286:(with minimum 50 Ξm mesh size), to the bottom of the bore, well or sinkhole and jiggled to agitate sediments at the base of the bore. The net is then slowly retrieved, filtering stygofauna out of the water column on the upward haul. A more destructive method is to pump bore water (using a Bou-Rouch pump) through a net on the surface (referred to as the Karaman-Chappuis method). These two methods provide animals for morphological and molecular analyses. A video camera can also be used down the hole, providing information on life-history of the organisms but, given the small size of the animals no species determinations can be made.
161:
197:
31:
105:
Stygoxenes are like stygophiles, except they are defined as accidental or occasional presence in subterranean waters. Stygophiles and stygoxenes may live for part of their lives in caves, but don't complete their life cycle in
248:
Stygofaunal gastropods are found in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and
Australia. Stygobite turbellarians can be found in North America, Europe and Japan. Stygobite isopods, amphipods and decapods are found widely around the world.
98:, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.
435:"Re-examining extreme longevity of the cave crayfish Orconectes australis using new mark-recapture data: a lesson on the limitations of iterative size-at-age models: Longevity of cave crayfish"
74:(based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments â stygofauna are associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the
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157:
Stygofauna have adapted to the limited food supply and are extremely energy efficient. Stygofauna feed on plankton, bacteria, and plants found in streams.
634:
193:
in
Alabama has been estimated to reproduce at 100 years and live to 175 although more recent research suggests their lifespan is closer to 22 years.
469:
336:"Copepoda: developments in ecology, biology and systematics: proceedings of the Seventh international conference on Copepoda, held in Curitiba"
585:"Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Technical Appendix to Guidance Statement No. 54)"
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to specific regions or even individual caves. This makes them an important focus for the conservation of groundwater systems.
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Several methods are currently used to sample stygofauna. The accepted method is to lower a haul net, which is a weighted
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419:
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Stygobites are obligate, or strictly subterranean, aquatic animals and complete their entire life in this environment.
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Stygophiles inhabit both surface and subterranean aquatic environments, but are not necessarily restricted to either.
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Extensive research of stygofauna has been undertaken in countries with ready access to caves and wells such as
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To survive in an environment where food is scarce and oxygen levels are low, stygofauna often have very low
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160:
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394:
635:"Rising temperatures threaten the tiny animals responsible for groundwater quality"
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218:
335:
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Lopes, Rubens M.; Reid, Janet Warner; Rocha, Carlos
Eduardo Falavigna Da (1999).
627:
467:
Thomas C. Barr Jr. & John R. Holsinger (1985). "Speciation in cave faunas".
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67:
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Venarsky, Michael P.; Huryn, Alexander D.; Benstead, Jonathan P. (2012-05-24).
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Behrmann-Godel, J.; A.W. Nolte; J. Kreiselmaier; R. Berka; J. Freyhof (2017).
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603:"Sampling Manual for the Assessment of Regional Groundwater Diversity"
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are found in Europe and the U.S., but only some of these (such as the
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628:
Origin and Age of the Marine
Stygofauna of Lanzarote, Canary Islands
266:
The approximately 170 species of stygobite fish, popularly known as
129:. Many species of stygofauna, particularly obligate stygobites, are
378:
363:
Thomas C. Barr Jr. (1967). "Observations on the ecology of caves".
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Environmental
Protection Authority of Western Australia (2007).
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Stygofauna are found all over the world and include
508:. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes.
208:) is a typical stygobite: small, white and blind.
8:
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470:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
78:. Stygofauna can live within freshwater
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462:
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27:Animals living in subterranean waters
7:
483:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001525
25:
633:Bernardo Araujo (18 March 2024).
451:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02812.x
408:Kevin Krajick (September 2007).
531:"The first European cave fish"
506:The Biology of Hypogean Fishes
1:
623:Italian groundwater Amphipods
58:systems or aquifers, such as
605:. p. 74. Archived from
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342:. 453/454. Springer: 576.
558:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.048
410:"Discoveries in the dark"
263:) are entirely aquatic.
213:Distribution and species
202:Tumbling Creek cavesnail
151:Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni
601:F. Malard, ed. (2002).
366:The American Naturalist
261:Texas blind salamander
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278:Collecting stygofauna
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70:are the two types of
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186:Orconectes australis
166:Orconectes australis
125:and, more recently,
549:2017CBio...27.R257B
504:Romero, A. (2001).
415:National Geographic
301:List of troglobites
656:Freshwater animals
439:Freshwater Biology
311:Subterranean fauna
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174:
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137:Diet and lifecycle
72:subterranean fauna
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43:from Mexican caves
296:Cave conservation
66:. Stygofauna and
16:(Redirected from
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373:(922): 475â491.
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272:species richness
253:Cave salamanders
206:Antrobia culveri
147:Alabama cavefish
36:Astyanax jordani
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477:: 313â337.
243:salamanders
191:Shelta Cave
76:water table
68:troglofauna
56:groundwater
650:Categories
322:References
316:Trogloxene
306:Speleology
223:gastropods
178:metabolism
86:spaces of
48:Stygofauna
18:Stygobiont
671:Hydrology
231:amphipods
169:, a cave
127:Australia
88:limestone
639:Mongabay
567:28376329
395:83673149
290:See also
268:cavefish
235:decapods
182:crayfish
171:crayfish
119:Slovenia
96:laterite
92:calcrete
80:aquifers
50:are any
41:cavefish
666:Ecology
545:Bibcode
491:2097051
387:2459274
227:isopods
131:endemic
565:
512:
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385:
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239:fishes
121:, the
115:France
588:(PDF)
487:JSTOR
391:S2CID
383:JSTOR
241:, or
189:from
106:them.
60:caves
52:fauna
563:PMID
510:ISBN
344:ISBN
259:and
200:The
145:The
84:pore
64:vugs
39:, a
553:doi
479:doi
447:doi
375:doi
371:101
257:olm
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