Cognition’s founding editor.
2506:
2504:
2437:
2402:
2012:
996:. By contrast, the dorsal striatum primarily mediates cognition involving
6846:
6756:
6598:
6562:
6140:
6099:
5922:
5846:
5563:
5499:
5395:
4874:
3973:
3908:"Genetic association of cyclic AMP signaling genes with bipolar disorder"
851:
809:
765:
761:
715:
502:
273:
153:
60:
56:
4575:"Striatal Mechanisms Underlying Movement, Reinforcement, and Punishment"
4105:"The role of domain-general cognitive control in language comprehension"
4030:
2836:"Forebrain neurogenesis after focal Ischemic and traumatic brain injury"
2227:
2225:
675:
Simplified diagram of frontal cortex to striatum to thalamus pathways –
212:
4813:
3923:
3266:
1588:
1322:
1269:
1178:
1115:
1067:
1037:
560:
556:
479:
399:
363:
344:
320:
309:
308:, and ventral striatum. The lentiform nucleus is made up of the larger
305:
3685:
3668:
2811:
2794:
2141:
370:
describes its striped (striated) appearance of grey-and-white matter.
6976:
6577:
4477:"Dopamine in Motivational Control: Rewarding, Aversive, and Alerting"
3504:
Volman, S. F.; Lammel; Margolis; Kim; Richard; Roitman; Lobo (2013).
3002:
1958:
Ubeda-Bañon I, Novejarque A, Mohedano-Moriano A, et al. (2007).
1700:"striatum | Definition of striatum in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
1205:
1127:
656:
624:
3296:
Jacquemot, Charlotte; Bachoud-LĂ©vi, Anne-Catherine (1 August 2021).
2720:
3210:
3208:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
595:
There are many types of GABAergic interneurons. The best known are
1236:
1213:
1149:
1057:
are present both on spiny neurons and on cortical axon terminals.
681:
547:(MSNs), which are the principal neurons of the striatum. They are
117:
2575:
1780:"Corpus striatum | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
5447:
2513:"Heterogeneity and Diversity of Striatal GABAergic Interneurons"
1356:
1170:
1079:
568:
564:
6347:
5254:
4741:
6582:
4375:"Neural systems for control of voluntary action--a hypothesis"
2985:
Stocco, Andrea; Lebiere, Christian; Anderson, John R. (2010).
1938:"Striatum definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
383:
1829:
Báez-Mendoza, Raymundo; Schultz, Wolfram (10 December 2013).
4345:
1363:, and in the new avian terminology listing (as of 2002) for
7012:
University of
Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program
3855:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
3487:"Adventure - it's all in the mind, say UCL neuroscientists"
1506:
Yager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM (August 2015).
1297:= having parallel lines or grooves on the surface. In 1876
842:
The primary outputs of the ventral striatum project to the
268:
Functionally, the striatum coordinates multiple aspects of
3391:(2001). "The neurobiology of slow synaptic transmission".
1508:"The ins and outs of the striatum: Role in drug addiction"
1443:
Striatum highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
458:
are included. The ventral striatum is associated with the
2232:
Nishi, Akinori; Kuroiwa, Mahomi; Shuto, Takahide (2011).
956:
supply blood to the striatum. These arteries include the
4573:
Kravitz, Alexxai V.; Kreitzer, Anatol C. (1 June 2012).
4700:
Stained brain slice images which include the "striatum"
4062:
Everitt, Barry J.; Robbins, Trevor W. (November 2013).
2754:"Neurogenesis in the Striatum of the Adult Human Brain"
1431:
Striatum highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
245:
that make up the largest structure of the subcortical
4359:
3298:"Striatum and language processing: Where do we stand?"
1419:
Striatum highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
1285:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the term
1154:
Overview of reward structures and associated pathways
858:. Additionally, the ventral striatum projects to the
1106:
6947:
6885:
6856:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6770:
6749:
6727:
6709:
6691:
6643:
6634:
6627:
6521:
6447:
6411:
6402:
6381:
6270:
6189:
6178:
6074:
5986:
5977:
5942:
5866:
5806:
5797:
5743:
5713:
5687:
5649:
5640:
5592:
5585:
5534:
5455:
5441:
5413:
5361:
5316:
5307:
5300:
5211:
5154:
5135:
5108:
5078:
5068:
5029:
5001:
4992:
4892:
4867:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4223:
Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
193:
181:
165:
152:
140:
128:
116:
111:
101:
87:
82:
39:
3716:Walker FO (January 2007). "Huntington's disease".
2038:"Ventral Striatum Definition – Medical Dictionary"
1309:simplified the nomenclature by proposing the term
300:. However, some authors believe it is made up of
4538:The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review
1888:Telford, Ryan; Vattoth, Surjith (February 2014).
466:for decision making and reward-related behavior.
3669:"A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking"
1107:Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders
3170:(5th ed.). Sunderland, Mass. p. 739.
2153:
2151:
1953:
1951:
1570:Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (February 2013).
462:and has been implicated as a vital part of the
4422:"The Basal Ganglia and Adaptive Motor Control"
3203:
3201:
1237:eukaryotic initiation of translation factor 4E
249:. The striatum is a critical component of the
6359:
5266:
4753:
1831:"The role of the striatum in social behavior"
509:(or patch). The matrix is seen to be rich in
418:The striatum is the largest structure of the
8:
3436:"Local control of striatal dopamine release"
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
734:, in terms of cell axons. Many parts of the
603:interneurons, which participate in powerful
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1390:Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
1090:The interplay between the striatum and the
803:connection arising from the neurons of the
627:of the striatum are not distributed evenly.
292:perception. The striatum is made up of the
6992:Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder
6821:
6814:
6640:
6631:
6408:
6366:
6352:
6344:
6186:
5983:
5803:
5646:
5589:
5452:
5313:
5304:
5273:
5259:
5251:
5151:
5075:
4998:
4796:
4787:
4760:
4746:
4738:
3555:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3247:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2158:Brimblecombe, K. R.; Cragg, S. J. (2017).
438:. The nucleus accumbens is made up of the
68:
45:
6967:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
4720:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4657:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4606:
4549:
4508:
4309:
4252:
4234:
4138:
4120:
4079:
4038:
3981:
3931:
3878:
3829:
3684:
3643:
3529:
3461:
3451:
3142:
3132:
3010:
2911:
2859:
2810:
2769:
2728:
2679:
2630:
2538:
2528:
2484:
2392:
2343:
2259:
2249:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2175:
2112:
1985:
1975:
1913:
1864:
1846:
1754:
1667:
1597:
1587:
1531:
450:but has not been shown to play a role in
27:Nucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
6160:Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
4068:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
3806:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"
2834:Kernie, SG; Parent, JM (February 2010).
1078:, and cues associated with such events.
670:
540:Types of cells in the striatum include:
524:
430:The ventral striatum is composed of the
377:
6645:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
6119:Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum
4534:"Ferrier on the Functions of the Brain"
2063:"Ventral Striatum – Medical Definition"
1729:Bamford IJ, Bamford NS (October 2019).
1454:
1409:
1192:which is increasingly expressed in the
599:expressing interneurons, also known as
474:The dorsal striatum is composed of the
358:) in the dorsal striatum separates the
6389:Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
6289:Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract
6218:Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract
4631:"NeuroNames Ancillary: fundus striati"
3370:
3359:
3183:
1380:are included in the ventral striatum.
1293:= "grooved, striated" and the English
210:
36:
6394:Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
4672:"New Terminology for the Neostriatum"
2130:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
2007:
2005:
7:
3618:Choi EY, Yeo BT, Buckner RL (2012).
3440:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
2931:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1138:. These have also been described as
1118:of the striatum is also involved in
718:pathways that are excitatory on the
1212:patients. Variants of other genes,
799:Another well-known afferent is the
730:The largest connection is from the
230:
77:showing corticostriatal connections
51:Striatum shown in green with other
6086:Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum
5609:Posterior limb of internal capsule
5425:Posterior limb of internal capsule
4164:"The anatomy of aphasia revisited"
3667:Steinberg, Laurence (April 2010).
2385:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-12-07821.1995
2297:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.067
1524:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033
1395:List of regions in the human brain
1317:built with striatal elements: the
984:in particular, primarily mediates
760:and limbic structures such as the
741:the dorsal striatum. The cortical
25:
6778:Acceptance and commitment therapy
6439:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
5380:Posterior external arcuate fibers
908:), the internal globus pallidus (
6787:Exposure and response prevention
3871:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
3822:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler
1660:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00723.x
1436:
1424:
1412:
207:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
59:. Small region in yellow is the
4081:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.010
3314:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104785
893:and "direct" MSNs that express
889:: "indirect" MSNs that express
749:of the spiny neurons. They are
382:The striatum in red as seen on
241:is a cluster of interconnected
4532:Ferrier, David (1 July 1877).
3522:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3250-13.2013
2904:10.1523/jneurosci.0149-06.2006
2672:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2628-11.2011
2623:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5996-09.2010
2105:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1907-21.2022
980:The ventral striatum, and the
780:. Its primary input is to the
454:. In non-primate species, the
1:
7033:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
6375:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
6315:Rostral spinocerebellar tract
5016:Anterior perforated substance
4635:braininfo.rprc.washington.edu
4391:10.1016/S0065-227X(98)80004-X
3732:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1
3413:10.1126/science.294.5544.1024
3035:"Ventral striatum – NeuroLex"
2956:10.1016/S0168-0102(99)00060-7
2013:"Ventral striatum – NeuroLex"
1704:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1367:this has been changed to the
1253:obsessive-compulsive disorder
753:, exciting striatal neurons.
6783:Cognitive behavioral therapy
6693:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
4493:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.022
3804:Nestler EJ (December 2013).
3098:10.1016/1044-5765(92)90010-Y
2345:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.012
2177:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00333
1376:In non-primate species, the
1220:, have been associated with
1161:, a disorder of the brain's
944:and the occulomotor cortex.
814:primate basal ganglia system
386:. The striatum includes the
6261:Anterior lobe of cerebellum
4294:10.1016/j.bandl.2005.06.001
4103:Fedorenko, Evelina (2014).
3673:Developmental Psychobiology
2892:The Journal of Neuroscience
2373:The Journal of Neuroscience
2093:The Journal of Neuroscience
958:recurrent artery of Heubner
7064:
6213:Posterior thoracic nucleus
5927:Thalamocortical radiations
5851:Thalamocortical radiations
5011:Anterior olfactory nucleus
4591:10.1152/physiol.00004.2012
3853:Olsen CM (December 2011).
3624:Journal of Neurophysiology
3434:Cachope, R; Cheer (2014).
2771:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.044
2477:10.1038/s41467-020-18882-y
2418:Journal of Neurophysiology
1894:The Neuroradiology Journal
1026:conditioned motor response
1014:stimulus-response learning
835:
784:system. Additionally, the
29:
6982:Primarily Obsessional OCD
6711:Tricyclic antidepressants
6247:Accessory cuneate nucleus
6165:Vestibulocerebellar tract
5999:Vestibulocerebellar tract
5773:
5508:Posterior parietal cortex
5475:Anterior white commissure
4776:and associated structures
3121:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
2852:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.002
2517:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
2430:10.1152/jn.1996.76.3.2083
2238:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
2164:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
1942:www.collinsdictionary.com
1835:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1361:paleostriatum augmentatum
966:lenticulostriate arteries
885:, which have two primary
796:of the ventral striatum.
631:There are two regions of
366:. Anatomically, the term
339:striatum consists of the
327:striatum consists of the
274:motor and action planning
205:
67:
44:
6044:Inferior olivary nucleus
5931:Supplementary motor area
5855:Supplementary motor area
5665:Genu of internal capsule
5517:Spinomesencephalic tract
5100:Nucleus of diagonal band
4722:Medical Subject Headings
4659:Medical Subject Headings
4236:10.1136/jnnp.2004.045948
4122:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00335
3912:Translational Psychiatry
3810:Dialogues Clin. Neurosci
3775:10.1001/archneur.64.1.20
3453:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00188
3134:10.3389/fnana.2016.00119
3086:Seminars in Neuroscience
2530:10.3389/fnana.2010.00150
2451:Dorst, Matthijs (2020).
2251:10.3389/fnana.2011.00043
2206:Fundamental neuroscience
1848:10.3389/fnins.2013.00233
1747:10.1177/1073858418824256
1685:internal globus pallidus
1345:Medical Subject Headings
1313:for all elements in the
1233:Autism spectrum disorder
1228:Autism spectrum disorder
962:anterior cerebral artery
938:supplementary motor area
872:pedunculopontine nucleus
822:external globus pallidus
6997:Social anxiety disorder
6865:Everything in Its Place
6793:Inference-based therapy
6729:Atypical antipsychotics
6132:Cerebellothalamic tract
5613:Decussation of pyramids
5384:Internal arcuate fibers
5049:Lateral olfactory stria
4446:10.1126/science.8091209
4109:Frontiers in Psychology
3962:Neuropsychopharmacology
3575:10.1196/annals.1308.035
3510:Journal of Neuroscience
2840:Neurobiology of Disease
2660:Journal of Neuroscience
2611:Journal of Neuroscience
1977:10.1186/1471-2202-8-103
1906:10.15274/NRJ-2014-10004
854:, which is part of the
820:(glutamatergic) or the
778:inferior temporal gyrus
444:nucleus accumbens shell
6762:Deep brain stimulation
6593:Experiential avoidance
6066:Deep cerebellar nuclei
6033:Deep cerebellar nuclei
6024:Pontocerebellar fibers
5899:Subthalamic fasciculus
5891:Subthalamic fasciculus
5632:Neuromuscular junction
5118:Diagonal band of Broca
5044:Medial olfactory stria
4980:Subthalamic fasciculus
4958:Pallidothalamic tracts
4379:Advances in Biophysics
2204:Squire, Larry (2013).
1400:Striatopallidal fibres
1359:the term used was the
1155:
1142:of the basal ganglia.
1032:included in models of
1022:nucleus accumbens core
970:middle cerebral artery
902:striatopallidal fibers
856:frontostriatal circuit
790:ventral tegmental area
727:
722:and inhibitory on the
679:
677:frontostriatal circuit
537:
440:nucleus accumbens core
415:
6798:Metacognitive therapy
6252:Cuneocerebellar tract
6095:Dentatothalamic tract
6049:Olivocerebellar tract
5946:nigrostriatal pathway
5907:Lenticular fasciculus
5831:Lenticular fasciculus
5734:Vestibulospinal tract
5142:Hippocampal formation
5088:Substantia innominata
4973:Lenticular fasciculus
4373:Hikosaka, O. (1998).
4180:10.1212/WNL.54.5.1117
3763:Archives of Neurology
3636:10.1152/jn.00270.2012
3166:Purves, Dale (2012).
3064:neuroscience.mssm.edu
2944:Neuroscience Research
2457:Nature Communications
2042:medicaldictionary.net
1165:, arises through the
1153:
1102:Clinical significance
1020:that, along with the
994:motivational salience
928:of substantia nigra (
848:medial dorsal nucleus
836:Further information:
685:
674:
649:hippocampal formation
617:nitric oxide synthase
590:D5 dopamine receptors
528:
494:Matrix and striosomes
488:dorsolateral striatum
381:
6972:Obsessional jealousy
6429:Orbitofrontal cortex
5764:Reticulospinal tract
5675:Facial motor nucleus
5661:Primary motor cortex
5605:Primary motor cortex
5551:Spinoreticular tract
5392:Trigeminal lemniscus
5331:Meissner's corpuscle
3974:10.1038/npp.2009.185
3485:UCL (25 June 2008).
2991:Psychological Review
2799:Molecular Psychiatry
1576:Subst. Abuse Rehabil
1182:medium spiny neurons
1175:transcription factor
1120:Huntington's disease
879:medium spiny neurons
868:lateral hypothalamus
706:refer to inhibitory
698:refer to excitatory
609:tyrosine hydroxylase
553:characteristic types
545:Medium spiny neurons
511:acetylcholinesterase
484:dorsomedial striatum
6962:Illusion of control
6589:Thought suppression
6127:Reticular formation
5915:Thalamic fasciculus
5895:Subthalamic nucleus
5839:Thalamic fasciculus
5759:Reticular formation
5755:Vestibulocerebellum
5725:Vestibulocerebellum
5670:Corticobulbar tract
5618:Corticospinal tract
5556:Reticular formation
5546:Group C nerve fiber
5522:Superior colliculus
5487:Spinothalamic tract
5374:sensory decussation
5236:Schaffer collateral
5147:Hippocampus anatomy
4963:Thalamic fasciculus
4438:1994Sci...265.1826G
4432:(5180): 1826–1831.
4031:10.1038/nature11782
4023:2013Natur.493..411S
3567:2004NYASA1021..296L
3405:2001Sci...294.1024G
3259:2019NYASA1451...92K
2709:Nature Neuroscience
2666:(46): 16757–16769.
2564:Nature Neuroscience
2469:2020NatCo..11.5113D
2067:www.medilexicon.com
1274:lexical paraphasias
1222:bipolar II disorder
1112:Parkinson's disease
1034:language processing
1002:executive functions
934:superior colliculus
838:Medium spiny neuron
818:subthalamic nucleus
637:subventricular zone
635:in the brain – the
534:medium spiny neuron
503:staining techniques
6987:Questionable cause
6894:As Good as It Gets
6310:Golgi tendon organ
6284:Golgi tendon organ
6115:Interposed nucleus
5345:Cuneate fasciculus
5341:Gracile fasciculus
5327:Pacinian corpuscle
5164:Hippocampus proper
4838:Olfactory tubercle
4676:www.avianbrain.org
4362:. 9 November 2019.
4282:Brain and Language
3924:10.1038/tp.2012.92
3267:10.1111/nyas.13961
1710:on 18 January 2018
1589:10.2147/SAR.S39684
1378:islands of Calleja
1259:Language disorders
1210:bipolar I disorder
1156:
1124:movement disorders
1096:dual systems model
1055:dopamine receptors
1028:to a reward cue).
1006:inhibitory control
881:(MSNs), a type of
788:projects from the
786:mesolimbic pathway
728:
680:
641:lateral ventricles
538:
501:studies have used
456:islands of Calleja
436:olfactory tubercle
416:
333:olfactory tubercle
312:, and the smaller
200:77616 77618, 77616
7020:
7019:
7007:Tourette syndrome
6943:
6942:
6881:
6880:
6806:
6805:
6745:
6744:
6517:
6516:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6298:Cerebellar vermis
6227:Cerebellar vermis
6170:Vestibular nuclei
6156:Fastigial nucleus
5994:Vestibular nuclei
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5911:Ansa lenticularis
5835:Ansa lenticularis
5793:
5792:
5786:→ muscles of neck
5783:Tectospinal tract
5729:Vestibular nuclei
5704:Rubrospinal tract
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5504:Postcentral gyrus
5467:Free nerve ending
5437:
5436:
5429:Postcentral gyrus
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5131:
5130:
5064:
5063:
5056:Olfactory trigone
4988:
4987:
4968:Ansa lenticularis
4902:Centrum semiovale
4888:
4887:
4833:Nucleus accumbens
4704:BrainMaps project
4348:. 16 August 2019.
4333:Raymond Vieussens
4017:(7432): 411–415.
3859:Neuropharmacology
3686:10.1002/dev.20445
3399:(5544): 1024–30.
3369:Missing or empty
3219:978-0-07-148127-4
2812:10.1038/mp.2016.8
2617:(20): 6999–7016.
2379:(12): 7821–7836.
2142:10.1111/pcn.12830
2099:(10): 2039–2051.
1805:"Corpus striatum"
1406:Additional images
1194:nucleus accumbens
1140:circuit disorders
1092:prefrontal cortex
982:nucleus accumbens
968:arising from the
960:arising from the
952:Deep penetrating
895:D1-like receptors
891:D2-like receptors
883:projection neuron
864:extended amygdala
794:nucleus accumbens
774:entorhinal cortex
772:, as well as the
743:pyramidal neurons
432:nucleus accumbens
396:lentiform nucleus
329:nucleus accumbens
298:lentiform nucleus
272:, including both
221:
220:
216:
16:(Redirected from
7055:
6822:
6815:
6641:
6632:
6434:Cingulate cortex
6409:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6345:
6187:
5984:
5950:
5873:
5813:
5804:
5748:
5718:
5692:
5654:
5647:
5590:
5568:Cingulate cortex
5492:Spinal lemniscus
5453:
5388:Medial lemniscus
5336:Posterior column
5314:
5305:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5152:
5123:Stria terminalis
5076:
4999:
4945:External capsule
4909:Internal capsule
4828:Ventral striatum
4797:
4788:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4739:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4668:
4662:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4238:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4174:(5): 1117–1123.
4159:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4124:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4074:(9): 1946–1954.
4059:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3726:(9557): 218–28.
3713:
3707:
3706:
3688:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3630:(8): 2242–2263.
3615:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3516:(45): 17569–76.
3501:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3455:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3181:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3003:10.1037/a0019077
2982:
2976:
2975:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2764:(5): 1072–1083.
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2424:(3): 2083–2088.
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1706:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1648:Br. J. Pharmacol
1639:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1503:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1459:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1331:internal capsule
1200:Bipolar disorder
1186:ventral striatum
1059:Second messenger
954:striate arteries
918:substantia nigra
844:ventral pallidum
805:substantia nigra
747:dendritic spines
724:indirect pathway
713:
712:turquoise arrows
705:
697:
586:substantia nigra
530:Dendritic spines
452:processing smell
426:Ventral striatum
356:internal capsule
232:
213:edit on Wikidata
105:Ventral striatum
72:
49:
37:
21:
18:Striatal neurons
7063:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7016:
6957:Guilt (emotion)
6939:
6877:
6852:
6811:Popular culture
6802:
6766:
6741:
6723:
6705:
6687:
6623:
6513:
6504:
6496:
6488:
6475:
6467:
6458:
6443:
6398:
6377:
6372:
6342:
6329:
6266:
6239:muscle spindles
6205:muscle spindles
6192:
6182:Spinocerebellar
6180:
6174:
6082:Dentate nucleus
6070:
5965:
5943:
5938:
5867:
5862:
5807:
5789:
5778:Midbrain tectum
5769:
5744:
5739:
5714:
5709:
5688:
5683:
5650:
5636:
5573:
5530:
5526:Midbrain tectum
5446:
5433:
5409:
5376:/arcuate fibers
5357:
5353:Cuneate nucleus
5349:Gracile nucleus
5296:
5279:
5249:
5240:
5207:
5145:
5140:
5127:
5104:
5093:Nucleus basalis
5071:basal forebrain
5060:
5039:Olfactory tract
5025:
4984:
4950:Extreme capsule
4929:Optic radiation
4884:
4863:
4847:Globus pallidus
4819:Caudate nucleus
4809:Dorsal striatum
4777:
4766:
4718:Corpus+Striatum
4696:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4544:(119): 99–114.
4531:
4530:
4526:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3368:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3182:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2898:(24): 6627–36.
2887:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2721:10.1038/nn.2984
2702:
2701:
2697:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1784:radiopaedia.org
1778:Jones, Jeremy.
1777:
1776:
1772:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1641:
1640:
1619:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1505:
1504:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1463:"Basal ganglia"
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1386:
1353:
1319:caudate nucleus
1287:corpus striatum
1283:
1266:caudate nucleus
1261:
1245:
1230:
1202:
1148:
1132:choreoathetosis
1109:
1104:
978:
950:
926:pars reticulata
860:globus pallidus
840:
834:
758:cerebral cortex
711:
703:
695:
669:
657:ischemic stroke
523:
496:
476:caudate nucleus
472:
470:Dorsal striatum
428:
408:globus pallidus
388:caudate nucleus
376:
360:caudate nucleus
341:caudate nucleus
314:globus pallidus
302:caudate nucleus
294:caudate nucleus
278:decision-making
239:corpus striatum
217:
174:
107:Dorsal striatum
106:
94:
78:
63:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7025:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6908:Matchstick Men
6904:
6897:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6833:Matchstick Men
6828:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6780:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6638:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6596:
6586:
6580:
6575:
6566:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6415:
6413:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6302:
6301:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6231:
6230:
6197:
6195:
6193:proprioception
6184:
6179:Bidirectional:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6152:
6151:
6111:
6110:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6040:
6039:
6019:Pontine nuclei
6015:
6014:
5990:
5988:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5951:
5940:
5939:
5876:
5874:
5864:
5863:
5816:
5814:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5751:
5749:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5721:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5679:Facial muscles
5657:
5655:
5644:
5642:Extrapyramidal
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5598:
5596:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5541:
5539:
5532:
5531:
5512:
5511:
5462:
5460:
5450:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5368:
5366:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5323:
5321:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5231:Perforant path
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5196:Fascia dentata
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5021:Olfactory bulb
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4996:
4994:Rhinencephalon
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:Corona radiata
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4924:Posterior limb
4921:
4916:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4706:
4695:
4694:External links
4692:
4689:
4688:
4663:
4647:
4622:
4585:(3): 167–177.
4565:
4524:
4487:(5): 815–834.
4467:
4412:
4365:
4351:
4337:
4325:
4288:(3): 280–301.
4268:
4229:(7): 940–946.
4209:
4154:
4095:
4054:
3997:
3968:(3): 591–604.
3947:
3898:
3865:(7): 1109–22.
3845:
3816:(4): 431–443.
3796:
3753:
3708:
3679:(3): 216–224.
3659:
3610:
3596:
3561:(1): 296–309.
3545:
3496:
3477:
3426:
3380:
3344:direct.mit.edu
3335:
3288:
3237:
3218:
3197:
3176:
3158:
3103:
3092:(2): 119–127.
3076:
3051:
3026:
2977:
2950:(4): 257–269.
2934:
2875:
2826:
2805:(4): 446–447.
2785:
2744:
2715:(1): 123–130.
2695:
2646:
2597:
2570:(5): 467–472.
2554:
2500:
2443:
2408:
2359:
2338:(1): 133–143.
2318:
2275:
2221:
2214:
2191:
2170:(2): 235–242.
2147:
2136:(6): 289–301.
2120:
2079:
2054:
2029:
2001:
1947:
1929:
1880:
1821:
1796:
1770:
1741:(5): 475–490.
1735:Neuroscientist
1721:
1691:
1654:(3): 443–453.
1617:
1551:
1479:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1352:
1349:
1327:fundus striati
1282:
1279:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1226:
1208:gene and some
1201:
1198:
1190:inducible gene
1188:. ΔFosB is an
1167:overexpression
1147:
1144:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
998:motor function
977:
974:
949:
946:
942:frontal cortex
833:
830:
720:direct pathway
668:
665:
661:olfactory bulb
629:
628:
621:neuropeptide-y
593:
575:
522:
519:
499:Neurochemistry
495:
492:
471:
468:
448:olfactory bulb
427:
424:
375:
372:
255:reward systems
219:
218:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
169:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
73:
65:
64:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7060:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7043:Basal ganglia
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6874:
6873:
6872:Just Checking
6869:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6636:Serotonergics
6633:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6419:Basal ganglia
6417:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6362:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6062:Purkinje cell
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5962:
5958:
5957:Pars compacta
5955:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Basal ganglia
5796:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5471:A delta fiber
5468:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5444:
5443:Anterolateral
5440:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5290:neural tracts
5287:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5191:Dentate gyrus
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:Anterior limb
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Basal ganglia
4780:
4775:
4771:
4770:basal ganglia
4763:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3363:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:(1): 92–111.
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3179:
3177:9780878936953
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:(2): 541–74.
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:(2): 267–74.
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
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2298:
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2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
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2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:9780123858702
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
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1810:
1806:
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1797:
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1762:
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1709:
1705:
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1695:
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1670:
1665:
1661:
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1649:
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1638:
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1632:
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1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
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1552:
1548:
1543:
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1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:Other animals
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:basal ganglia
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:David Ferrier
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:reward system
1160:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:, or intense
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:reward system
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:reinforcement
988:, cognition,
987:
983:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:pars compacta
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
801:nigrostriatal
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:basal ganglia
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
751:glutamatergic
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
725:
721:
717:
710:pathways and
709:
701:
700:glutamatergic
693:
689:
684:
678:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:dentate gyrus
642:
639:(SVZ) in the
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
535:
531:
527:
520:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
460:limbic system
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
421:
420:basal ganglia
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:reinforcement
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:glutamatergic
256:
252:
248:
247:basal ganglia
244:
240:
236:
228:
223:
214:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
110:
104:
100:
97:
96:Reward system
93:
92:Basal ganglia
90:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:basal ganglia
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7002:Superstition
6932:
6927:$ pringfield
6918:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6870:
6863:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6737:Aripiprazole
6719:Clomipramine
6653:Escitalopram
6422:
6412:Neuroanatomy
6313:
6287:
6250:
6216:
6163:
6149:Motor cortex
6130:
6108:Motor cortex
6093:
6047:
6037:Granule cell
6022:
6012:Granule cell
5997:
5960:
5944:
5935:Motor cortex
5882:
5879:Motor cortex
5869:
5859:Motor cortex
5822:
5819:Motor cortex
5809:
5781:
5762:
5745:
5732:
5715:
5702:
5689:
5668:
5651:
5616:
5601:
5549:
5515:
5513:
5478:
5372:
5334:
5213:White matter
5110:White matter
5031:White matter
4956:
4894:White matter
4800:
4679:. Retrieved
4675:
4666:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4634:
4625:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4354:
4340:
4328:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3965:
3961:
3950:
3918:(10): e169.
3915:
3911:
3901:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3599:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3490:
3480:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3396:
3392:
3389:Greengard, P
3383:
3371:|title=
3350:. Retrieved
3343:
3338:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3223:
3209:
3168:Neuroscience
3167:
3161:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3063:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3039:neurolex.org
3038:
3029:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2895:
2891:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2576:10.1038/8138
2567:
2563:
2557:
2520:
2516:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2288:
2285:Neuroscience
2284:
2278:
2241:
2237:
2205:
2167:
2163:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2017:neurolex.org
2016:
1967:
1964:BMC Neurosci
1963:
1941:
1932:
1900:(1): 29–43.
1897:
1893:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:the original
1703:
1694:
1681:
1651:
1647:
1611:
1579:
1575:
1545:
1515:
1512:Neuroscience
1511:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1262:
1246:
1231:
1203:
1157:
1139:
1110:
1089:
1052:Metabotropic
1050:
1046:Huntington's
1030:
979:
951:
948:Blood supply
929:
921:
909:
905:
899:
876:
841:
798:
755:
729:
716:dopaminergic
696:Green arrows
691:
687:
633:neurogenesis
630:
613:somatostatin
601:fast-spiking
581:interneurons
539:
515:
497:
487:
483:
473:
429:
417:
411:
403:
391:
367:
349:white matter
318:
267:
263:dopaminergic
238:
234:
226:
224:
222:
176:A14.1.09.515
172:A14.1.09.516
160:birnlex_1672
122:
75:Tractography
6934:Straight Up
6914:Adrian Monk
6901:The Aviator
6663:Fluvoxamine
6618:possessions
6569:Compulsions
6533:associative
6191:Unconscious
6137:Red nucleus
5699:Red nucleus
5286:spinal cord
5156:Grey matter
5137:Archicortex
5080:Grey matter
5003:Grey matter
4792:Grey matter
4774:human brain
4655:Neostriatum
3769:(1): 20–4.
3069:12 December
3044:12 December
2463:(1): 5113.
2072:18 November
2047:18 November
2022:12 December
1518:: 529–541.
1370:nidopallium
1365:neostriatum
1339:neostriatum
1243:Dysfunction
1173:(ΔFosB), a
1136:dyskinesias
1042:Parkinson's
1010:impulsivity
924:), and the
846:, then the
770:hippocampus
653:Neuroblasts
605:feedforward
597:parvalbumin
578:Cholinergic
536:of striatum
394:), and the
352:nerve tract
257:; receives
112:Identifiers
32:nidopallium
7027:Categories
6857:Nonfiction
6818:Literature
6771:Behavioral
6701:Phenelzine
6683:Nefazodone
6678:Citalopram
6673:Sertraline
6668:Paroxetine
6658:Fluoxetine
6558:scrupulous
6548:pathogenic
6538:diagnostic
6529:Obsessions
6324:Cerebellum
6306:upper limb
6280:lower limb
6272:Reflex arc
6235:upper limb
6201:lower limb
6058:Hemisphere
6008:Cerebellum
5979:Cerebellar
5857:) → 5° (
5746:extension:
5716:extension:
4713:NeuroNames
4681:17 January
4640:17 January
4579:Physiology
4385:: 81–102.
4360:"Striated"
4346:"Striatus"
3352:3 December
3308:: 104785.
1789:17 January
1714:17 January
1449:References
1325:, and the
1307:Oskar Vogt
1249:depression
1072:unexpected
1000:, certain
964:, and the
887:phenotypes
704:red arrows
702:pathways,
643:, and the
521:Cell types
486:, and the
412:lower left
406:) and the
282:motivation
142:NeuroNames
7048:Addiction
6840:Plyushkin
6825:Fictional
6628:Treatment
6543:injurious
6448:Receptors
5933:) → 7° (
5870:indirect:
5594:Pyramidal
5294:fasciculi
5203:Subiculum
4880:Claustrum
4599:1548-9213
4501:0896-6273
4454:0036-8075
4399:0065-227X
4302:0093-934X
4245:0022-3050
4188:0028-3878
4168:Neurology
4131:1664-1078
3695:1098-2302
3322:0010-0277
3302:Cognition
3186:cite book
2291:: 27–43.
1857:1662-4548
1814:16 August
1809:BrainInfo
1582:: 29–43.
1472:16 August
1467:BrainInfo
1336:The term
1268:and left
1177:, in the
1171:DeltaFosB
1159:Addiction
1146:Addiction
1048:disease.
826:GABAergic
739:innervate
736:neocortex
714:refer to
708:GABAergic
559:MSNs and
549:GABAergic
507:striosome
464:circuitry
374:Structure
270:cognition
7038:Cerebrum
6847:Xenocide
6757:Inositol
6599:Hoarding
6573:impulses
6563:symmetry
6522:Symptoms
6480:ÎĽ Opioid
6423:striatum
6312:) → 2° (
6286:) → 2° (
6245:) → 2° (
6211:) → 2° (
6141:Thalamus
6100:Thalamus
6075:Efferent
5987:Afferent
5961:Striatum
5925:) → 6° (
5923:Thalamus
5905:) → 5° (
5897:) → 4° (
5889:) → 3° (
5885:) → 2° (
5883:Striatum
5849:) → 4° (
5847:Thalamus
5829:) → 3° (
5825:) → 2° (
5823:Striatum
5690:flexion:
5652:flexion:
5626:Anterior
5602:flexion:
5566:) → 3° (
5564:Thalamus
5558:) → 2° (
5506:) → 4° (
5502:) → 3° (
5500:Thalamus
5484:Anterior
5473:) → 2° (
5459:/lateral
5396:Thalamus
4875:Amygdala
4801:Striatum
4768:Rostral
4709:hier-207
4617:22689792
4560:30164726
4519:21144997
4320:16040108
4263:15965199
4204:21847976
4196:10720284
4149:24803909
4090:23438892
4049:23263185
3992:19940844
3942:23032945
3889:21459101
3840:24459410
3783:17210805
3748:46151626
3740:17240289
3703:20213754
3654:22832566
3591:37404147
3583:15251900
3540:24198347
3491:UCL News
3472:24904339
3421:11691979
3362:cite web
3330:34059317
3283:52897511
3275:30277562
3153:28154527
3021:20438237
2972:31392396
2964:10576548
2926:Archived
2922:16775151
2870:19909815
2821:26878892
2780:24561062
2739:22158514
2690:22090502
2641:20484642
2592:16088859
2584:10321252
2549:21228905
2495:33037215
2354:15233923
2313:21908514
2305:21925242
2270:21811441
2186:27977131
1996:18047654
1924:24571832
1875:24339801
1765:30678530
1678:20590556
1608:24648786
1542:26116518
1384:See also
1311:striatum
1295:striated
1291:striatus
1126:such as
1084:salience
1064:aversive
976:Function
852:thalamus
810:thalamus
776:and the
766:thalamus
762:amygdala
478:and the
442:and the
434:and the
368:striatum
362:and the
343:and the
331:and the
321:primates
296:and the
227:striatum
154:NeuroLex
123:striatum
61:amygdala
57:thalamus
40:Striatum
6949:Related
6603:animals
6578:rituals
6404:Biology
6382:History
6129:, or →
5810:direct:
5622:Lateral
5538:/medial
5480:Lateral
5301:Sensory
5226:Fimbria
4814:Putamen
4772:of the
4702:at the
4608:3880226
4551:5199255
4510:3032992
4462:8091209
4434:Bibcode
4426:Science
4407:9949766
4311:1473986
4254:1739710
4140:4009428
4115:: 335.
4040:3548017
4019:Bibcode
3983:3055606
3933:3565822
3895:Table 1
3880:3139704
3831:3898681
3791:9606341
3645:3545026
3563:Bibcode
3531:3818538
3463:4033078
3446:: 188.
3401:Bibcode
3393:Science
3255:Bibcode
3144:5243825
3127:: 119.
3115:In vivo
3012:3064519
2913:6674034
2861:2864918
2730:3245803
2681:3236391
2632:4447206
2540:3016690
2523:: 150.
2486:7547109
2465:Bibcode
2438:8890317
2403:8613722
2394:6577925
2261:3140648
2114:8916752
1987:2216080
1970:: 103.
1915:4202840
1866:3857563
1841:: 233.
1756:6656632
1669:2931547
1599:3931688
1533:4523218
1323:putamen
1281:History
1270:putamen
1184:of the
1179:D1-type
1116:Atrophy
1076:stimuli
1038:aphasic
1012:), and
1004:(e.g.,
916:of the
912:), the
850:of the
832:Targets
792:to the
647:in the
625:neurons
561:D2-type
557:D1-type
480:putamen
400:putamen
364:putamen
345:putamen
325:ventral
310:putamen
306:putamen
235:striata
135:D003342
88:Part of
83:Details
6977:PANDAS
6553:sexual
6308:→ 1° (
6282:→ 1° (
6237:→ 1° (
6203:→ 1° (
5221:Alveus
5069:Other
4724:(MeSH)
4661:(MeSH)
4615:
4605:
4597:
4558:
4548:
4517:
4507:
4499:
4481:Neuron
4460:
4452:
4405:
4397:
4335:, 1685
4318:
4308:
4300:
4261:
4251:
4243:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4147:
4137:
4129:
4088:
4047:
4037:
4011:Nature
3990:
3980:
3940:
3930:
3887:
3877:
3838:
3828:
3789:
3781:
3746:
3738:
3719:Lancet
3701:
3693:
3652:
3642:
3589:
3581:
3538:
3528:
3470:
3460:
3419:
3328:
3320:
3281:
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