267:. There were allegations that Musevini and his administration received direct payments from the SCOUL to fund their 2006 presidential campaign. In one of the first examples of the internet being used to mobilize in Uganda, thousands of people protested in Kampala against the ecological violation. An estimated 300 students were involved in these protests, which also contributed to a buildup of grievances. The government under Musevini's guidance also cut funding, withheld allowances, and refused salary increases at Makerere University. These issues combined to contribute to a mass student and teacher strike. On November 12, 2006 Musevini closed down Makerere University, using his authority granted by Makerere's semi-nationalized funding structure. The last time the government shut down a university was 1989, during the civil war. The university was re-opened in January 2007.
197:, Esther Chesire's dorm warden, subsequently refused to testify before a commission investigating Chesire's disappearance. She was beheaded and dumped in front of the Africa Dorm she monitored. She was eight months pregnant. In March, students boycotted a speech from the President and instead locked themselves in their halls. The student organizers were protected by the administration and the student body, who claimed, "we are all leaders now." Paramilitary groups were called to Makerere campus in July 1976, after students planned a demonstration demanding an investigation into Bukenya's death. To quell protests the Ugandan government allegedly limited provisions of necessities at Makerere, specifically food, electricity, and books.
343:. Since the 2006 protests, social media has been increasingly used as an organizing and protest tool amongst young people in Uganda. While President Musevini claimed at the time the tax was intended to improve productivity, he had a history of censoring social media. He fully shut down social networks during the 2011 and 2016 elections, and there was a growing number of people who had been arrested for posting critical statements against the administration online. The social media tax also came in the wake of the populist election of MP
313:
over 100 people were killed by the
Ugandan government. Among the victims were a 17-year-old student working at the government building. Students throughout Uganda protested the massacre, and it was added to a bill of grievances brought by students and teachers at Makerere during strikes in the summer
107:
In the immediate aftermath of independence, there was a divide between staff and students over the role that universities would play in the newfound regime. Senior staff, mostly expatriates and
British hires, believed the universities had an obligation to be independent. Local staffers, on the other
322:
On
November 2, Musevini closed Makerere University in response to a teacher and student led strike. The main reason for the strike was back payment of allowances over the 2016 year, and budget cuts in the department of education. There were also tensions between students and the government over the
222:
During the 1980s, political instability, civil war, and HIV/AIDS, greatly diminished the student population in Uganda. Of the refugees fleeing the country in the 1980s, 11.9% were students whose studies were interrupted. In 1980, a large number of students refugees abroad registered to vote in the
173:
published a statement to Amin criticizing the Asian student policy as racist, and was exiled shortly afterwards. The following two Guild presidents left the country in similar, hasty circumstances. The students chose to disband the guild following the exiles, and did not re-establish it during the
116:
the locals were ultimately successful and the university became politically linked. However, the educated group of young people consisted mostly of social elites. Rather than taking on the progressive movements of other student movements of the time, a survey of
Ugandan university students showed
304:
military forces. In 2008, Rwenzururu was officially recognized as a kingdom in the eyes of the
Ugandan government. However, following recognition by the government inter-kingdom conflict between the Kongo and Amba groups accelerated. In early 2016, there were conflicts over politics and local
16:
Student activism and politics was a significant part of
Ugandan higher education in the 20th century. Beginning in the 1930s, Ugandan universities and secondary schools were a center for revolutionary movement. For three decades, most youth movements focused on independence from the
258:
Over time the
Ugandan public has become increasingly disillusioned with the Musevini administration. In 2005, the legislature amended the constitution to allow Musevini to run for a third term. Additionally, right after the elections in 2006, Musevini deeded acres of the
370:
to bypass the tax and protesting with the #NoSocialMediaTax and #ThisTaxMustGo. There were also thousands of citizens who protested across Uganda, the majority of whom were under the age of 30. A group of students from
Makerere University also petitioned
128:
was the political leader of Uganda from independence in 1962 until 1971. He served as Prime
Minister until 1969, when he assumed absolute power following an assassination attempt. There were minor student clashes with Obote both during his leadership.
177:
In 1972, following administration-supported protests against the expulsion of Asian students, the Vice-Chancellor was killed by the Amin administration. The students boycotted celebrations to commemorate the
Makerere's fiftieth anniversary in protest.
275:
In 2013, teachers and students went on strike to protest the university and government's failure to pay promised salary increases. The government released a statement saying the "demand of 100% salary increase is not affordable in the short term."
323:
2016 Kasese Massacre, and Musevini's move to eliminate the constitutional age cap to further extend his power. Mass strikes resulted in destruction of property, contributing to the decision to shut down the university.
308:
In November 2016, according to the Human Rights watch, "the military and police attacked the kingdom's administration offices and the palace compound." Popular protests erupted through Kasese, and according to the
37:
presidency, students have been leading critics, participating in large protests both preceding and following Musevini's move to eliminate presidential term limits in 2006. Consistent opposition to President
150:
In 1969, the president of the student guild was arrested and jailed for inciting an illegal demonstration, resulting in Obote's General Service Unit establishing a spy network within the university.
174:
Amin regime. According to Bryan Langlands, this was a subtle form of protest as the government urged the students to ignore the exiles and return to normalcy, and the students refused to do so.
245:. When he was elected (in a contested election), there was tenuous support from the youth population. Musevini was seen as a unifier, and a member of a "new generation of African leaders."
219:, a political scientist at the University who encouraged opposition to Obote policies that were perceived to be exasperating ethnic tensions. In 1981 Oloya was forced out of the country.
898:
25:, were politically affiliated and elections for student government were closely tied to political standing. Student activist groups were key opposition against the regimes of
189:, in a "march of mourning." By the time the students reached the center of the city, reports put the numbers at close to 30,000. Shortly afterwards, a Kenyan student named
185:
was shot directly outside the university, allegedly because a soldier was interested in his girlfriend. 3,500 students marched from Makerere to the student's home in
68:
375:
over the social media tax, incentivizing her to speak out against the tax before the house. Following the public outcry, the government decreased the tax on
158:
In 1971, Milton Obote was overthrown by a military coup while on a trip to Singapore. One week after the coup, Idi Amin seized power to become dictator.
79:
independence and fair treatment. The welfare society was considered to be one of the significant student movements of colonial Africa, along with the
1071:
21:. Following independence in 1962, activist groups shifted focus internally. Student leadership groups at universities around Uganda, especially
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Khadiagala, Gilbert M.; Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta (1998). "Sowing the Mustard Seed: The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Uganda".
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was first democratically elected in 1996. He had already seen the power of student movements as an organizer of strikes at
166:
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disappeared. There were speculations that she had been a witness to the Serwanga shooting, and was therefore eliminated.
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72:
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In 1976, student protests accelerated to outright defiance of the Amin regime. In February, an Ugandan student named
169:(NUSU) was banned by the government, followed by a protest against expulsion of Asian students. The President of the
76:
344:
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292:. Historically the Rwenzururu region was unstable, especially in the early 1960s culminating in the massacre of
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360:
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Mamdani, Mahmood (1993-11-01). "University crisis and reform: a reflection on the African experience".
403:
The role of African student movements in the political and social evolution of Africa from 1900 to 1975
87:
200:
In August 1976, approximately 100 students were shot by police and military forces during protests.
139:
Later that year, a group of students planned a protest in which they intended to parade in front of
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43:
22:
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363:, “This is a clear attempt to silence dissent, in the guise of raising government revenues.”
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715:"The Uganda–Tanzania War, the fall of Idi Amin, and the failure of African diplomacy, 1978–1979"
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During the second Obote regime, the Makerere student guild re-established. The guild was led by
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Sow, A. I. (1994). "African Student Movements and the Question of the African Revolution".
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39:
34:
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33:, and students were especially targeted for persecution during Amin's presidency. During
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and independence, supported by the multi-national student bodies of universities like
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147:. The army stopped the march before it left campus, using tear gas to control them.
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1108:"Makerere University Students Petition Kadaga Over Social Media Tax - Campus Bee"
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Student power in Africa's higher education : a case of Makerere University
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hand, saw universities as a tool to support a nationalist agenda. According to
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554:
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transactions, but as of November 27, 2018, the tax on social media stands.
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was active in the area, coercing students into voting Obote back into office.
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Carney, J.J. (2017-09-01). "The Politics of Ecumenism in Uganda, 1962–1986".
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In May 1968, students protested an anti-British demonstration after three
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In 1979, Idi Amin was overthrown by the Tanzanian military following the
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30:
1072:"Uganda's Political Standoff Between Old and Young Echoes Across Africa"
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national election. Obote attempted to visit students living abroad in
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224:
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114:
University Crisis and Reform: A Reflection on the African Experience,
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during this time period, and there was an attempt to kill him. The
961:"Uganda: No Justice for 2016 Kasese Massacre By Security Forces"
367:
228:
765:"Dr Opiyo Oloya, the passionate teacher who repeated P7 thrice"
336:
94:, engaged in tribal protests against the colonial government.
1047:"If You Charge People to Tweet, They'll Revolt in the Street"
601:
Langlands, Bryan (1977). "Students and Politics in Uganda".
331:
In August 2018, the Ugandan government instituted a tax on
899:"Uganda to allow sugarcane plantation in virgin forest"
204:
Protests during 1980s and 1990s Milton Obote leadership
987:"Besigye lashes out at Museveni over Makerere closure"
1014:"Uganda university shut down after student protests"
305:election results and approximately 30 people died.
366:Within a day, students mobilized online, using
822:Imposing aid: Emergency assistance to refugees
103:Early student philosophy on independent Uganda
59:The 1950s in Uganda showed a movement towards
121:Protests during 1960s Milton Obote leadership
8:
788:U.S. Agency for International Development.
347:, who communicated with his supporters via
318:2016 closing of Makerere University protest
271:2013 closing of Makerere University protest
284:In November 2016, protests erupted in the
98:After 1962 independence from colonial rule
288:of Uganda, most violently in the city of
254:2006 ecological protests against Musevini
154:Protests during 1970s Idi Amin leadership
75:at Makerere College, designed to promote
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518:"A Brief History of Student Protests"
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930:Ahimbisibwe, Patience (2013-08-13).
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265:Sugar Corporation of Ugandan Limited
167:National Union of Students of Uganda
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543:Review of African Political Economy
50:Twentieth-Century student movements
719:Journal of Eastern African Studies
73:Tanganyika African Welfare Society
14:
1106:Bataringaya, Edwin (2018-07-10).
480:Byaruhanga, Frederick K. (2006).
71:. In 1954, students founded the
42:culminated in three shutdowns of
359:. According to a statement from
81:National Union of Ghana Students
1070:Bariyo, Nicholas (2018-09-04).
1045:Schwartz, Molly (2018-10-08).
820:Harrell-Bond, Barbara (1989).
713:Roberts, George (2014-08-11).
690:"A girl called Esther Chesire"
436:A modern History of Tanganyika
1:
405:. Unesco. Paris: Unesco Pub.
327:2018 social media tax protest
932:"Makerere University closed"
731:10.1080/17531055.2014.946236
143:in protest of arms sales to
1143:Political history of Uganda
897:Biryabarema, Elias (2011).
516:Hardy, Stacy (2016-04-05).
212:. Obote returned to power.
69:Uganda Christian University
55:Under colonial British rule
1174:
1153:Rebellions against empires
650:10.1017/S0009640717001287
555:10.1080/03056249308704016
136:n Africans were hanged.
243:Dar es Salaam University
763:Kasyate, Simon (2015).
484:. New York: Routledge.
195:Theresa Nanziri Bukenya
171:Student Guild of Uganda
141:British High Commission
824:. Oxford Univ. Press.
522:The Chimurenga Chronic
438:. Cambridge Univ. Pr.
434:John., Iliffe (1987).
161:In 1972, early in the
90:, the student body of
991:The Observer - Uganda
769:The Observer - Uganda
688:Staff Writer (2003).
361:Amnesty International
790:"History | Uganda |"
280:2016 Kasese Massacre
165:administration, the
1148:Makerere University
1076:Wall Street Journal
985:Lule, Baker Batte.
909:on December 9, 2018
210:Uganda-Tanzania War
44:Makerere University
23:Makerere University
311:Human Rights Watch
117:political apathy.
86:In the mid-1950s,
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35:Yoweri Musevini's
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725:(4): 692–709.
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644:(3): 765–795.
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1020:. 2016-11-03
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967:. 2018-10-10
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907:the original
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549:(58): 7–19.
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333:social media
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27:Milton Obote
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217:Opiyo Oloya
77:Tanganyikan
1132:Categories
1117:2018-11-27
1112:Campus Bee
1089:2018-10-16
1056:2018-11-27
1051:Developing
1024:2018-10-16
996:2018-12-02
971:2018-10-16
941:2018-11-27
913:2018-12-02
799:2018-11-27
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699:2018-11-05
527:2018-11-21
383:References
341:What's App
1084:0099-9660
871:0015-7228
840:254687788
747:146456572
739:1753-1055
666:158794091
658:0009-6407
563:0305-6244
454:256267531
353:Instagram
345:Bobi Wine
500:65187284
421:30947882
349:Facebook
134:Rhodesia
31:Idi Amin
879:1149386
357:Twitter
263:to the
92:Baganda
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225:Koboko
187:Kibuli
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743:S2CID
662:S2CID
619:JSTOR
302:Toora
294:Kongo
1080:ISSN
867:ISSN
836:OCLC
826:ISBN
735:ISSN
654:ISSN
559:ISSN
496:OCLC
486:ISBN
450:OCLC
440:ISBN
417:OCLC
407:ISBN
368:VPNs
298:Amba
296:and
241:and
229:UNLA
163:Amin
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