183:, aging, or small intestine disease (secondary sucrose intolerance). There are specific tests used to help determine if a person has sucrose intolerance. The most accurate test is the enzyme activity determination, which is done by biopsying the small intestine. This test is a diagnostic for GSID. Other tests which can aid in the diagnosis of GSID but which are not truly diagnostic for the disease are the sucrose breath test, and a genetic test which tests for the absence of certain genes which are thought to be responsible for GSID.
82:
290:
person has CSID and there are little or no working sucrase-isomaltase enzymes in the intestines, greater than normal levels of hydrogen and/or methane are generated and exhaled in the breath. However, there may be other reasons why the person is exhaling excess hydrogen and/or methane gas, such as an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine, called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
56:
294:
this breath test, the exhaled breath is collected in sealed test tubes at 30-minute intervals over a 90-minute period after drinking the sugar-water solution. If the cumulative amount of 13CO2 exhaled is below the normal level that occurs when sucrose is digested by sucrase, the person may have CSID and the person should undergo further examination by their doctor.
306:
been investigated for their ability to cause CSID. Therefore, a negative genetic test only means that the person does not carry one of the 37 SI gene variations that are known to be associated with CSID, but they may have an SI gene variation that has not yet been identified as one that can cause CSID.
305:
A positive genetic test for one or more of the 37 SI gene variations known to cause CSID can help confirm a diagnosis of CSID. However, a negative genetic test cannot rule out a diagnosis of CSID. There are more than 2,000 different variations of the SI gene, and many of these variations have not yet
270:
Infants may not show symptoms of CSID until they begin to eat sucrose- and starch-containing foods such as juices, solid foods, and medications sweetened with sucrose. Chronic, watery diarrhea and failure to thrive are the most common symptoms in infants and toddlers. Other symptoms include abdominal
297:
The findings from a 13C-breath test are believed to be more definitive for CSID than the hydrogen/methane breath test although neither test is validated to provide, by themselves, a diagnosis for CSID. In both breath tests, the consumption of sugar may cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms in those
266:
The timing of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with CSID is distinctive. CSID symptoms are frequent, daily events; they are lifelong, and they are postprandial (occurring after eating food). These symptoms can range from mild to severe and include chronic, watery, acidic diarrhea; intestinal gas
359:
It is also advised that the patient work with a registered dietitian or nutritionist who can help identify the foods that can be tolerated and those that cannot be tolerated. A registered dietitian or nutritionist can also help the patient plan a diet that will meet the nutritional needs for normal
301:
A relatively new, noninvasive test that shows promise is a genetic test for the gene SI, which codes for the enzyme sucrase-isomaltase. This test requires a swab of tissue from the inside of the cheek. So far, 37 aberrant variations of the SI gene have been found in patients who have been diagnosed
293:
The second breath test is called the carbon-13 (13C) breath test. Carbon-13 is a stable isotope of carbon that occurs naturally in sucrose, making it possible to track a person's ability to digest and absorb sucrose by measuring the amount of 13CO2 exhaled after drinking a sugar-water solution. In
309:
While the breath tests and genetic test have not been validated to be diagnostic for CSID, they may become important tests that help in identifying patients with CSID. As with all diagnoses, a diagnosis of CSID depends on combining a doctor's clinical findings with results from objective tests. A
289:
The first of these is the hydrogen/methane breath test, which measures the amount of hydrogen and methane gases a person exhales after consuming sugary water. The exhaled breath is collected in sealed test tubes at 30-minute intervals over a three-hour period after drinking the sugary water. If a
254:
A deficiency or absence of sucrase-isomaltase function is likely to cause chronic gastrointestinal symptoms whenever a person eats food containing sucrose or starch sugars, which are very common in carbohydrates. In fact, the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme is responsible for the digestion of all foods
250:
In addition to CSID, a primary gastrointestinal disorder such as a gastrointestinal infection, celiac disease or Crohn's disease, can transiently suppress the digestive function of sucrase-isomaltase, causing an acquired form of sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (SID). Once the underlying disorder is
282:
This diagnostic method, called a disaccharidase assay, is conducted on tissue samples taken from the small intestine during an endoscopic procedure, also called an upper GI (gastrointestinal) examination. If the level of sucrase activity is below the level considered necessary for normal sucrase
118:. All GSID patients lack fully functional sucrase, while the isomaltase activity can vary from minimal functionality to almost normal activity. The presence of residual isomaltase activity may explain why some GSID patients are better able to tolerate starch in their diet than others with GSID.
278:
Determining the cause of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms may take a long time because the symptoms can be common to many gastrointestinal conditions. One diagnostic method, considered the gold standard for diagnosing CSID, measures the level of activity of four intestinal enzymes that digest
229:
of sugar, which can lead to potentially serious symptoms. Since sucrase-isomaltase is involved in the digestion of starches, some GSID patients may not be able to absorb starches as well. It is important for those with sucrose intolerance to minimize sucrose consumption as much as possible.
222:, which breaks the bond between the glucose and fructose molecules. When disaccharides are consumed, they must be broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the intestines before they can be absorbed. Monosaccharides, or single sugar units, are absorbed directly into the blood.
355:
For these reasons, a restriction diet needs to be specific for each patient who has CSID. Before making any changes to the diet, it is important for a patient to speak with a healthcare provider, especially if the patient is underweight or not gaining weight as would be expected.
368:
The highest prevalence rates are seen in the Inuit populations of
Greenland (5–10%), Alaska (3–7%), and Canada (about 3%). European descent prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 0.05%. There is a lower prevalence reported in African Americans and Hispanics compared to Caucasians.
313:
If it is clinically inappropriate or difficult to perform a biopsy or if a CSID diagnosis is in doubt, a physician may suggest a two-week therapeutic trial with an enzyme replacement. If the patient shows a reduction of symptoms it is considered diagnostic for CSID.
1386:
1371:
274:
Adults with CSID are usually lean, with a low body-mass index and an aversion to eating carbohydrates and "sweets". Because CSID is an inherited condition, patients with CSID often have close relatives who also experience chronic diarrhea.
255:
containing sucrose and approximately 60% to 80% of all foods containing starch sugars. When sucrose or starch sugars are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, they travel to the large intestine (colon) where two things happen:
242:
Chronic gastrointestinal symptoms that are fairly common but difficult to diagnose may be caused by congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID). CSID is an inherited condition characterized by a dysfunctional digestive enzyme.
246:
The purpose of the digestive enzyme, sucrase-isomaltase, is to break down the compound sugars sucrose (table sugar) and starch sugars so they will be small enough to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
2762:
262:
The food is broken down by the normal bacteria that reside in the colon by a process called fermentation; byproducts of all fermentation include the production of excess gas and an acidic environment.
2284:
2755:
2949:
1462:
3303:
2748:
2740:
1091:
1089:
1966:
179:
in which both parents must contain this gene for the child to carry the disease (so-called primary sucrose intolerance). Sucrose intolerance can also be caused by
1250:"Relationships among dietary intakes and persistent gastrointestinal symptoms in patients receiving enzyme treatment for genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
338:
The level of ability to digest sucrose or starch sugars is unique to each person who is living with CSID and depends on many factors, including the following:
3227:
1561:
286:
Noninvasive diagnostic methods include two breath tests, which can be useful screening tools but are not specific enough for a confirmed diagnosis of CSID.
3243:
722:
329:
The use of enzyme replacement therapy to replace the action of the sucrase enzyme that is deficient. This medication requires a prescription from a doctor.
1600:
203:
which are bonded together. A more familiar name is table, beet, or cane sugar. It was believed that most cases of sucrose intolerance were due to an
2844:
2775:
1455:
279:
compound sugars, also called disaccharides. The four disaccharides digested in the small intestine are lactose, sucrose, maltose, and isomaltose.
1051:"Altered folding, turnover, and polarized sorting act in concert to define a novel pathomechanism of congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
1828:
923:
310:
physical examination, medical history, and other secondary tests, such as stool pH test for acidic stool, can aid in the diagnosis of CSID.
3154:
1401:
271:
distention, gassiness, colic, irritability, excoriated buttocks, severe diaper rash due to acidic diarrhea, indigestion, and vomiting.
3199:
2041:
1448:
3043:
2713:
2560:
1098:"Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: heterogeneity of inheritance, trafficking, and function of an intestinal enzyme complex"
114:(sugar) and starch (e.g., grains), is not produced or the enzyme produced is either partially functional or non-functional in the
3093:
3061:
3049:
2998:
2458:
3204:
3194:
3055:
3004:
2992:
2919:
2839:
2599:
2211:
2194:
1699:
1694:
1571:
961:"Compound heterozygous mutations affect protein folding and function in patients with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
1724:
3148:
2953:
2453:
2409:
2303:
2125:
2664:
234:
or medications may be taken as a substitute for the missing enzyme or to introduce healthy bacteria into the immune system.
298:
who have CSID. For this reason, these breath tests should be conducted under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
3143:
2510:
326:
Diet modification that eliminates or restricts the consumption of foods containing sucrose (table sugar) or starch sugars
3277:
2419:
1938:
1546:
1633:
1147:"Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency because of an accumulation of the mutant enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum"
716:
714:
712:
1529:
360:
growth and development. Vitamins, minerals, and additional supplements may be needed to meet all nutritional needs.
3159:
2771:
1999:
1928:
779:
3219:
3083:
2272:
2228:
2181:
1987:
1605:
383:
2298:
761:
3232:
2944:
2785:
2618:
1933:
1891:
1704:
1579:
1566:
1507:
1412:
180:
1536:
1342:
1002:"Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency arising from cleavage and secretion of a mutant form of the enzyme"
944:
Pelton N, Tran C, Leo A (2009). "The reproducibility of the 13C-sucrose breath test in children and adults".
2865:
2543:
2320:
2061:
1853:
1512:
451:"Novel mutations in the human sucrase-isomaltase (SI) gene that cause congenital carbohydrate malabsorption"
148:
3308:
2854:
2623:
2347:
2330:
1740:
1714:
1590:
1541:
1502:
1480:
1472:
598:
596:
594:
592:
378:
780:"Reference intervals for intestinal disaccharidase activities determined from a non-reference population"
3264:
3164:
2914:
2555:
2463:
2424:
2352:
212:
2474:
1655:
1146:
960:
2594:
2538:
2359:
2255:
1838:
1833:
1667:
1585:
1551:
881:
2815:
2688:
2498:
2391:
2374:
2335:
2308:
2260:
2103:
2080:
2073:
2022:
1994:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1823:
1390:
824:"The role of disaccharidase deficiencies in functional abdominal pain disorders—a narrative review"
388:
204:
81:
3067:
3015:
2700:
2565:
2548:
2533:
2520:
2503:
2369:
1896:
1868:
1628:
1524:
1489:
1320:
1127:
753:
528:
231:
219:
99:
2004:
1802:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
3122:
2678:
2659:
2032:
1423:
1312:
1271:
1212:
1168:
1119:
1075:
1031:
982:
901:
855:
804:
745:
698:
636:
578:
520:
472:
431:
70:
875:
873:
871:
869:
499:"Four Mutations in the SI Gene Are Responsible for the Majority of Clinical Symptoms of CSID"
2859:
2848:
2725:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2492:
2364:
2292:
2110:
2017:
2012:
1942:
1901:
1709:
1674:
1302:
1261:
1202:
1158:
1109:
1065:
1021:
1013:
972:
893:
845:
835:
794:
737:
688:
678:
626:
616:
568:
510:
462:
421:
176:
3186:
2683:
2613:
2479:
2414:
2379:
2250:
2115:
2051:
1953:
1872:
1863:
1813:
1753:
1638:
1615:
115:
1440:
1230:
211:
and compound heterozygous genotypes can have symptom presentation as well. GSID involves
3026:
3010:
2893:
2830:
2779:
2720:
2635:
2189:
2162:
2027:
1962:
1958:
1848:
1818:
1307:
1290:
1188:"Molecular basis of aberrant apical protein transport in an intestinal enzyme disorder"
1114:
1097:
850:
823:
741:
693:
666:
631:
604:
515:
498:
1395:
1026:
1001:
3297:
3259:
3237:
3099:
2653:
2606:
2399:
2342:
2325:
2237:
1982:
1809:
1684:
1650:
1595:
573:
556:
426:
409:
408:
Baudon JJ, Veinberg F, Thioulouse E, Morgant G, Aymard P, Charritat JL (April 1996).
259:
The food draws in excess water by a process called osmosis, creating watery diarrhea.
226:
152:
75:
1131:
2984:
2934:
2806:
2528:
2440:
2313:
2216:
2167:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2056:
1881:
1797:
1689:
1679:
1645:
1324:
1187:
1050:
757:
192:
139:
532:
1417:
1163:
977:
2708:
2470:
2448:
2279:
2199:
1843:
1744:
1497:
161:
1428:
1266:
1249:
322:
The two ways to manage the gastrointestinal symptoms associated with CSID are:
55:
3271:
3131:
2484:
2157:
2135:
1780:
1719:
1380:
897:
683:
621:
107:
799:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
2930:
2434:
2404:
2267:
2245:
2098:
1949:
1923:
1785:
1775:
1662:
1623:
1556:
1291:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency"
723:"Clinical aspects and treatment of congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
1316:
1275:
1216:
1207:
1172:
1123:
1079:
1070:
1035:
986:
905:
859:
808:
749:
702:
640:
524:
476:
342:
The individual level of function of the digestive enzyme sucrase-isomaltase
917:
915:
582:
435:
3079:
2975:
2904:
2068:
2046:
1758:
208:
200:
130:
3118:
2971:
2884:
2794:
2120:
1886:
1790:
1762:
840:
605:"The multiple roles of sucrase-isomaltase in the intestinal physiology"
497:
Uhrich, Stefanie; Wu, Zaining; Huang, Jie-Yu; Scott, C. Ronald (2012).
196:
184:
157:
111:
63:
1363:
467:
450:
345:
How well the other functions of the gastrointestinal tract are working
3281:
3139:
2880:
2586:
2204:
2090:
1375:
216:
103:
1017:
2036:
1766:
1145:
Ritz V, Alfalah M, Zimmer KP, Schmitz J, Jacob R, Naim HY (2003).
1049:
Keiser M, Alfalah M, Pröpsting MJ, Castelletti D, Naim HY (2006).
410:"Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: changing pattern over two decades"
351:
If a person has any other health issues that may affect digestion
3175:
1406:
2744:
1444:
207:, genetic, metabolic disease. Based on new data patients with
1186:
Spodsberg N, Jacob R, Alfalah M, Zimmer KP, Naim HY (2001).
667:"The clinical consequences of sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
3096:(Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa)
449:
Sander P, Alfalah M, Keiser M, et al. (January 2006).
251:
treated and resolved, the symptoms of SID usually go away.
880:
Robayo-Torres CC, Quezada-Calvillo R, Nichols BL (2006).
3207:(von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency)
3052:(Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
959:
Alfalah M, Keiser M, Leeb T, Zimmer KP, Naim HY (2009).
882:"Disaccharide digestion: clinical and molecular aspects"
3276:
Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (
1353:
3252:
3218:
3185:
3130:
3117:
3077:
3034:
3025:
2983:
2970:
2928:
2902:
2892:
2879:
2829:
2805:
2793:
2699:
2585:
2578:
2519:
2433:
2390:
2236:
2227:
2180:
2134:
2089:
1975:
1862:
1752:
1739:
1614:
1488:
1479:
1357:
1295:
Journal of
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
503:
Journal of
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
283:function, the patient will be diagnosed with CSID.
69:
26:
21:
3151:(Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)
3001:(Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency)
3058:(McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency)
3046:(Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency)
1000:Jacob R, Zimmer KP, Schmitz J, Naim HY (2000).
348:How much sucrose and starch sugars are consumed
2756:
1456:
931:QuinTron Instrument Company Inc. Data on File
8:
3228:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1562:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
3244:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency
3127:
3031:
2980:
2899:
2889:
2802:
2763:
2749:
2741:
2582:
2233:
1749:
1601:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1485:
1463:
1449:
1441:
1354:
1343:"Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
787:The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine
557:"Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency"
267:and bloating; nausea; and abdominal pain.
80:
54:
18:
3176:Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency
1306:
1265:
1206:
1162:
1113:
1069:
1025:
976:
849:
839:
798:
692:
682:
630:
620:
572:
514:
466:
425:
3304:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
2845:Inborn errors of renal tubular transport
492:
490:
488:
486:
35:Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
400:
778:Hackenmueller SA, Grenache DG (2016).
225:A deficiency of sucrase may result in
1829:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1248:Boney A, Elser HE, Silver HJ (2018).
924:"Breath Tests & Gastroenterology"
195:and is a two-sugar chain composed of
175:Sucrose intolerance can be caused by
96:genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
43:Genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
7:
3155:Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
3102:(LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb)
1096:Naim HY, Heine M, Zimmer KP (2012).
3169:Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency
3070:(PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV)
603:Gericke B, Amir M, Naim HY (2016).
3200:Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency
3172:Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
1349:. US National Library of Medicine.
1308:10.1097/01.mpg.0000421401.57633.90
1115:10.1097/01.mpg.0000421402.57633.4b
742:10.1097/01.mpg.0000421401.57633.90
516:10.1097/01.mpg.0000421408.65257.b5
14:
3064:(phosphorylase kinase deficiency)
2714:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2561:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
561:J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrition
98:(GSID) is the condition in which
3094:Glycogen storage disease type II
2459:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
574:10.1097/00005176-199507000-00001
427:10.1097/00005176-199604000-00010
3195:Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
3005:Adult polyglucosan body disease
2840:Glucose-galactose malabsorption
1700:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1695:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1572:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
414:J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr
2995:(glycogen synthase deficiency)
2454:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2304:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2126:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
822:Puertolas MV, Fifi AC (2018).
1:
3068:Phosphoglucomutase deficiency
2511:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
948:. Data on File (white paper).
127:Abdominal cramps and bloating
31:Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
3278:AMP-activated protein kinase
2420:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
1939:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1547:Esophageal motility disorder
1164:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.022
1102:J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
978:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.038
145:Poor weight gain and growth
3325:
3240:(Transketolase deficiency)
3160:Pyruvate kinase deficiency
2405:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
1929:Functional colonic disease
1725:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1289:Treem, William R. (2012).
1267:10.1016/j.jand.2017.11.005
886:Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
730:Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
555:Treem, William R. (1995).
3220:Pentose phosphate pathway
2786:glycogen storage diseases
1606:Acute esophageal necrosis
898:10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.023
684:10.1186/s40348-015-0028-0
622:10.1186/s40348-016-0033-y
384:Digestive system diseases
62:
53:
3233:Transaldolase deficiency
1705:Gastric dumping syndrome
1580:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1567:Diffuse esophageal spasm
800:10.1373/jalm.2016.020388
181:irritable bowel syndrome
3018:(glycogenin deficiency)
2866:Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
2776:carbohydrate metabolism
2321:Alcoholic liver disease
1854:Bile acid malabsorption
1798:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1231:"SI sucrase-isomaltase"
149:Upper respiratory tract
2855:Fructose malabsorption
2331:Hepatic encephalopathy
1715:Buried bumper syndrome
1646:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1530:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1473:human digestive system
1347:Genetic Home Reference
1208:10.1074/jbc.c100219200
1071:10.1074/jbc.M513631200
379:Fructose malabsorption
3265:Primary hyperoxaluria
3165:Aldolase A deficiency
2915:Essential fructosuria
2782:metabolism disorders
2556:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2425:Porcelain gallbladder
1537:Zenker's diverticulum
922:Hamilton, LH (1998).
166:Excess gas production
2920:Fructose intolerance
2816:Congenital alactasia
2360:Hepatorenal syndrome
2299:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2256:Autoimmune hepatitis
2081:Intestinal adhesions
1839:Short bowel syndrome
1668:Functional dyspepsia
1586:Esophageal stricture
1552:Nutcracker esophagus
2821:Sucrose intolerance
2499:Choledocholithiasis
2370:Metabolic disorders
2336:Acute liver failure
2309:Portal hypertension
2261:Alcoholic hepatitis
2104:Radiation proctitis
2023:Mesenteric ischemia
1995:Gastroenterocolitis
1824:Blind loop syndrome
1634:Ménétrier's disease
1542:Barrett's esophagus
1108:(suppl 2): S13-20.
389:Lactose intolerance
232:Dietary supplements
205:autosomal recessive
92:Sucrose intolerance
22:Sucrose intolerance
2868:(GLUT2 deficiency)
2862:(GLUT1 deficiency)
2674:Undefined location
2665:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2566:Pancreatic fistula
2549:Pancreatic abscess
2504:Biliary dyskinesia
2475:Mirizzi's syndrome
1976:Large and/or small
1656:Dieulafoy's lesion
1525:Boerhaave syndrome
1237:. Broad Institute.
841:10.3390/nu10121835
736:(suppl 2): S7-13.
721:Treem, WR (2012).
665:Cohen, SA (2016).
220:sucrase-isomaltase
122:Signs and symptoms
106:needed for proper
100:sucrase-isomaltase
3291:
3290:
3214:
3213:
3178:(MPC1 deficiency)
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2875:
2874:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2574:
2573:
2176:
2175:
2033:Bowel obstruction
1735:
1734:
1438:
1437:
468:10.1002/humu.9392
334:Diet modification
177:genetic mutations
89:
88:
16:Medical condition
3316:
3128:
3087:
3037:
3032:
2981:
2938:
2908:
2900:
2890:
2849:Renal glycosuria
2803:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2726:Pneumoperitoneum
2583:
2493:Common bile duct
2375:Wilson's disease
2365:Peliosis hepatis
2234:
2111:Proctalgia fugax
2018:Abdominal angina
1943:Ogilvie syndrome
1892:Pseudomembranous
1750:
1710:Gastric volvulus
1675:Pyloric stenosis
1486:
1471:Diseases of the
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1355:
1350:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1254:J Acad Nutr Diet
1245:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1201:(26): 23506–10.
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1151:Gastroenterology
1142:
1136:
1135:
1117:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
997:
991:
990:
980:
965:Gastroenterology
956:
950:
949:
941:
935:
934:
928:
919:
910:
909:
877:
864:
863:
853:
843:
819:
813:
812:
802:
784:
775:
769:
768:
766:
760:. Archived from
727:
718:
707:
706:
696:
686:
671:Mol Cell Pediatr
662:
645:
644:
634:
624:
609:Mol Cell Pediatr
600:
587:
586:
576:
552:
537:
536:
518:
494:
481:
480:
470:
446:
440:
439:
429:
405:
133:and constipation
85:
84:
58:
19:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3248:
3210:
3187:Gluconeogenesis
3181:
3105:
3078:
3073:
3036:Extralysosomal:
3035:
3021:
2958:
2954:GALE deficiency
2950:GALT deficiency
2945:GALK deficiency
2929:
2924:
2903:
2871:
2860:De Vivo Disease
2825:
2799:(extracellular)
2798:
2789:
2783:
2769:
2739:
2730:
2695:
2684:Internal hernia
2570:
2515:
2480:Biliary fistula
2438:
2429:
2415:Adenomyomatosis
2410:Cholesterolosis
2386:
2380:Hemochromatosis
2251:Viral hepatitis
2223:
2172:
2130:
2116:Rectal prolapse
2085:
2052:Fecal impaction
2042:Intussusception
2005:Crohn's disease
1971:
1954:Toxic megacolon
1866:
1864:Large intestine
1858:
1803:Curling's ulcer
1756:
1754:Small intestine
1743:
1731:
1639:Gastroenteritis
1610:
1475:
1469:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1366:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1064:(20): 14393–9.
1053:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1018:10.1172/JCI9677
999:
998:
994:
958:
957:
953:
943:
942:
938:
926:
921:
920:
913:
879:
878:
867:
821:
820:
816:
782:
777:
776:
772:
764:
725:
720:
719:
710:
664:
663:
648:
602:
601:
590:
554:
553:
540:
496:
495:
484:
448:
447:
443:
407:
406:
402:
397:
375:
366:
336:
320:
240:
173:
124:
116:small intestine
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3027:Glycogenolysis
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3011:Lafora disease
3008:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2897:
2894:Monosaccharide
2887:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2831:Monosaccharide
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2780:monosaccharide
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:Hemoperitoneum
2718:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2445:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2190:Blood in stool
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:Anal dysplasia
2160:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2028:Angiodysplasia
2025:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:Diverticulosis
1959:Diverticulitis
1956:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:Milroy disease
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Tropical sprue
1816:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1747:
1741:Lower GI tract
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1481:Upper GI tract
1477:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1383:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:Classification
1352:
1351:
1337:
1336:External links
1334:
1331:
1330:
1281:
1240:
1222:
1178:
1157:(6): 1678–85.
1137:
1085:
1041:
992:
951:
936:
911:
865:
814:
770:
767:on 2019-03-03.
708:
646:
588:
538:
482:
441:
399:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
386:
381:
374:
371:
365:
362:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
319:
316:
264:
263:
260:
239:
236:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
155:
153:viral diseases
146:
143:
137:
134:
128:
123:
120:
87:
86:
73:
67:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3321:
3310:
3309:Sensitivities
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:Hyperoxaluria
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3101:
3100:Danon disease
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:Diaphragmatic
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Cholecystitis
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:Liver abscess
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:Liver failure
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:Enterocolitis
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:Malabsorption
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Gastroparesis
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Cushing ulcer
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Megaesophagus
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:J Clin Invest
1003:
996:
993:
988:
984:
979:
974:
971:(3): 883–92.
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
947:
940:
937:
932:
925:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:(3): 276–87.
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
834:(12): E1835.
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
810:
806:
801:
796:
793:(2): 172–80.
792:
788:
781:
774:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
717:
715:
713:
709:
704:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
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589:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
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543:
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530:
526:
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512:
508:
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500:
493:
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469:
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460:
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437:
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428:
423:
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411:
404:
401:
394:
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387:
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382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
363:
361:
357:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
339:
333:
328:
325:
324:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
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291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
261:
258:
257:
256:
252:
248:
244:
237:
235:
233:
228:
227:malabsorption
223:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:(also called
186:
182:
178:
170:
165:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
144:
142:and headaches
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
77:
76:Endocrinology
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3280:deficiency,
3149:GSD type VII
3044:GSD type III
2985:Glycogenesis
2935:galactosemia
2820:
2807:Disaccharide
2772:Inborn error
2673:
2652:
2529:Pancreatitis
2491:
2441:biliary tree
2314:Nutmeg liver
2291:
2217:Hematochezia
2168:Pruritus ani
2153:Anal abscess
2148:Anal fistula
2144:Anal fissure
2057:Constipation
2011:
1882:Appendicitis
1690:Gastroptosis
1680:Achlorhydria
1519:
1508:Eosinophilic
1422:
1411:
1400:
1385:
1370:
1346:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1260:(3): 440–7.
1257:
1253:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1105:
1101:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1012:(2): 281–7.
1009:
1005:
995:
968:
964:
954:
945:
939:
930:
889:
885:
831:
827:
817:
790:
786:
773:
762:the original
733:
729:
674:
670:
612:
608:
567:(21): 1–14.
564:
560:
506:
502:
458:
454:
444:
420:(3): 284–8.
417:
413:
403:
367:
364:Epidemiology
358:
354:
337:
321:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
253:
249:
245:
241:
224:
209:heterozygous
193:disaccharide
188:
174:
162:palpitations
140:Hypoglycemia
95:
91:
90:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
3062:GSD type IX
3050:GSD type VI
3016:GSD type XV
2999:GSD type IV
2797:, transport
2709:Peritonitis
2471:Cholestasis
2449:Cholangitis
2392:Gallbladder
2280:Fatty liver
2200:Hematemesis
2182:GI bleeding
1988:Necrotizing
1917:Lymphocytic
1912:Collagenous
1907:Microscopic
1844:Steatorrhea
1745:Enteropathy
1591:Inlet patch
1513:Herpetiform
1498:Esophagitis
1195:J Biol Chem
1058:J Biol Chem
946:QOL Medical
302:with CSID.
27:Other names
3298:Categories
3272:Pentosuria
3205:GSD type I
3132:Glycolysis
3056:GSD type V
2993:GSD type 0
2896:catabolism
2809:catabolism
2784:Including
2701:Peritoneal
2679:Incisional
2600:Congenital
2544:Hereditary
2521:Pancreatic
2485:Haemobilia
2158:Hemorrhoid
2136:Anal canal
2074:Infectious
2062:Functional
1897:Ulcerative
1781:Duodenitis
1720:Gastrinoma
1424:DiseasesDB
1301:: S7–S13.
615:(1): 2–6.
461:(1): 119.
455:Hum. Mutat
395:References
213:deficiency
189:saccharose
160:and heart
108:metabolism
3080:Lysosomal
2931:Galactose
2833:transport
2689:Richter's
2646:Spigelian
2641:Obturator
2631:Umbilical
2464:Ascending
2435:Bile duct
2268:Cirrhosis
2246:Hepatitis
2229:Accessory
2099:Proctitis
1950:Megacolon
1924:Dysentery
1834:Whipple's
1786:Jejunitis
1776:Enteritis
1663:Dyspepsia
1624:Gastritis
1557:Achalasia
1490:Esophagus
828:Nutrients
509:: S34–5.
318:Treatment
238:Diagnosis
71:Specialty
2976:glycogen
2905:Fructose
2619:Indirect
2614:Inguinal
2348:Pyogenic
2293:Vascular
2069:Diarrhea
2047:Volvulus
2013:Vascular
1952: /
1941: /
1902:Ischemic
1869:Appendix
1759:Duodenum
1629:Atrophic
1503:Candidal
1317:23103658
1276:29311037
1217:11340066
1173:14724820
1132:21520744
1124:23103643
1080:16543230
1036:10903344
987:19121318
906:16527688
860:30501067
809:33626784
750:23103658
703:26857124
677:(1): 5.
641:26812950
525:23103650
477:16329100
373:See also
201:fructose
136:Vomiting
131:Diarrhea
3119:Glucose
2972:Glucose
2885:glucose
2795:Sucrose
2660:Petit's
2636:Femoral
2539:Chronic
2353:Amoebic
2121:Anismus
1887:Colitis
1814:Coeliac
1791:Ileitis
1763:Jejunum
1616:Stomach
1520:Rupture
1418:C538139
1325:7179223
851:6315563
758:7179223
694:4746203
632:4728165
583:8576798
436:8708882
215:in the
197:glucose
191:) is a
185:Sucrose
158:Anxiety
112:sucrose
64:Sucrose
3282:PRKAG2
3140:MODY 2
3007:(APBD)
2881:Hexose
2654:Lumbar
2624:Direct
2607:Hiatus
2587:Hernia
2439:Other
2205:Melena
2091:Rectum
1574:(GERD)
1407:222900
1323:
1315:
1274:
1235:gnomAD
1215:
1171:
1130:
1122:
1078:
1034:
1027:314311
1024:
985:
904:
858:
848:
807:
756:
748:
701:
691:
639:
629:
581:
533:747500
531:
523:
475:
434:
217:enzyme
104:enzyme
78:
41:), or
3253:Other
3238:SDDHD
2788:(GSD)
2579:Other
2534:Acute
2285:MASLD
2238:Liver
2212:Lower
2195:Upper
2037:Ileus
1873:Colon
1767:Ileum
1582:(LPR)
1429:29844
1396:271.3
1381:E74.3
1321:S2CID
1191:(PDF)
1128:S2CID
1054:(PDF)
927:(PDF)
783:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
754:S2CID
726:(PDF)
529:S2CID
171:Cause
102:, an
3144:HHF3
1967:SCAD
1413:MeSH
1402:OMIM
1391:9-CM
1313:PMID
1272:PMID
1213:PMID
1169:PMID
1120:PMID
1076:PMID
1032:PMID
983:PMID
902:PMID
856:PMID
805:PMID
746:PMID
699:PMID
637:PMID
579:PMID
521:PMID
473:PMID
432:PMID
199:and
151:and
47:GSID
39:CSID
3123:CAC
3084:LSD
2774:of
2273:PBC
2000:IBD
1934:IBS
1387:ICD
1372:ICD
1303:doi
1262:doi
1258:118
1203:doi
1199:276
1159:doi
1155:125
1110:doi
1066:doi
1062:281
1022:PMC
1014:doi
1010:106
973:doi
969:136
894:doi
846:PMC
836:doi
795:doi
738:doi
689:PMC
679:doi
627:PMC
617:doi
569:doi
511:doi
463:doi
422:doi
110:of
94:or
3300::
3121:⇄
3086:):
2974:⇄
2933:/
2883:→
2778::
2437:/
2035::
2016::
1812::
1427::
1416::
1405::
1394::
1379::
1376:10
1345:.
1319:.
1311:.
1299:55
1297:.
1293:.
1270:.
1256:.
1252:.
1233:.
1211:.
1197:.
1193:.
1167:.
1153:.
1149:.
1126:.
1118:.
1106:55
1104:.
1100:.
1088:^
1074:.
1060:.
1056:.
1030:.
1020:.
1008:.
1004:.
981:.
967:.
963:.
929:.
914:^
900:.
888:.
884:.
868:^
854:.
844:.
832:10
830:.
826:.
803:.
789:.
785:.
752:.
744:.
734:55
732:.
728:.
711:^
697:.
687:.
673:.
669:.
649:^
635:.
625:.
611:.
607:.
591:^
577:.
565:21
563:.
559:.
541:^
527:.
519:.
507:55
505:.
501:.
485:^
471:.
459:27
457:.
453:.
430:.
418:22
416:.
412:.
49:),
33:,
3284:)
3142:/
3082:(
2952:/
2937::
2907::
2851:)
2847:(
2764:e
2757:t
2750:v
2473:/
2146:/
1965:/
1961:/
1875:)
1871:/
1867:(
1769:)
1765:/
1761:/
1757:(
1464:e
1457:t
1450:v
1389:-
1374:-
1364:D
1327:.
1305::
1278:.
1264::
1219:.
1205::
1175:.
1161::
1134:.
1112::
1082:.
1068::
1038:.
1016::
989:.
975::
933:.
908:.
896::
890:4
862:.
838::
811:.
797::
791:1
740::
705:.
681::
675:3
643:.
619::
613:3
585:.
571::
535:.
513::
479:.
465::
438:.
424::
45:(
37:(
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