42:, is a composed position—that is, one that has been made up rather than played in an actual game—presented as a sort of puzzle, in which the aim of the solver is to find the essentially unique way for one side (usually White) to win or draw, as stipulated, against any moves the other side plays. If the study does not end in the end of the game, then the game's eventual outcome should be obvious, and White can have a selection of many different moves. There is no limit to the number of moves which are allowed to achieve the win; this distinguishes studies from the genre of direct mate problems (e.g. "mate in 2"). Such problems also differ qualitatively from the very common genre of tactical puzzles based around the middlegame, often based on an actual game, where a decisive tactic must be found.
776:, but there are various alternatives for both sides. For example, White could try 1.Bf4 on his first move, with the idea 1...Bxa2 2.Bxd6 and 3.Bxa3 is a draw, but Black can defeat this idea with 1...Bxf4 2.Rxa3 Bc2, which wins. To understand why one move works and another one does not, requires quite advanced chess knowledge. Indeed, it will not be obvious to many players that the position at the end of the given line (second diagram) is a draw at all.
73:(late 15th and early 16th century) also include studies. However, these studies often include superfluous pieces, added to make the position look more "game-like", but which take no part in the actual solution (something that is never done in the modern study). Various names were given to these positions (Damiano, for example, called them "subtleties"); the first book which called them "studies" appears to be
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317:'s study is one of the most famous of all time. It is White to play and draw. At first sight, this seems an impossible task: if White tries to chase after Black's pawn he can never catch it (1.Kh7 h4 2.Kh6 h3 etc. is clearly hopeless), while it is clear that Black will simply take White's pawn if he tries to promote it.
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significantly higher than top human players, many composers collaborate with them both in composing and solving compositions. Though proven to be helpful, positions have been found which cause even the strongest engines to incorrectly evaluate the outcome. Chess master
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studies are not valid in modern chess because of changed rules. However, the moves of the king, rook, and knight are unchanged. In this Arabic study White wins because the black knight is poorly placed. With White to move the best move is
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85:, which is sometimes also regarded as the starting point for the modern endgame study. The form is considered to have been raised to an art in the late 19th century, with
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Now, if 3...Kxc6, then 4.Kf4 stops Black's pawn after all, while if 3...h3 4.Kd6 allows White to promote his pawn. Either way, the result is a draw. (Also see
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White can draw, however, by taking advantage of the fact that the king can move towards both pawns at once. The solution is
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occurs seldom and is more often seen in studies. Here is one example where White wins by privilege of castling rights.
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2067:. 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one bishop in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
2053:. 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one knight in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
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2081:. 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one rook in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
2039:. 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one pawn in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
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With the creation and popularization of chess-playing computer software programs, many of which have achieved
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studies exist in manuscripts from the 9th century, and the earliest treatises on modern chess by the likes of
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Not all studies are as simple as the above Réti example. This study (first diagram) is by
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2073:, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House
2059:, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House
2045:, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House
2031:, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House
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1. Ra1 a2 2. Ke6 Ba3 3. Bf4 Bb2 4. Be5 a3 5. Kd5 Bg6 6. Bd4 Bf7+ 7. Ke4 Bc4 8. Rg1
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772:, 1962). White is to play and draw. The main line of the solution is
1973:(Faber, 1972), a general overview of studies, including 433 examples
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1... Kb8! 2. Kc6! Na5+! 3. Kb6! Nc4+ 4. Kb5! Ne5 5. Re1! Nd7 6. Kc6!
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White to play and draw. One of the most famous studies of all time.
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White to play and draw. An example of a more complicated study.
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2057:
One Bishop Saves the Day: A World
Champion's Favorite Studies
2043:
One Knight Saves the Day: A World
Champion's Favorite Studies
1889:"Lazard, Frederic – White draws. L'Italia Scacchistica, 1946"
1269:, but it is not the only winning move. If Black is to move,
2071:
One Rook Saves the Day: A World
Champion's Favorite Studies
2029:
One Pawn Saves the Day: A World
Champion's Favorite Studies
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5. Bxd4 c5 6. Bxc5 Qf1+ 7. Bg1 Qf2 8. Bxf2 gxf2 9. g3+ Kxg3
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1507:: 1.0-0-0? Ra2! 2.d7 Ra1+ 3.Kc2 Rxd1 4.Kxd1 Kc7 drawn.
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1790:(4...Qxf2 stalemate, 4...gxf2 5.g3+ Kh3 stalemate)
61:Composed studies predate the modern form of chess.
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2025:. A collection of 360 endgame studies by Troitsky.
1963:(Batsford, 1996), an introduction to the subject
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1775:'s 1946 composition is White to play and draw.
1291:are commonly a key feature of studies, as are
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1977:Flemish miniatures. 123 chess endgame studies
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1047:4. g8=Q+ Bb8 5. a7 Nc6+ 6. dxc6 Qxh5+ 7. Qg5
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1056:Qe2+ or 7.Kb4? Qh4+ with perpetual check)
1064:(or 8...Qb5+ 9.Kxb5 Nc2 10.c7 and wins)
93:particularly important in this respect.
2011:360 Brilliant and Instructive End Games
1991:, 1998, ARVES ‘book of the year’ 1997,
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328:(1...Kb6 2. Kf6! h4 3.Ke5! transposes)
1979:, composed, compiled and published by
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1804:List of chess endgame study composers
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2138:ARVES biographical data on composers
1959:John Beasley and Timothy Whitworth,
1255:White wins with either side to move
755:Position after 8.Rg1 (see analysis)
1512:1. d7! Kc7 2. d8=Q+! Kxd8 3. 0-0-0+
1015:One of the most notable studies is
1043:1. b6+ Ka8 2. Re1! Nxe1 3. g7 h1=Q
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338:King and pawn versus king endgame
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3587:List of strong chess tournaments
1835:. Tim Krabbé's Chess Curiosities
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1070:9... Qa5+ 10. Kxa5 Kb7 11. bxa7
27:Composed chess endgame position
1852:Müller & Lamprecht, p. 257
346:
1:
3685:Computer chess championships
2143:Handbook of Chess Composition
2115:Studies for Practical Players
1514:simultaneously attacking the
1522:that is captured next move.
3462:Bishop and knight checkmate
1999:. The best studies of the
1867:"King Tut in Chess Puzzles"
3970:
3630:Other world championships
355:
127:
44:
3911:
3472:Opposite-coloured bishops
2113:; Pervakov, Oleg (2009),
1919:Fundamental Chess Endings
1277:Studies and special moves
77:, an 1851 publication by
3604:World Chess Championship
2565:World Chess Hall of Fame
1761:White to play and draw
51:to describe chess moves.
3898:Simultaneous exhibition
3808:Chess newspaper columns
3497:Rook and bishop vs rook
3482:Queen and pawn vs queen
2117:, Russell Enterprises,
3348:Richter–Veresov Attack
3336:Queen's Indian Defence
2092:200 Brilliant Endgames
1788:3. Be1 fxg3 4. Bf2! d4
1534:L’Italia, Scacchistica
1010:White to play and win
138:Ostrauer Morgenzeitung
3614:Candidates Tournament
3502:Rook and pawn vs rook
3467:King and pawn vs king
3418:List of chess gambits
3321:King's Indian Defence
2999:Isolated Queen's Pawn
2523:List of chess players
2465:Top player comparison
2264:Internet chess server
2017:, 1968, Dover Pubns.
1281:The special moves or
3326:Nimzo-Indian Defence
3222:Scandinavian Defense
3183:Semi-Italian Opening
3088:King's Indian Attack
2977:first-move advantage
2630:Threefold repetition
2555:Bobby Fischer Center
2440:Charlemagne chessmen
2434:Göttingen manuscript
2239:Correspondence chess
1981:Ignace Vandecasteele
1833:"A genius' bad luck"
1310:Tidskrift for Schack
1081:al-Adli (~800–870),
780:Leopold Mitrofanov,
768:(first published in
3559:Two knights endgame
3306:Bogo-Indian Defence
3193:Two Knights Defense
3133:Nimzowitsch Defence
2823:Artificial castling
2460:Soviet chess school
2335:Dubrovnik chess set
1944:Startling Castling!
1923:Gambit Publications
353:
348:Genrikh Kasparyan,
67:Luis Ramirez Lucena
3789:endgame literature
3331:Old Indian Defense
3241:Accelerated Dragon
3113:Alekhine's Defence
2845:Checkmate patterns
2714:symbols in Unicode
2709:annotation symbols
2472:Geography of chess
2340:Staunton chess set
2007:endgame community.
1782:(1...dxe4 2.Be1#)
1017:Leopold Mitrofanov
347:
342:Rule of the square
130:Réti endgame study
49:algebraic notation
47:This article uses
3936:
3935:
3813:Chess periodicals
3742:Chess in the arts
3674:Chess composition
3512:Philidor position
3448:
3447:
3390:Trompowsky Attack
3373:Semi-Slav Defence
3263:Queen's Pawn Game
3143:Four Knights Game
3118:Caro–Kann Defence
3083:Zukertort Opening
2870:Discovered attack
2590:Cheating in chess
2427:Versus de scachis
2124:978-1-888690-64-4
1809:Saavedra position
1786:(2...fxg3 3.Bb6)
1759:
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1531:Frédéric Lazard,
1526:Study engineering
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1084:Arabic manuscript
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785:1967 (corrected)
766:Genrikh Kasparyan
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102:Genrikh Kasparyan
16:(Redirected from
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3923:Chess portal
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3864:Leela Chess Zero
3795:Oxford Companion
3747:early literature
3737:Chess aesthetics
3477:Pawnless endgame
3428:Bongcloud Attack
3406:List of openings
3378:Chigorin Defense
3316:Grünfeld Defence
3227:Sicilian Defence
3173:Ponziani Opening
3168:Philidor Defence
3163:Petrov's Defence
3105:King's Pawn Game
3078:Larsen's Opening
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2001:three musketeers
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3619:Chess World Cup
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3569:Wrong rook pawn
3507:Lucena position
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3311:Catalan Opening
3286:English Defence
3271:Budapest Gambit
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3215:Austrian Attack
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3068:English Opening
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3026:School of chess
3009:Minority attack
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2910:Queen sacrifice
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2666:White and Black
2661:Touch-move rule
2620:Perpetual check
2615:Fifty-move rule
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1985:Julien Vandiest
1971:Test Tube Chess
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1911:Müller, Karsten
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1773:Frédéric Lazard
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851:
844:
837:
827:
786:
781:
770:Magyar Sakkélet
758:
757:
756:
660:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
600:
556:
555:
554:
458:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
398:
350:Magyar Sakkélet
312:
311:
310:
214:
213:
206:
199:
192:
182:
141:
136:
132:
126:
59:
54:
53:
52:
30:In the game of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3954:Chess problems
3951:
3949:Chess endgames
3941:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3844:Chess composer
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:North American
3696:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3592:Chess Olympiad
3589:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:Scholar's mate
3435:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3353:Queen's Gambit
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Benoni Defence
3291:Indian Defence
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3205:Owen's Defence
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3128:Modern Defence
3125:
3123:French Defence
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Bird's Opening
3055:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2989:Pawn structure
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:Alekhine's gun
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2746:Half-open file
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2689:Chess notation
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2644:Pawn promotion
2641:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2545:Women in chess
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Hypermodernism
2452:
2450:Romantic chess
2447:
2445:Lewis chessmen
2442:
2437:
2430:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2283:world rankings
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2212:Computer chess
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2107:
2102:
2082:
2068:
2054:
2040:
2026:
2015:A. A. Troitzky
2008:
1989:Roger Missiaen
1974:
1967:A. J. Roycroft
1964:
1957:
1952:
1940:Timmer, Robert
1936:
1931:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1876:
1865:(2011-02-22).
1854:
1845:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1760:
1757:
1756:
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1596:
1589:
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1527:
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1500:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
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1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
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1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
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1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1283:rules of chess
1278:
1275:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1020:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
952:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
825:
823:
819:
818:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
779:
778:
760:
759:
754:
751:
750:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
598:
596:
592:
591:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
560:
559:
557:
552:
549:
548:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
396:
394:
390:
389:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
358:
357:
340:, the section
308:
305:
304:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
207:
200:
193:
186:
180:
178:
174:
173:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
142:
135:Richard Réti,
134:
133:
128:Main article:
125:
122:
114:Vasily Smyslov
106:Emanuel Lasker
87:A. A. Troitsky
58:
55:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3966:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3904:
3903:Solving chess
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Chess prodigy
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:Chess problem
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:opening books
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:short stories
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:Art and media
3723:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:triangulation
3535:
3533:
3532:Tarrasch rule
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Queen vs rook
3490:
3488:
3487:Queen vs pawn
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:London System
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Modern Benoni
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Dutch Defence
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:King's Gambit
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Grob's Attack
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Dunst Opening
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Benko Opening
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3045:Flank opening
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Transposition
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:Chess museums
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Notable games
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:World records
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:Rating system
2276:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:0-486-43211-4
2099:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:5-950-04337-5
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:5-950-04336-7
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:5-950-04335-9
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:5-950-04334-0
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:0-486-21959-3
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:90-901161-2-5
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:Endgame Magic
1958:
1955:
1953:0-713481-37-4
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:1-901983-53-6
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:White needs:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1076:Early example
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:
790:
784:
777:
775:
771:
767:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
563:
558:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
521:
520:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
464:
460:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
362:
361:
356:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
318:
316:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
232:
229:
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
146:
145:
140:Dec. 4, 1921
139:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:Chess Studies
72:
71:Pedro Damiano
68:
64:
56:
50:
43:
41:
37:
36:endgame study
33:
19:
18:Study (chess)
3849:Chess engine
3834:Chess boxing
3794:
3564:Wrong bishop
3548:
3411:theory table
3385:Torre Attack
3368:Slav Defence
3276:Colle System
3251:Scheveningen
3210:Pirc Defence
3153:Italian Game
3148:Giuoco Piano
3093:Réti Opening
3016:Piece values
3004:Maróczy Bind
2965:the exchange
2955:Compensation
2885:Interference
2875:Double check
2649:Time control
2636:
2610:by agreement
2538:grandmasters
2482:South Africa
2432:
2425:
2401:Score sheets
2347:Chess pieces
2254:Online chess
2200:Chess titles
2195:Chess theory
2114:
2091:
2070:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2010:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1946:, Batsford,
1943:
1918:
1879:
1857:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1823:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1765:
1533:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1492:
1309:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1083:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:Qxg5+ 8. Ka6
1057:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1014:
783:MT Rustaveli
782:
773:
769:
763:
349:
333:
329:
321:
319:
315:Richard Réti
313:
137:
110:Richard Réti
95:
74:
60:
39:
35:
29:
3779:Chess books
3579:Tournaments
3433:Fool's mate
3198:Vienna Game
3188:Scotch Game
3021:Prophylaxis
2937:Zwischenzug
2922:Undermining
2890:Overloading
2850:Combination
2699:descriptive
2394:Chess table
2389:Chess clock
2205:Grandmaster
1829:Krabbé, Tim
1784:2. Ng3! Qf8
1780:1. Ne4+ Kh4
1768:Elo ratings
1488:White wins
1031:or reach a
330:2. Kf6! Kb6
91:Henri Rinck
79:Josef Kling
3943:Categories
3886:joke chess
3839:Chess club
3527:opposition
2984:Middlegame
2972:Initiative
2895:Pawn storm
2860:Deflection
2731:Key square
2721:Fianchetto
2654:Fast chess
2638:En passant
2330:chessboard
1839:2016-10-22
1815:References
1778:Solution:
1293:sacrifices
1288:en passant
1052:(not 7.Ka6
1041:Solution:
118:Jan Timman
38:, or just
3869:Stockfish
3859:Deep Blue
3854:AlphaZero
3762:paintings
3554:Tablebase
3518:Strategy
3423:Irregular
3178:Ruy Lopez
3138:Open Game
2905:Sacrifice
2865:Desperado
2768:connected
2741:Open file
2736:King walk
2694:algebraic
2625:Stalemate
2600:Checkmate
2325:Chess set
2317:Equipment
2096:, Dover,
1893:Chessbase
1871:Chessbase
1260:Most old
1062:8... Bxa7
98:composers
3928:Category
3881:glossary
3542:Zugzwang
3522:fortress
3454:Endgames
3363:Declined
3358:Accepted
3036:Openings
2994:Hedgehog
2960:Exchange
2947:Strategy
2927:Windmill
2778:isolated
2763:backward
2585:Castling
2528:amateurs
2421:Timeline
2295:Variants
2249:Glossary
2232:software
2217:glossary
2088:(1989),
1942:(1997),
1917:(2001),
1887:(2011).
1798:See also
1299:Castling
1262:shatranj
124:Examples
63:Shatranj
3829:Arbiter
3822:Related
3679:Solving
3669:Amateur
3246:Najdorf
2828:Battery
2815:Tactics
2790:Swindle
2773:doubled
2753:Outpost
2684:Blunder
2499:Armenia
2413:History
2259:Premove
2227:engines
2222:matches
2187:Outline
2005:Flemish
2003:of the
1794:drawn.
1495:endgame
334:3. Ke5!
3767:poetry
3757:novels
3732:Caïssa
3664:Senior
3654:Junior
3237:Dragon
3232:Alapin
2917:Skewer
2783:passed
2726:Gambit
2533:female
2494:Europe
2477:Africa
2372:Knight
2367:Bishop
2121:
2100:
2077:
2063:
2049:
2035:
2021:
1995:
1950:
1929:
1536:1946
1273:wins.
1267:1. Rd1
1066:9. c7!
1036:ending
322:1. Kg7
116:, and
3714:WCSCC
3659:Youth
3649:Blitz
3644:Rapid
3634:Women
3597:Women
3549:Study
3399:Other
2932:X-ray
2855:Decoy
2840:Block
2795:Tempo
2758:Pawns
2676:Terms
2595:Check
2577:Rules
2511:India
2504:Spain
2489:China
2382:Fairy
2357:Queen
2288:norms
2179:Chess
2013:, by
1312:1921
1086:1140
1033:drawn
352:1962
96:Most
40:study
34:, an
32:chess
3752:film
3709:WCCC
3704:TCEC
3694:CSVN
3639:Team
3609:List
2880:Fork
2805:Trap
2605:Draw
2377:Pawn
2362:Rook
2352:King
2300:List
2269:list
2244:FIDE
2119:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1987:and
1948:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1520:rook
1518:and
1516:king
1023:cook
89:and
81:and
69:and
3689:CCC
2900:Pin
2704:PGN
1503:Try
344:.)
3945::
1983:,
1969:,
1925:,
1921:,
1913:;
1891:.
1869:.
1831:.
1307:,
1295:.
1049:!!
1038:.
326:h4
112:,
108:,
3239:/
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
1895:.
1873:.
1842:.
1753:h
1750:g
1747:f
1744:e
1741:d
1738:c
1735:b
1732:a
1725:1
1722:1
1717:2
1714:2
1709:3
1706:3
1701:4
1698:4
1693:5
1690:5
1685:6
1682:6
1677:7
1674:7
1669:8
1573:8
1566:h
1563:g
1560:f
1557:e
1554:d
1551:c
1548:b
1545:a
1480:h
1477:g
1474:f
1471:e
1468:d
1465:c
1462:b
1459:a
1452:1
1449:1
1444:2
1441:2
1436:3
1433:3
1428:4
1425:4
1420:5
1417:5
1412:6
1409:6
1404:7
1401:7
1396:8
1349:8
1342:h
1339:g
1336:f
1333:e
1330:d
1327:c
1324:b
1321:a
1247:h
1244:g
1241:f
1238:e
1235:d
1232:c
1229:b
1226:a
1219:1
1216:1
1211:2
1208:2
1203:3
1200:3
1195:4
1192:4
1187:5
1184:5
1179:6
1176:6
1171:7
1168:7
1163:8
1123:8
1116:h
1113:g
1110:f
1107:e
1104:d
1101:c
1098:b
1095:a
1054:?
1002:h
999:g
996:f
993:e
990:d
987:c
984:b
981:a
974:1
971:1
966:2
963:2
958:3
955:3
950:4
947:4
942:5
939:5
934:6
931:6
926:7
923:7
918:8
822:8
815:h
812:g
809:f
806:e
803:d
800:c
797:b
794:a
747:h
744:g
741:f
738:e
735:d
732:c
729:b
726:a
719:1
716:1
711:2
708:2
703:3
700:3
695:4
692:4
687:5
684:5
679:6
676:6
671:7
668:7
663:8
595:8
588:h
585:g
582:f
579:e
576:d
573:c
570:b
567:a
545:h
542:g
539:f
536:e
533:d
530:c
527:b
524:a
517:1
514:1
509:2
506:2
501:3
498:3
493:4
490:4
485:5
482:5
477:6
474:6
469:7
466:7
461:8
393:8
386:h
383:g
380:f
377:e
374:d
371:c
368:b
365:a
324:!
301:h
298:g
295:f
292:e
289:d
286:c
283:b
280:a
273:1
270:1
265:2
262:2
257:3
254:3
249:4
246:4
241:5
238:5
233:6
230:6
225:7
222:7
217:8
177:8
170:h
167:g
164:f
161:e
158:d
155:c
152:b
149:a
20:)
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