46:
33:
283:
675:". It is distributed over a very small area and is rarely seen. There have been little studies in relocating the butterfly for scientific purposes. Brown highlighted the importance of conservation of its native habitat by securing tracts of its native cloud forest habitat and stressed the importance of locating colonies.
478:. It was later moved to the family Erycinidae due to its morphological characteristics. In particular, its antennae, which had set it apart from other Pierids. Structural differences with regards to the thorax, legs, wing venation, and eggs warranted reclassification out of the family Pieridae.
950:
1361:
241:
has had a complicated taxonomic history. Initially identified as a moth, it has been reclassified numerous times into several different butterfly families, and once occupying its own distinct family as "Stygidae" before ultimately being classified into the subfamily
1208:
1125:
Espeland, Marianne; Hall, Jason P.W.; DeVries, Philip J.; Lees, David C.; Cornwall, Mark; Hsu, Yu-Feng; Wu, Li-Wei; Campbell, Dana L.; Talavera, Gerard; Vila, Roger; Salzman, Shayla; Ruehr, Sophie; Lohman, David J.; Pierce, Naomi E. (December 2015).
1322:
1052:
801:
1094:
304:
is a medium sized, translucent winged, brown veined, and gray-colored butterfly. The cloudy grayish white color of the wings darkens towards the outer edge. Its wing coloration has been described as resembling
1664:
497:(1958) and Scott (1985). Ehrlich had considered the Styginae at equal rank to the (at the time) tribe Riodininae. When the family was classified as subfamily Riodininae within the
1267:
538:, tribe Corrachiini due to biogeographical reasons rather than morphological means. This classification eventually fell through in favor of placement within the subfamily
1239:
1567:
1295:
371:. Additionally, they lacked the apophyses posteriores on the female genitalia. These morphological differences served as justification for the reclassification of
1737:
1593:
1166:
1698:
1541:
424:
near streams. The adult's flight is weak, and appear like they are gliding in the air. There have been reports by Purser (2007) that it is possibly
485:
as belonging within the
Erycinidae (now known as Riodinidae) citing morphological differences. It was formerly considered as part of the subfamily
1128:"Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonisation: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)"
1803:
1798:
568:, another monotypic Riodinid from Costa Rica. Their inclusion within the subfamily Nemeobiinae thus made the subfamily monophyletic, and were
1355:
1202:
1088:
1046:
795:
1788:
459:, following its initial description by Staudinger in 1875. Erycinidae as a family was later split in two, with the Riodinids, including
1724:
1580:
1437:
847:
1261:
523:
to highlight morphological differences with regards to the forelimbs to corroborate upon Harvey's proposed placement. Wahlberg
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is severely reduced, being half the size of the pterothoracic legs. The females have centrally clustered trichoid
710:" rather than resembling the colorful tropical vegetation that had surrounded it. Thus he had named it after the
880:
1345:
1192:
1127:
558:
taxa from the
Nemeobiine subfamily, where most other Nemeobiines had crossed the Bering Strait land bridge.
45:
1455:
428:. Due to their severely reduced forelimbs, it is unlikely that adult males use them for movement, akin to
1729:
1640:
1585:
1654:
1507:
1398:
309:. Its wings are narrow, with short antennae, and it has a stout black-colored body which resembles to a
177:
347:
1778:
1685:
1528:
1493:
1142:
924:
247:
605:
527:(2005) used DNA evidence to further solidify its proposed placement within the family Riodinidae.
942:
672:
443:
has had a fraught taxonomic history, being reclassified within four separate butterfly families;
333:
40:
137:
127:
1572:
578:. Genetic studies by Wahlberg (2005), Heikkila (2012), and Saunders (2010) consistently placed
564:
1750:
1672:
1515:
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1084:
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367:
32:
699:
660:
502:
494:
223:
154:
987:"Male Foretarsal Variation in Lycaenidae and Riodinidae, and the Systematic Placement of
728:: "eher aus der Unterwelt zu stammen scheint als aus der prachtvollen Tropenvegetation".
394:, the larvae lack spathulate setae, a feature that is present on larvae of the subfamily
1146:
720:
meaning "infernal" or "nether". Staudinger wrote in his first description of the genus
291:
274:" due to its indeterminate taxonomic nature and unique morphological characteristics.
1772:
946:
908:
656:
600:
354:
271:
231:
1430:
Butterfly biology systems connections and interactions in life history and behaviour
913:(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), an enigmatic butterfly genus new for Europe and America"
756:
Verhandlungen der
Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien
671:
The butterfly is currently unranked by the IUCN. Brown (1993) lists the species as "
1677:
1520:
1194:
Jungle Bugs in the Night: Scientific
Adventure in the Tropical Forests of the World
569:
535:
421:
395:
314:
1289:
1233:
938:
751:
1711:
1634:
1554:
1487:
1402:
1154:
716:
622:
539:
403:
399:
358:
310:
243:
117:
97:
1625:
1478:
1386:
Aphytophagy in the
Miletinae (Lycaenidae): Phylogeny, Ecology, and Conservation
640:. It is distributed over a small area in a region with high species diversity.
508:. It had also been classified as its own separate family in its own right, the
1294:. order of the Trustees, British museum (Natural history). 1898. p. 376.
986:
929:
711:
707:
618:
614:
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498:
456:
452:
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319:
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Adults are active during the midday near sunny patches, they often engage in
543:
429:
306:
259:
255:
206:
77:
57:
1162:
875:
246:
in the family
Riodinidae, a classification that has been supported by both
599:. Vane-Wright corroborates upon this idea, describing the butterfly as a "
1619:
1472:
584:
471:
444:
362:
339:
390:
has a fairly little known life history. In an unpublished paper by Hall
1703:
1546:
1394:
574:
408:
365:
on the foretarsus, a feature shared with the Old World butterfly genus
353:
The male's forelegs lacked pretarsal claws and exhibits less than five
1716:
1559:
1006:
317:
moth. The butterflies have been noted to resemble smaller versions of
466:
In
Staudinger's original description of the butterfly, he classified
87:
67:
1449:
691:
and other types of plantation developments in its native habitat.
346:
Staudinger's original description of specimens he had obtained in
209:
1077:
Boggs, Carol L.; Watt, Ward B.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (15 June 2019).
637:
475:
227:
1533:
1453:
350:
states that the butterfly had a wingspan of 46-49 millimeters.
1690:
1321:. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Limited. 1909. p. 112.
1041:. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 29.
519:
belonged within the family
Riodinidae. Robbins (1988) used a
474:; however, he had initially mistaken the butterfly for a
907:
Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.; Dubatolov, Vladimir V. (2020).
752:"Neue Lepidopteren des sĂĽdamerikanischen Faunengebiets"
706:
was because that the butterfly " to have come from the
1347:
1238:. Simpkin, Marshall & Company. 1909. p. 162.
995:
909:"Phylogenetic position and taxonomic rearrangement of
726:
Neue Lepidopteren des sĂĽdamerikanischen Faunengebiets
1609:
1462:
609:
of Mexico. It had been previously thought to be a "
651:inhabits elevations between 1000 and 1600 meters.
234:between the elevations of 1000-1600 meters.
1080:Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight
839:Conservation biology of Lycaenidae (butterflies)
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
546:subfamily, despite the New World distribution
534:was initially classified within the subfamily
1389:(Thesis). Old Dominion University Libraries.
463:, being placed within the family Lycaenidae.
8:
1083:. University of Chicago Press. p. 500.
1030:
1028:
745:
743:
741:
1072:
1070:
787:Mariposa Road: The First Butterfly Big Year
702:'s original rationale for naming the genus
402:, the larvae feed on members of the family
327:have been observed in the butterfly genera
1450:
1291:Novitates Zoologicae: A Journal of Zoology
1263:The Zoological Record, Volume 46, Issue 13
784:Pyle, Robert Michael (27 September 2010).
588:in studies with sparse Riodinid sampling.
31:
20:
1228:
1226:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
928:
917:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
842:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. p. 146.
870:
868:
866:
489:, within the Lycaenidae, with the genus
281:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
737:
212:of butterflies in the metalmark family
1266:. Zoological Society of London. 1911.
562:was most closely related to the genus
1432:. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI. p. 52.
1409:from the original on 20 November 2021
1172:from the original on 20 November 2021
1135:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1013:from the original on 20 November 2021
888:from the original on 20 November 2021
258:representatives of a nearly entirely
230:, where it inhabits tropical montane
7:
1318:The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
1364:from the original on 18 April 2022
1325:from the original on 18 April 2022
1270:from the original on 18 April 2022
1242:from the original on 18 April 2022
1211:from the original on 18 April 2022
1097:from the original on 18 April 2022
1055:from the original on 18 April 2022
953:from the original on 18 April 2022
804:from the original on 18 April 2022
636:is native to central and southern
481:Harvey (1987) justified the genus
14:
1038:Biology of Australian Butterflies
1035:Kitching, Roger Laurence (1999).
613:" between the butterfly families
296:The Macrolepidoptera of the World
250:and genetic evidence. This makes
323:butterflies. Patterning akin to
266:has been referred to as both a "
44:
1298:from the original on 2022-04-18
766:from the original on 2021-11-20
406:, in this case the plant genus
663:of central and southern Peru.
655:inhabits the tropical montane
216:. It consists of one species,
1:
1804:Butterflies described in 1875
1799:Taxa named by Otto Staudinger
790:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
595:as one of the most primitive
582:as being closely placed with
1428:Dennis, Roger L. H. (2020).
521:scanning electron microscope
515:Harvey (1987) proposed that
1789:Riodinidae of South America
1155:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.006
985:Robbins, Robert K. (1988).
1820:
939:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa104
687:is habitat degradation by
470:as a member of the family
226:in 1875. It is endemic to
930:10.1101/2020.06.25.171256
750:Staudinger, Otto (1876).
714:, with the specific name
603:" akin to the Papilionid
183:
176:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
881:Tree of Life Web Project
1344:Kudrna, Otakar (1985).
591:Brown (1993) considers
572:to the Old World genus
1197:. Pensoft Publishers.
1191:Purser, Bruce (2007).
683:The primary threat to
298:
1794:Endemic fauna of Peru
1383:Mathew, John (2003).
1235:Newman's Entomologist
285:
357:. In the males, the
16:Species of butterfly
1784:Lepidoptera of Peru
1147:2015MolPE..93..296E
606:Baronia brevicornis
554:was surmised to be
530:Within the family,
493:its sole member by
286:An illustration of
1395:10.25777/v7rh-mb21
836:New, T. R (1993).
689:coffee plantations
501:, it occupied the
299:
254:one of only a few
169:S. infernalis
1766:
1765:
1751:Open Tree of Life
1641:Styx (Riodinidae)
1456:Taxon identifiers
1357:978-3-89104-033-1
1204:978-954-642-282-8
1090:978-0-226-06319-5
1048:978-0-643-05027-3
876:"Styx infernalis"
797:978-0-547-52785-7
436:Taxonomic history
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923:(3): 1036–1053.
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398:. Akin to other
193:Staudinger, 1875
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1494:Styx infernalis
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1350:. AULA-Verlag.
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700:Otto Staudinger
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685:Styx infernalis
681:
669:
661:Peruvian Yungas
649:Styx infernalis
646:
634:Styx infernalis
631:
593:Styx infernalis
512:(Eliot, 1973).
441:Styx infernalis
438:
418:
388:Styx infernalis
385:
302:Styx infernalis
288:Styx infernalis
280:
224:Otto Staudinger
222:, described by
219:Styx infernalis
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187:Styx infernalis
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991:(Lepidoptera)"
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1779:Nemeobiinae
1712:iNaturalist
1635:Wikispecies
1555:iNaturalist
1488:Wikispecies
1413:20 November
1368:20 November
1329:20 November
1274:22 November
1246:20 November
1215:20 November
1176:20 November
1141:: 296–306.
1101:20 November
1059:20 November
1017:20 November
1001:: 356–368.
957:20 November
892:20 November
855:20 November
808:20 November
623:Nymphalidae
570:sister taxa
540:Nemeobiinae
404:Primulaceae
400:Nemeobiines
348:Chanchamayo
278:Description
262:subfamily.
244:Nemeobiinae
118:Nemeobiinae
114:Subfamily:
98:Lepidoptera
1773:Categories
1302:2021-11-20
1007:10088/7715
770:2021-11-20
762:: 89–124.
732:References
717:infernalis
712:River Styx
708:underworld
673:Vulnerable
619:Riodinidae
615:Lycaenidae
550:exhibits.
499:Lycaenidae
457:Riodinidae
453:Lycaenidae
449:Erycinidae
377:Riodinidae
359:foretarsus
355:tarsomeres
329:Parnassius
320:Parnassius
315:Lymantriid
237:The genus
214:Riodinidae
155:Staudinger
138:Nemeobiina
134:Subtribe:
128:Nemeobiini
108:Riodinidae
78:Arthropoda
1662:ButMoth:
1403:305261901
947:220253066
695:Etymology
597:Riodinids
565:Corrachia
544:Old World
430:Nymphalid
426:nocturnal
375:into the
363:sensillae
311:Geometrid
307:isinglass
270:" and a "
260:Old World
256:New World
207:monotypic
163:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1725:LepIndex
1626:Q1763939
1620:Wikidata
1581:LepIndex
1573:11314641
1479:Q2362492
1473:Wikidata
1407:Archived
1399:ProQuest
1362:Archived
1323:Archived
1296:Archived
1268:Archived
1240:Archived
1209:Archived
1167:Archived
1163:26265256
1095:Archived
1053:Archived
1011:Archived
951:Archived
911:Davidina
886:Archived
802:Archived
764:Archived
585:Hamearis
510:Stygidae
487:Styginae
472:Pieridae
445:Pieridae
416:Behavior
340:Davidina
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1704:1934036
1665:27854.0
1547:5140575
1143:Bibcode
925:bioRxiv
679:Threats
659:or the
644:Habitat
575:Zemeros
556:derived
506:Stygini
495:Ehrlich
409:Myrsine
144:Genus:
124:Tribe:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1756:272265
1743:328886
1730:206452
1717:625181
1599:328887
1586:206453
1560:625182
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525:et al.
455:, and
392:et al.
368:Laxita
337:, and
334:Aporia
157:, 1875
1691:33957
1678:92NGD
1655:25544
1568:IRMNG
1521:53CJD
1508:25545
1170:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
943:S2CID
503:tribe
290:from
210:genus
205:is a
1738:NCBI
1699:GBIF
1650:BOLD
1611:Styx
1594:NCBI
1542:GBIF
1503:BOLD
1434:ISBN
1415:2021
1370:2021
1352:ISBN
1331:2021
1276:2021
1248:2021
1217:2021
1199:ISBN
1178:2021
1159:PMID
1103:2021
1085:ISBN
1061:2021
1043:ISBN
1019:2021
959:2021
894:2021
857:2021
844:ISBN
810:2021
792:ISBN
722:Styx
704:Styx
638:Peru
580:Styx
560:Styx
552:Styx
548:Styx
532:Styx
517:Styx
491:Styx
483:Styx
476:moth
468:Styx
461:Styx
325:Styx
264:Styx
252:Styx
239:Styx
228:Peru
202:Styx
149:Styx
1686:EoL
1673:CoL
1529:EoL
1516:CoL
1391:doi
1151:doi
1003:hdl
935:doi
921:190
313:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
