529:. The female then responds to whether or not the male sticks around to invest in parental care. If the father stays monogamous, she will allocate more maternal steroid hormones to the eggs she lays later. Doing so negates the effects of hatching asynchrony. When the female is alone, she has difficulty finding enough resources to fully take care of all the offspring. Therefore, if the male is monogamous, she allows all the young to hatch at a similar time, and at a similar nutritional state. If the male is not around, she will allow asynchronous hatching and even allow a
439:
417:
308:
59:
33:
975:
999:
554:
This hypothesis has its critics, however. One counter-argument is that a female who chooses a polygynous mate, for a chance that her sons grow up to be successful and pass her genes on, would be risking her own health. The hypothesis has been shown to be flawed in some scenarios. A female that mates
298:
from just below the surface. This is facilitated by the head adaptations mentioned above, which enable the birds to probe with the bill open, closing it to secure prey items. The plumages within this group are variable, but all the species have the starling's familiar triangular wing shape. They are
524:
To try and make the male stay faithful to her, a female will act aggressively towards another female that solicits his attention. If the male looks like he is going to leave, she will perform aggressive acts towards a prospecting female, in an attempt to have the male stay. Males respond to this
550:
to his sons. Although it may not be ideal for the female at the time, her genes are likely to get passed on for many generations due to her sons' success. Those sons are likely to exhibit many of the behavioral qualities of the father, causing them to also be highly successful in their sexual
545:
is an attempt to explain why a female may choose to mate with a previously mated (polygynous) male. This hypothesis suggests that the female mates with a polygynous male because he has already proven himself successful and will therefore be likely to pass these successful
496:
individuals face a choice when it comes to the mating season. They can either invest in parental care, through helping feed the young, provide shelter, etc. and be monogynous or they can control many nests at one time, increase the number of matings they engage in and be
511:
species see a decrease in their fitness if the male is polygynous because there is no assistance in nestling feeding. Offspring success per nest, however, is significantly higher if there is parental care from the male, but males see greater overall
278:
starlings are terrestrial species; they walk rather than hop, and have modifications to the skull and its muscles for open-bill probing. The latter adaptation has facilitated the spread of this genus from humid tropical southern
469:
is much more than just reproduction. It includes all the benefits and costs that the female weighs when choosing a mate and the competition that males, and sometimes females, go through when trying to win a mate. The genus
735:
Moreno, Juan; Veiga, Jose; Cordero, Pedro; Minguez, Eduardo (1999). "Effects of paternal care on reproductive success in the polygynous spotless starling
Sturnus unicolor".
5152:
5191:
505:
males are more likely to be polygynous and be less involved in parental care if they have higher levels of testosterone. In addition, females of the
5126:
5165:
631:
533:
reduction if she cannot take care of all the young. This allocation of resources to the more desirable situation is differential allocation.
5304:
1031:
762:
Sandell, Maria; Smith, Henrik; Bruun, Mans (1996). "Paternal care in the
European starling, Sturnus vulgaris: nestling provisioning".
606:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
5253:
5087:
327:
141:
5170:
668:
621:
5178:
525:
behaviour, and the resident female's aggressive acts towards prospecting females do play a role in whether the male stays
989:
826:"Female aggression and the maintenance of monogamy: female behaviour predicts male mating status in European starlings"
669:"Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres: Sturnidae)"
5048:
5035:
416:
5105:
701:
516:
when they are polygynous. This is the trade off and the cost/benefit balance that each individual must go through.
919:
Pinxten, Rianne; Eens, Marcel (1990). "Polygyny in the
European starling- effect on female reproductive success".
438:
5196:
5118:
58:
299:
capable of imitating many sounds and they have been recorded mimicking sounds such as that of a squeaky door.
5271:
567:
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus
454:
Iberian
Peninsula, northwestern Africa, southernmost France, and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily
2305:
1024:
892:
Gwinner, Helga; Schwabl, Hubert (2005). "Evidence for sexy sons in
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)".
865:
Gwinner, Helga; Schwabl, Hubert (2005). "Evidence for sexy sons in
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)".
363:
are particularly closely related, and interbreed to some extent where their ranges overlap in southwestern
4975:
789:
Smith, Henrik; Sandell, Maria (2005). "The starling mating system as an outcome of the sexual conflict".
5227:
5053:
5245:
307:
5299:
5258:
5206:
5022:
2482:
1467:
798:
3262:
946:
3585:
3090:
2892:
979:
575:
542:
526:
498:
479:
3823:
2268:
2135:
1959:
1017:
221:
189:
53:
5232:
3331:
2348:
2234:
1009:
3179:
1709:
5214:
5157:
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4368:
4269:
3223:
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627:
513:
492:
449:
376:
360:
40:
5294:
5219:
4031:
2940:
2426:
928:
901:
874:
845:
837:
806:
771:
744:
705:
683:
609:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 167.
4928:
3742:
3412:
2538:
2277:
1840:
1650:
507:
427:
345:
332:
248:
160:
802:
5113:
5100:
4708:
4659:
4449:
4354:
4174:
4066:
3959:
3914:
3886:
3378:
3097:
3081:
2974:
2646:
2243:
1531:
1520:
850:
825:
268:
932:
371:. The non-migratory spotless starling may be descended from a population of ancestral
32:
5288:
5013:
4921:
4893:
4762:
4726:
4617:
4561:
4533:
4519:
4107:
4084:
3996:
3872:
3844:
3771:
3751:
3627:
3433:
3347:
3244:
2830:
2823:
2781:
2774:
2531:
2475:
2433:
2214:
2108:
2066:
1981:
1910:
1903:
1831:
1811:
1757:
1719:
1580:
1540:
1375:
1299:
1274:
1126:
687:
656:. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 104.
600:
475:
466:
323:
252:
166:
137:
651:
4879:
4856:
4824:
4810:
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4320:
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4135:
4010:
4003:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3762:
3722:
3557:
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3527:
3495:
3340:
3285:
3209:
3159:
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3136:
3118:
2995:
2933:
2844:
2729:
2687:
2604:
2419:
2250:
2225:
2207:
2186:
2165:
2126:
1945:
1917:
1861:
1847:
1780:
1639:
1600:
1384:
1320:
1246:
1239:
1225:
1211:
1177:
1003:
353:
295:
256:
149:
5092:
5066:
604:
5183:
5139:
5027:
5007:
4949:
4865:
4831:
4666:
4638:
4610:
4469:
4424:
4361:
4327:
4229:
4211:
4163:
4121:
4114:
4093:
4059:
4052:
3948:
3941:
3921:
3858:
3837:
3697:
3690:
3648:
3578:
3564:
3447:
3389:
3369:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3202:
2910:
2743:
2715:
2653:
2632:
2552:
2545:
2410:
2385:
2312:
2200:
2172:
2144:
2101:
2030:
1952:
1938:
1896:
1889:
1875:
1868:
1688:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1632:
1492:
1456:
1416:
1350:
1309:
1232:
1218:
1105:
264:
5040:
709:
4900:
4872:
4782:
4773:
4735:
4673:
4652:
4603:
4582:
4526:
4512:
4498:
4417:
4375:
4204:
4190:
4128:
3968:
3830:
3799:
3731:
3704:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3606:
3543:
3467:
3440:
3419:
3405:
3251:
3216:
3145:
3104:
3069:
3009:
2981:
2947:
2899:
2858:
2837:
2816:
2802:
2767:
2680:
2663:
2639:
2618:
2573:
2496:
2468:
2447:
2364:
2326:
2291:
2193:
2151:
1990:
1931:
1924:
1820:
1773:
1766:
1730:
1609:
1589:
1549:
1436:
1405:
1391:
1288:
1281:
1197:
1147:
1136:
905:
878:
810:
647:
4998:
224:
of this group is complex, and other authorities differ considerably in which
5074:
4942:
4838:
4746:
4645:
4540:
4410:
4389:
4285:
4249:
4218:
4183:
4156:
4142:
4100:
4073:
4038:
4024:
4017:
3778:
3676:
3599:
3592:
3571:
3516:
3509:
3481:
3458:
3398:
3278:
3170:
3111:
3016:
3002:
2926:
2795:
2760:
2753:
2736:
2701:
2595:
2580:
2524:
2510:
2489:
2399:
2319:
2284:
2257:
2179:
2115:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2010:
1854:
1746:
1513:
1504:
1357:
1341:
1330:
1260:
1204:
1093:
1078:
1041:
530:
260:
217:
110:
70:
841:
710:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers"
974:
775:
748:
559:
nest, fledges far fewer young than one that mates with a monogynous male.
4992:
4914:
4817:
4803:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4624:
4589:
4575:
4478:
4438:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4149:
3989:
3932:
3806:
3792:
3785:
3641:
3634:
3620:
3488:
3426:
3230:
3195:
3125:
3037:
2967:
2958:
2919:
2876:
2722:
2708:
2611:
2566:
2559:
2517:
2503:
2461:
2454:
2357:
2298:
2158:
2039:
1999:
1966:
1882:
1791:
1623:
1168:
1115:
1060:
291:
120:
90:
5266:
5131:
4845:
4789:
4755:
4596:
4505:
4382:
4334:
4278:
4258:
4238:
3907:
3851:
3813:
3711:
3354:
3271:
3237:
3023:
2851:
2809:
2694:
2625:
2392:
2378:
2371:
2333:
2059:
2050:
2019:
1739:
1560:
1398:
1267:
1188:
1157:
1072:
392:
380:
244:
225:
175:
5144:
4935:
4886:
3865:
3683:
3613:
3536:
3474:
3188:
3030:
2988:
2788:
2670:
1054:
364:
284:
80:
4969:
5079:
5240:
4907:
4045:
3982:
3975:
3502:
2094:
1800:
1569:
1364:
1253:
1066:
368:
341:
316:
267:. The more northerly breeding species are completely or partially
237:
213:
667:
Zuccon, Dario; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Perg P. (September 2008).
4631:
547:
280:
100:
4973:
3067:
1490:
1091:
1013:
501:. To add to this, much of the time their choice is biological.
228:
they place in this genus, and in the species boundaries within
344:
for "starling". Of the four species included by
Linnaeus, the
474:
uses three major mechanisms in their complex mating system:
555:
with a previously mated male, who is also likely to leave
294:
and mostly feed on the ground; they specialise in taking
290:
Starlings nest in holes in trees or buildings. They are
830:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
987:
432:
Native range is in temperate Europe and western Asia
3819:
2888:
2749:
2676:
2659:
1715:
1705:
1620:
4982:
4855:
4772:
4745:
4725:
4488:
4468:
4448:
4344:
4268:
4248:
4228:
4173:
4083:
3958:
3931:
3761:
3741:
3721:
3526:
3457:
3388:
3368:
3330:
3261:
3178:
3169:
3135:
3080:
2957:
2909:
2875:
2594:
2409:
2347:
2267:
2233:
2224:
2134:
2125:
2049:
2029:
2009:
1989:
1980:
1830:
1810:
1790:
1756:
1729:
1696:
1687:
1649:
1619:
1599:
1579:
1559:
1539:
1530:
1503:
1455:
1435:
1415:
1374:
1340:
1319:
1298:
1187:
1167:
1146:
1125:
1104:
322:was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
478:, differential allocation, and (arguably) the
243:This genus has representatives across most of
1025:
251:or European starling, has been introduced to
8:
623:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
4970:
3175:
3077:
3064:
2881:
2230:
2131:
1986:
1693:
1536:
1500:
1487:
1101:
1088:
1032:
1018:
1010:
31:
20:
849:
626:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 367.
397:
306:
994:
592:
650:; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962).
716:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
5272:BDCE76E3-FCFE-431C-AFD1-F0AE18A0B0E0
5246:58B87B8C-5CB7-54BB-9F71-7F93FE69B469
5207:80c29c64-bcb4-4dd4-97fc-3a8b013578c4
5119:559c6184-a8e1-4b1a-a16a-dcdab4232864
311:A common starling in eastern Siberia
894:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
867:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
764:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
737:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
200:(but see Taxonomy and systematics)
14:
947:"Pycnonotus zeylanicus - Avibase"
997:
973:
714:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
688:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x
653:Check-list of birds of the world
437:
415:
57:
271:, wintering in warmer regions.
1:
933:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80171-x
5305:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
220:. As discussed below, the
5321:
3076:
3063:
2884:
1499:
1486:
1100:
1087:
1049:
906:10.1007/s00265-005-0948-0
879:10.1007/s00265-005-0948-0
811:10.1007/s10682-004-7915-5
620:Jobling, James A (2010).
195:
188:
181:
174:
155:
148:
54:Scientific classification
52:
46:Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris
39:
30:
23:
1044:and their extinct allies
303:Taxonomy and systematics
824:Sandell, Maria (1998).
520:Differential allocation
842:10.1098/rspb.1998.0434
312:
5228:Paleobiology Database
776:10.1007/s002650050293
749:10.1007/s002650050648
310:
283:to cooler regions of
247:and one species, the
5114:Fauna Europaea (new)
984:at Wikimedia Commons
791:Evolutionary Biology
708:, eds. (July 2021).
375:that survived in an
352:) is considered the
951:avibase.bsc-eoc.org
836:(1403): 1307–1311.
803:2005EvEco..19..151S
576:Straw-headed bulbul
543:sexy son hypothesis
537:Sexy son hypothesis
480:sexy son hypothesis
379:refugium during an
704:; Donsker, David;
580:Sturnus zeylanicus
361:spotless starlings
313:
5282:
5281:
5215:Open Tree of Life
4976:Taxon identifiers
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4270:Paradoxornithidae
3364:
3363:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
2590:
2589:
2343:
2342:
1976:
1975:
1683:
1682:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
978:Media related to
706:Rasmussen, Pamela
676:Zoologica Scripta
633:978-1-4081-2501-4
458:
457:
450:Spotless starling
367:and northeastern
336:. The genus name
232:. The genus name
205:
204:
144:
41:European starling
5312:
5275:
5274:
5262:
5261:
5249:
5248:
5236:
5235:
5223:
5222:
5210:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5186:
5184:NHMSYS0000530626
5174:
5173:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5134:
5122:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5057:
5056:
5044:
5043:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4971:
3821:
3176:
3078:
3065:
2890:
2882:
2751:
2678:
2661:
2231:
2132:
1987:
1717:
1707:
1694:
1622:
1537:
1501:
1488:
1102:
1089:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1002:
1001:
1000:
993:
977:
961:
960:
958:
957:
943:
937:
936:
927:(6): 1035–1047.
921:Animal Behaviour
916:
910:
909:
889:
883:
882:
862:
856:
855:
853:
821:
815:
814:
786:
780:
779:
759:
753:
752:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
698:
692:
691:
673:
664:
658:
657:
644:
638:
637:
617:
611:
610:
597:
508:Sturnus vulgaris
503:Sturnus unicolor
493:Sturnus unicolor
445:Sturnus unicolor
441:
423:Sturnus vulgaris
419:
398:
395:are recognized:
350:Sturnus vulgaris
240:for "starling".
157:Sturnus vulgaris
136:
62:
61:
35:
21:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5252:
5244:
5239:
5231:
5226:
5218:
5213:
5205:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5104:
5099:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5065:
5060:
5052:
5047:
5039:
5034:
5026:
5021:
5012:
5011:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4978:
4968:
4955:
4929:Tephrozosterops
4851:
4768:
4741:
4721:
4484:
4464:
4444:
4340:
4264:
4244:
4224:
4169:
4079:
3954:
3927:
3757:
3743:Erythrocercidae
3737:
3717:
3522:
3453:
3413:Cryptosylvicola
3384:
3360:
3326:
3257:
3165:
3131:
3072:
3043:
2953:
2905:
2871:
2586:
2405:
2339:
2263:
2220:
2121:
2045:
2025:
2005:
1972:
1841:Campylorhynchus
1826:
1806:
1786:
1752:
1725:
1679:
1651:Ptiliogonatidae
1645:
1615:
1595:
1575:
1555:
1526:
1495:
1474:
1451:
1431:
1411:
1370:
1336:
1315:
1294:
1183:
1163:
1142:
1121:
1096:
1083:
1045:
1038:
1008:
998:
996:
988:
970:
965:
964:
955:
953:
945:
944:
940:
918:
917:
913:
891:
890:
886:
864:
863:
859:
823:
822:
818:
788:
787:
783:
761:
760:
756:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
700:
699:
695:
671:
666:
665:
661:
646:
645:
641:
634:
619:
618:
614:
599:
598:
594:
589:
565:
539:
522:
488:
463:
428:Common starling
404:Scientific name
389:
359:The common and
346:common starling
333:Systema Naturae
305:
170:
164:
161:common starling
135:
56:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5263:
5250:
5237:
5224:
5211:
5201:
5188:
5175:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5110:
5101:Fauna Europaea
5097:
5084:
5071:
5058:
5045:
5032:
5019:
5004:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4709:Thescelocichla
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4660:Phyllastrephus
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4454:
4452:
4450:Phylloscopidae
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4355:Gampsorhynchus
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4175:Macrosphenidae
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4067:Trochalopteron
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3962:
3960:Leiothrichidae
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3915:Stelgidopteryx
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3887:Pseudochelidon
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3263:Certhilaudinae
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3098:Calamonastides
3094:
3086:
3084:
3082:Acrocephalidae
3074:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2975:Chlamydochaera
2971:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2674:
2667:
2657:
2650:
2647:Cinnyricinclus
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1702:
1700:
1698:incertae sedis
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1532:Bombycilloidea
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1007:
1006:
986:
985:
969:
968:External links
966:
963:
962:
938:
911:
900:(4): 375–382.
884:
873:(4): 375–382.
857:
816:
797:(2): 151–165.
781:
770:(5): 301–309.
754:
743:(1–2): 47–53.
727:
693:
682:(5): 469–481.
659:
639:
632:
612:
601:Linnaeus, Carl
591:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
564:
563:Former species
561:
538:
535:
521:
518:
487:
484:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
447:
442:
434:
433:
430:
425:
420:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
388:
385:
304:
301:
203:
202:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:
178:
172:
171:
165:
153:
152:
146:
145:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of birds
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5317:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4922:Sterrhoptilus
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4894:Megazosterops
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4727:Scotocercidae
4724:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4562:Calyptocichla
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:Arizelocichla
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4520:Altimastillas
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:Cincloramphus
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4085:Locustellidae
4082:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:Grammatoptila
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:Psalidoprocne
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:Petrochelidon
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:Alopochelidon
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3752:Erythrocercus
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:Micromacronus
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:Heteromirafra
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:Melanocorypha
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:Meridiocichla
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:Speculipastor
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:Scissirostrum
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:Onychognathus
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:Myrmecocichla
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:Heteroxenicus
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:Campicoloides
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2215:Xenocopsychus
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:Ramphocinclus
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:Cinclocerthia
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Muscicapoidea
1979:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:Odontorchilus
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:Microcerculus
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1832:Troglodytidae
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:Tichodromidae
1809:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1758:Polioptilidae
1755:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1720:Kischinskinia
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1581:Hylocitreidae
1578:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1541:Bombycillidae
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1376:Stenostiridae
1373:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:Picathartidae
1297:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1275:Pseudopodoces
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:Chloropseidae
1124:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
995:
991:
983:
982:
976:
972:
971:
967:
952:
948:
942:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
858:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
728:
715:
711:
707:
703:
697:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
663:
660:
655:
654:
649:
643:
640:
635:
629:
625:
624:
616:
613:
608:
607:
602:
596:
593:
586:
581:
577:
574:
573:
572:
570:
562:
560:
558:
552:
549:
544:
536:
534:
532:
528:
519:
517:
515:
510:
509:
504:
500:
495:
494:
486:Parental care
485:
483:
481:
477:
476:parental care
473:
468:
467:mating system
461:Mating system
460:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:Distribution
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
396:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
328:tenth edition
325:
324:Carl Linnaeus
321:
318:
309:
302:
300:
297:
296:invertebrates
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:North America
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
201:
199:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
168:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Passeriformes
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4983:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4880:Dasycrotapha
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:Zosteropidae
4844:
4837:
4830:
4825:Pomatorhinus
4823:
4816:
4811:Melanocichla
4809:
4802:
4797:Erythrogenys
4795:
4788:
4781:
4761:
4754:
4734:
4716:Tricholestes
4714:
4707:
4702:Stelgidillas
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4569:Chlorocichla
4567:
4560:
4555:Brachypodius
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:Pycnonotidae
4477:
4459:Phylloscopus
4457:
4437:
4432:Schoeniparus
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4404:Malacopteron
4402:
4397:Malacocincla
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:Pellorneidae
4333:
4326:
4321:Paradoxornis
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4257:
4237:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4198:Macrosphenus
4196:
4189:
4182:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4011:Ianthocincla
4009:
4004:Heterophasia
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3947:
3940:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3901:Pygochelidon
3899:
3894:Ptyonoprogne
3892:
3885:
3880:Pseudhirundo
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:Hirundinidae
3750:
3730:
3723:Donacobiidae
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3558:Calamonastes
3556:
3551:Bathmocercus
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:Cisticolidae
3515:
3508:
3501:
3496:Phyllergates
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3377:
3353:
3346:
3341:Calendulauda
3339:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3286:Ammomanopsis
3284:
3277:
3270:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3210:Chersophilus
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3160:Psaltriparus
3158:
3153:Leptopoecile
3151:
3144:
3137:Aegithalidae
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3091:Acrocephalus
3089:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2996:Entomodestes
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2946:
2939:
2934:Neocossyphus
2932:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2891:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2845:Streptocitta
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2742:
2735:
2730:Lamprotornis
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2688:Goodfellowia
2686:
2679:
2669:
2662:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2605:Acridotheres
2603:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2420:Brachypteryx
2418:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2251:Cercotrichas
2249:
2242:
2226:Muscicapinae
2213:
2208:Swynnertonia
2206:
2199:
2192:
2187:Pogonocichla
2185:
2178:
2171:
2166:Cossyphicula
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2127:Muscicapidae
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2038:
2018:
1998:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1946:Thryorchilus
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1918:Pheugopedius
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1862:Cinnycerthia
1860:
1853:
1848:Cantorchilus
1846:
1839:
1819:
1799:
1781:Ramphocaenus
1779:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1718:
1708:
1697:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1638:
1631:
1608:
1601:Hypocoliidae
1588:
1568:
1548:
1519:
1512:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1385:Chelidorhynx
1383:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1321:Promeropidae
1308:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1247:Pardaliparus
1245:
1240:Melanochlora
1238:
1231:
1226:Machlolophus
1224:
1217:
1212:Cephalopyrus
1210:
1203:
1196:
1176:
1156:
1135:
1114:
1077:Infraorder:
980:
954:. Retrieved
950:
941:
924:
920:
914:
897:
893:
887:
870:
866:
860:
833:
829:
819:
794:
790:
784:
767:
763:
757:
740:
736:
730:
718:. Retrieved
713:
696:
679:
675:
662:
652:
642:
622:
615:
605:
595:
579:
568:
566:
556:
553:
540:
523:
506:
502:
491:
489:
471:
464:
444:
422:
390:
372:
358:
354:type species
349:
337:
331:
319:
314:
289:
275:
273:
257:South Africa
242:
233:
229:
208:
207:
206:
197:
196:
182:
156:
150:Type species
131:
130:
45:
24:
18:
5300:Bird genera
5140:iNaturalist
5008:Wikispecies
4950:Zosterornis
4866:Apalopteron
4832:Spelaeornis
4667:Poliolophus
4639:Microtarsus
4470:Pnoepygidae
4425:Ptilocichla
4362:Graminicola
4328:Rhopophilus
4230:Nicatoridae
4212:Sphenoeacus
4164:Schoenicola
4122:Helopsaltes
4115:Elaphrornis
4094:Bradypterus
4060:Pterorhinus
4053:Montecincla
3949:Pholidornis
3922:Tachycineta
3859:Phedinopsis
3838:Orochelidon
3824:Miochelidon
3698:Schistolais
3691:Scepomycter
3649:Oreophilais
3579:Drymocichla
3565:Camaroptera
3448:Xanthomixis
3390:Bernieridae
3370:Alcippeidae
3321:Ramphocoris
3314:Pinarocorys
3307:Eremopterix
3300:Chersomanes
3293:Certhilauda
3203:Calandrella
2911:Myadestinae
2716:Hartlaubius
2654:Creatophora
2633:Arizelopsar
2553:Pinarochroa
2546:Phoenicurus
2411:Saxicolinae
2386:Leucoptilon
2313:Melaenornis
2269:Muscicapini
2201:Stiphrornis
2173:Dessonornis
2145:Chamaetylas
2136:Erithacinae
2102:Oreoscoptes
2031:Elachuridae
1960:Troglodytes
1953:Thryothorus
1939:Thryophilus
1897:Hylorchilus
1890:Henicorhina
1876:Cyphorhinus
1869:Cistothorus
1689:Certhioidea
1674:Ptiliogonys
1667:Phainoptila
1660:Phainopepla
1633:Chaetoptila
1493:Muscicapida
1468:Passeroidea
1457:Passeroidea
1446:See below ↓
1426:See below ↓
1417:Muscicapida
1351:Anthoscopus
1310:Picathartes
1233:Melaniparus
1219:Lophophanes
1106:Chaetopidae
702:Gill, Frank
648:Mayr, Ernst
407:Common name
391:Two extant
373:S. vulgaris
265:New Zealand
5289:Categories
4901:Parayuhina
4873:Cleptornis
4783:Cyanoderma
4774:Timaliidae
4736:Scotocerca
4674:Pycnonotus
4604:Hypsipetes
4583:Euptilotus
4527:Andropadus
4513:Alophoixus
4499:Acritillas
4418:Pellorneum
4376:Illadopsis
4369:Gypsophila
4205:Melocichla
4191:Cryptillas
4129:Locustella
3969:Actinodura
3831:Neophedina
3800:Cheramoeca
3732:Donacobius
3705:Spiloptila
3670:Phyllolais
3663:Phragmacia
3656:Orthotomus
3607:Hypergerus
3544:Artisornis
3468:Abroscopus
3441:Thamnornis
3420:Hartertula
3406:Crossleyia
3332:Mirafrinae
3252:Spizocorys
3224:Eremophila
3217:Eremalauda
3146:Aegithalos
3105:Chloropeta
3070:Sylvioidea
3010:Hylocichla
2982:Cichlopsis
2948:Stizorhina
2900:Pinarornis
2859:Sturnornis
2838:Spodiopsar
2817:Saroglossa
2803:Rhabdornis
2768:Notopholia
2681:Fregilupus
2664:Cryptopsar
2640:Basilornis
2619:Ampeliceps
2574:Thamnolaea
2497:Leonardina
2469:Heinrichia
2448:Emarginata
2441:Cinclidium
2365:Cyanoptila
2349:Niltavinae
2327:Namibornis
2292:Empidornis
2235:Copsychini
2194:Sheppardia
2152:Cichladusa
1991:Buphagidae
1932:Thryomanes
1925:Salpinctes
1821:Tichodroma
1774:Polioptila
1767:Microbates
1731:Certhiidae
1610:Hypocolius
1590:Hylocitrea
1550:Bombycilla
1437:Sylvioidea
1406:Stenostira
1392:Culicicapa
1289:Sylviparus
1282:Sittiparus
1198:Baeolophus
1148:Hyliotidae
1137:Chloropsis
1071:Suborder:
1042:passerides
1040:Genera of
956:2017-03-08
587:References
551:maturity.
527:monogamous
499:polygynous
292:omnivorous
287:and Asia.
198:Temenuchus
4943:Zosterops
4839:Stachyris
4747:Sylviidae
4646:Neolestes
4541:Baeopogon
4411:Napothera
4390:Laticilla
4286:Chrysomma
4250:Panuridae
4219:Sylvietta
4184:Achaetops
4157:Robsonius
4143:Megalurus
4101:Catriscus
4074:Turdoides
4039:Liocichla
4032:Leiothrix
4025:Leioptila
4018:Laniellus
3779:Atronanus
3677:Poliolais
3600:Euryptila
3593:Eremomela
3572:Cisticola
3517:Urosphena
3510:Tickellia
3482:Hemitesia
3459:Cettiidae
3399:Bernieria
3279:Ammomanes
3180:Alaudinae
3171:Alaudidae
3112:Hippolais
3017:Ridgwayia
3003:Geokichla
2927:Myadestes
2796:Poeoptera
2761:Neocichla
2754:Necropsar
2737:Leucopsar
2702:Gracupica
2596:Sturnidae
2581:Vauriella
2525:Myophonus
2511:Monticola
2490:Larvivora
2400:Sholicola
2320:Muscicapa
2306:Humblotia
2285:Bradornis
2258:Copsychus
2180:Erithacus
2116:Toxostoma
2088:Melanotis
2081:Margarops
2074:Dumetella
2011:Cinclidae
1855:Catherpes
1747:Salpornis
1710:Certhiops
1514:Corthylio
1505:Regulidae
1358:Auriparus
1342:Remizidae
1331:Promerops
1261:Periparus
1205:Cyanistes
1094:Passerida
1079:Passerida
1053:Kingdom:
383:retreat.
269:migratory
261:Australia
218:starlings
183:see text
121:Sturnidae
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
4993:Wikidata
4915:Staphida
4818:Mixornis
4804:Macronus
4695:Spizixos
4688:Setornis
4681:Rubigula
4625:Ixonotus
4590:Eurillas
4576:Criniger
4479:Pnoepyga
4439:Turdinus
4314:Myzornis
4307:Moupinia
4300:Lioparus
4293:Fulvetta
4150:Poodytes
3990:Garrulax
3933:Hyliidae
3807:Delichon
3793:Cecropis
3786:Atticora
3642:Oreolais
3635:Neomixis
3621:Malcorus
3489:Horornis
3427:Oxylabes
3231:Galerida
3196:Alaudala
3126:Nesillas
3038:Zoothera
2968:Catharus
2959:Turdinae
2920:Grandala
2877:Turdidae
2723:Hylopsar
2709:Grafisia
2612:Agropsar
2567:Tarsiger
2560:Saxicola
2539:Oenanthe
2518:Myiomela
2504:Luscinia
2462:Ficedula
2455:Enicurus
2427:Calliope
2358:Anthipes
2299:Fraseria
2278:Agricola
2159:Cossypha
2040:Elachura
2000:Buphagus
1967:Uropsila
1883:Ferminia
1792:Sittidae
1624:Mohoidae
1169:Irenidae
1116:Chaetops
1061:Chordata
1059:Phylum:
1055:Animalia
603:(1758).
222:taxonomy
190:Synonyms
167:Linnaeus
138:Linnaeus
117:Family:
91:Chordata
87:Phylum:
81:Animalia
67:Domain:
5295:Sturnus
5267:ZooBank
5158:1294526
5132:2489099
5041:Sturnus
5028:Sturnus
5014:Sturnus
4999:Q333842
4984:Sturnus
4846:Timalia
4790:Dumetia
4756:Curruca
4597:Hemixos
4506:Alcurus
4383:Kenopia
4335:Suthora
4279:Chamaea
4259:Panurus
4239:Nicator
3908:Riparia
3852:Phedina
3814:Hirundo
3712:Urolais
3379:Alcippe
3355:Mirafra
3272:Alaemon
3238:Lullula
3024:Ixoreus
2866:Sturnus
2852:Sturnia
2810:Sarcops
2695:Gracula
2626:Aplonis
2393:Niltava
2379:Eumyias
2372:Cyornis
2334:Sigelus
2060:Allenia
2051:Mimidae
2020:Cinclus
1740:Certhia
1561:Dulidae
1521:Regulus
1399:Elminia
1268:Poecile
1189:Paridae
1158:Hyliota
1073:Passeri
1065:Class:
981:Sturnus
851:1689209
799:Bibcode
569:Sturnus
514:fitness
472:Sturnus
393:species
387:Species
381:Ice Age
377:Iberian
338:Sturnus
330:of his
326:in the
320:Sturnus
276:Sturnus
245:Eurasia
234:Sturnus
230:Sturnus
226:species
209:Sturnus
176:Species
132:Sturnus
127:Genus:
107:Order:
97:Class:
25:Sturnus
5259:558590
5233:134487
5220:565816
5204:NZOR:
5171:179636
5088:EURING
5080:1STURG
4936:Yuhina
4887:Heleia
4763:Sylvia
4618:Ixodia
3866:Progne
3684:Prinia
3614:Incana
3586:Eminia
3537:Apalis
3475:Cettia
3434:Randia
3189:Alauda
3031:Turdus
2989:Cochoa
2941:Sialia
2789:Pholia
2782:Pastor
2671:Enodes
2483:Irania
2244:Alethe
990:Portal
848:
720:8 June
630:
365:France
285:Europe
249:common
169:, 1758
5254:WoRMS
5241:Plazi
5153:IRMNG
5145:14842
5106:97155
5093:15859
4908:Rukia
4548:Bleda
4136:Malia
4046:Minla
3983:Cutia
3976:Argya
3942:Hylia
3503:Tesia
3119:Iduna
2095:Mimus
1801:Sitta
1570:Dulus
1365:Remiz
1254:Parus
1178:Irena
1004:Birds
672:(PDF)
548:genes
531:brood
490:Male
401:Image
369:Spain
342:Latin
317:genus
238:Latin
214:genus
212:is a
5197:9171
5192:NCBI
5166:ITIS
5127:GBIF
5075:EPPO
5067:7PLY
5054:3683
5049:BOLD
4632:Ixos
4611:Iole
2744:Mino
1640:Moho
1466:See
1067:Aves
722:2021
628:ISBN
578:(as
541:The
315:The
281:Asia
274:The
263:and
142:1758
101:Aves
5179:NBN
5062:CoL
5036:AFD
5023:ADW
4653:Nok
929:doi
902:doi
875:doi
846:PMC
838:doi
834:265
807:doi
772:doi
745:doi
684:doi
557:her
340:is
236:is
216:of
5291::
5269::
5256::
5243::
5230::
5217::
5194::
5181::
5168::
5155::
5142::
5129::
5116::
5103::
5090::
5077::
5064::
5051::
5038::
5025::
5010::
4995::
949:.
925:40
923:.
898:58
896:.
871:58
869:.
844:.
832:.
828:.
805:.
795:19
793:.
768:39
766:.
741:47
739:.
712:.
680:37
678:.
674:.
571::
482:.
465:A
356:.
259:,
255:,
140:,
48:)
3820:†
2889:†
2750:†
2677:†
2660:†
1716:†
1706:†
1621:†
1323:?
1302:?
1150:?
1129:?
1108:?
1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
992::
959:.
935:.
931::
908:.
904::
881:.
877::
854:.
840::
813:.
809::
801::
778:.
774::
751:.
747::
724:.
690:.
686::
636:.
582:)
348:(
163:)
159:(
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
