793:"Your Excellency has no reason to be concerned about Yuan Tan's loyalty. You have only to consider his military strength. Now, however, one of them is suddenly asking your help, and you can see from this how weak they are. Yuan Shang has Yuan Tan in trouble, but he cannot defeat him, and this is because his strength is exhausted. If you move against Ye, for his own preservation Yuan Shang must go back to guard his base. And as he does so, Yuan Tan will follow at his heels. Attacking an enemy distressed and desperate, striking a rebel discouraged and weary, with your power, it will be like strong wind moving the autumn leaves. Heaven has put Yuan Shang into your hands. If, on the other hand, you fail to settle them now and decide to wait another year, then next harvest there may be grain, and your enemies will have recognised their errors. They will reform their government and revive their power, so you will have lost the chance to use your soldiers. By far the best policy for you now is to follow Yuan Tan's request and send him help. Of all your enemies, none are greater than those to the north of the Yellow River, while once you have brought the north of the River under control, then your imperial army will have gained its full strength, and all the empire will tremble before you."
871:
horsemen, broke his staff of authority, and traveled by night. When he reached Cao Cao's camps surrounding the city from the north, he styled himself as a disciplinary officer and went through the camps finding fault with the sentries and punishing them. In this fashion he passed through the eastern camps from the northern camps into the camps on the southern side, where Cao Cao's personal camp was. Turning west from here, he arrested the officers on picket duty, tied them up, then made a dash to the city walls. He called to the defenders above, and they drew him in by rope. The ecstatic defenders sounded the drums in celebration of Li Fu's arrival, and Cao Cao laughed when he was made known of Li Fu's exploits.
894:. Cao Cao pointed out that he should indeed avoid battle with the reinforcements if Yuan Shang came on the main road from the east; but if Yuan Shang moved across to the northwestern hills, he would have friendly territory (Gao Gan's Bing province) behind him and his army would be easier to deal with. Yuan Shang approached obliquely from the north, to the delight of Cao Cao. When his scouts told him Yuan Shang's army reached Handan, Cao Cao candidly announced to his generals "I already have Ji Province, did you know? You shall see soon."
957:
All these gained him wide popularity, which, along with the contingents of Bing
Province troops sent to settle at Ye, prevented the outbreak of rebellion in favour of the former rulers. Gao Gan, the Inspector of Bing Province, offered his nominal surrender to Cao Cao for the time being. For Cao Cao's successes, an imperial decree named him the Governor of Ji Province, but Cao Cao excused himself from the honour and continued with his old post as Governor of Yan Province.
812:
renew his attack on Yuan Tan in
Pingyuan again, and left his loyal supporter Shen Pei to defend Ye. Some within Yuan Shang's camp found his priorities questionable, so when Cao Cao indeed advanced on Ye some time around the second or third month, the city's defenders under Su You (蘇由) intended to rebel and capitulate Ye to Cao Cao. The scheme was discovered, its plotters suppressed by Shen Pei within the city, and Su You fled to Cao Cao.
133:
920:
reason to worry about Yuan Shang's rout. When Cao Cao rode out to inspect the siege-works, Shen Pei had crossbowmen fire at him; the shots missed narrowly. A few nights later, on
September 13 of the Julian calendar, Shen Pei's nephew Shen Rong (審榮) betrayed the city and opened the east gate at night to let in the enemy. As Cao Cao's men breached the city, Shen Pei executed the families of Xin Pi's brother
789:, who long advocated settling the north before turning elsewhere, reasoned that Liu Biao was not ambitious enough to be a threat, and it was high time to reap the benefits of the Yuan family feud before the brothers reunite. Cao Cao agreed, but he continued to put Jing Province first. Observing that Cao Cao was doubtful of Yuan Tan's sincerity in an alliance, Xin Pi spoke his mind:
753:. Bohai was on the edge of the border with Qing Province, where Yuan Tan still held the title Inspector of that province; but while he could expect some aid from the base of his power, some of his own men rebelled against him, and the position was very insecure. So when Yuan Shang came to attack Nanpi, Yuan Tan fled south to
901:
from Ye. On the bank of the Fu River (滏水) flowing north of the city, the relief army set camp and lit torches to signal the defenders for a coordinated attack, who lit another fire in acknowledgement. Shen Pei made a sortie to the north to rendezvous with Yuan Shang, but Cao Cao defeated both armies,
874:
Li Fu was to return to relay Ye's situation to Yuan Shang. He realized that he could not use the same trick to get past the siege-lines and so conjured another ploy. He had Shen Pei arrange to have the old and weak sent out in the night to save food. During the night, several thousand people selected
944:
Shen Pei remained defiant until the very end. He rebuked those who surrendered to Cao Cao and cursed the fact that the crossbow bolts did not hit Cao Cao. Cao Cao became impressed by his fierce loyalty and wanted to spare him, but Xin Pi and the others begged for his execution, so Shen Pei was to be
761:
suggested seeking help from Cao Cao. Guo Tu reasoned that Cao Cao's army would attack Ye, and while Yuan Shang was to return to save his capital, Yuan Tan could expect to take the lands to the north of Ye; and if Cao Cao was to be successful, Yuan Shang's power would be removed and the outstretched
744:
As soon as Cao Cao started to retreat in mid-203, the brothers' feud took a turn to the worse. Yuan Tan requested more troops and equipment so he could lead an army to pursue Cao Cao's men, but Yuan Shang refused, not wanting his brother to gain control of a bigger army. This act of distrust proved
956:
as his own wife in a serious breach of propriety. Politically, Cao Cao employed many of Yuan Shao's former officials, relieved all newly conquered territories of taxes for one year, and devoted his policies to rebuild the country devastated by the three-way war among Cao Cao and the Yuan brothers.
919:
Cao Cao had the trophies of his victory against Yuan Shang shown to the defenders of Ye, which greatly lowered their morale, but Shen Pei was adamant. He rallied the troops based on the hope that Yuan Shang's second brother Yuan Xi would soon come to the rescue from You
Province, thus they have no
906:
to negotiate for surrender. Cao Cao refused, and pressed
Quzhang harder. One night, Yuan Shang abandoned Quzhang for Lankou (濫口) in the western Qi Hills (祁山), where Cao Cao followed and defeated Yuan Shang once more. Yuan Shang's army was completely scattered, his generals Ma Yan (馬延) and Zhang Yi
883:
Through the ruckus surrounding Li Fu's infiltration, Cao Cao's men knew that Yuan Shang was leading troops to relief Ye. Some of Cao Cao's officers were concerned that since Yuan Shang was coming home with Yuan Tan at his heels, Yuan Shang's soldiers would theoretically be on "death ground" (死地),
960:
For the most part, the fall of Ye removed the Yuan clan's power from Ji province. Yuan Tan, who had been taking advantage of the siege of Ye to take territories that belonged to Yuan Shang, defeated Yuan Shang in
Zhongshan and drove him further north to seek refuge under Yuan Xi in You Province.
811:
In the spring of 204 Cao Cao crossed the Yellow River again and, mindful of the logistical problems for him to operate north of the Yellow River, started several waterworks projects to ease the transportation of supplies. While these works were under way, Yuan Shang apparently thought it safe to
797:
Cao Cao accepted this advice, and Xin Pi thus joined Cao Cao's army. By the end of the year 203, Cao Cao again led his army across the Yellow River to Liyang and cemented the alliance by marrying his son Cao Zheng (曹整) with Yuan Tan's daughter. Yuan Shang indeed lifted the siege on
Pingyuan and
870:
Some time in the summer Yuan Shang decided to abort his campaign against Yuan Tan and turned back to help defend his headquarters. Yuan Shang sent his
Registrar (主簿) Li Fu (李孚) ahead to notify the defenders that relief was coming. To avoid detection by the besiegers, Li Fu brought only three
839:
Cao Cao's army returned to the siege-lines of Ye in the fifth month. Shen Pei vigorously defended the city throughout the siege; he had dug trenches within the city of Ye to counter Cao Cao's tunnels, and dealt with dissension among his ranks. One of his officers, Feng Li (馮禮) opened a
924:, whom he considered traitorous and responsible for the downfall of the Yuan clan, then personally joined the defense at the gates. Shen Pei and the remaining defenders were pushed into the city proper, where fighting continued in the streets for a while. Two sources, the
879:
to surrender. Li Fu and his followers blended into the crowd and exited Ye by the northern gate, then escaped the surrounding camps from the northwest. Yuan Shang was glad to see Li Fu back, while Cao Cao clapped his hands and laughed again when he knew Li Fu escaped.
853:
long was dug surrounding the city. At first the moat was shallow enough to be crossed, so Shen Pei laughed when he saw it and paid it no heed. Then, in a single night, Cao Cao dug the trench further, 20 feet wide and 20 feet deep, drawing water from the nearby
961:
Since Yuan Tan was at least expected to help during the siege, Cao Cao now accused Yuan Tan of acting in bad faith, and cancelled the marriage between their families. Months later, Yuan Tan returned to Nanpi and Cao Cao moved to attack him,
819:
to maintain the siege while he turned west in the fourth month to attack Yin Kai (尹楷), a county magistrate under Yuan Shang who guarded the supply route from Bing
Province. After storming Yin Kai's fortress Maocheng (毛城) at the foot of the
902:
driving Shen Pei back within the walls and Yuan Shang to
Quzhang (曲漳), a bend on the Zhang River. Cao Cao then moved to surround Yuan Shang's position, but before the encirclement was completed, an afraid Yuan Shang sent Yin Kui (陰夔) and
1046:
de Crespigny (1996), pp. 319-320; Original quote: 明公無問信與詐也，直當論其勢耳。 今一旦求救於明公，此可知也。顯甫見顯思困而不能取，此力竭也。 今往攻鄴，尚不還救，即不能自守。還救，即譚踵其後。以明公之威，應困窮之敵，擊疲弊之寇，無異迅風之振秋葉矣。天以袁尚與明公。 欲待他年，他年或登，又自知亡而改脩厥德，失所以用兵之要矣。今因其請救而撫之，利莫大焉。且四方之寇，莫大於河北；河北平，則六軍盛而天下震。
985:
and the Xuanwu Pond (玄武池), where he trained his navy. In 213 Cao Cao was enfeoffed as the Duke of Wei, named after Ye's commandery, and the name stuck throughout the rise of the Cao family's fortunes, culminating in the state of
741:, and Yuan Shang brought his troops to help his older brother. The two brothers held out for six months, before eventually driven back to Ye, where they successfully struck back and caused Cao Cao to withdraw for the time being.
965:
in the first month of 205. Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi were unable to reorganize their men in You Province after their setbacks and rebellions under their rule, and were decisively defeated along with their allies the
456:
948:
Cao Cao paid his respects at the tomb of Yuan Shao, where he wept for his friend-turned-enemy. He also offered condolences and pensions for members of Yuan Shao's family at Ye, though Cao Cao's son
745:
to be the last straw for Yuan Tan, as he rebelled from his younger brother and attacked the city of Ye in anger. Yuan Shang successfully defended Ye again and chased Yuan Tan 300 kilometers away to
729:. The Yuan brothers were not on good terms, however—Yuan Tan, the oldest, contested the succession of his younger brother Yuan Shang, who was preemptively made heir by his supporters
762:
Cao Cao would retreat soon after, leaving Yuan Tan to gain control of the north and capable enough to make a stand against Cao Cao. Yuan Tan would not agree at first, but later sent
449:
1257:
705:
in 200 and died two years later in frustration. Despite the defeat, the Yuan power bloc was by no means eliminated, for Yuan Shao was survived by his three sons Yuan Tan,
689:, who rebelled in a succession feud, and it was by Yuan Tan's request that Cao Cao laid siege to Ye. The successful siege of the city dislodged Yuan Shang's power from
190:
737:, while the second son Yuan Xi was content with controlling the northernmost You Province and stayed out of his brothers' conflict. In the winter of 202, Cao Cao
442:
977:
Ye proved to be a useful acquisition for Cao Cao, who took the city as his chief residence soon after its capture. Over the years the city and its surrounding
847:
Only a few weeks after the siege mounds and tunnels were constructed, Cao Cao changed tactics and ordered them destroyed. In their place, a shallow moat 40
1205:
To establish peace : being the chronicle of Later Han for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang
936:
rejects this account. Whatever the circumstance, Shen Pei was captured alive, and the siege finally ended after dragging on for more than half a year.
844:
to let the enemy in. Shen Pei found out and had boulders dropped into the opening, blocking the gates and killed the roughly 300 soldiers who entered.
815:
Now Cao Cao's army was at the gates of Ye. He had mounds erected and tunnels dug to lay siege to the city. Having done this, Cao Cao left the general
415:
1019:; Original quote: 今將軍國小兵少，糧匱勢弱，顯甫之來，久則不敵。愚以為可呼曹公來擊顯甫。曹公至，必先攻鄴，顯甫還救。將軍引兵而西，自鄴以北皆可虜得。若顯甫軍破，其兵奔亡，又可斂取以拒曹公。曹公遠僑而來，糧餉不繼，必自逃去。比此之際，趙國以北皆我之有，亦足與曹公為對矣。不然，不諧。
836:
offered his assistance to Cao Cao. By this time Ye was cut off from the south, west, and north, while Yuan Shang was at its east facing Yuan Tan.
862:
to the east and north. The city became isolated, and by the beginning of autumn it was said that more than half in the city died of starvation.
945:
beheaded. On the execution grounds, Shen Pei demanded to be allowed to face north as he died, since his lord Yuan Shang was in that direction.
1231:
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Since his withdrawal from Ye, Cao Cao's policy on the Yuan brothers was to let them wear each other out while he dealt with their ally
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became the heart of Cao Cao's power, as he initiated several works in and around the city, including the much-celebrated
701:
Yuan Shao, the powerful warlord of the north, had been decisively defeated by his southern neighbour Cao Cao in the
230:
828:, north of Ye. This development brought about more defections from Yuan Shang's county magistrates, and the local
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returned to guard Ye. With Yuan Tan's position safe, Cao Cao returned for the time being.
722:
486:
328:
287:
168:
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890:
132:
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992:
774:
718:
693:, and Cao Cao would later use the city of Ye as a major base of his military power.
1252:
746:
726:
626:
559:
395:
1207:. Canberra, Australia: Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University.
932:(獻帝春秋), claim that Shen Pei hid in a well when all seemed lost, but the compiler
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From the western hills, Yuan Shang turned east to Yangping village (陽平亭), 17
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to the west and encompassing the Yanpi Marsh (晏陂澤) to the south and the
824:, Cao Cao's army bypassed the defenses at Ye and defeated Ju Hu (沮鵠) in
987:
885:
785:), and thus he was unsure what to make of the envoy. Cao Cao's advisor
734:
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706:
662:
114:
97:
911:(中山). Cao Cao's men captured his baggages, seals, and other insignia.
17:
967:
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where they would fight more fiercely to save themselves according to
825:
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763:
758:
678:
67:
996:, Ye was regarded as the Northern Capital during the Wei dynasty.
782:
778:
682:
71:
438:
172:
1082:
de Crespigny (1996), p. 325 and de Crespigny (2010), p. 216
907:(張顗) surrendered, and Yuan Shang himself fled far north to
685:). Cao Cao had been allied with Yuan Shang's elder brother
1224:
Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
1129:, cited in Chronicles of the Martial Emperor, Volume 1,
1181:
de Crespigny (2010), pp. 332-334, main text and note 2.
875:
were sent away through three different gates, carrying
631:
564:
990:
that succeeded the Han dynasty in 220. According to
713:, the Yuan family still held on to the provinces of
27:
Battle between warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shang (204)
766:as an ambassador to seek an alliance with Cao Cao.
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32:
709:, and Yuan Shang; together with their cousin
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8:
1105:, cited in Biography of Jia Kui, Volume 15,
1015:, cited in Biography of Xin Pi, Volume 25,
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1258:Battles during the end of the Han dynasty
1197:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
1153:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
1133:; original quote: 孤已得冀州，諸君知之乎？ 諸君方見不久也。
1131:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
1107:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
1017:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
1005:
926:Parallel Annals of the Duke of Shanyang
866:The arrival and repulsion of Yuan Shang
669:, son and successor of Cao Cao's rival
466:Cao Cao's unification of northern China
150:10,000+ reinforcements under Yuan Shang
739:attacked Yuan Tan's position in Liyang
502:
7:
661:. It was fought between the warlord
1151:Biography of Yuan Shao, Volume 6,
673:, in the Yuan clan's headquarters
163:More than half starved in the city
53:Spring of 204 to September 13, 204
25:
1172:de Crespigny (2010), pp. 219-220
1163:de Crespigny (2010), pp. 218-219
1102:Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty
1073:de Crespigny (2010), pp. 179-180
131:
148:Unknown number of Ye defenders;
657:took place in 204 in the late
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145:Said to outnumber Ye defenders
1:
972:Battle of White Wolf Mountain
1222:de Crespigny, Rafe (2010).
1203:de Crespigny, Rafe (1996).
1194:Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi,
1142:de Crespigny (1996), p. 327
1117:de Crespigny (2010), p. 330
1091:de Crespigny (1996), p. 326
1064:de Crespigny (1996), p. 325
1055:de Crespigny (1996), p. 321
1037:de Crespigny (1996), p. 319
1028:de Crespigny (2010), p. 213
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1263:Military history of Hebei
930:Chronicle of Emperor Xian
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516:Traditional Chinese
38:Part of the wars at the
597:Simplified Chinese
530:Simplified Chinese
795:
777:(covering present-day
203:end of the Han dynasty
109:Commanders and leaders
40:end of the Han dynasty
963:killing him in battle
283:Cao Cao vs. Zhang Xiu
155:Casualties and losses
1127:Biography of Cao Man
952:took Yuan Xi's wife
909:Zhongshan Commandery
983:Bronze Bird Terrace
659:Eastern Han dynasty
416:Jing Province (219)
391:Jing Province (215)
807:Laying siege to Ye
1233:978-90-04-18522-7
1013:Records of Heroes
822:Taihang Mountains
655:Battle of Yecheng
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1214:0-7315-2526-4
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1199:
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993:Shui Jing Zhu
989:
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946:
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775:Jing Province
772:
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19:
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873:
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848:
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838:
814:
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796:
792:
768:
743:
700:
654:
651:Battle of Ye
650:
648:
627:Hanyu Pinyin
560:Hanyu Pinyin
506:Battle of Ye
481:
420:
396:Ba (215-216)
386:Xiaoyao Ford
324:
273:Yan Province
160:At least 300
92:Belligerents
33:Battle of Ye
934:Pei Songzhi
877:white flags
856:Zhang River
691:Ji Province
566:Yè Zhī Zhàn
376:Yi Province
268:Xu Province
1247:Categories
1189:References
860:Huan River
842:sally port
802:The battle
697:Background
667:Yuan Shang
401:Ruxu (217)
381:Ruxu (213)
124:Yuan Shang
103:Yuan Shang
954:Lady Zhen
940:Aftermath
834:Zhang Yan
671:Yuan Shao
353:Tong Pass
278:Jiangdong
253:Xiangyang
243:Yangcheng
974:in 207.
922:Xin Ping
904:Chen Lin
817:Cao Hong
771:Liu Biao
755:Pingyuan
731:Shen Pei
687:Yuan Tan
411:Fancheng
406:Hanzhong
369:Yangping
365:Qi Mtns.
340:Jiangxia
298:Yuan Shu
258:Chang'an
236:Xingyang
140:Strength
128:Shen Pei
119:Cao Hong
58:Location
1268:Cao Cao
988:Cao Wei
970:in the
886:Sun Tzu
735:Pang Ji
711:Gao Gan
707:Yuan Xi
663:Cao Cao
361:Lucheng
357:Jicheng
263:Fengqiu
248:Jieqiao
115:Cao Cao
98:Cao Cao
1230:
1211:
968:Wuhuan
950:Cao Pi
826:Handan
787:Xun Yu
764:Xin Pi
759:Guo Tu
725:, and
679:Handan
477:Liyang
321:Liyang
313:Xiakou
308:Bowang
303:Guandu
293:Yijing
130:
80:Result
68:Handan
18:Su You
1000:Notes
832:lord
783:Hunan
779:Hubei
747:Nanpi
683:Hebei
487:Nanpi
345:Chibi
329:Nanpi
288:Xiapi
72:Hebei
1228:ISBN
1209:ISBN
781:and
733:and
723:Bing
719:Qing
665:and
649:The
603:邺城之战
589:鄴城之戰
50:Date
1253:204
888:'s
773:in
727:You
653:or
536:邺之战
522:鄴之戰
1249::
899:li
850:li
721:,
717:,
715:Ji
681:,
675:Ye
482:Ye
367:*
363:*
359:*
355:*
331:*
327:*
325:Ye
323:*
70:,
64:Ye
1236:.
1217:.
458:e
451:t
444:v
425:→
371:)
351:(
335:)
319:(
238:)
234:(
192:e
185:t
178:v
74:)
20:)
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