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a specimen is viewed by some as simply unethical. Proponents of collecting counter-argue that compared to the many millions of birds killed each year by habitat destruction, domestic cats, window strikes, and tower kills, scientists collect only a few thousand birds per year worldwide and populations will quickly recover from an episode of collecting as long as their habitat remains. Supporters of continued collecting also point to the greater scientific utility and legacy of museum specimens compared to blood samples or photographs, and argue that collecting for research offers the only source of avian mortality with a positive outcome for birds in terms of the biological knowledge gained. Although taking small blood samples from wild birds is often viewed as a harmless alternative to collecting, it reduces survival by as much as 33% and does not provide the benefits of a voucher specimen. Scientists have pointed out that bird populations represent renewable resources, and that scientific collecting represents only a tiny and non-additive proportion of annual bird mortality. However, examples exist of species whose extinction was directly contributed to by museum collecting (e.g.
30:
263:(1800). In modern collections, salvaged or collected birds may be preserved in a number of ways. The most traditional preparation is a study skin, in which almost all of the body inside the skin is removed and replaced with cotton so that the final result resembles a bird lying on its back with its wings folded. Borax is used as the preferred preservative as it is low in toxicity. This stereotypic posture was developed to enable many skins to be kept together in cabinets to protect them from insect and light damage. If a complete skeleton is desired, a flat skin may be prepared: all bones, muscle, digestive and other soft tissue is carefully removed and the feathers and skin are stretched flat and dried.
289:). Whereas in the past arsenic was routinely added to skins to protect them from destruction by insects, specimens prepared today are generally protected by an initial freezing period to kill insects and their eggs followed by keeping them in high-quality museum cases in a climate-controlled room. Each specimen has data associated with it, and the amount of data available is usually directly correlated with the specimen's scientific value. Most specimens are of little value for research without accompanying information, such as the time and place the bird was found or collected. This and other important information, such as mass, sex, fat deposition, and degree of skull
417:. The close-up observation and opportunity for manipulation provided by preserved study skins makes them, together with field observations and photography, to be an important basis for painters of field guide plates of birds. Most bird species have several unique plumages that distinguish immature from adults, males from females, and breeders from non-breeders. Thus, many different specimens may be required to produce a thorough plate for identification of a given species. Accurate colour measurements using spectrometry are possible from specimens. For seabirds, museum specimens are adequate proxies for feather colour but not for skin colour.
348:
293:, is written on a label along with a unique field and museum number. Modern computerized museum databases include all of this information for each specimen, as well as the types of methods used to prepare the bird. Modern collections seek to maximize the utility of each preserved individual, and this includes recording detailed information about it. Most modern specimens also include a tissue sample preserved for genetic study. Online access to collections' data is becoming increasingly available, and a cross-institutional database covering millions of computerized bird records is in development.
242:. Belon provided instructions on the removal of viscera and the use of salt to preserve bird specimens in his 1555 book on birds. These were further improved in the 17th century and a range of preservatives included ash (potassium carbonate), salt, sulphur, alum, alcohol and various plant extracts were used. In the early days of bird collections, most specimens were mounted in unrealistic positions often with their wings raised as if they were about to take flight. These were kept in the open and the colours were prone to fading and the specimens themselves prone to damage by beetles. In Berlin,
214:(1647–1702) that was buried with its owner in London’s Westminster Abbey. Several mummified ibis and falcons have been recorded from Egyptian tombs dating from 600 to 300 BC. Bird specimens obtained from the 18th century for natural history collections were most often obtained using firearms. Shotguns with "dust" shot were preferred to reduce damage to the specimens. Today, specimens come from a variety of sources. Many (perhaps most) are salvaged from birds killed by window and communications tower strikes, domestic
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better study of flight feathers; a tissue sample may be removed and frozen for molecular analyses; or a recording of the bird's song before collection may be archived. Neither molecular samples nor sound recordings require a bird to be collected (killed). Finally, if the bird is too rotten for the skin and feathers to be preserved, as is the case with some salvaged specimens, the skeleton alone may be preserved. Dried tissue is removed from skeletons by using dermestid beetle larvae (genus
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Nemesio and
Donegan). Those opposed to collecting believe that much of current collecting is unnecessary, arguably motivated by the personal field scores of individuals or by competition between museums, rather than the result of a strict scientific rationale; that collecting, in extreme cases of species on the verge of extinction, can pose a threat to bird populations; and that in many cases in which the
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185:(1781–1785) were also lost possibly due to poor preservation technique. The scale of collections grew to the point where they needed more space and full-time curators. In the earliest days of ornithology, collecting was the dominant method of bird observation and study. This approach has diminished with the growth of the discipline. The use of
52:, the science of birds, and for other scientific disciplines in which information about birds is useful. These collections are archives of avian diversity and serve the diverse needs of scientific researchers, artists, and educators. Collections may include a variety of preparation types emphasizing preservation of
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individuals could instead be used. Finally, at a time of rampant deforestation and species extinctions, scientists and conservationists should take the lead in providing an example to local people not to kill or hunt birds. Where other techniques not involving killing of a bird are feasible, to take
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Bird collections have been useful for retrospective studies. Bird collections offer the potential for current and future researchers to make in-depth morphological and molecular study of past avian diversity. One of the earliest and most famous examples of this was the use of egg collections from the
1002:
Reaumur, M. de; Zollman, Phil Hen (1748-01-01). "Divers Means for
Preserving from Corruption Dead Birds, Intended to Be Sent to Remote Countries, So That They May Arrive There in a Good Condition. Some of the Same Means May be Employed for Preserving Quadrupeds, Reptiles, Fishes, and Insects, by M.
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As threats to bird populations grow and extinctions continue, historical specimens are valuable in documenting the impacts of human activities and causes of decline for threatened species. Bird collections have also been used to gauge the flow of environmental pollutants over time. A study of soot
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and photography, blood sampling (for DNA, immunological and other studies), the development of optics and the use of other new techniques for studying birds have reduced the need to collect specimens for research, yet collections continue to act as a vital shared resource for science (particularly
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in North
America). Alternatively, the entire bird (or any soft parts associated with preparations described above) may be preserved in alcohol. For any of these methods, several supplemental preparations may be made. For example, a wing may be removed and preserved separately as a spread wing for
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The issue of whether birds should continue to be actively collected for research has been the subject of some debate among ornithologists (examples of this can be found in the lively exchanges between Remsen and Bekoff & Elzanowski, between
Vuilleumier and Donegan, and between Dubois &
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at the Paris Museum had managed to find techniques to preserve specimens dry and without loss of colour. This technique was however a secret and similar results were later achieved by pickling using salt, ground pepper and alum and drying for a month with threads holding the bird in a natural
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from fisheries, die-offs from disease, vehicle strikes, and other accidental sources of mortality. However, the world's bird collections have been argued to be inadequate in documenting avian diversity, from taxonomic, geographic, and temporal perspectives, with some parts of tropical regions
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was producing eggshell-thinning in raptors. The ornithologists who collected the eggs could never have known that their work would one day help establish causes for declines and help in making conservation strategies to save bird such as peregrine falcons from possible extinction.
344:, as they allow studies to be replicated – anyone may go back and repeat the study using the same specimens to verify the conclusions. However, it has alternatively been argued that such re-examination can be undertaken from archived photographs without killing the study piece.
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In the case of molecular studies, the preservation of a specimen that can vouch for the source of the tissue sample used to gather genetic data has been recommended, as genetic analysis often yields surprising results that make reexamination of the original specimen crucial.
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were able to amass large collections using networks of field collectors. These early collections were not intended for scientific study and the collectors gave importance to aesthetics rather than scientific value. It grew into a more scientific pursuit much later.
64:, or (increasingly) some combination thereof. Modern collections range in size from small teaching collections, such as one might find at a nature reserve visitor center or small college, to large research collections of the world's major
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considered under-represented in particular museums. Underrepresented taxa continue to be actively collected by ornithologists, generally using either firearms or mist-nets. Permitting agencies oversee these activities in most countries.
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are based on specimens from bird collections. Taxonomic studies rely on morphological and genetic characters to determine species limits and evolutionary relationships. Museum specimens have been the preferred source for scoring these
177:. The Paris museum had 463 bird specimens in 1793 and this grew to 3411 in 1809; The Berlin museum had 2000 specimens in 1813 growing to 13,760 around 1850. In 1753 there were 1172 bird specimens in the museum established by Sir
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Dickerman, R.W. 1989. Schmoo preparation. Pp. 7–11, in S. L. Rogers and D. S. Wood, eds. Notes from a workshop on bird specimen preparation. Section of Birds, Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
523:
Farber, P.L. (1980). "The development of ornithological collections in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and their relationship to the emergence of ornithology as a scientific discipline".
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removes all bones for a complete skeleton while also producing a round skin without bill or legs (called a ROM, though if one set of wing and leg bones remain with the skin the preparation is called a
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The roots of modern bird collections are found in the 18th- and 19th-century explorations of
Europeans intent on documenting global plant and animal diversity. It was a fashion to collect and display
840:
Ikram, Salima; Slabbert, Ruhan; Cornelius, Izak; du
Plessis, Anton; Swanepoel, Liani Colette; Weber, Henry (2015). "Fatal force-feeding or Gluttonous Gagging? The death of Kestrel SACHM 2575".
29:
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Quesada, J. & Senar, JC (2006). "Comparing plumage colour measurements obtained directly from live birds and from collected feathers: the case of the great tit
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but these appear to have perished before they moved to the
British Museum. Early specimens from Captain Cook's voyages as well as those described by Latham in his
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Banks, R. Human related mortality of birds in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Special
Scientific Report, Wildlife, No. 215, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Schulze-Hagen, Karl; Steinheimer, Frank; Kinzelbach, Ragnar; Gasser, Christoph (2003). "Avian taxidermy in Europe from the Middle Ages to the
Renaissance".
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405:, imported materials containing bird parts, and birds killed through various human activities, legal and illegal. In addition, collections are used by
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In addition to taxonomic research, collections can provide information relevant to the study of variety of other ornithological questions, including
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order, curated by scientists who oversee the maintenance, use, and growth of collections and make them available for study through visits or loans.
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2103:"Nomenclatural availability of nomina of new species or subspecies does not and should not require the deposition of dead voucher specimens"
331:, the vast majority of which are full specimens (mostly skins) and in modern times explicitly designated in the original description of the
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335:. All other putative members of the species may be compared to the holotype to confirm their identification. Rigorous studies of avian
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Prince, Sue Ann; Rhodes, Frank H. T.; Peck, Robert McCracken; Gaudio, Michael; Chaplin, Joyce E.; Boyd, Jane
Elizabeth (2003).
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65:
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Hickey, J.J. & Anderson, D.W. (1968). "Chlorinated hydrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds".
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1980:
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deposits on specimens collected within the United States Manufacturing Belt was used to track concentrations of atmospheric
2069:"Does nomenclatural availability of nomina of new species or subspecies require the deposition of vouchers in collections?"
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1295:"Is specimen-taking of birds in the Neotropics really "essential"? Ethical and practical objections to further collection"
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de Reaumur, F. R. S. and Memb. Royal. Acad. Sc. Paris. Translated from the French by Phil. Hen. Zollman, Esq; F.R.S.".
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Early specimens represent birds that were pets or came from menageries. The oldest surviving bird specimens include an
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1184:"The analysis of museum objects for the presence of arsenic and mercury: non-destructive analysis and sample analysis"
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413:. Collections also have been heavily used by artists, particularly for the production of plates for ornithological
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in France. Collections grew in size with increasing maritime activity, exploration and colonialism. For example,
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366:, usually obtained during capture, but also obtained from old museum specimens, are valuable for studies on
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The history of the collections contained in the natural history departments of the British Museum. Volume 2
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to identify bird bones at prehistoric human sites or species of origin for feathers used in human cultural
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Techniques to preserve birds were attempted even from the early 16th century as shown in the writings of
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taxonomy) and conservation. In an era of mass extinction, bird collections will evidence lost species.
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68:, the largest of which contain hundreds of thousands of specimens. Bird collections function much like
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over a 135-year span. Other possible uses for bird specimens not known today may arise in the future.
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started using tightly enclosed glass jars for every mount to prevent pest damage. During this time,
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959:
Farber, Paul Lawrence (1977-12-01). "The Development of Taxidermy and the History of Ornithology".
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723:"Stuffing Birds, Pressing Plants, Shaping Knowledge: Natural History in North America, 1730-1860"
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of specimens is claimed, new technology such as digital photography and blood sample analysis of
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of whole specimens, especially of small birds, has been adopted for use in teaching collections.
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138:
3903:
1368:"A need for continued collecting of avian voucher specimens in Africa: why blood is not enough"
770:"Noninvasive radiographic analysis of an Egyptian falcon mummy from the late period 664-332 BC"
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1684:"History, present status, and future prospects of avian eggshell collections in North America"
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Johnson, Kristin (2005). "Type-specimens of birds as sources for the history of ornithology".
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1912:"The importance of continued collecting of bird specimens to ornithology and conservation"
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Bates, John M; Bowie, Rauri CK; Willard, David E; Voelker, Gary; Kahindo, Charles (2004).
1549:"Feather colours of live birds and museum specimens look similar when viewed by seabirds"
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1321:"The importance of being earnest: What, if anything, constitutes a "specimen examined"?"
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165:, and it was many years after his return to England that his bird collections from the
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Winker, K. (1996). "The crumbling infrastructure of biodiversity: the avian example".
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1848:"Bird specimens track 135 years of atmospheric black carbon and environmental policy"
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Morris, P. A. (1993-06-01). "An historical review of bird taxidermy in Britain".
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Parrot Culture: Our 25-Year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird
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Extinct specimens in 3D (National History Museum of the Netherlands — Naturalis)
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Ratcliffe, D.A. (1967). "Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey".
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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626:: Transformations in a Twentieth Century British Natural History Journal".
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position. The use of arsenic to preserve specimens was first introduced by
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F.D. Steinheimer The whereabouts of pre-nineteenth century bird specimens
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Winker, K. (2000). "Obtaining, preserving, and preparing bird specimens".
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2043:"Response: Further collecting of birds in the Neotropics is still needed"
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Bird collections are used for a wide variety of purposes. All biological
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ornithologists use collections to identify species involved in aircraft
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Hoose, Phillip (2004). The Race to Save the Lord God Bird. FSG/Kroupa.
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1717:"The use of bird collections in contaminant and stable isotope studies"
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1766:"Reconstructing the historical demography of an endangered seabird"
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255:(1718-1777) but this method was publicly revealed only in 1800 by
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457:; thousands of kākāpō were collected for museums across the world
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Cabinets at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
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19th and early 20th centuries in determining that the pesticide
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Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
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Early scientific bird collections included those belonging to
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Brunton Martin, A. L.; Gskett, A. C.; Friesen, M. R. (2018).
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American Ornithologists’ Union Committee on Bird Collections
1052:
Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals
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collected over 400 bird specimens during his travels on the
2159:"Blood Sampling Reduces Annual Survival in Cliff Swallows (
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10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0066:TVOMCF]2.0.CO;2
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10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0990:UOBCIC]2.0.CO;2
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10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0994:HPSAFP]2.0.CO;2
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10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0987:FAOATB]2.0.CO;2
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10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0455:NHMIAP]2.0.CO;2
1815:"The value of museum collections for research and society"
1319:
Ruedas, L.A.; Salazar-Bravo, J. & Drago, J.W. (2000).
1243:"Freeze-Drying to Preserve Birds for Teaching Collections"
1241:
Shoffner, Alexandra V.; Brittingham, Margaret C. (2013).
1945:"Museum specimens: science, conservation, and morality"
1208:
Peterson, A.T.; Cicero, C. & Wieczorek, J. (2005).
72:, with specimens arranged in drawers and cabinets in
690:"Natural history museums in a post-biodiversity era"
598:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 96–97.
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1981:"Collecting birds: the importance of moral debate"
1410:"Another value of specimens in museum collections"
1210:"Free and open access to bird specimen data: Why?"
1048:"The History of Taxidermy: Clues for Preservation"
727:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
274:A more recent preparation method pioneered by the
48:and their parts. They are a research resource for
768:Morgan, Lee W.; McGovern-Hoffman, Susan (2008).
93:Early collection used lifelike mounts like this
2010:
2008:
881:. Worcester, Mass., C.K. Reed. pp. 22–23.
327:including those of birds are represented by a
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2307:79-3 (5), 30-ix-2005, 45-67.— ISSN 0024-0672.
2017:"The need to collect birds in the Neotropics"
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8:
2298:Inventory of major European bird collections
1435:Investigation of specimens for ectoparasites
261:Traité Élémentaire et Complet d’Ornithologie
2213:"Closing History of the Guadalupe Caracara"
1813:Suarez, A. V. & Tsutsui, N. D. (2004).
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555:The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History
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2278:ORNithological Information System (ORNIS)
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1457:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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581:. London: British Museum. pp. 79–90.
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40:are curated repositories of scientific
1715:Rocque, D.A. & Winker, K. (2005).
592:Boehrer, Bruce Thomas (9 March 2010).
483:from Molokai was shot for collecting.
194:Collection and preservation techniques
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1328:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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7:
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1444:. National Standard Method Issue 1.
911:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030703.x
875:Reed, C.K. & C.A. Reed (1914).
105:in Victorian England. Some wealthy
1477:"On producing Birds of South Asia"
25:
2800:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
842:Journal of Archaeological Science
628:Journal of the History of Biology
502:. Doubleday & Co., New York,
169:inspired (in part) his theory of
3921:
3909:
3897:
3886:
3885:
3776:(New World vultures and condors)
1526:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03636.x
1433:Health Protection Agency (2006)
786:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04269.x
479:). The last bird of the extinct
455:Vienna Museum of Natural History
1985:Bird Conservation International
1949:Bird Conservation International
1916:Bird Conservation International
805:Japanese Journal of Ornithology
557:. Princeton University Press,
1:
2138:Bird Conservation — Mortality
1163:. Fieldiana: Technique no. 7.
500:The Heyday of Natural History
1653:10.1126/science.162.3850.271
1092:Journal of Field Ornithology
1046:Péquignot, Amandine (2006).
133:), skeleton, and spread wing
3840:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2211:Abbott, Clinton G. (1933).
2143:September 28, 2007, at the
1440:September 27, 2007, at the
1127:Archives of Natural History
80:History of bird collections
3976:
3702:(cormorants and relatives)
2795:Extinct species since 1500
1161:Preserving birds for study
1104:10.1648/0273-8570-71.2.250
1065:10.1177/155019060600200306
1005:Philosophical Transactions
538:10.3366/jsbnh.1980.9.4.391
353:Louisiana State University
351:Cabinet with study skins,
3881:
3832:(kingfishers and rollers)
3686:(albatrosses and petrels)
3570:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3552:(nightjars and relatives)
3402:
3376:(pheasants and relatives)
2934:
2903:
2842:
2838:
2827:
2823:
2359:
2123:10.11646/zootaxa.1761.1.4
2088:10.11646/zootaxa.1409.1.1
1998:10.1017/S0959270900001684
1962:10.1017/S0959270900001696
1929:10.1017/S095927090000099X
1387:10.2989/00306520409485442
1139:10.3366/anh.1993.20.2.241
862:10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.015
799:Hachisuka, M. U. (1928).
640:10.1007/s10739-004-1499-3
183:General Synopsis of Birds
3731:(seriemas and relatives)
3710:(pelicans and relatives)
2161:Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
2041:Vuilleumier, F. (2000).
2015:Vuilleumier, F. (1998).
1514:Journal of Avian Biology
1475:Rasmussen, P.C. (2005).
1182:Sirois, P. Jane (2001).
926:Journal für Ornithologie
801:"Egyptian Birds Mummies"
774:Journal of Avian Biology
301:Uses of bird collections
3824:(hornbills and hoopoes)
3739:(falcons and relatives)
2050:Ornitologia Neotropical
2024:Ornitologia Neotropical
1873:10.1073/pnas.1710239114
1490:: 50–56. Archived from
1417:Ornitologia Neotropical
1302:Ornitologia Neotropical
1247:Northeastern Naturalist
477:ivory-billed woodpecker
66:natural history museums
3808:(trogons and quetzals)
3620:(cranes and relatives)
2890:(emus and cassowaries)
2780:Glossary of bird terms
2592:Confuciusornithiformes
2180:10.1525/auk.2009.09048
2101:Donegan, T.M. (2008).
1340:10.1006/mpev.2000.0737
1293:Donegan, T.M. (2000).
1025:10.1098/rstl.1748.0034
458:
355:
320:
271:
231:
203:
134:
129:, prepared as a skin (
98:
34:
3649:(kagu and sunbittern)
3612:(gulls and relatives)
2617:Songlingornithiformes
2582:Omnivoropterygiformes
1943:Remsen, J.V. (1997).
1910:Remsen, J.V. (1995).
1159:Blake, E. R. (1949).
818:10.3838/jjo1915.6.en1
622:Johnson, K. (2004). "
553:Allen, D. E. (1994).
445:
350:
317:Museum für Naturkunde
308:
269:
253:Jean-Baptiste Bécoeur
230:A partly skinned bird
229:
212:Frances Teresa Stuart
201:
121:
92:
32:
3471:Phoenicopteriformes
2283:Type-specimens in 3D
1259:10.1656/045.020.0309
1011:(485–490): 304–320.
899:Conservation Biology
575:Sharpe, R B (1835).
276:Royal Ontario Museum
3442:Mesitornithiformes
3436:(doves and pigeons)
2770:Families and orders
2632:Ichthyornithiformes
2607:Patagopterygiformes
1864:2017PNAS..11411321D
1858:(43): 11321–11326.
1645:1968Sci...162..271H
1594:1967Natur.215..208R
1017:1748RSPT...45..304D
854:2015JArSc..63...72I
688:Winker, K. (2004).
498:Barber, L. (1980).
379:comparative anatomy
312:Garrulus glandarius
208:African grey parrot
107:cabinet naturalists
103:natural curiosities
3950:Museum collections
3784:(eagles and hawks)
3684:Procellariiformes
3589:Opisthocomiformes
3558:Steatornithiformes
2785:List by population
2622:Hongshanornithidae
2547:Evolution of birds
2147:. sibleyguides.com
1408:Oniki, Y. (2002).
938:10.1007/bf02465509
878:Guide to taxidermy
675:10.1093/jhc/fhi027
473:Guadalupe caracara
459:
449:of the endangered
438:Collection debates
356:
321:
272:
232:
204:
135:
99:
35:
3937:
3936:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3670:(loons or divers)
3639:Phaethontiformes
3631:Phaethontimorphae
3581:Opisthocomiformes
3550:Caprimulgiformes
3490:
3489:
3479:Podicipediformes
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3116:
3115:
2899:
2898:
2856:Struthioniformes
2724:Waterfowl hunting
2657:Gastornithiformes
2652:Aepyornithiformes
2642:Lithornithiformes
2305:Zool. Med. Leiden
1682:Kiff, L. (2005).
1639:(3850): 271–273.
1588:(5097): 208–210.
1566:10.1111/ibi.12501
407:zooarchaeologists
175:natural selection
95:red-footed falcon
16:(Redirected from
3967:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3814:Leptosomiformes
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3782:Accipitriformes
3777:
3756:
3755:(perching birds)
3748:
3740:
3732:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3676:Sphenisciformes
3671:
3650:
3642:
3621:
3613:
3610:Charadriiformes
3592:
3571:
3553:
3532:
3524:
3521:Musophagiformes
3516:
3501:
3482:
3474:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3377:
3364:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3044:
3037:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2936:
2932:
2905:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2692:Bird collections
2647:Dinornithiformes
2552:Darwin's finches
2542:Origin of flight
2482:Seabird breeding
2472:Sexual selection
2341:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2154:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1922:(2–3): 145–180.
1907:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1602:10.1038/215208a0
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1372:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:Collection Forum
1188:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1043:
1037:
1036:
999:
993:
992:
956:
950:
949:
921:
915:
914:
894:
883:
882:
872:
866:
865:
837:
831:
830:
820:
796:
790:
789:
765:
759:
758:
739:10.2307/20020347
718:
712:
711:
709:
685:
679:
678:
658:
652:
651:
619:
613:
609:
589:
583:
582:
572:
566:
551:
542:
541:
520:
511:
496:
248:Comte de Reaumur
38:Bird collections
21:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3822:Bucerotiformes
3816:(cuckoo-roller)
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3774:Cathartiformes
3760:
3754:
3746:
3745:Psittaciformes
3738:
3730:
3715:
3709:
3708:Pelecaniformes
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:Eurypygiformes
3640:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3486:
3480:
3472:
3457:
3451:
3450:Pterocliformes
3443:
3435:
3386:
3375:
3362:
3347:
3271:
3230:
3168:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3092:
3065:
3042:
3035:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2888:Casuariiformes
2881:
2880:Apterygiformes
2873:
2865:
2857:
2834:
2819:
2790:Lists by region
2758:
2668:
2661:
2602:Chaoyangiformes
2587:Jeholornithidae
2561:
2525:Origin of birds
2511:
2492:Brood parasites
2438:
2368:
2355:
2345:
2293:Museum handbook
2269:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2232:10.2307/1363459
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2145:Wayback Machine
2135:
2131:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1783:10.1890/06-0869
1763:
1762:
1758:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1442:Wayback Machine
1432:
1428:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1001:
1000:
996:
958:
957:
953:
923:
922:
918:
896:
895:
886:
874:
873:
869:
839:
838:
834:
811:(26): en1–en5.
798:
797:
793:
767:
766:
762:
720:
719:
715:
687:
686:
682:
660:
659:
655:
621:
620:
616:
606:
591:
590:
586:
574:
573:
569:
552:
545:
522:
521:
514:
497:
493:
489:
440:
342:characteristics
309:Study skins of
303:
270:A prepared skin
202:Skinning a bird
196:
153:in England and
116:
87:
82:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3830:Coraciiformes
3827:
3819:
3811:
3806:Trogoniformes
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:Passeriformes
3750:
3742:
3737:Falconiformes
3734:
3729:Cariamiformes
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3692:Ciconiiformes
3689:
3681:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3602:Cursorimorphae
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3463:Mirandornithes
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3434:Columbiformes
3430:
3428:
3426:Columbimorphae
3419:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3361:Meleagridinae
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:Odontophoridae
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3056:Stictonettinae
3053:
3051:Dendrocygninae
3048:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2972:
2929:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:Notable birds
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2754:Egg collecting
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Hesperornithes
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Ambiortiformes
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Enantiornithes
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2267:External links
2265:
2263:
2262:
2245:
2203:
2194:
2173:(4): 853–861.
2149:
2136:Sibley, D. A.
2129:
2093:
2059:
2033:
2004:
1991:(4): 357–361.
1968:
1955:(4): 363–366.
1935:
1897:
1838:
1805:
1776:(2): 296–305.
1756:
1727:(3): 990–994.
1707:
1694:(3): 994–999.
1674:
1623:
1572:
1559:(1): 185–189.
1539:
1520:(6): 609–616.
1500:
1497:on 2012-03-06.
1467:
1455:Zooarchaeology
1446:
1426:
1400:
1381:(4): 187–191.
1353:
1334:(1): 129–132.
1311:
1280:
1253:(3): 441–450.
1233:
1220:(3): 987–990.
1200:
1174:
1165:
1152:
1133:(2): 241–255.
1117:
1098:(2): 250–297.
1079:
1058:(3): 245–255.
1038:
994:
973:10.1086/351874
967:(4): 550–566.
951:
932:(4): 459–478.
916:
905:(3): 703–707.
884:
867:
832:
791:
780:(5): 584–587.
760:
713:
700:(5): 455–459.
680:
669:(2): 173–188.
653:
634:(3): 515–555.
614:
604:
584:
567:
543:
532:(4): 391–394.
512:
490:
488:
485:
439:
436:
302:
299:
257:Louis Dufresne
210:once owned by
195:
192:
159:Charles Darwin
123:Marbled godwit
115:
112:
86:
83:
81:
78:
44:consisting of
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3972:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:Strigiformes
3788:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3641:(tropicbirds)
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3563:Podargiformes
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:Cuculiformes
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:Macrocephalon
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3098:Anseranatidae
3095:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:Tinamiformes
2870:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2848:Palaeognathae
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Pigeon racing
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:Archaeopteryx
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2258:0-374-36173-8
2255:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2056:(3): 269–274.
2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1423:(3): 323–324.
1422:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1308:(3): 263–267.
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1197:(1–2): 65–75.
1196:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
891:
889:
885:
880:
879:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
615:
612:
607:
605:9780812221046
601:
597:
596:
588:
585:
580:
579:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
492:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:
435:
433:
427:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
364:ectoparasites
360:
354:
349:
345:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
314:
313:
307:
300:
298:
296:
295:Freeze drying
292:
288:
287:
281:
277:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Conrad Gesner
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
200:
193:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
124:
120:
113:
111:
108:
104:
96:
91:
84:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
19:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3800:(mousebirds)
3798:Coliiformes
3668:Gaviiformes
3660:Aequornithes
3568:Apodiformes
3529:Otidiformes
3505:Otidimorphae
3452:(sandgrouse)
3374:Phasianinae
3340:
3333:
3326:
3321:Odontophorus
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3159:Oreophasinae
3105:
3085:
3078:
2983:(waterfowls)
2979:Anseriformes
2729:Cockfighting
2714:Conservation
2709:Bird feeding
2697:Birdwatching
2691:
2687:Ornithomancy
2627:Gansuiformes
2574:
2567:Fossil birds
2457:Intelligence
2304:
2248:
2226:(1): 10–14.
2223:
2219:
2206:
2197:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2132:
2113:
2109:
2096:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2023:
1988:
1984:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1919:
1915:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1825:(1): 66–74.
1822:
1818:
1808:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1492:the original
1487:
1484:Indian Birds
1483:
1470:
1454:
1449:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1095:
1091:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1008:
1004:
997:
964:
960:
954:
929:
925:
919:
902:
898:
877:
870:
845:
841:
835:
808:
804:
794:
777:
773:
763:
733:(4): i–113.
730:
726:
716:
697:
693:
683:
666:
662:
656:
631:
627:
623:
617:
594:
587:
577:
570:
554:
529:
525:
499:
494:
463:
460:
432:black carbon
428:
419:
415:field guides
403:bird strikes
395:conservation
376:
361:
357:
322:
310:
291:ossification
284:
279:
273:
260:
259:in Daudin's
244:J. L. Frisch
240:Pierre Belon
233:
205:
187:mist-netting
182:
162:
145:in Germany,
136:
130:
127:Limosa fedoa
126:
106:
102:
100:
62:soft tissues
37:
36:
26:
3955:Ornithology
3928:WikiProject
3838:Piciformes
3721:Australaves
3700:Suliformes
3618:Gruiformes
3473:(flamingos)
3382:Tetraoninae
3353:Phasianidae
3342:Rhynchortyx
3307:Dactylortyx
3174:Megapodidae
3164:Penelopinae
3122:Galliformes
2864:Rheiformes
2858:(ostriches)
2808:individuals
2682:Ornithology
2669:interaction
2424:Preen gland
1510:Parus major
468:mist-netted
368:coevolution
362:Studies on
179:Hans Sloane
50:ornithology
3944:Categories
3678:(penguins)
3531:(bustards)
3369:Perdicinae
3314:Dendrortyx
3286:Callipepla
3218:Megapodius
3183:Aepypodius
3061:Tadorninae
3043:true geese
2874:(tinamous)
2833:Neornithes
2744:Pheasantry
2719:Aviculture
2487:Incubation
2477:Lek mating
2220:The Condor
2030:: 201–203.
1819:BioScience
1463:0521485290
694:BioScience
563:0691036322
508:0385125747
487:References
481:Black Mamo
18:Study skin
3960:Taxidermy
3747:(parrots)
3591:(hoatzin)
3542:Strisores
3523:(turacos)
3515:(cuckoos)
3444:(mesites)
3363:(turkeys)
3335:Philortyx
3252:Agelastes
3245:Acryllium
3236:Numididae
3225:Talegalla
3135:gamebirds
3128:landfowls
3107:Anseranas
3071:Anhimidae
3030:Anserinae
2813:fictional
2535:dinosaurs
2530:Theropoda
2517:Evolution
2462:Migration
2444:Behaviour
2116:: 37–48.
1267:1092-6194
1147:0260-9541
1074:191989601
1033:0261-0523
989:143260391
981:0021-1753
848:: 72–77.
827:0040-9480
747:0065-9746
464:necessity
447:Specimens
411:artifacts
286:Dermestes
171:evolution
167:Galapagos
74:taxonomic
70:libraries
58:skeletons
42:specimens
3892:Category
3766:Afroaves
3694:(storks)
3496:Passerea
3481:(grebes)
3417:Columbea
3328:Oreortyx
3300:Cyrtonyx
3190:Alectura
3154:Cracinae
3146:Cracidae
3023:Oxyurini
3013:Aythyini
3008:Anatinae
2992:Anatidae
2739:Falconry
2702:big year
2557:Seabirds
2467:Foraging
2414:Feathers
2189:86726894
2141:Archived
2082:: 1–22.
1892:29073051
1792:17479748
1751:86454486
1669:11317338
1534:85900573
1438:Archived
1348:11020311
1275:86411950
1112:86281124
946:37630485
755:20020347
648:83849594
624:The Ibis
399:Forensic
387:behavior
372:zoonoses
337:taxonomy
329:holotype
319:, Berlin
220:by-catch
173:through
151:Tunstall
54:feathers
3904:Commons
3408:Neoaves
3293:Colinus
3259:Guttera
3197:Eulipoa
3018:Mergini
2882:(kiwis)
2866:(rheas)
2677:Ringing
2502:Hybrids
2497:Nesting
2452:Singing
2429:Plumage
2404:Dactyly
2374:Anatomy
2364:Outline
2354:: Aves)
2240:1363459
2167:The Auk
2110:Zootaxa
2076:Zootaxa
1883:5664526
1860:Bibcode
1770:Ecology
1743:4090605
1721:The Auk
1688:The Auk
1661:4877438
1641:Bibcode
1633:Science
1618:4175038
1610:6049131
1590:Bibcode
1395:5957433
1375:Ostrich
1214:The Auk
1013:Bibcode
850:Bibcode
453:at the
391:disease
383:ecology
325:species
155:Adanson
143:Naumann
3916:Portal
3792:(owls)
3266:Numida
3204:Leipoa
3087:Chauna
3080:Anhima
2775:Genera
2749:Imping
2667:Human
2507:Colony
2434:Vision
2419:Flight
2256:
2238:
2187:
1890:
1880:
1800:146795
1798:
1790:
1749:
1741:
1667:
1659:
1616:
1608:
1582:Nature
1532:
1461:
1393:
1346:
1273:
1265:
1145:
1110:
1072:
1031:
987:
979:
944:
825:
753:
745:
646:
602:
561:
506:
451:kākāpō
393:, and
163:Beagle
147:Latham
139:Pallas
114:Growth
85:Origin
3036:swans
2998:ducks
2968:fowls
2763:Lists
2387:Brain
2352:class
2348:Birds
2236:JSTOR
2216:(PDF)
2185:S2CID
2106:(PDF)
2072:(PDF)
2046:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
1796:S2CID
1747:S2CID
1739:JSTOR
1665:S2CID
1614:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1495:(PDF)
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