7175:
341:
131:(STF), also referred to as the Subtropical Convergence. To the south of the STF is a geographic zone, the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ). South of the SAZ is the Subantarctic Front (SAF). South of the SAF is another marine zone, called the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ). The SAZ and the PFZ together form the subantarctic region. The southernmost boundary of the PFZ (and hence, the southern border of the subantarctic region) is the Antarctic Convergence, located approximately 200 kilometers south of the
5195:, the SAMW will have less capacity to store dissolved carbon dioxide. Research using a computerized climate system model suggests that if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were to increase to 860 ppm by the year 2100 (roughly double today's concentration), the SAMW will decrease in density and salinity. The resulting reductions in the subduction and transport capacity of SAMW and AAIW water masses could potentially decrease the absorption and storage of CO
5391:
168:
259:
9621:
7415:
9609:
1472:
352:
144:
1370:
1453:
1434:
1402:
33:
9645:
9633:
5170:
7425:
9673:
5571:
The coastal ice cliffs of Brown
Glacier and Stephenson Glacier, which in 1954 were over 50 feet (15 m) high, had disappeared by 1963 when the glaciers terminated as much as 100 yards (91 m) inland. Baudissin Glacier on the north coast has lost at least 100 vertical feet (30 vertical m), and
5567:
glaciers, among others, had retreated even further. The terminus of Brown
Glacier has retreated approximately 1.1 kilometres since 1950. The total ice-covered area of Brown Glacier is estimated to have decreased by roughly 29% between 1947 and 2004. This degree of loss of glacier mass is consistent
413:. The geography of these islands is characterized by tundra, with some trees on the Snares Islands and the Auckland Islands. These islands are all located near the Antarctic Convergence (with the Kerguelen Islands south of the Convergence) and are properly considered to be subantarctic islands.
5587:
The glaciers of
Laurens Peninsula, whose maximum elevation is only 500 m above sea level, are smaller and shorter than most of the other Heard Island glaciers, and therefore much more sensitive to temperature effects. Accordingly, their total area has decreased by over 30 percent.
5592:
on the east coast of
Laurens Peninsula has also demonstrated marked recession since 1955. In the early 1950s, Jacka Glacier had receded only slightly from its position in the late 1920s, but by 1997 it had receded about 700 m back from the coastline.
5554:
During the time period between 1947 and 1988, the total area of Heard Island's glaciers decreased by 11%, from 288 km (roughly 79% of the total area of Heard Island) to only 257 km. A visit to the island in the spring of 2000 found that the
5512:
of Heard Island, most of its glaciers are relatively thin (averaging only about 55 meters in depth). The presence of glaciers on Heard Island provides an excellent opportunity to measure the rate of glacial retreat as an indicator of climate change.
6531:
480:
and ice at their lowest elevations. Despite their more southerly location, it is debatable whether these islands should be considered as such because their climate and geography differs significantly from other subantarctic islands.
528:(the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty). Therefore, although some are located south of the Antarctic Convergence, they should still be considered as subantarctic islands by virtue of their location north of 60° S.
5645:
of Brown
Glacier was more than double average rate measured from 1947 to 2003. The increase in the rate of ice loss suggests that the glaciers of Heard Island are reacting to ongoing climate change, rather than approaching
6535:
211:, and the only current that flows completely around the Earth. Flowing eastward through the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, the ACC links these three otherwise separate
215:. Extending from the sea surface to depths of 2000–4000 meters, and with a width of as great as 2000 kilometers, the ACC transports more water than any other ocean current. The ACC carries up to 150
9345:
5622:
and terrestrial biology and glaciology. Glaciologists conducted further research on the Brown
Glacier, in an effort to determine whether glacial retreat is rapid or punctuated. Using a portable
6711:
9521:
9189:
8646:
6039:
5580:, which retreated approximately one mile (1.6 km) between 1947 and 1963, appears to be a very sensitive indicator of glacier change on the island. The young moraines flanking
9362:
459:
5809:
5520:
between 1874 and 1929. Between 1949 and 1954, marked changes were observed to have occurred in the ice formations above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) on the southwestern slopes of
8798:
8619:
5266:
5262:
4626:
5630:
on glacier mass balance. Based on the findings of that expedition, the rate of loss of glacier ice on Heard Island appears to be accelerating. Between 2000 and 2003, repeat
1366:
or head of a glacier. For the purposes of this list, Antarctica is defined as any latitude further south than 60° (the continental limit according to the
Antarctic Treaty).
8793:
7232:
5535:
taken in
December 1947 with those taken on a return visit in early 1980. Retreat of Heard Island glaciers is most dramatic on the eastern section of the island, where the
8661:
8593:
6719:
5528:. By 1963, major recession was obvious below 2,000 feet (610 m) on almost all glaciers, and minor recession was evident as high as 5,000 feet (1,500 m).
234:
Another factor that contributes to the climate of the subantarctic region, though to a much lesser extent than the thermohaline circulation, is the formation of
8302:
8535:
1639:
1222:
1166:
513:
505:
8419:
6917:
6061:
Jon J. Major & Christopher G. Newhall (1989). "Snow and ice perturbation during historical volcanic eruptions and the formation of lahars and floods".
5874:
8683:
8636:
7042:
5684:
5664:
580:
335:
76:
9562:
8678:
8258:
9703:
8893:
8609:
8327:
8104:
6180:
5603:
Southward movement of the
Antarctic Convergence: such a movement conceivably might cause glacier retreat through a rise in sea and air temperatures
9249:
9038:
5945:
8201:
6890:
5352:
on Heard Island, the area is considered a "biological hot spot". The marine environment surrounding the islands features diverse and distinctive
5188:
1229:
8898:
8861:
8715:
8700:
8614:
8263:
8207:
5214:
5210:
1117:
9557:
8695:
6366:; Delgado, Silvia; Aravena, Juan Carlos (15 October 2009). "Glacier fluctuations in extratropical South America during the past 1000 years".
5722:
1173:
219:(150 million cubic meters per second), equivalent to 150 times the volume of water flowing in all the world's rivers. The ACC and the global
5782:
5291:
shows that McDonald Island increased in size from about 1 to 2.5 square kilometers between 1994 and 2004, as a result of volcanic activity.
612:
9579:
8530:
8525:
7433:
6669:
Quilty, P.G. & Wheller, G. (2000). "Heard Island and the McDonald
Islands: A window into the Kerguelen Plateau (Heard Island Papers)".
1063:
1009:
670:
6419:
5626:, the team took measurements of the volume of the glacier. Monitoring of climatic conditions continued, with an emphasis on the impact of
6035:
724:
9060:
8838:
8656:
8583:
8573:
8556:
8463:
8270:
7196:
6772:. Hobart, Tasmania: Cooperative Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment, University of Tasmania. pp. 1–27.
6768:
Truffer, M; Thost, D; Ruddell, A (2001). "The Brown Glacier, Heard Island: its morphology, dynamics, mass balance and climate setting".
5879:
2134:
2090:
894:
778:
9489:
9350:
9307:
8803:
7466:
7237:
6411:
5805:
4272:
48:
1283:
298:. Because of this, all lands and waters situated south of the Antarctic Convergence are considered to belong to the Antarctic from a
9416:
9292:
9109:
8307:
6974:
6310:
5957:
5953:
5761:
5272:
1549:
1374:
1337:
945:
497:
112:
6449:
6340:
9698:
9649:
9287:
9267:
9214:
9166:
8223:
8071:
7333:
7247:
6184:
5913:
5280:
4228:
5543:
are now located inland. Glaciers on the northern and western coasts have narrowed significantly, while the area of glaciers and
9708:
9406:
9357:
8783:
8745:
8690:
8155:
7328:
7211:
6989:
6910:
6176:
5884:
6617:
5372:. This marine environment also serves as a nursery area for a range of fishes, including some species of commercial interest.
953:
9474:
8758:
8510:
7721:
7201:
6246:
5407:
5381:
5299:
4184:
3872:
1556:
5949:
5845:
9584:
9119:
8651:
7191:
7153:
6964:
6715:
5918:
5611:
5467:
5463:
1341:
200:
152:
9663:
6707:
9567:
9239:
8768:
8763:
8668:
8540:
8097:
7102:
7032:
6979:
6952:
6219:
6146:
5659:
4979:
3814:
287:
6582:
314:, article VI ("Area covered by Treaty") states: "The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of
8778:
8626:
8588:
7701:
7216:
7148:
7037:
5841:
5227:
2312:
6688:
Budd, G.M. (2000). "Changes in Heard Island glaciers, king penguins and fur seals since 1947 (Heard Island Papers)".
5702:
9637:
9401:
9204:
9161:
8934:
8856:
8710:
7640:
7298:
7283:
7242:
7206:
6903:
6211:
5459:
4316:
1378:
1276:
398:
5584:
show that Winston Glacier has lost at least 300 vertical feet (91 vertical m) of ice within a recent time period.
9506:
9181:
9156:
9129:
9091:
9008:
8826:
8673:
8631:
8381:
8150:
8145:
8140:
6957:
5631:
6755:(104 ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences. pp. 42–56
836:
9713:
9516:
9511:
9442:
9282:
8788:
8753:
8641:
8568:
8409:
8238:
8174:
8135:
7676:
7318:
7308:
7092:
7064:
7020:
6821:
5484:
is significantly negative on many glaciers on Kergeulen Island, Heard Island, South Georgia and Bouvet Island.
5076:
5031:
4898:
4853:
4721:
4589:
4146:
4056:
4011:
3821:
3689:
3557:
3379:
3291:
3202:
3158:
3114:
3070:
3026:
2982:
2938:
2804:
2760:
2672:
2628:
2452:
2408:
2319:
2187:
2009:
1876:
1787:
1742:
1653:
1563:
220:
172:
156:
9501:
6851:
5922:
5121:
4986:
4942:
4809:
4765:
4677:
4633:
4545:
4500:
4456:
4411:
4323:
4279:
4235:
4191:
4101:
3967:
3879:
3777:
3733:
3645:
3601:
3512:
3468:
3424:
3335:
3246:
2894:
2849:
2716:
2584:
2540:
2496:
2275:
2231:
2141:
2097:
2053:
1965:
1921:
1697:
1607:
1516:
437:
4367:
3923:
2363:
1832:
283:
9625:
9547:
9457:
9199:
9171:
8851:
8483:
8090:
7726:
7348:
7252:
7138:
6934:
4049:
311:
279:
239:
9224:
9044:
8986:
8903:
8888:
8773:
8414:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
7986:
7635:
7459:
7323:
7143:
5521:
5399:
2180:
1483:
1464:
1445:
1406:
1390:
550:
235:
7428:
5985:"Impacts of Climate Change on the Subduction of Mode and Intermediate Water Masses in the Southern Ocean"
3858:
9693:
9613:
9259:
9136:
8944:
8399:
8322:
8009:
7716:
7343:
7293:
7288:
7183:
7025:
6969:
6947:
6215:
1110:
386:
92:
37:
6634:
6104:
Cristian Huggel; Ceballos, Jorge Luis; Pulgarín, Bernardo; Ramírez, Jair; Thouret, Jean-Claude (2007).
5447:
242:. The halothermal circulation is that portion of the global ocean circulation that is driven by global
340:
9452:
9330:
9021:
8991:
8561:
8488:
7752:
6375:
6284:
6120:
6070:
5996:
5517:
5481:
5385:
1475:
546:
1362:). Snow fields are not glaciers in the strict sense of the word, but they are commonly found at the
516:
are also located in the Furious Fifties. The geography of these islands is characterized by tundra,
9469:
9244:
8473:
8468:
7946:
7773:
7691:
7418:
7395:
7353:
7303:
7278:
7052:
7010:
6878:
5647:
5439:
1460:
1441:
536:
532:
525:
489:
485:
429:
421:
417:
372:
368:
360:
315:
196:
192:
188:
68:
64:
52:
5718:
9297:
9229:
9146:
8996:
8961:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8478:
7778:
7575:
7338:
6873:
6801:
6779:"Glacier retreat and melt-lake expansion at Stephenson Glacier, Heard Island World Heritage Area"
6639:
6501:
6302:
6138:
6086:
5778:
5556:
5532:
5431:
5395:
4758:
4094:
3151:
2046:
1509:
1418:
291:
7873:
5744:
Klinck, J; Nowlin, W. D. Jr. (2001). "Antarctic Circumpolar Current". In Steele, John H. (ed.).
1869:
6415:
5390:
9531:
9194:
8939:
8705:
8493:
8456:
8243:
8197:
8061:
8024:
7848:
7565:
7452:
7400:
7273:
6942:
6484:
Ian F. Allison & Peter L. Keage (1986). "Recent changes in the glaciers of Heard Island".
5757:
5679:
5642:
5564:
5548:
5540:
5427:
5288:
5183:
Together, the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) act as a
4714:
3960:
3328:
1690:
1363:
1002:
605:
433:
406:
402:
128:
6868:
5650:. The retreat of Heard Island's glaciers is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
5618:
of 2003–04. A small team of scientists spent two months on the island, conducting studies on
9677:
9574:
9141:
9124:
9065:
8956:
8720:
8439:
8312:
8248:
8066:
7966:
7863:
7793:
7655:
7534:
7390:
6793:
6629:
6493:
6391:
6383:
6363:
6292:
6128:
6078:
6004:
5749:
5669:
5536:
4846:
4670:
4004:
3916:
3594:
2665:
2445:
1958:
1456:
1437:
1359:
1056:
829:
663:
509:
493:
441:
425:
410:
347:
and surrounding islands in relation to the Antarctic Convergence and the 60th parallel south
243:
167:
9526:
9447:
9411:
9340:
9314:
9302:
9219:
9151:
9026:
8883:
8500:
8451:
8429:
7961:
7936:
7818:
7731:
7620:
7374:
7158:
7133:
7059:
7015:
7005:
5577:
5493:
5455:
5419:
5411:
5231:
5223:
5114:
5069:
5024:
4891:
4582:
4449:
4404:
3638:
3550:
3505:
3417:
3107:
2931:
2709:
2577:
2401:
2268:
2224:
1735:
1422:
878:
554:
541:
524:. These islands are situated close to or south of the Antarctic Convergence, but north of
450:
377:
295:
278:
converge in the immediate vicinity of the APF or Antarctic Convergence (in particular the
6647:
6441:
6269:
5410:
at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere. With respect to glaciers of the
6778:
6379:
6336:
6288:
6124:
6074:
6000:
9479:
9335:
9277:
9272:
9114:
9003:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8578:
8515:
8253:
8233:
8192:
8113:
7853:
7838:
7711:
7696:
7625:
7610:
7544:
7529:
7384:
7379:
7369:
7268:
7082:
6172:
5615:
5581:
5573:
5497:
5295:
5192:
5174:
4935:
4802:
4360:
3682:
3461:
3284:
3239:
3063:
3019:
2975:
2797:
2753:
2621:
2489:
2002:
1825:
1600:
1496:
1479:
1414:
1410:
1386:
874:
817:
717:
592:
562:
464:
394:
382:
356:
267:
258:
208:
80:
6106:"Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcano–glacier interactions in Colombia"
9687:
9552:
9484:
9209:
9031:
9016:
8951:
8846:
8034:
7976:
7956:
7951:
7898:
7893:
7878:
7823:
7768:
7706:
7681:
7560:
7313:
7107:
6643:
6505:
6090:
5961:
5638:
5623:
5589:
5560:
5415:
5349:
5337:
4139:
3770:
3372:
2887:
2842:
2533:
2356:
2173:
1914:
1780:
771:
651:
565:
are all properly considered to be Antarctic islands for the following three reasons:
501:
212:
204:
180:
148:
124:
88:
6805:
6142:
5717:
Ryan Smith; Melicie Desflots; Sean White; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan (2008).
5504:. 80% of the island is covered in ice, with glaciers descending from 2400 meters to
1471:
351:
143:
9437:
9234:
8878:
8868:
8520:
8404:
8317:
7914:
7843:
7600:
7595:
7539:
6745:
6306:
5353:
5283:. Volcanic activity has been observed in this area since the mid-1980s, with fresh
4538:
4493:
3726:
3195:
1646:
1382:
1369:
1159:
933:
558:
390:
228:
84:
6242:
1452:
1433:
1401:
6387:
6241:
Bernard Francou (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) (17 January 2001).
5837:
127:. The northernmost boundary of the subantarctic region is the rather ill-defined
9464:
8981:
8973:
8228:
8029:
7908:
7888:
7883:
7868:
7828:
7686:
7570:
7117:
7097:
6038:. Kingston, Tasmania, Australia: Australian Antarctic Division. 8 October 2008.
5474:
5184:
1426:
1394:
656:
469:
448:, lie north of the Antarctic Convergence in the region often referred to as the
299:
247:
132:
32:
29:
Term describing the parts of the three largest oceans nearest the Southern Ocean
6297:
6133:
5568:
with the measured increase in temperature of +0.9 °C over that time span.
579:
In light of the above considerations, the following should be considered to be
9496:
8873:
8505:
8056:
8039:
8019:
7971:
7605:
7519:
7174:
7047:
6926:
6797:
6497:
6105:
5627:
5509:
5443:
5369:
1355:
517:
344:
275:
263:
108:
6207:
5191:
and storing it in solution. If the SAMW temperature increases as a result of
5136:
5123:
5091:
5078:
5046:
5033:
5001:
4988:
4957:
4944:
4913:
4900:
4868:
4855:
4824:
4811:
4780:
4767:
4736:
4723:
4692:
4679:
4648:
4635:
4604:
4591:
4560:
4547:
4515:
4502:
4471:
4458:
4426:
4413:
4382:
4369:
4338:
4325:
4294:
4281:
4250:
4237:
4206:
4193:
4161:
4148:
4116:
4103:
4071:
4058:
4026:
4013:
3982:
3969:
3938:
3925:
3894:
3881:
3836:
3823:
3792:
3779:
3748:
3735:
3704:
3691:
3660:
3647:
3616:
3603:
3572:
3559:
3527:
3514:
3483:
3470:
3439:
3426:
3394:
3381:
3350:
3337:
3306:
3293:
3261:
3248:
3217:
3204:
3173:
3160:
3129:
3116:
3085:
3072:
3041:
3028:
2997:
2984:
2953:
2940:
2909:
2896:
2864:
2851:
2819:
2806:
2775:
2762:
2731:
2718:
2687:
2674:
2643:
2630:
2599:
2586:
2555:
2542:
2511:
2498:
2467:
2454:
2423:
2410:
2378:
2365:
2334:
2321:
2290:
2277:
2246:
2233:
2202:
2189:
2156:
2143:
2112:
2099:
2068:
2055:
2024:
2011:
1980:
1967:
1936:
1923:
1891:
1878:
1847:
1834:
1802:
1789:
1757:
1744:
1712:
1699:
1668:
1655:
1622:
1609:
1578:
1565:
1531:
1518:
1299:
1285:
1245:
1231:
1189:
1175:
1133:
1119:
1079:
1065:
1025:
1011:
969:
955:
910:
896:
851:
838:
794:
780:
740:
726:
686:
672:
628:
614:
17:
8446:
7645:
7585:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7087:
6863:
6567:
5674:
5634:
5525:
5505:
5501:
5470:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5276:
1215:
995:
477:
455:
445:
323:
307:
104:
56:
6009:
5984:
5753:
139:
Influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thermohaline circulation
99:
are, by definition, located on islands within the subantarctic region. All
290:). This convergence creates a unique environment, noted for its very high
123:
The subantarctic region comprises two geographic zones and three distinct
7999:
7994:
7808:
7747:
7671:
7580:
7112:
6270:"Recent glacier variations at the Aconcagua Basin, central Chilean Andes"
5423:
5365:
5341:
5235:
319:
216:
60:
6396:
5781:. The Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS).
5721:. The Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS).
5531:
Retreat of glacier fronts across Heard Island is evident when comparing
5169:
8424:
7941:
7931:
7858:
7630:
7615:
7524:
7499:
7475:
6082:
5576:
on the west coast has lost at least 200 vertical feet (61 vertical m).
5544:
5451:
5345:
5329:
5318:
5242:
1349:
521:
303:
224:
176:
160:
100:
72:
5983:
Stephanie M. Downes; Nathaniel L. Bindoff; Stephen R. Rintoul (2009).
9432:
7903:
7813:
7494:
7489:
6984:
5361:
5333:
5322:
938:
822:
473:
199:
and 48°S in the Atlantic Ocean, defines the northern boundary of the
6825:
6416:"Huge glaciers retreat on a large scale in Patagonia, South America"
5908:
8434:
8004:
7833:
7650:
6171:
Richard S. Williams Jr. & Jane G. Ferrigno (9 February 1999).
5389:
5357:
5325:, which are now available for colonization by plants and animals.
5250:
5246:
5238:
5168:
1470:
1451:
1432:
1400:
1368:
350:
339:
257:
166:
142:
8082:
5719:"Surface Currents in the Southern Ocean:The Antarctic CP Current"
8014:
7783:
7590:
5619:
5435:
5418:, abundant evidence has been collected from ongoing research at
5284:
9383:
9088:
8824:
8379:
8291:
8172:
8124:
8086:
7448:
6899:
6753:
Snow and Ice (Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium, August 1971)
6206:
L.G. Thompson; E. Mosley-Thompson; et al. (1 June 2010).
5596:
Possible causes of glacier recession on Heard Island include:
9346:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
6895:
6746:"A synoptic background to glacier variations of Heard Island"
6036:"'Big brother' monitors glacial retreat in the sub-Antarctic"
572:
they are all located within the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean
539:
south of the Equator, in the region often referred to as the
375:
south of the Equator, in the region often referred to as the
5748:(1st ed.). New York: Academic Press. pp. 151–159.
7444:
6712:
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
6534:. Glaciology Program, Antarctic CRC and AAD. Archived from
6618:"Glacier Recession on Heard Island, Southern Indian Ocean"
5336:, and large harems of land-based marine predators such as
9522:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
6362:
Masiokas, Mariano H.; Rivera, Andrés; Espizua, Lydia E.;
454:. Unlike other subantarctic islands, these islands have
6243:"Small Glaciers Of The Andes May Vanish In 10–15 Years"
569:
they are all located south of the Antarctic Convergence
254:
Definition of subantarctic: political versus scientific
9661:
9363:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6824:. Derby, United Kingdom: Paul Carroll. Archived from
6532:"Our subantarctic glaciers: why are they retreating?"
5294:
In addition to new land being produced by volcanism,
575:
they are all located south of the 60th parallel south
6635:
10.1657/1523-0430(06-084)[THOST]2.0.CO;2
5806:"Millions of tiny starfish inhabit undersea volcano"
5492:
Heard Island is a heavily glacierized, subantarctic
9540:
9425:
9394:
9323:
9258:
9180:
9102:
9053:
8970:
8927:
8837:
8744:
8602:
8549:
8392:
8216:
8185:
7985:
7924:
7801:
7792:
7761:
7740:
7664:
7553:
7482:
7362:
7261:
7225:
7182:
7126:
7075:
6998:
6933:
6891:
U.S. Geological Survey, Atlas of Antarctic Research
6268:Francisca Bown; Andres Rivera; Cesar Acuna (2008).
5614:conducted an expedition to Heard Island during the
5267:
Category:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
5263:
Category:Flora of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
7233:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
6616:Douglas E. Thost; Martin Truffer (February 2008).
6575:International Association for Scientific Hydrology
5637:revealed that the rate of loss of ice in both the
159:, the ACC strongly influences regional and global
6718:, Territories, Environment and Treaties Section.
6368:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5777:Joanna Gyory; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan.
5306:). These combined processes produce new ice-free
9563:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
6708:"Australian Research Expeditions – Heard Island"
5836:Office of Polar Programs (OPP) (26 April 2010).
5480:Many subantarctic glaciers are also in retreat.
5271:The physical landscape and biota communities of
5230:include most of the subantarctic islands native
5287:flows on the southwest flanks of Heard Island.
91:oceans, especially those situated north of the
6446:Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World
1397:are seen at the lower right side of the image.
8303:History of climate change policy and politics
8098:
7460:
6911:
6822:"The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands"
5516:Available records show no apparent change in
183:, while red paths represent surface currents.
8:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6467:
1381:is seen on the left side of the image, with
195:in the Indian and Pacific Ocean and between
8420:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
6777:Kevin Kiernan & Anne McConnell (2002).
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
5712:
5710:
5685:Category: Flora of the subantarctic islands
355:Trees growing along the north shore of the
318:". Therefore, Antarctica is defined from a
36:The Antarctic region and its boundary, the
9644:
9632:
9391:
9380:
9099:
9085:
8834:
8821:
8389:
8376:
8288:
8182:
8169:
8121:
8105:
8091:
8083:
7798:
7467:
7453:
7445:
6995:
6918:
6904:
6896:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
5665:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
5356:that support a range of species including
1489:
585:
336:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
9190:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
8328:United Nations Climate Change conferences
6633:
6395:
6296:
6132:
6008:
8894:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
6568:"Recent glacier retreat on Heard Island"
6181:United States Department of the Interior
5831:
5829:
5827:
5477:and Antarctica is also well documented.
203:(or ACC). The ACC is the most important
175:strongly influences regional and global
75:. The subantarctic region includes many
31:
9668:
9250:National Adaptation Programme of Action
9039:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
5946:United States Department of Agriculture
5695:
5500:, roughly 4000 kilometers southwest of
5215:Category: Fauna of subantarctic islands
5211:Category: Flora of subantarctic islands
1373:Satellite image of the southern tip of
8899:Economics of climate change mitigation
8862:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
8208:Scientific consensus on climate change
6622:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
6343:from the original on 30 September 2009
6245:. UniSci, International Science News.
5903:
5901:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
187:The subantarctic Front, found between
9558:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6722:from the original on 16 February 2011
6418:. Earth Observation Research Center.
6249:from the original on 20 February 2010
310:standpoint. However, the text of the
59:region. This translates roughly to a
7:
9580:Representative Concentration Pathway
8526:Tipping points in the climate system
8202:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
7424:
6770:Antarctic CRC Research Report No. 24
6452:from the original on 9 November 2009
5848:from the original on 17 January 2012
440:, and other islands associated with
9351:Nationally determined contributions
9061:Individual action on climate change
8271:World energy supply and consumption
6566:G.M. Budd; P.J. Stephenson (1970).
5880:Geographic Names Information System
282:(Subantarctic Mode Water or SAMW),
111:are by definition considered to be
55:, located immediately north of the
9490:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
6412:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
6152:from the original on 27 March 2009
5344:. Due to the very high numbers of
5328:Heard Island has vast colonies of
25:
9417:Satellite temperature measurement
9022:forestry for carbon sequestration
8308:History of climate change science
6710:. Kingston, Tasmania, Australia:
6588:from the original on 19 June 2011
6422:from the original on 21 July 2011
6337:"Patagonian ice in rapid retreat"
6222:from the original on 23 June 2010
5958:National Snow and Ice Data Center
5812:from the original on 9 March 2012
5725:from the original on 14 June 2010
5703:Editorial guidelines – sub-Arctic
5273:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1338:List of glaciers in the Antarctic
946:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
498:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
155:(ACC). In addition to the global
9671:
9643:
9631:
9620:
9619:
9607:
9268:Climate Change Performance Index
8647:Destruction of cultural heritage
8072:Template:Periglacial environment
7423:
7414:
7413:
7173:
6744:U. Radok & D. Watts (1975).
6316:from the original on 7 July 2011
6187:from the original on 4 June 2008
5925:from the original on 28 May 2010
5914:Australian Antarctic Data Centre
5785:from the original on 1 June 2010
5376:Retreat of subantarctic glaciers
5165:Impact of climate change on SAMW
223:strongly influence regional and
9704:Geography of the Southern Ocean
9407:Instrumental temperature record
9358:Sustainable Development Goal 13
6335:Jonathan Amos (27 April 2004).
6177:United States Geological Survey
6042:from the original on 7 May 2013
5885:United States Geological Survey
5275:are constantly changing due to
9475:Climate variability and change
8511:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
6530:Andrew Ruddell (25 May 2010).
6208:"Peru – Quelccaya (1974–1983)"
5382:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
5298:of the climate is causing the
5279:, strong winds and waves, and
1:
9585:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
9120:Climate emergency declaration
6820:Paul Carroll (1 March 2004).
6716:Australian Antarctic Division
5919:Australian Antarctic Division
5746:Encyclopedia of Ocean Science
5612:Australian Antarctic Division
1342:List of Antarctic ice streams
201:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
153:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
79:in the southern parts of the
9568:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
8794:Middle East and North Africa
6388:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.006
5660:Extreme points of Antarctica
288:Antarctic Intermediate Water
246:created by surface heat and
6879:GPX (secondary coordinates)
5842:National Science Foundation
5257:Subantarctic island example
5228:Antarctic Floristic Kingdom
1405:Satellite image of central
322:standpoint as all land and
9730:
9402:Global surface temperature
9293:Popular culture depictions
9205:Ecosystem-based adaptation
8935:Carbon capture and storage
8857:Carbon offsets and credits
6448:. U.S. Geological Survey.
6298:10.3189/172756408784700572
6212:Byrd Polar Research Center
6134:10.3189/172756407782282408
5804:Ray Lilley (19 May 2008).
5551:have shrunk by 30% – 65%.
5524:, possibly as a result of
5402:is shown in the background
5379:
5260:
5189:atmospheric carbon dioxide
1335:
492:south of the Equator, the
424:south of the Equator, the
333:
280:Subantarctic Surface Water
262:Diagram showing different
9614:Climate change portal
9601:
9507:Extreme event attribution
9390:
9379:
9130:School Strike for Climate
9098:
9084:
9009:Climate-smart agriculture
8833:
8820:
8388:
8375:
8298:
8287:
8181:
8168:
8151:Climate change adaptation
8146:Climate change mitigation
8141:Effects of climate change
8131:
8120:
8052:
7409:
7171:
6874:GPX (primary coordinates)
6849:Map all coordinates using
6798:10.1017/S0032247400017988
6498:10.1017/S0032247400007099
6442:"Glaciers of New Zealand"
5473:. Retreat of glaciers in
1354:. This list includes one
772:Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya)
9517:Global warming potential
9324:International agreements
8971:Preserving and enhancing
8410:Arctic methane emissions
8332:Years in climate change
8239:Greenhouse gas emissions
8136:Causes of climate change
7083:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6857:Download coordinates as:
5488:Glaciers of Heard Island
326:south of 60°S latitude.
221:thermohaline circulation
173:thermohaline circulation
157:thermohaline circulation
9699:Geography of Antarctica
9548:Climate change scenario
9200:Disaster risk reduction
8852:Carbon emission trading
8662:U.S. insurance industry
8637:Civilizational collapse
8484:sea surface temperature
6690:Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm
6671:Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm
6063:Bulletin of Volcanology
5844:, Arlington, Virginia.
5406:Glaciers are currently
5199:in the Southern Ocean.
284:Antarctic Surface Water
179:. Blue paths represent
9709:Glaciers of Antarctica
9541:Research and modelling
9225:Nature-based solutions
9045:Nature-based solutions
8987:Carbon dioxide removal
8904:Fossil fuel divestment
8889:Climate risk insurance
8799:Small island countries
8415:Arctic sea ice decline
6173:"Peruvian Cordilleras"
6010:10.1175/2008JCLI2653.1
5954:University of Colorado
5838:"The Antarctic Treaty"
5754:10.1006/rwos.2001.0370
5403:
5180:
2181:Christophersen Glacier
1487:
1468:
1449:
1430:
1398:
1257:South Sandwich Islands
1223:South Sandwich Islands
882:
551:South Shetland Islands
514:South Sandwich Islands
364:
348:
271:
236:Antarctic Bottom Water
227:as well as underwater
184:
164:
40:
9502:Earth's energy budget
9385:Background and theory
9273:Climate crisis (term)
8945:Fossil fuel phase-out
8839:Economics and finance
8804:by individual country
8746:By country and region
8721:Security and conflict
8716:Psychological impacts
8400:Abrupt climate change
8323:Charles David Keeling
8156:By country and region
8010:Giant current ripples
6869:GPX (all coordinates)
6216:Ohio State University
5956:, Boulder, Colorado:
5909:"Antarctic Gazetteer"
5460:central Chilean Andes
5393:
5172:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1404:
1372:
1332:Subantarctic glaciers
1145:Prince Edward Islands
1111:Prince Edward Islands
830:Campbell Island Group
494:Campbell Island Group
438:Diego Ramírez Islands
387:Prince Edward Islands
354:
343:
261:
170:
147:Diagram of the major
146:
133:Antarctic Polar Front
97:Subantarctic glaciers
93:Antarctic Convergence
38:Antarctic Convergence
35:
9331:Glasgow Climate Pact
8992:Carbon sequestration
8562:Mass mortality event
6414:(3 September 2008).
6277:Annals of Glaciology
6113:Annals of Glaciology
5808:. Associated Press.
5518:glacier mass balance
5386:Glacier mass balance
5173:Air-sea exchange of
5109:South Georgia Group
5064:South Georgia Group
5019:South Georgia Group
4930:South Georgia Group
4886:South Georgia Group
4841:South Georgia Group
4753:South Georgia Group
4709:South Georgia Group
4621:South Georgia Group
4577:South Georgia Group
4533:South Georgia Group
4488:South Georgia Group
4444:South Georgia Group
4399:South Georgia Group
4355:South Georgia Group
4267:South Georgia Group
4223:South Georgia Group
4179:South Georgia Group
4134:South Georgia Group
4089:South Georgia Group
4050:Nordenskjöld Glacier
4044:South Georgia Group
3999:South Georgia Group
3955:South Georgia Group
3911:South Georgia Group
3853:South Georgia Group
3809:South Georgia Group
3721:South Georgia Group
3677:South Georgia Group
3633:South Georgia Group
3589:South Georgia Group
3545:South Georgia Group
3500:South Georgia Group
3456:South Georgia Group
3323:South Georgia Group
3279:South Georgia Group
3234:South Georgia Group
3190:South Georgia Group
3146:South Georgia Group
3102:South Georgia Group
3058:South Georgia Group
3014:South Georgia Group
2970:South Georgia Group
2926:South Georgia Group
2882:South Georgia Group
2792:South Georgia Group
2748:South Georgia Group
2660:South Georgia Group
2616:South Georgia Group
2484:South Georgia Group
2396:South Georgia Group
2351:South Georgia Group
2263:South Georgia Group
2219:South Georgia Group
2129:South Georgia Group
2041:South Georgia Group
1997:South Georgia Group
1909:South Georgia Group
1864:South Georgia Group
1820:South Georgia Group
1775:South Georgia Group
1685:South Georgia Group
1476:Nordenskjold Glacier
581:subantarctic islands
547:South Orkney Islands
460:temperate grasslands
330:Subantarctic islands
240:halothermal dynamics
9470:Climate sensitivity
9245:The Adaptation Fund
8701:Infectious diseases
8603:Social and economic
7947:Moraine-dammed lake
7774:Subglacial eruption
7396:Robert Falcon Scott
7053:South magnetic pole
7011:Antarctic Peninsula
7006:Biogeographic realm
6538:on 13 February 2014
6380:2009PPP...281..242M
6289:2008AnGla..48...43B
6125:2007AnGla..45..128H
6075:1989BVol...52....1M
6001:2009JCli...22.3289D
5648:dynamic equilibrium
5508:. Due to the steep
5468:Southern Patagonian
5464:Northern Patagonian
5400:San Quintín Glacier
5398:from 1990 to 2000.
5300:retreat of glaciers
5133: /
5088: /
5043: /
4998: /
4954: /
4910: /
4865: /
4821: /
4777: /
4733: /
4689: /
4645: /
4601: /
4557: /
4512: /
4468: /
4423: /
4379: /
4335: /
4291: /
4247: /
4203: /
4158: /
4113: /
4068: /
4023: /
3979: /
3935: /
3891: /
3859:Mary Powell Glacier
3833: /
3789: /
3745: /
3701: /
3657: /
3613: /
3569: /
3524: /
3480: /
3436: /
3391: /
3347: /
3303: /
3258: /
3214: /
3170: /
3126: /
3082: /
3038: /
2994: /
2950: /
2906: /
2861: /
2816: /
2772: /
2728: /
2684: /
2640: /
2596: /
2552: /
2508: /
2464: /
2420: /
2375: /
2331: /
2287: /
2243: /
2199: /
2153: /
2135:Christensen Glacier
2109: /
2091:Christensen Glacier
2065: /
2021: /
1977: /
1933: /
1888: /
1844: /
1799: /
1754: /
1709: /
1665: /
1640:South Georgia Group
1619: /
1575: /
1528: /
1461:Cumberland West Bay
1442:Cumberland West Bay
1352:in the subantarctic
1295: /
1241: /
1201:South Georgia Group
1185: /
1167:South Georgia Group
1129: /
1075: /
1021: /
965: /
906: /
848: /
790: /
736: /
682: /
624: /
506:South Georgia Group
430:Isla de los Estados
292:marine productivity
181:deep-water currents
53:Southern Hemisphere
9041:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
9013:Forest management
8997:Direct air capture
8962:Sustainable energy
8919:Net zero emissions
8914:Low-carbon economy
8909:Green Climate Fund
8696:Indigenous peoples
8594:Plant biodiversity
8382:Effects and issues
7779:Subglacial volcano
7762:Volcanic relations
7334:Telecommunications
7248:Territorial claims
6650:on 4 December 2012
6218:, Columbus, Ohio.
6083:10.1007/BF00641384
5989:Journal of Climate
5950:"Types of Glacier"
5944:Dr. Sue Ferguson,
5541:tidewater glaciers
5533:aerial photographs
5432:Qori Kalis Glacier
5404:
5396:San Rafael Glacier
5304:see section below
5181:
4759:Stephenson Glacier
4273:Posadowsky Glacier
4095:Novosilski Glacier
3152:Henningsen Glacier
2047:Challenger Glacier
1510:Abbotsmith Glacier
1501:Length or (Width)
1488:
1469:
1467:, circa 1882–1883.
1450:
1448:, circa 1882–1883.
1431:
1419:Thatcher Peninsula
1399:
1300:48.017°S 166.533°E
1080:54.633°S 158.867°E
852:52.533°S 169.133°E
741:47.750°S 179.050°E
687:50.700°S 166.083°E
629:49.667°S 178.767°E
365:
349:
316:60° South latitude
272:
185:
165:
113:Antarctic glaciers
41:
9659:
9658:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9532:Radiative forcing
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9195:Adaptive capacity
9080:
9079:
9076:
9075:
8940:Energy transition
8816:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8531:Tropical cyclones
8457:Urban heat island
8371:
8370:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8244:Carbon accounting
8198:Greenhouse effect
8164:
8163:
8080:
8079:
8048:
8047:
7566:Accumulation zone
7442:
7441:
7401:Ernest Shackleton
7329:Research stations
7274:Antarctic English
7243:National programs
7238:Military activity
7212:COVID-19 pandemic
7169:
7168:
7038:Floristic Kingdom
6943:Antarctic sea ice
6364:Villalba, Ricardo
5995:(12): 3289–3302.
5875:"Antarctic Names"
5779:"The Gulf Stream"
5680:Subarctic climate
5643:accumulation zone
5600:Volcanic activity
5549:Laurens Peninsula
5526:volcanic activity
5428:Quelccaya Ice Cap
5289:Satellite imagery
5157:
5156:
5137:53.150°S 73.633°E
5092:54.600°S 36.367°W
5047:54.583°S 36.000°W
5002:54.533°S 36.017°W
4958:53.067°S 73.383°E
4914:54.367°S 36.517°W
4869:54.717°S 35.933°W
4825:54.783°S 36.017°W
4781:53.100°S 73.700°E
4737:54.583°S 36.317°W
4715:Spenceley Glacier
4693:54.117°S 37.650°W
4649:53.050°S 73.400°E
4605:54.783°S 35.900°W
4561:54.050°S 37.600°W
4516:54.550°S 36.100°W
4472:54.767°S 36.100°W
4427:54.767°S 35.083°W
4383:54.100°S 37.017°W
4339:54.117°S 37.483°W
4295:54.417°S 32.033°E
4251:54.817°S 36.050°W
4207:54.133°S 37.550°W
4162:54.400°S 36.467°W
4117:54.067°S 36.300°W
4072:54.367°S 36.367°W
4027:54.250°S 36.683°W
3983:54.483°S 36.150°W
3961:Nachtigal Glacier
3939:54.150°S 37.150°W
3895:54.083°S 37.233°W
3837:54.283°S 36.617°W
3793:54.067°S 37.300°W
3749:53.150°S 73.433°E
3705:54.750°S 35.867°W
3661:54.033°S 36.933°W
3617:54.017°S 36.800°W
3573:54.350°S 36.850°W
3528:54.267°S 37.067°W
3484:54.267°S 37.133°W
3440:54.767°S 36.117°W
3395:53.000°S 73.333°E
3329:Horntvedt Glacier
3307:54.267°S 36.533°W
3262:54.567°S 36.083°W
3218:54.683°S 35.967°W
3174:54.450°S 36.700°W
3130:54.483°S 36.617°W
3086:54.417°S 36.200°W
3042:54.767°S 36.250°W
2998:54.367°S 36.533°W
2954:54.350°S 36.517°W
2910:54.067°S 37.383°W
2865:54.800°S 36.017°W
2820:53.167°S 73.450°E
2776:54.283°S 36.683°W
2732:54.100°S 36.850°W
2688:53.183°S 73.567°E
2644:54.217°S 37.217°W
2600:54.383°S 36.083°W
2556:53.033°S 73.583°E
2512:53.033°S 73.517°E
2468:54.783°S 35.933°W
2424:53.183°S 73.517°E
2379:54.133°S 37.017°W
2335:54.450°S 36.183°W
2291:53.050°S 73.617°E
2247:54.067°S 37.433°W
2203:54.417°S 36.783°W
2113:54.033°S 36.867°W
2069:53.033°S 73.467°E
2025:54.433°S 36.200°W
1981:54.050°S 37.483°W
1937:53.067°S 73.650°E
1892:54.533°S 36.433°W
1848:54.017°S 37.133°W
1803:54.800°S 35.933°W
1758:54.617°S 35.950°W
1713:53.033°S 73.433°E
1691:Baudissin Glacier
1669:54.433°S 36.783°W
1623:54.067°S 37.200°W
1579:53.067°S 73.400°E
1532:53.100°S 73.400°E
1364:accumulation zone
1329:
1328:
1246:57.500°S 27.000°W
1190:54.500°S 37.000°W
1134:46.767°S 37.850°E
1037:Kerguelen Islands
1026:49.250°S 69.583°E
1003:Kerguelen Islands
970:53.067°S 73.000°E
911:46.417°S 51.983°E
640:Antipodes Islands
606:Antipodes Islands
542:Shrieking Sixties
472:. They also lack
434:Ildefonso Islands
407:Antipodes Islands
403:Kerguelen Islands
367:At between about
294:, especially for
274:Several distinct
244:density gradients
129:Subtropical Front
16:(Redirected from
9721:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9667:
9647:
9646:
9635:
9634:
9623:
9622:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9575:Paleoclimatology
9392:
9381:
9142:Ecological grief
9125:Climate movement
9100:
9086:
9066:Plant-based diet
8957:Renewable energy
8835:
8822:
8657:Economic impacts
8584:Invasive species
8440:Coastal flooding
8390:
8377:
8313:Svante Arrhenius
8289:
8259:from agriculture
8249:Carbon footprint
8234:Greenhouse gases
8183:
8170:
8122:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8084:
7967:Terminal moraine
7799:
7535:Piedmont glacier
7469:
7462:
7455:
7446:
7427:
7426:
7417:
7416:
7391:James Clark Ross
7363:Famous explorers
7177:
6996:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6897:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6792:(207): 297–308.
6783:
6773:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6750:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6646:. Archived from
6637:
6613:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6572:
6563:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6527:
6510:
6509:
6492:(144): 255–272.
6481:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6374:(3–4): 242–268.
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6300:
6274:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6136:
6110:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6032:
6015:
6014:
6012:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5964:on 17 April 2010
5960:. Archived from
5948:Forest Service.
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5905:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5871:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5714:
5705:
5700:
5670:List of glaciers
5354:benthic habitats
5302:on the islands (
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5097:-54.600; -36.367
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:-54.583; -36.000
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5007:-54.533; -36.017
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:-54.367; -36.517
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:-54.717; -35.933
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4847:Twitcher Glacier
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:-54.783; -36.017
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:-54.583; -36.317
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:-54.117; -37.650
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4671:Schrader Glacier
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:-54.783; -35.900
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4566:-54.050; -37.600
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:-54.550; -36.100
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4477:-54.767; -36.100
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:-54.767; -35.083
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:-54.100; -37.017
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:-54.117; -37.483
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:-54.817; -36.050
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4229:Philippi Glacier
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4212:-54.133; -37.550
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:-54.400; -36.467
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:-54.067; -36.300
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:-54.367; -36.367
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:-54.250; -36.683
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4005:Neumayer Glacier
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:-54.483; -36.150
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:-54.150; -37.150
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3917:Murray Snowfield
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:-54.083; -37.233
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:-54.283; -36.617
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:-54.067; -37.300
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:-54.750; -35.867
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:-54.033; -36.933
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:-54.017; -36.800
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:-54.350; -36.850
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:-54.267; -37.067
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:-54.267; -37.133
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:-54.767; -36.117
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:54.417°S 3.350°E
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:-54.267; -36.533
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:-54.567; -36.083
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:-54.683; -35.967
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:-54.450; -36.700
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:-54.483; -36.617
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:-54.417; -36.200
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:-54.767; -36.250
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:-54.367; -36.533
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:-54.350; -36.517
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:-54.067; -37.383
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:-54.800; -36.017
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:-54.283; -36.683
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:-54.100; -36.850
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2666:Fiftyone Glacier
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:-54.217; -37.217
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:-54.383; -36.083
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:-54.783; -35.933
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2446:Dead End Glacier
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:-54.133; -37.017
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:-54.450; -36.183
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:-54.067; -37.433
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:-54.417; -36.783
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:54.467°S 3.400°E
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:-54.033; -36.867
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:-54.433; -36.200
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:-54.050; -37.483
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1959:Brunonia Glacier
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:-54.533; -36.433
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:-54.017; -37.133
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:-54.800; -35.933
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:-54.617; -35.950
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:-54.433; -36.783
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:-54.067; -37.200
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1493:Name of Glacier
1490:
1457:Neumayer Glacier
1438:Neumayer Glacier
1360:Murray Snowfield
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:-48.017; 166.533
1301:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:-57.500; -27.000
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:-54.500; -37.000
1191:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:Macquarie Island
1087:
1086:
1085:-54.633; 158.867
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1057:Macquarie Island
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
989:
988:
986:
985:
984:
982:
977:
976:
971:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
923:
918:
917:
912:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
863:
862:
860:
859:
858:
857:-52.533; 169.133
853:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
814:
813:
811:
810:
809:
807:
802:
801:
796:
795:54.433°S 3.400°E
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
753:
748:
747:
746:-47.750; 179.050
742:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
706:
705:
703:
702:
701:
699:
698:Auckland Islands
694:
693:
692:-50.700; 166.083
688:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
664:Auckland Islands
648:
647:
645:
644:
643:
641:
636:
635:
634:-49.667; 178.767
630:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
600:Administered by
586:
510:Macquarie Island
442:Tierra del Fuego
426:Falkland Islands
411:Auckland Islands
312:Antarctic Treaty
21:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9714:Antarctic realm
9684:
9683:
9682:
9672:
9670:
9662:
9660:
9655:
9608:
9606:
9589:
9536:
9527:Orbital forcing
9421:
9386:
9367:
9341:Paris Agreement
9319:
9315:Warming stripes
9254:
9220:Managed retreat
9215:Loss and damage
9176:
9110:Business action
9094:
9072:
9049:
8972:
8966:
8923:
8884:Climate finance
8829:
8808:
8740:
8598:
8574:Extinction risk
8550:Flora and fauna
8545:
8506:Permafrost thaw
8501:Ozone depletion
8430:Extreme weather
8384:
8367:
8294:
8275:
8212:
8177:
8160:
8127:
8116:
8111:
8081:
8076:
8044:
7981:
7962:Sevetti moraine
7920:
7874:Roche moutonnée
7819:Cirque stairway
7788:
7757:
7736:
7660:
7621:Lateral moraine
7549:
7478:
7473:
7443:
7438:
7405:
7375:Richard E. Byrd
7358:
7319:Protected areas
7257:
7221:
7178:
7165:
7122:
7076:Bodies of Water
7071:
7060:West Antarctica
7016:East Antarctica
6994:
6929:
6924:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6844:
6831:
6829:
6819:
6810:
6808:
6781:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6756:
6748:
6743:
6740:
6738:Further reading
6735:
6725:
6723:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6615:
6614:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6551:
6541:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6513:
6483:
6482:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6423:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6344:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6018:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5907:
5906:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5873:
5872:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5835:
5834:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5656:
5635:surface surveys
5606:Climatic change
5578:Winston Glacier
5496:located in the
5494:volcanic island
5490:
5456:Aconcagua River
5420:Nevado del Ruiz
5412:Andes mountains
5388:
5378:
5269:
5259:
5224:Antarctic realm
5205:
5203:Flora and fauna
5198:
5178:
5167:
5162:
5142:-53.150; 73.633
5141:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:Winston Glacier
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:Wheeler Glacier
5051:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:Weddell Glacier
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4963:-53.067; 73.383
4962:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:Tyrrell Glacier
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4786:-53.100; 73.700
4785:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4654:-53.050; 73.400
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:Schmidt Glacier
4609:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:Salomon Glacier
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:Risting Glacier
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:Quensel Glacier
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4300:-54.417; 32.033
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4009:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3754:-53.150; 73.433
3753:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:Lancing Glacier
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:Kjerulf Glacier
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:Keilhau Glacier
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:Jenkins Glacier
3400:-53.000; 73.333
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:Helland Glacier
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:Hamberg Glacier
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2825:-53.167; 73.450
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:Fortuna Glacier
2693:-53.183; 73.567
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:Eclipse Glacier
2561:-53.033; 73.583
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2517:-53.033; 73.517
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2429:-53.183; 73.517
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:Deacock Glacier
2383:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2296:-53.050; 73.617
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:Compton Glacier
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:Clayton Glacier
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2074:-53.033; 73.467
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1942:-53.067; 73.650
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:Brøgger Glacier
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:Bertrab Glacier
1718:-53.033; 73.433
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1584:-53.067; 73.400
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:Allison Glacier
1537:-53.100; 73.400
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1423:Allardyce Range
1391:Big Ben Volcano
1385:just above and
1344:
1334:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1271:United Kingdom
1268:Atlantic Ocean
1256:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1212:Atlantic Ocean
1200:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1144:
1142:
1139:-46.767; 37.850
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1036:
1034:
1031:-49.250; 69.583
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1007:
980:
978:
975:-53.067; 73.000
974:
972:
968:
967:
964:
959:
956:
954:
952:
951:
921:
919:
916:-46.417; 51.983
915:
913:
909:
908:
905:
900:
897:
895:
893:
892:
887:Archipel Crozet
856:
854:
850:
847:
842:
839:
837:
835:
834:
805:
803:
799:
797:
793:
792:
789:
784:
781:
779:
777:
776:
751:
749:
745:
743:
739:
738:
735:
730:
727:
725:
723:
722:
697:
695:
691:
689:
685:
684:
681:
676:
673:
671:
669:
668:
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
623:
618:
615:
613:
611:
610:
555:Balleny Islands
451:Furious Fifties
378:Roaring Forties
338:
332:
296:antarctic krill
256:
141:
121:
103:located on the
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9727:
9725:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9686:
9685:
9681:
9680:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9641:
9629:
9617:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9482:
9480:Cloud feedback
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9435:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9398:
9396:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9348:
9338:
9336:Kyoto Protocol
9333:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9290:
9288:Media coverage
9285:
9280:
9278:Climate spiral
9275:
9270:
9264:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9186:
9184:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9174:
9169:
9167:Public opinion
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9133:
9132:
9122:
9117:
9115:Climate action
9112:
9106:
9104:
9096:
9095:
9089:
9082:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9047:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9027:REDD and REDD+
9024:
9019:
9011:
9006:
9004:Carbon farming
9001:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8984:
8978:
8976:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8937:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8854:
8849:
8843:
8841:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8736:Water security
8733:
8731:Water scarcity
8728:
8726:Urban flooding
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8579:Forest dieback
8576:
8571:
8566:
8565:
8564:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8516:Sea level rise
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8489:stratification
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8292:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8254:Carbon leakage
8251:
8246:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8195:
8193:Climate system
8189:
8187:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8125:
8118:
8117:
8114:Climate change
8112:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8087:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7854:Hanging valley
7851:
7849:Glacial striae
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7805:
7803:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7712:Periglaciation
7709:
7704:
7702:Outburst flood
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7626:Medial moraine
7623:
7618:
7613:
7611:Glacier tongue
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7545:Valley glacier
7542:
7537:
7532:
7530:Outlet glacier
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7449:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7421:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7385:Ui-te-Rangiora
7382:
7380:Douglas Mawson
7377:
7372:
7370:Roald Amundsen
7366:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7309:Gateway cities
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7269:Antarctica Day
7265:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7141:
7139:Microorganisms
7136:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7103:List of rivers
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7033:Extreme points
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7013:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6953:Climate change
6945:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:External links
6840:
6839:
6838:
6828:on 16 May 2006
6817:
6774:
6765:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6699:
6680:
6661:
6628:(1): 199–214.
6599:
6549:
6511:
6463:
6433:
6403:
6354:
6327:
6260:
6233:
6198:
6163:
6119:(1): 128–136.
6096:
6053:
6016:
5975:
5936:
5897:
5859:
5823:
5796:
5769:
5762:
5736:
5706:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5652:
5616:austral summer
5608:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5582:Winston Lagoon
5574:Vahsel Glacier
5498:Southern Ocean
5489:
5486:
5377:
5374:
5350:marine mammals
5338:elephant seals
5296:global warming
5281:climate change
5258:
5255:
5220:
5219:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5193:climate change
5176:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5014:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4938:
4936:Vahsel Glacier
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4805:
4803:Storey Glacier
4799:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4363:
4361:Purvis Glacier
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4311:Bouvet Island
4309:
4307:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4187:
4185:Peters Glacier
4181:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3875:
3873:Morris Glacier
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3685:
3683:Lewald Glacier
3679:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3464:
3462:Jewell Glacier
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:Bouvet Island
3365:
3363:
3356:-54.417; 3.350
3331:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3287:
3285:Hodges Glacier
3281:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3242:
3240:Hindle Glacier
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3066:
3064:Heaney Glacier
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3022:
3020:Harmer Glacier
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
2978:
2976:Harker Glacier
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2800:
2798:Gotley Glacier
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2756:
2754:Geikie Glacier
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2624:
2622:Esmark Glacier
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2492:
2490:Downes Glacier
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2162:-54.467; 3.400
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2005:
2003:Buxton Glacier
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1828:
1826:Briggs Glacier
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1603:
1601:Austin Glacier
1597:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1480:Cumberland Bay
1415:Cumberland Bay
1411:Harker Glacier
1387:Gotley Glacier
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:Pacific Ocean
1320:
1279:
1277:Snares Islands
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:United Kingdom
1213:
1210:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:Pacific Ocean
1100:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1005:
999:
998:
993:
990:
949:
942:
941:
936:
931:
922:Crozet Islands
890:
885:or officially
875:Crozet Islands
871:
870:
867:
866:Pacific Ocean
864:
832:
826:
825:
820:
818:Atlantic Ocean
815:
800:-54.433; 3.400
774:
768:
767:
764:
763:Pacific Ocean
761:
752:Bounty Islands
720:
718:Bounty Islands
714:
713:
710:
709:Pacific Ocean
707:
666:
660:
659:
654:
649:
608:
602:
601:
598:
595:
590:
577:
576:
573:
570:
563:Peter I Island
526:60° S latitude
478:permanent snow
399:Snares Islands
395:Bounty Islands
383:Crozet Islands
357:Beagle Channel
331:
328:
300:climatological
268:Southern Ocean
255:
252:
225:global climate
213:oceanic basins
209:Southern Ocean
151:, showing the
149:ocean currents
140:
137:
120:
117:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9726:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9679:
9669:
9665:
9652:
9651:
9642:
9640:
9639:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9604:
9603:
9600:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9553:Climate model
9551:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9491:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9485:Cloud forcing
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9378:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9260:Communication
9257:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9240:Vulnerability
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9210:Flood control
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9087:
9083:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9032:reforestation
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9017:afforestation
9015:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8952:Nuclear power
8950:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8847:Carbon budget
8845:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8684:Mental health
8682:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8620:United States
8618:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8601:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8474:deoxygenation
8472:
8470:
8469:acidification
8467:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8378:
8374:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8290:
8286:
8272:
8269:
8265:
8264:from wetlands
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8224:Deforestation
8222:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8108:
8103:
8101:
8096:
8094:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7987:Glaciofluvial
7984:
7978:
7977:Veiki moraine
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:Rogen moraine
7955:
7953:
7952:Pulju moraine
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7937:Erratic block
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7899:Tunnel valley
7897:
7895:
7894:Trough valley
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7824:Crag and tail
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7707:Overdeepening
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7682:Basal sliding
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Ablation zone
7559:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7463:
7458:
7456:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7422:
7420:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7314:Midwinter Day
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7253:Treaty System
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7108:McMurdo Sound
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6852:OpenStreetMap
6850:
6841:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6766:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6662:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6404:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6358:
6355:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6328:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6261:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6234:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6199:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6164:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6054:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5976:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5937:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5797:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5763:9780122274305
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5737:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5639:ablation zone
5636:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5590:Jacka Glacier
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:Basin in the
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:South America
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5153:Heard Island
5152:
5150:
5146:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5011:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4974:Heard Island
4973:
4971:
4967:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4797:Heard Island
4796:
4794:
4790:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:Heard Island
4664:
4662:
4658:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4320:
4318:
4317:Price Glacier
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4143:
4141:
4140:Paget Glacier
4138:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3867:Heard Island
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3818:
3816:
3815:Lyell Glacier
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3774:
3772:
3771:Lucas Glacier
3769:
3768:
3765:Heard Island
3764:
3762:
3758:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3598:
3596:
3595:König Glacier
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:Heard Island
3411:
3408:
3404:
3376:
3374:
3373:Jacka Glacier
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2891:
2889:
2888:Grace Glacier
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2846:
2844:
2843:Graae Glacier
2841:
2840:
2837:Heard Island
2836:
2833:
2829:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:Heard Island
2703:
2701:
2697:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:Heard Island
2571:
2569:
2565:
2537:
2535:
2534:Ealey Glacier
2532:
2531:
2528:Heard Island
2527:
2525:
2521:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:Heard Island
2439:
2437:
2433:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2360:
2358:
2357:Crean Glacier
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:Heard Island
2306:
2304:
2300:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:Bouvet Island
2172:
2170:
2166:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:Heard Island
2084:
2082:
2078:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:Heard Island
1952:
1950:
1946:
1918:
1916:
1915:Brown Glacier
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1784:
1782:
1781:Bogen Glacier
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:Heard Island
1729:
1726:
1722:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:Heard Island
1594:
1592:
1588:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:South Georgia
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1465:South Georgia
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1446:South Georgia
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:South Georgia
1403:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:Indian Ocean
1155:
1151:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:Indian Ocean
1047:
1043:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
992:Indian Ocean
991:
987:
950:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
928:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
861:
833:
831:
828:
827:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
806:Bouvet Island
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
758:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
704:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
653:
652:Pacific Ocean
650:
646:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
582:
574:
571:
568:
567:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Bouvet Island
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
362:
358:
353:
346:
342:
337:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
265:
260:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:ocean current
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
178:
174:
169:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:south of the
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
19:
18:Sub-Antarctic
9694:Subantarctic
9648:
9636:
9624:
9605:
9438:Carbon cycle
9395:Measurements
9090:Society and
8974:carbon sinks
8879:Climate debt
8869:Carbon price
8691:Human rights
8521:Season creep
8479:heat content
8405:Anoxic event
8318:James Hansen
7925:Depositional
7915:Zungenbecken
7913:
7844:Glacial lake
7839:Glacial horn
7753:Mass balance
7741:Measurements
7677:Accumulation
7601:Glacier head
7596:Glacier cave
7540:Rock glacier
7299:Firefighting
7284:Demographics
7207:Colonization
7202:World War II
6856:
6855:
6848:
6830:. Retrieved
6826:the original
6809:. Retrieved
6789:
6786:Polar Record
6785:
6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6752:
6724:. Retrieved
6702:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6648:the original
6625:
6621:
6590:. Retrieved
6578:
6574:
6540:. Retrieved
6536:the original
6489:
6486:Polar Record
6485:
6454:. Retrieved
6445:
6436:
6424:. Retrieved
6406:
6397:10533/130935
6371:
6367:
6357:
6345:. Retrieved
6339:. BBC News.
6330:
6318:. Retrieved
6283:(2): 43–48.
6280:
6276:
6263:
6251:. Retrieved
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6166:
6154:. Retrieved
6116:
6112:
6099:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6044:. Retrieved
5992:
5988:
5978:
5966:. Retrieved
5962:the original
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5912:
5888:. Retrieved
5878:
5850:. Retrieved
5814:. Retrieved
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5772:
5745:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5698:
5624:echo sounder
5609:
5595:
5586:
5570:
5553:
5530:
5515:
5491:
5482:Mass balance
5479:
5450:glaciers in
5405:
5327:
5303:
5293:
5270:
5234:, with many
5221:
5208:
5187:, absorbing
5182:
4980:Webb Glacier
4539:Ryan Glacier
4494:Ross Glacier
3727:Lied Glacier
3196:Herz Glacier
2313:Cook Glacier
1647:Bary Glacier
1550:Heard Island
1389:just below.
1383:Lied Glacier
1375:Heard Island
1347:
1345:
1325:New Zealand
1160:South Africa
934:Indian Ocean
886:
869:New Zealand
766:New Zealand
712:New Zealand
578:
559:Scott Island
540:
530:
483:
468:), and even
465:tussac grass
463:
449:
415:
391:Wager Island
376:
366:
308:hydrological
276:water masses
273:
264:water masses
233:
229:biodiversity
186:
122:
96:
45:subantarctic
44:
42:
26:
9465:Carbon sink
9443:atmospheric
9308:video games
8982:Blue carbon
8610:Agriculture
8589:Marine life
8536:Water cycle
8494:temperature
8229:Fossil fuel
8030:Outwash fan
8025:Kettle hole
7909:Valley step
7889:Trough lake
7869:Ribbon lake
7829:Finger lake
7571:Bergschrund
7387:(legendary)
7294:Field camps
7192:Expeditions
7118:Weddell Sea
7098:Lake Vostok
7093:Lake Mercer
6965:Ice shelves
6696:(2): 47–60.
6581:: 449–458.
6069:(1): 1–27.
5628:Foehn winds
5475:New Zealand
5394:Retreat of
5370:echinoderms
5308:terrestrial
5185:carbon sink
5140: /
5095: /
5050: /
5005: /
4961: /
4917: /
4872: /
4828: /
4784: /
4740: /
4696: /
4652: /
4608: /
4564: /
4519: /
4475: /
4430: /
4386: /
4342: /
4298: /
4254: /
4210: /
4165: /
4120: /
4075: /
4030: /
3986: /
3942: /
3898: /
3840: /
3796: /
3752: /
3708: /
3664: /
3620: /
3576: /
3531: /
3487: /
3443: /
3398: /
3354: /
3310: /
3265: /
3221: /
3177: /
3133: /
3089: /
3045: /
3001: /
2957: /
2913: /
2868: /
2823: /
2779: /
2735: /
2691: /
2647: /
2603: /
2559: /
2515: /
2471: /
2427: /
2382: /
2338: /
2294: /
2250: /
2206: /
2160: /
2116: /
2072: /
2028: /
1984: /
1940: /
1895: /
1851: /
1806: /
1761: /
1716: /
1672: /
1626: /
1582: /
1535: /
1497:Coordinates
1427:Mount Paget
1395:Mawson Peak
1379:Cape Arkona
1303: /
1249: /
1193: /
1137: /
1083: /
1029: /
973: /
914: /
883:Îles Crozet
855: /
798: /
744: /
690: /
657:New Zealand
632: /
593:Coordinates
531:At between
484:At between
470:arable land
416:At between
324:ice shelves
248:evaporation
63:of between
9688:Categories
9497:Cryosphere
9458:permafrost
9230:Resilience
9182:Adaptation
9157:Litigation
9147:Governance
9092:adaptation
8874:Carbon tax
8827:Mitigation
8764:Antarctica
8652:Disability
8057:Glaciology
8040:Urstromtal
8020:Kame delta
7972:Till plain
7769:Jökulhlaup
7727:Starvation
7606:Ice divide
7520:Ice stream
7197:Heroic Age
7048:South Pole
6958:Heat waves
6927:Antarctica
6677:(2): 1–12.
5691:References
5557:Stephenson
5539:of former
5510:topography
5471:ice fields
5462:, and the
5444:Chacaltaya
5408:retreating
5380:See also:
5317:, such as
5315:ecoregions
5312:freshwater
5261:See also:
1356:snow field
1346:This is a
1336:See also:
1311:The Snares
1309: (
1255: (
1199: (
1143: (
1105:Australia
1089: (
1035: (
979: (
920: (
804: (
750: (
696: (
638: (
518:permafrost
512:, and the
409:, and the
381:, are the
345:Antarctica
334:See also:
304:biological
286:, and the
109:Antarctica
47:zone is a
9678:Geography
9512:Feedbacks
9283:Education
8784:Caribbean
8779:Australia
8706:Migration
8669:Fisheries
8615:Livestock
8541:Wildfires
8447:Heat wave
7802:Erosional
7794:Landforms
7665:Processes
7646:Randkluft
7641:Penitente
7586:Dirt cone
7515:Ice shelf
7510:Ice sheet
7505:Ice field
7349:Transport
7088:Lake CECs
7065:ice sheet
7021:ice sheet
6990:Volcanoes
6980:Mountains
6935:Geography
6644:130245283
6506:130086301
6091:129043590
5675:Subarctic
5565:Baudissin
5506:sea level
5502:Australia
5448:Charquini
5366:barnacles
5342:fur seals
5277:volcanism
1727:(2.8 km)
1504:Location
996:Australia
522:volcanoes
446:Cape Horn
320:political
238:(ABW) by
217:Sverdrups
119:Geography
105:continent
57:Antarctic
9638:Glossary
9626:Category
9448:biologic
9162:Politics
9054:Personal
8759:Americas
8627:Children
8393:Physical
8186:Overview
8126:Overview
8062:Category
8000:Diluvium
7995:Alpentor
7904:U-valley
7748:Ice core
7717:Plucking
7672:Ablation
7656:Terminus
7581:Crevasse
7576:Blue ice
7476:Glaciers
7419:Category
7324:Religion
7226:Politics
7144:Wildlife
7113:Ross Sea
6975:Glaciers
6806:37333655
6720:Archived
6583:Archived
6450:Archived
6420:Archived
6341:Archived
6311:Archived
6247:Archived
6220:Archived
6185:Archived
6147:Archived
6143:18144817
6040:Archived
5923:Archived
5846:Archived
5810:Archived
5783:Archived
5723:Archived
5654:See also
5641:and the
5545:ice caps
5424:Colombia
5346:seabirds
5330:penguins
5319:moraines
4441:"small"
4086:"large"
2834:13.2 km
1817:"small"
1772:"small"
1350:glaciers
1348:list of
1290:166°32′E
1070:158°52′E
843:169°08′E
731:179°03′E
677:166°05′E
619:178°46′E
462:(mostly
101:glaciers
81:Atlantic
61:latitude
9453:oceanic
9303:fiction
9152:Justice
9103:Society
8711:Poverty
8425:Drought
8293:History
8217:Sources
7942:Moraine
7932:Drumlin
7859:Nunatak
7722:Retreat
7687:Calving
7631:Moraine
7616:Icefall
7554:Anatomy
7525:Ledoyom
7500:Ice cap
7429:Commons
7344:Tourism
7289:Economy
7262:Society
7184:History
7154:Mammals
7043:Islands
6999:Regions
6970:Geology
6948:Climate
6832:14 June
6542:19 June
6376:Bibcode
6307:6319942
6285:Bibcode
6121:Bibcode
6071:Bibcode
6046:19 June
5997:Bibcode
5537:termini
5522:Big Ben
5452:Bolivia
5362:sponges
5334:petrels
5323:lagoons
5243:species
5236:endemic
5160:Climate
5128:73°38′E
5106:3.2 km
5083:36°22′W
5080:54°36′S
5061:3.2 km
5038:36°00′W
5035:54°35′S
5016:3.2 km
4990:54°32′S
4949:73°23′E
4905:36°31′W
4902:54°22′S
4860:35°56′W
4857:54°43′S
4813:54°47′S
4772:73°42′E
4728:36°19′W
4725:54°35′S
4684:37°39′W
4640:73°24′E
4596:35°54′W
4593:54°47′S
4552:37°36′W
4504:54°33′S
4460:54°46′S
4415:54°46′S
4330:37°29′W
4283:54°25′S
4239:54°49′S
4198:37°33′W
4153:36°28′W
4150:54°24′S
4108:36°18′W
4063:36°22′W
4060:54°22′S
4018:36°41′W
4015:54°15′S
3971:54°29′S
3886:37°14′W
3828:36°37′W
3825:54°17′S
3784:37°18′W
3740:73°26′E
3696:35°52′W
3693:54°45′S
3652:36°56′W
3608:36°48′W
3564:36°51′W
3561:54°21′S
3516:54°16′S
3472:54°16′S
3428:54°46′S
3409:1.3 km
3386:73°20′E
3383:53°00′S
3339:54°25′S
3298:36°32′W
3295:54°16′S
3250:54°34′S
3209:35°58′W
3206:54°41′S
3165:36°42′W
3162:54°27′S
3121:36°37′W
3118:54°29′S
3077:36°12′W
3074:54°25′S
3033:36°15′W
3030:54°46′S
2989:36°32′W
2986:54°22′S
2945:36°31′W
2942:54°21′S
2901:37°23′W
2879:3.2 km
2853:54°48′S
2811:73°27′E
2808:53°10′S
2767:36°41′W
2764:54°17′S
2723:36°51′W
2679:73°34′E
2676:53°11′S
2635:37°13′W
2632:54°13′S
2588:54°23′S
2547:73°35′E
2503:73°31′E
2459:35°56′W
2456:54°47′S
2415:73°31′E
2412:53°11′S
2326:36°11′W
2323:54°27′S
2282:73°37′E
2238:37°26′W
2194:36°47′W
2191:54°25′S
2145:54°28′S
2104:36°52′W
2060:73°28′E
2016:36°12′W
2013:54°26′S
1972:37°29′W
1928:73°39′E
1883:36°26′W
1880:54°32′S
1794:35°56′W
1791:54°48′S
1749:35°57′W
1746:54°37′S
1704:73°26′E
1660:36°47′W
1657:54°26′S
1614:37°12′W
1570:73°24′E
1567:53°04′S
1546:4.8 km
1523:73°24′E
1287:48°01′S
1236:27°00′W
1233:57°30′S
1180:37°00′W
1177:54°30′S
1124:37°51′E
1121:46°46′S
1067:54°38′S
1051:France
1016:69°35′E
1013:49°15′S
960:73°00′E
957:53°04′S
948:(HIMI)
901:51°59′E
898:46°25′S
840:52°32′S
785:03°24′E
782:54°26′S
728:47°45′S
674:50°42′S
616:49°40′S
266:in the
207:in the
177:climate
171:Global
161:climate
135:(APF).
89:Pacific
77:islands
73:Equator
51:in the
9664:Portal
9433:Albedo
9426:Theory
9137:Denial
8928:Energy
8789:Europe
8769:Arctic
8754:Africa
8679:Health
8674:Gender
8632:Cities
8557:Biomes
8464:Oceans
8452:Marine
8175:Causes
8035:Sandur
7879:Suncup
7864:P-form
7814:Cirque
7697:Motion
7636:Moulin
7495:Cirque
7490:Aufeis
7026:shield
6985:Tundra
6811:7 June
6804:
6759:7 June
6726:7 June
6654:7 June
6642:
6592:7 June
6504:
6456:1 June
6426:1 June
6347:1 June
6320:1 June
6305:
6253:1 June
6226:1 June
6191:1 June
6156:1 June
6141:
6089:
5968:1 June
5929:1 June
5890:1 June
5852:1 June
5840:. The
5816:1 June
5789:1 June
5760:
5729:1 June
5454:, the
5358:corals
5239:genera
5213:, and
5209:Main:
5125:53°9′S
4993:36°1′W
4946:53°4′S
4816:36°1′W
4769:53°6′S
4681:54°7′S
4637:53°3′S
4549:54°3′S
4530:10 km
4507:36°6′W
4463:36°6′W
4418:35°5′W
4374:37°1′W
4371:54°6′S
4327:54°7′S
4286:32°2′E
4242:36°3′W
4195:54°8′S
4131:13 km
4105:54°4′S
4041:13 km
3974:36°9′W
3930:37°9′W
3927:54°9′S
3883:54°5′S
3781:54°4′S
3737:53°9′S
3649:54°2′S
3605:54°1′S
3519:37°4′W
3475:37°8′W
3431:36°7′W
3342:3°21′E
3276:10 km
3253:36°5′W
2898:54°4′S
2856:36°1′W
2720:54°6′S
2591:36°5′W
2544:53°2′S
2500:53°2′S
2370:37°1′W
2367:54°8′S
2279:53°3′S
2235:54°4′S
2148:3°24′E
2101:54°2′S
2057:53°2′S
1969:54°3′S
1925:53°4′S
1906:13 km
1839:37°8′W
1836:54°1′S
1701:53°2′S
1611:54°4′S
1520:53°6′S
939:France
879:French
823:Norway
597:Ocean
561:, and
545:, the
520:, and
504:, the
474:tundra
405:, the
401:, the
397:, the
393:, the
385:, the
125:fronts
87:, and
85:Indian
49:region
9650:Index
9412:Proxy
9172:Women
8642:Crime
8569:Birds
8435:Flood
8005:Esker
7834:Fjord
7809:Arête
7732:Surge
7692:Creep
7651:Sérac
7483:Types
7434:Index
7354:Women
7304:Flags
7279:Crime
7217:Years
7159:Krill
7149:Birds
7134:Flora
6802:S2CID
6782:(PDF)
6749:(PDF)
6640:S2CID
6586:(PDF)
6571:(PDF)
6502:S2CID
6314:(PDF)
6303:S2CID
6273:(PDF)
6150:(PDF)
6139:S2CID
6109:(PDF)
6087:S2CID
5620:avian
5561:Brown
5440:Zongo
5251:fauna
5247:flora
5232:biota
4883:6 km
4176:6 km
3542:8 km
2393:6 km
589:Name
456:trees
9235:Risk
8774:Asia
8361:2024
8356:2023
8351:2022
8346:2021
8341:2020
8336:2019
8067:List
8015:Kame
7884:Tarn
7784:Tuya
7591:Firn
7339:Time
7127:Life
6834:2010
6813:2010
6761:2010
6728:2010
6656:2010
6594:2010
6544:2013
6458:2010
6428:2010
6349:2010
6322:2010
6255:2010
6228:2010
6193:2010
6158:2010
6048:2013
5970:2010
5931:2010
5892:2010
5854:2010
5818:2010
5791:2010
5758:ISBN
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