538:. Long-term outcomes are generally better with use of buprenorphine/naloxone than attempts at stopping opioid use altogether. This includes a lower risk of overdose with medication use. Due to the high binding affinity and low activation at the opioid receptor, cravings and withdrawal for opioids are decreased while preventing a person from getting high and relapsing on another opioid. The combination of the two medications is preferred over buprenorphine alone for maintenance treatment due to the presence of naloxone in the formulation, which is believed to help discourage intravenous use. However, the belief that the addition of naloxone provides this benefit has been called into question, and posters on drug-related online forums have stated that they were able to attain a high by injecting preparations of buprenorphine despite being combined with naloxone.
721:
medication in comparison to buprenorphine alone. If the combination is taken sublingually, as directed, the addition of naloxone does not diminish buprenorphine's effects. When an opioid-dependent person dissolves and injects a combination sublingual tablet, it is believed that a withdrawal effect may be triggered because of naloxone's high parenteral bioavailability. However, the efficacy of naloxone in preventing misuse by injection has more recently been brought into question and preparations including naloxone could even be less safe than preparations containing solely buprenorphine. While this mechanism may act to deter intravenous injection, the
Suboxone formulation can still produce an opioid agonist "high" if used sublingually by non-dependent persons, leading to opioid dependence.
997:(DATA), physicians were not allowed to prescribe narcotics to treat opioid dependence. People with narcotic dependence had to go to registered clinics to receive treatment. With DATA, Suboxone was the first medication approved for office-based treatment for opioid dependence. Suboxone has thus become widely used as a replacement for methadone as it can be prescribed by doctors in their offices, while methadone can only be provided at specialized addiction centers, of which there are a limited number, often making access difficult. Integrating Medication-Assisted Treatment into outpatient primary care practices improves patient access to Suboxone. Some physicians are also leading a movement to begin prescribing it out of the
1012:. Prior authorization is used by insurance companies to limit certain medications' use by requiring approval before the insurance company will pay for them. This can influence a person's financial access and adherence. Financial access is determined through prior authorization approval, which the prescriber must request before the person can start the medication. The time it takes to have the request approved can delay the person starting the medication. The prior authorization process can also affect adherence because approval is needed for every prescription. This presents the potential for a gap in treatment and withdrawal symptoms as the person waits for approval. Several insurance companies, as well as
773:
584:), buprenorphine/naloxone allows people more access to this medication and more freedom of administration. It also thus comes with more risks in this vulnerable population. Buprenorphine/naloxone may be recommended for socially stable people who use opioids who cannot retrieve medications from a center daily, who have another condition requiring regular primary care visits, or who have jobs or daily lives that require they maintain all their faculties and cannot take a sedating medication. Buprenorphine/naloxone is also recommended over methadone for people at high risk of methadone toxicity, such as the elderly, those taking high doses of
765:
408:
1036:(DOJ) regarding the sale and marketing of brand name Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone). The non-prosecution agreement involves RB Group paying up to $ 1.4 billion, the largest settlement payment in U.S. history involving an opioid-class medication. This record was surpassed in October 2020, when Purdue Pharma reached an $ 8 billion settlement for claims related to injuries and deaths caused by the opioid epidemic, which includes criminal fines, forfeiture, and civil damages. The 2019 case alleged
1045:
sublingual tablet formulation because "children are less likely to be accidentally exposed to the film product". There was no scientific evidence for that claim. The company also sponsored a complaint to the FDA, expressing concern that buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets (the very product they formerly produced) were unsafe, requesting that applications for regulatory approval of generic products by other pharmaceutical companies (their competitors) be rejected by the US
837:
injection or inhalation, the naloxone is intended to act as an antagonist and either reduce the opioid's euphoric effects or even precipitate withdrawal in those dependent on opioids. This helps reduce the potential for deviating from the prescriber's intended use relative to buprenorphine, though it does not eradicate it. One reason that naloxone might have limited efficacy as an abuse-deterrent is that buprenorphine binds more tightly to the
527:
49:
67:
6093:
519:
776:
Buprenorphine as a partial agonist: Buprenorphine cannot fully activate the μ-opioid receptor even when the dose is escalated. This is demonstrated as a plateau in the concentration-response curve. Opioids like morphine (natural) or leu-enkephalin (endogenous in the body) produce a greater maximum
1044:
scheme (when a firm ceases production of a product upon expiration of regulatory exclusivity in favor of another product that still has regulatory exclusivity in order to prevent generic manufacturer competition) by misrepresenting that the
Suboxone sublingual film formulation was safer than the
608:
Buprenorphine/naloxone is available in sublingual formulations (that is, products that are dissolved under the tongue). There is no evidence that the tablet formulation is easier to divert and use in ways other than intended by the prescriber compared to the film formulation, or that the tablet
498:
still occurs, and more recently the efficacy of naloxone in preventing misuse by injection has been brought into question and preparations including naloxone could even be less safe than preparations containing solely buprenorphine. Rates of misuse in the U.S. appear to be lower than with other
849:
There are small differences in the pharmacokinetics between different sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone products. These differences may require changes in dose when a person switches from one product to another. The buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual film (e.g. trade name
Suboxone)
836:
The principle behind its function as a deterrent is as follows: when taken sublingually as prescribed, buprenorphine's effects at the opioid receptor dominate, while naloxone's effects are negligible due to the low oral absorption. But when someone attempts to misuse the medication via either
720:
When taken in excess, buprenorphine/naloxone can produce dysphoric symptoms for non-opioid-dependent/tolerant people because buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist. The sublingual formulation of the buprenorphine/naloxone combination was designed to reduce the potential to inject the
705:
Buprenorphine/naloxone has a milder side effect profile than methadone and limited respiratory effects, due to both agonist/antagonist effects. But buprenorphine/naloxone may be less safe than methadone in people with stable liver disease since it can elevate liver enzymes.
657:
Side effects are similar to those of buprenorphine and other opioids. In addition, naloxone can induce withdrawal symptoms in people who are chemically dependent on opioids. The most common side effects (in order of most to least common) of sublingual tablets include
493:
that competes with and blocks the effect of other opioids (including buprenorphine) if given by injection. Naloxone is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth and is added to decrease the risk that people will misuse the medication by injection. Misuse by injection or
1001:(ED), as some small studies have shown ED-initiated Suboxone to be effective with people more likely to remain in addiction treatment compared to those either referred to addiction treatment programs or those receiving just a brief intervention in the department.
682:, signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, sleeping difficulties, pain, and swelling of the extremities. Post-approval, the most frequently reported side effects of buprenorphine/naloxone in sublingual strip form (i.e. Suboxone strips) are
579:
encourages practitioners to treat patients within their practices who require treatment for a substance use disorder. Because it may now be prescribed much more readily out of an office setting (as opposed to methadone, which requires
817:
at the receptor relative to a full agonist, even at maximal receptor occupancy. It is thus well-suited to treat opioid dependence, as it produces milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and habit-forming potential.
866:
after a single dose of the original tablet formulation is around 3 ng/mL whereas that of the 8 mg/2 mg film formulation is around 3.55 ng/mL. The
Zubsolv trade name sublingual tablets have higher buprenorphine
970:
in the liver, meaning that the use of buprenorphine/naloxone as prescribed should not lead to active naloxone in the blood (which, as an opioid antagonist, would reverse the effect of buprenorphine or other opioids).
862:(AUC, a measure of total drug exposure) than the original buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets at equal doses. For example, at a buprenorphine/naloxone dose of 8 mg/2 mg, the buprenorphine C
575:. All practitioners who have a current DEA registration that includes Schedule III authority, may now prescribe buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in their practice if permitted by applicable state law. The
984:
While the cost of the medication buprenorphine/naloxone is greater than buprenorphine alone, one analysis predicted the overall costs would be less in the United States due to a lower risk of misuse.
261:
871:
than the original sublingual tablets, while the
Bunavail trade name buccal films have the highest bioavailability. For example, a single dose of Bunavail 4.2 mg/0.7 mg achieves a C
777:
response. Tramadol is a partial agonist with intermediate activity between buprenorphine and full agonists. A full description of buprenorphine with naloxone pharmacology can be found at
576:
1978:
1501:
1559:
1040:
behavior by RB Group and
Indivior surrounding the expiration of their regulatory exclusivity for Suboxone sublingual tablets. The DOJ alleged that RB Group and Indivior employed a
2491:"Reckitt Benckiser Group plc to Pay $ 50 Million to Consumers, Settling FTC Charges that the Company Illegally Maintained a Monopoly over the Opioid Addiction Treatment Suboxone"
216:
2920:
1933:
Barus R, Montastruc F, de
Canecaude C, Bagheri H, Sommet A, Lapeyre-Mestre M (August 2023). "Sublingual/Buccal buprenorphine and dental problems: a pharmacovigilance study".
489:
effects; high doses beyond a certain level do not result in greater effects. This is believed to result in a lower risk of overdose than some other opioids. Naloxone is an
482:, but people are more likely to stop treatment on buprenorphine/naloxone than methadone. Buprenorphine (like methadone) is a treatment option during pregnancy.
1099:
2534:
1641:
124:
2289:
Kirk JK, et al. (2020). "Launching a
Medication-Assisted Treatment in an Outpatient Office-Based Practice." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.
6153:
2490:
2405:
2068:
Strain EC, Stoller K, Walsh SL, Bigelow GE (March 2000). "Effects of buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in non-dependent opioid abusers".
6128:
6133:
821:
Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that competes with opioid molecules in the CNS and prevents them from binding to the opioid receptors. Naloxone's
2460:
768:
A theoretical model of activity: buprenorphine/naloxone at opioid receptor when taken sublingually (top) versus when injected intravenously (bottom).
2913:
6143:
859:
541:
Buprenorphine/naloxone is effective for treating opioid dependence and serves as a recommended first-line medication according to the U.S.
772:
1215:
729:
Buprenorphine's sedating/narcotic effect is increased by other sedating substances, such as other opioids, benzodiazepines, first-generation
6138:
2621:
948:
of buprenorphine is 20 to 73 hours (mean 37 hours). Due to the mainly hepatic elimination, there is no risk of accumulation in people with
3504:
2906:
1684:
1473:"Drug Approval Package: Subutex (Buprenorphine HCI) Suboxone (Buprenorphine HCI & Naloxone HCI Dihydrate) NDA #020732 & 020733"
2527:
161:
2274:
2120:
455:). It relieves cravings to use and withdrawal symptoms. Buprenorphine/naloxone is available for use in two different forms,
5268:
2352:
1633:
545:. The medication is an effective maintenance therapy for opioid dependence and has generally similar efficacy to methadone. Both
542:
1800:
1146:
1016:
in various states, have removed the use of prior authorization for
Suboxone in an attempt to increase access to this treatment.
756:, moderately increase buprenorphine concentrations; CYP3A4 inducers can theoretically decrease concentrations of buprenorphine.
5263:
1502:"FDA approves first generic versions of Suboxone sublingual film, which may increase access to treatment for opioid dependence"
246:
142:
6158:
5188:
2216:"Effect of rifampin and nelfinavir on the metabolism of methadone and buprenorphine in primary cultures of human hepatocytes"
506:
was approved in the U.S. in 2018. In 2019, it was the 272nd most commonly prescribed medication in the U.S., with more than 1
5675:
478:
with buprenorphine/naloxone (unless combined with other sedating substances) is exceedingly low, and lower than with
4823:
4818:
4813:
4141:
3059:
3054:
3049:
2520:
1935:
764:
6083:
698:(mouth sores). Use of buprenorphine/naloxone may also increase the risk of developing certain dental problems (including
6123:
6118:
5396:
4386:
3539:
1507:
1478:
1046:
994:
593:
568:
4522:
2435:
2006:"Opioid addiction and abuse in primary care practice: a comparison of methadone and buprenorphine as treatment options"
1233:"Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
805:
with high affinity, which produces analgesic effects in the CNS. It is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and a weak
387:
4256:
2304:"Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial"
1472:
6113:
5667:
5366:
5361:
4753:
4096:
3184:
2659:
933:
502:
The combination formulation was approved for medical use in the U.S. in 2002, and in the
European Union in 2017. A
1780:
1590:
Orman JS, Keating GM (2009). "Buprenorphine/naloxone: a review of its use in the treatment of opioid dependence".
567:
are substantially more effective than abstinence-based treatment. As of October 2023 prescribers no longer need a
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4376:
4101:
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298:
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3439:
1073:
1033:
5356:
5351:
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3762:
3757:
5662:
4567:
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5936:
3975:
1025:
898:
198:
5773:
5561:
4763:
3777:
3752:
3651:
2969:
798:
742:
638:
634:
4647:
6163:
4918:
3214:
2058:. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 40. Laura McNicholas. US Department of Health and Human Services.
967:
945:
460:
209:
5768:
4642:
833:, and is rapidly inactivated following oral administration. When injected, it exerts its full effects.
5885:
1425:"Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone diversion, misuse, and illicit use: an international review"
4731:
4074:
3524:
2994:
2989:
2974:
2940:
2544:
998:
838:
826:
806:
802:
589:
31:
4537:
4010:
1297:"Primary care management of opioid use disorders: Abstinence, methadone, or buprenorphine-naloxone?"
403:
6148:
6059:
6054:
5695:
5687:
5645:
5491:
5451:
4778:
4748:
4597:
4577:
4206:
4091:
3900:
3875:
3837:
3792:
3747:
2979:
2557:
2302:
D'Onofrio G, O'Connor PG, Pantalon MV, Chawarski MC, Busch SH, Owens PH, et al. (April 2015).
1005:
851:
633:. There are limited accounts of cross-reactivity with opioids, but there is a possibility. Serious
535:
440:
322:
5964:
5728:
4005:
5743:
5591:
5068:
4953:
4898:
4587:
4346:
4321:
4211:
3865:
3701:
3545:
3364:
3329:
3169:
3129:
3024:
2932:
2837:
2731:
2691:
2653:
2645:
2612:
2591:
2196:
2093:
1960:
1762:
1615:
814:
642:
503:
172:
5890:
5860:
5811:
5531:
5521:
5376:
4622:
4617:
4532:
4126:
3772:
5999:
5471:
5325:
4988:
4803:
4446:
3855:
443:, and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on
5910:
5900:
5381:
5093:
4773:
4768:
4542:
4106:
3787:
3349:
2984:
2807:
2774:
2722:
2667:
2640:
2333:
2270:
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2188:
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2126:
2116:
2085:
2035:
1952:
1915:
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1454:
1400:
1344:
1318:
1264:
1211:
1205:
715:
663:
572:
490:
285:
273:
114:
102:
5946:
5915:
5816:
5703:
5556:
5536:
5426:
5406:
5133:
4456:
3454:
3084:
1531:
5781:
5718:
5541:
5257:
5183:
5138:
4908:
4702:
4637:
4491:
4391:
4231:
3945:
3591:
3204:
2869:
2789:
2461:"Purdue reaches $ 8B settlement on federal opioid charges—but will it ever pay that amount?"
2323:
2315:
2235:
2227:
2180:
2077:
2025:
2017:
1944:
1905:
1897:
1826:
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1390:
1380:
1308:
1254:
1244:
1231:
Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, et al. (April 2017).
1175:
1037:
949:
909:
822:
683:
626:
581:
428:
331:
90:
5626:
5551:
5546:
5481:
1801:"Buprenorphine and Naloxone- buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride tablet"
6097:
5431:
4958:
4913:
4261:
4236:
3850:
3279:
3209:
3064:
2955:
2929:
1041:
913:
868:
830:
810:
790:
610:
407:
5371:
4527:
3767:
1725:"Buprenorphine Pharmacology Review: Update on Transmucosal and Long-acting Formulations"
5733:
5058:
4356:
4336:
4331:
4136:
3394:
3354:
3344:
3304:
3199:
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3044:
2999:
2854:
2784:
2380:
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2240:
2215:
2030:
2005:
1910:
1883:
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1368:
1313:
1296:
1259:
1232:
734:
730:
646:
585:
40:
2512:
2171:
Katz N (January 2008). "Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations: are they a pipe dream?".
2021:
741:. Opioids and especially benzodiazepines also increase the risk of potentially lethal
609:
formulation has a higher risk for accidental ingestion by children. There are various
6107:
6049:
5956:
5708:
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5441:
5391:
5314:
5302:
5008:
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4903:
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3089:
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2056:
Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction
1964:
1856:
1619:
1603:
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916:
of buprenorphine is primarily carried out by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)
884:
738:
675:
432:
356:
134:
85:
53:
2200:
2097:
1766:
6044:
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4201:
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4171:
3995:
3920:
3666:
3621:
3474:
3469:
3424:
3324:
3159:
3124:
3119:
2580:
2548:
1884:"Association Between Sublingual Buprenorphine-Naloxone Exposure and Dental Disease"
753:
679:
597:
444:
229:
224:
1948:
1740:
5974:
5951:
5865:
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5758:
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4833:
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3414:
3404:
3374:
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3234:
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3189:
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3114:
3099:
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3034:
3019:
3009:
2881:
2635:
2585:
1440:
699:
695:
671:
471:
2214:
Moody DE, Fang WB, Lin SN, Weyant DM, Strom SC, Omiecinski CJ (December 2009).
2055:
813:, buprenorphine binds and activates the opioid receptors, but has only partial
526:
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5895:
5806:
5786:
5763:
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5581:
5571:
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4998:
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4878:
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4682:
4662:
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4501:
4481:
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4421:
4361:
4351:
4281:
4196:
4045:
4035:
4025:
4015:
3980:
3970:
3935:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3827:
3671:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3611:
3581:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3434:
3389:
3369:
3339:
3289:
3269:
3224:
3149:
3039:
3029:
2812:
2746:
2685:
2673:
2630:
2184:
1385:
890:
778:
687:
630:
495:
456:
205:
2898:
2130:
1147:"Suboxone- buprenorphine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride film, soluble"
6024:
6019:
5969:
5941:
5870:
5831:
5826:
5801:
5796:
5723:
5631:
5621:
5511:
5421:
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4712:
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4401:
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4116:
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3379:
3259:
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2847:
2817:
2779:
2741:
2701:
2678:
2601:
2565:
1901:
937:
794:
691:
674:, decreased sensation and redness in the mouth, headache, nausea, vomiting,
479:
128:
2337:
2319:
2290:
2249:
2231:
2192:
2089:
2039:
1956:
1919:
1758:
1611:
1458:
1404:
1348:
1322:
1268:
48:
2436:"Drugmaker to pay $ 1.4 billion in largest US opioid treatment settlement"
2081:
1339:"Buprenorphine for Chronic Pain: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness".
592:, those with a lower level of opioid tolerance, and those at high risk of
6029:
5821:
5566:
5476:
5456:
5446:
5401:
5330:
5123:
5033:
5018:
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4301:
4271:
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4221:
4166:
4146:
4111:
4000:
3925:
3910:
3832:
3812:
3681:
3676:
3661:
3631:
3601:
3561:
3429:
3319:
3264:
3174:
3109:
3079:
2964:
2874:
2859:
2799:
2752:
2712:
2707:
2575:
2570:
1029:
1013:
961:
667:
659:
649:, or other CNS-depressing factors while on buprenorphine/naloxone.
475:
452:
436:
156:
97:
71:
2353:"Emergency Department Medication-Assisted Treatment of Opioid Addiction"
17:
5994:
5875:
5753:
5436:
5320:
5098:
5088:
4316:
4246:
4181:
4131:
3990:
3742:
3716:
3706:
3691:
3596:
3409:
3384:
3134:
3014:
1685:"Indivior Inc. Indicted for Fraudulently Marketing Prescription Opioid"
1009:
902:
466:
Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing),
342:
2266:
Budget-Impact Analysis of Health Care Interventions: A Practical Guide
2115:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 190–191, 287.
1249:
1100:"Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021"
6004:
5989:
5984:
5855:
5748:
5411:
5078:
4893:
4552:
4476:
4461:
4451:
4226:
3817:
3696:
3314:
3194:
2758:
929:
925:
921:
917:
905:
749:
486:
467:
448:
57:
2263:
Mauskopf J, Earnshaw SR, Brogan A, Wolowacz S, Brodtkorb TH (2017).
518:
66:
2113:
Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience
1882:
Etminan M, Rezaeianzadeh R, Kezouh A, Aminzadeh K (December 2022).
1207:
Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery
376:
6009:
5611:
5506:
5248:
5003:
4868:
4241:
4191:
4151:
3915:
3606:
3550:
3459:
3144:
3139:
1369:"Reconsidering the Usefulness of Adding Naloxone to Buprenorphine"
894:
771:
763:
525:
517:
571:(DATA 2000) waiver to prescribe buprenorphine/nalaxone for
5013:
2004:
Bonhomme J, Shim RS, Gooden R, Tyus D, Rust G (1 January 2012).
1979:"Buprenorphine dissolved in the mouth can cause dental problems"
1888:
941:
367:
304:
279:
2902:
2516:
1028:(RB Group) and its current/former affiliated entities (notably
596:. It is also helpful to use the medication in combination with
292:
151:
670:. The most common side effects seen in film formulations are
392:
2406:"Insurance Rules Can Hamper Recovery From Opioid Addiction"
255:
183:
829:, and lowest for the κ-opioid receptor. Naloxone has poor
534:
Buprenorphine/naloxone is used for the treatment of
577:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
268:
1670:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
1423:
Yokell MA, Zaller ND, Green TC, Rich JD (March 2011).
1032:, which split from RB Group in 2014) settled with the
6081:
2111:
Nestler EJ, Jonathan D, Hyman SE, Malenka RC (2009).
2145:"Naloxone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals"
1341:
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
5928:
5840:
5655:
5644:
5344:
4741:
4730:
4510:
4084:
4073:
3730:
2950:
2939:
2827:
2721:
2611:
2556:
1362:
1360:
1358:
485:At lower doses, buprenorphine results in the usual
386:
366:
341:
321:
316:
245:
240:
215:
197:
171:
141:
123:
113:
108:
96:
84:
79:
2622:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1532:"Buprenorphine; Naloxone – Drug Usage Statistics"
1004:Access to Suboxone can be limited due to varying
6072:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
666:syndrome, pain, nausea, increased sweating, and
355:
1679:
1677:
825:is highest for the μ-opioid receptor, then the
330:
2485:
2483:
2481:
1638:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
1170:
1168:
924:, while norbuprenorphine is glucuronidated by
2914:
2528:
2429:
2427:
1295:Srivastava A, Kahan M, Nader M (March 2017).
613:differences between sublingual formulations.
8:
160:
39:
2010:Journal of the National Medical Association
779:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_y8DGjkP1so
5652:
4738:
4081:
2947:
2921:
2907:
2899:
2838:
2732:
2692:
2592:
2535:
2521:
2513:
1855:Brewer A (20 April 2023). Weiser P (ed.).
1418:
1416:
1414:
1367:Blazes CK, Morrow JD (11 September 2020).
588:or other sedating substances, concomitant
406:
2327:
2239:
2029:
1909:
1857:"Suboxone side effects: A detailed guide"
1748:
1448:
1394:
1384:
1334:
1332:
1312:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1258:
1248:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
2497:. Federal Trade Commission. 11 July 2019
2291:https://doi.org/10.1177/2150132720940723
1691:. US Department of Justice. 9 April 2019
1204:Fisher GL, Roget NA (11 November 2008).
6088:
1827:"Highlights of Prescribing Information"
1634:"Statutes, Regulations, and Guidelines"
1554:
1552:
1058:
966:Naloxone is extensively inactivated by
402:
748:Strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme
641:may also occur with concurrent use of
38:
2166:
2164:
2051:
2049:
1723:Coe MA, Lofwall MR, Walsh SL (2019).
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:. National Alliance on Mental Illness
885:Buprenorphine § Pharmacokinetics
133:
7:
1210:. SAGE Publications. pp. 570–.
995:Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000
228:
1560:"Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Suboxone)"
375:
346:
119:Suboxone, Bunavail, Zubsolv, others
6154:Drugs developed by Schering-Plough
6134:Drugs developed by Merck & Co.
1024:In July 2019, the British company
25:
6129:Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists
4889:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4217:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
3170:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
3155:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
2360:California Health Care Foundation
1983:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
556:buprenorphine/naloxone and
6091:
5269:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
2795:Hydromorphone (extended-release)
1644:from the original on 2019-06-03.
1604:10.2165/00003495-200969050-00006
962:Naloxone § Pharmacokinetics
789:Buprenorphine binds strongly to
543:National Institute on Drug Abuse
65:
47:
5264:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
2220:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
694:, blistering of the mouth, and
6144:Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
5189:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
1008:requirements across different
932:. These glucuronides are then
850:achieves higher buprenorphine
427:among others, is a fixed-dose
1:
5164:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
4357:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
3966:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
3395:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
2022:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30175-9
1949:10.1080/14740338.2023.2247962
1936:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
1729:Journal of Addiction Medicine
852:maximum plasma concentrations
621:Contraindications are severe
4387:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
2173:Current Rheumatology Reports
1781:"Suboxone Contraindications"
1741:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000457
1508:Food and Drug Administration
1479:Food and Drug Administration
1047:Food and Drug Administration
569:Drug Addiction Treatment Act
423:, sold under the brand name
6139:Mu-opioid receptor agonists
6040:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
5668:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
5049:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
3535:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
2800:Morphine (extended-release)
1836:. Indivior UK Limited. 2023
1441:10.2174/1874473711104010028
989:Access in the United States
6180:
6060:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
5680:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
4784:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
3951:Methylsamidorphan chloride
3185:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
3010:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
2843:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
2737:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
2697:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
2597:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
1666:Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015).
1429:Current Drug Abuse Reviews
959:
882:
713:
162:Buprenorphine and naloxone
29:
5980:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
5387:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
5299:Tricyclic antidepressants
4377:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
3420:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
2829:Benzodiazepine dependence
2351:Herring A (August 2016).
2269:. Springer. p. 146.
2185:10.1007/s11926-008-0003-z
1386:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.549272
1181:European Medicines Agency
710:Dependence and withdrawal
64:
46:
5965:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
5937:Enkephalinase inhibitors
5866:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
5848:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
5764:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
1034:US Department of Justice
875:around 3.41 ng/mL.
795:pain-reducing medication
600:support and counseling.
30:Not to be confused with
5663:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
4934:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
3976:Nalorphine dinicotinate
1902:10.1001/jama.2022.17485
1373:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1026:Reckitt Benckiser Group
801:(CNS). It binds to the
510:million prescriptions.
5279:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
5224:Pethidine (meperidine)
4417:Pethidine (meperidine)
4107:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
3753:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
3652:Tetrahydropapaveroline
3567:Pethidine (meperidine)
2320:10.1001/jama.2015.3474
2232:10.1124/dmd.109.028605
799:central nervous system
781:
769:
743:respiratory depression
639:respiratory depression
635:central nervous system
531:
523:
439:. It is used to treat
429:combination medication
421:Buprenorphine/naloxone
74:, an opioid antagonist
41:Buprenorphine/naloxone
6159:Semisynthetic opioids
5970:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
5457:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
5357:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
4919:Dinalbuphine sebacate
4794:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
4518:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
4477:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
4117:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
3763:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
3743:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
3215:Dinalbuphine sebacate
2082:10.1007/s002130050066
968:first-pass metabolism
946:elimination half-life
775:
767:
714:Further information:
594:prolonged QT interval
529:
521:
5827:Sunobinop (S-117957)
5562:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
4894:Diamorphine (heroin)
4227:Diamorphine (heroin)
3195:Diamorphine (heroin)
2995:Acetyldihydrocodeine
2975:7-Hydroxymitragynine
2970:7-Acetoxymitragynine
999:emergency department
897:, primarily via the
860:area under the curve
590:alcohol use disorder
32:Bupropion/naltrexone
6124:4,5-Epoxymorphinans
6119:Drug rehabilitation
6030:Ubenimex (bestatin)
5774:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
5382:β-Chlornaltrexamine
5352:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
4774:β-Chlornaltrexamine
4648:N-Benzylnaltrindole
4543:β-Chlornaltrexamine
4462:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
4127:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
3788:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3758:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
2985:α-Chlornaltrexamine
2654:General anesthetics
2558:Nicotine dependence
1185:. 17 September 2018
1006:prior authorization
975:Society and culture
785:Mechanism of action
668:difficulty sleeping
582:specialized centers
536:opioid use disorder
441:opioid use disorder
288:(Prescription only)
43:
5592:Norbinaltorphimine
4899:Diacetylnalorphine
4588:Diacetylnalorphine
4212:Desmethylclozapine
3866:Diacetylnalorphine
3546:Papaver somniferum
3130:Chloroxymorphamine
2808:Opioid antagonists
2668:Opioid antagonists
2646:Hydrogen cyanamide
2613:Alcohol dependence
2381:"Preauthorization"
2070:Psychopharmacology
1343:. 6 January 2017.
839:mu-opioid receptor
782:
770:
676:excessive sweating
532:
524:
522:Sublingual tablets
472:low blood pressure
470:, sleepiness, and
6114:Combination drugs
6079:
6078:
5924:
5923:
5769:Nociceptin (1-11)
5640:
5639:
4769:14-Methoxymetopon
4726:
4725:
4643:Methylnaltrindole
4069:
4068:
3738:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
3350:Levacetylmethadol
2896:
2895:
2775:Levacetylmethadol
2723:Opioid dependence
2641:Calcium carbimide
2467:. 21 October 2020
2314:(16): 1636–1644.
2226:(12): 2323–2329.
1985:. 12 January 2022
1943:(12): 1283–1287.
1896:(22): 2269–2271.
1250:10.1136/bmj.j1550
1217:978-1-4129-5084-8
1153:. 31 October 2019
889:Buprenorphine is
827:δ-opioid receptor
809:antagonist. As a
807:κ-opioid receptor
803:μ-opioid receptor
716:Opioid withdrawal
702:and tooth loss).
664:opioid withdrawal
617:Contraindications
573:opioid dependence
491:opioid antagonist
418:
417:
388:CompTox Dashboard
308:
296:
283:
271:
264:(Controlled drug)
259:
187:
154:
103:Opioid antagonist
16:(Redirected from
6171:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6087:
5959:
5886:Nociceptin (1-7)
5782:Norbuprenorphine
5719:Dihydroetorphine
5653:
5542:Methylnaltrexone
5452:Catechin gallate
5184:Norbuprenorphine
4909:Dihydroetorphine
4779:β-Funaltrexamine
4739:
4638:Methylnaltrexone
4578:Catechin gallate
4392:Norbuprenorphine
4232:Dihydroetorphine
4082:
3946:Methylnaltrexone
3838:Catechin gallate
3793:β-Funaltrexamine
3205:Dihydroetorphine
2948:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2870:Chlordiazepoxide
2844:
2840:
2790:Dihydroetorphine
2738:
2734:
2698:
2694:
2624:
2598:
2594:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:. August 5, 2016
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2016:(7–8): 342–350.
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1720:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1646:
1645:
1640:. 15 June 2015.
1630:
1624:
1623:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1292:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1143:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1038:anti-competitive
910:norbuprenorphine
845:Pharmacokinetics
823:binding affinity
791:opioid receptors
684:peripheral edema
627:liver impairment
566:
563:
561:
555:
552:
550:
509:
457:under the tongue
447:opioids such as
411:
410:
396:
394:
379:
359:
349:
348:
334:
306:
303:
294:
291:
281:
278:
270:
267:
257:
254:
232:
185:
182:
164:
153:
150:
137:
91:Opioid modulator
69:
51:
44:
42:
27:Opioid treatment
21:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6080:
6075:
5957:
5920:
5851:
5836:
5777:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5671:
5648:
5636:
5432:Binaltorphimine
5377:6β-Naltrexol-d4
5340:
4959:Ethylketazocine
4914:Dihydromorphine
4734:
4722:
4533:6β-Naltrexol-d4
4506:
4262:Ethylketazocine
4237:Dihydromorphine
4077:
4065:
3773:6β-Naltrexol-d4
3726:
3525:Oxymorphonazine
3280:Furanylfentanyl
3210:Dihydromorphine
3065:Benzhydrocodone
2954:
2952:
2943:
2935:
2930:Opioid receptor
2927:
2897:
2892:
2855:Benzodiazepines
2842:
2823:
2736:
2717:
2696:
2607:
2596:
2552:
2545:drug dependence
2541:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1861:perks.optum.com
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1807:. 25 March 2021
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1722:
1721:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1689:www.justice.gov
1683:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1512:(Press release)
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1301:Canadian Family
1294:
1293:
1276:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1108:. 3 August 2022
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1074:"Buprenorphine"
1072:
1071:
1060:
1055:
1042:product hopping
1022:
991:
982:
977:
964:
958:
950:kidney problems
936:mainly through
914:glucuronidation
899:cytochrome P450
887:
881:
874:
869:bioavailability
865:
857:
847:
841:than naloxone.
831:bioavailability
811:partial agonist
787:
762:
727:
718:
712:
655:
653:Adverse effects
643:CNS depressants
619:
611:pharmacokinetic
606:
604:Available forms
586:benzodiazepines
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
516:
507:
504:generic version
496:use in the nose
414:
390:
382:
362:
345:
337:
312:
236:
200:
193:
174:
167:
75:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5960:-Phenylalanine
5954:
5949:
5944:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Racemethorphan
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5734:Levomethorphan
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5239:Racemethorphan
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5059:Levomethorphan
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Racemethorphan
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:Levomethorphan
4334:
4332:Leu-enkephalin
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Naltrexonazine
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Racemethorphan
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Levomethorphan
3352:
3347:
3345:Leu-enkephalin
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Hydromorphinol
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Dihydrocodeine
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Dextromoramide
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Benzylmorphine
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Acetylfentanyl
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2851:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Dihydrocodeine
2782:
2777:
2772:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2477:
2452:
2423:
2397:
2385:HealthCare.gov
2372:
2343:
2294:
2282:
2275:
2255:
2206:
2160:
2136:
2121:
2103:
2076:(4): 374–383.
2060:
2045:
1996:
1970:
1925:
1874:
1847:
1818:
1792:
1772:
1702:
1673:
1647:
1625:
1598:(5): 577–607.
1577:
1548:
1523:
1493:
1464:
1410:
1354:
1328:
1307:(3): 200–205.
1274:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1176:"Zubsolv EPAR"
1164:
1119:
1091:
1078:www.samhsa.gov
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1021:
1018:
990:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
960:Main article:
957:
954:
883:Main article:
880:
877:
872:
863:
855:
846:
843:
793:and acts as a
786:
783:
761:
758:
739:antipsychotics
731:antihistamines
726:
723:
711:
708:
654:
651:
618:
615:
605:
602:
530:Film (package)
515:
512:
474:. The risk of
431:that includes
416:
415:
413:
412:
404:DTXSID50188706
399:
397:
384:
383:
381:
380:
372:
370:
364:
363:
361:
360:
352:
350:
339:
338:
336:
335:
327:
325:
319:
318:
314:
313:
311:
310:
301:
289:
276:
265:
251:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
235:
234:
221:
219:
213:
212:
203:
201:administration
195:
194:
192:
191:
189:
179:
177:
169:
168:
166:
165:
147:
145:
139:
138:
131:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
80:Combination of
77:
76:
70:
62:
61:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6176:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6099:
6089:
6085:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Pronociceptin
6053:
6051:
6050:Proenkephalin
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:Buprenorphine
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Buprenorphine
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Amentoflavone
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5315:nortriptyline
5312:
5308:
5304:
5303:amitriptyline
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Hydromorphone
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Diprenorphine
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Difelikefalin
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Cyprenorphine
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Big dynorphin
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:3CS-nalmefene
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Diprenorphine
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Hydromorphone
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Deltorphin II
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:3CS-nalmefene
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Methocinnamox
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Ginsenoside R
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Diprenorphine
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:3CS-nalmefene
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Phencyclidine
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Oxymorphazone
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Hydromorphone
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Ethylmorphine
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Endomorphin-2
3243:
3241:
3240:Endomorphin-1
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Diphenoxylate
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Butyrfentanyl
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Buprenorphine
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Acrylfentanyl
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:ψ-Akuammigine
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2888:
2887:Phenobarbital
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:Buprenorphine
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:Nitrous oxide
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2543:Treatment of
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2416:September 15,
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2390:September 15,
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2276:9783319504827
2272:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:9780071481274
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1863:. Optum Perks
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:(2): 93–103.
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1668:Austria-Codex
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1105:Health Canada
1101:
1095:
1092:
1080:. 31 May 2016
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:Controversies
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
979:
974:
972:
969:
963:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
886:
879:Buprenorphine
878:
876:
870:
861:
853:
844:
842:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
780:
774:
766:
759:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
722:
717:
709:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
614:
612:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
544:
539:
537:
528:
520:
513:
511:
505:
500:
497:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:buprenorphine
430:
426:
422:
409:
405:
401:
400:
398:
389:
385:
378:
374:
373:
371:
369:
365:
358:
354:
353:
351:
344:
340:
333:
329:
328:
326:
324:
320:
315:
309: Rx-only
302:
300:
290:
287:
277:
275:
266:
263:
253:
252:
250:
248:
244:
239:
231:
226:
223:
222:
220:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
196:
190:
181:
180:
178:
176:
170:
163:
158:
149:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
109:Clinical data
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
86:Buprenorphine
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
54:Buprenorphine
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
6164:Orphan drugs
6066:
6045:Prodynorphin
6037:Propeptides:
6036:
5935:
5906:Thienorphine
5729:JNJ-19385899
5714:Cebranopadol
5696:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
5688:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
5372:6β-Naltrexol
5289:Thienorphine
5254:Salvinorin A
5054:Levallorphan
4859:Cebranopadol
4718:Thienorphine
4528:6β-Naltrexol
4312:JNJ-20788560
4307:Isomethadone
4202:Deltorphin I
4197:Deltorphin A
4177:Cebranopadol
4172:Casokefamide
4006:Naltrexazone
3996:Naloxonazine
3921:Levallorphan
3768:6β-Naltrexol
3667:Thienorphine
3622:Remifentanil
3544:
3475:Nicomorphine
3470:Nicodicodine
3425:Morphiceptin
3325:Ketobemidone
3160:Desomorphine
3145:DAMGO (DAGO)
3125:Cebranopadol
3120:Casokefamide
2882:Barbiturates
2880:
2853:
2836:
2806:
2768:
2757:
2730:
2690:
2666:
2652:
2620:
2590:
2581:Mecamylamine
2499:. Retrieved
2494:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:FiercePharma
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:
2414:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2346:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2285:
2265:
2258:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2179:(1): 11–18.
2176:
2172:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2112:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:suboxone.com
1833:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1775:
1732:
1728:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1667:
1637:
1628:
1595:
1591:
1568:. Retrieved
1563:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1486:29 September
1484:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1435:(1): 28–41.
1432:
1428:
1376:
1372:
1340:
1304:
1300:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1206:
1199:
1189:29 September
1187:. Retrieved
1179:
1157:29 September
1155:. Retrieved
1150:
1110:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1023:
1003:
992:
983:
965:
888:
848:
835:
820:
788:
760:Pharmacology
754:ketoconazole
747:
728:
725:Interactions
719:
704:
696:mouth ulcers
680:constipation
656:
645:, ingesting
620:
607:
598:psychosocial
540:
533:
514:Medical uses
501:
484:
468:small pupils
465:
461:in the cheek
445:full-agonist
424:
420:
419:
299:Schedule III
247:Legal status
241:Legal status
143:License data
36:
5975:Kelatorphan
5952:Candoxatril
5841:Antagonists
5792:Racemorphan
5759:NNC 63-0532
5744:Lexanopadol
5739:Levorphanol
5617:Quadazocine
5602:Pawhuskin A
5597:Noribogaine
5587:Navacaprant
5577:Naltrindole
5497:Epicatechin
5462:Clocinnamox
5345:Antagonists
5307:desipramine
5274:Samidorphan
5244:Racemorphan
5229:Phenazocine
5219:Pentazocine
5199:Norketamine
5194:Noribogaine
5154:Nalfurafine
5119:Mirtazapine
5109:Metkefamide
5069:Lexanopadol
5064:Levorphanol
5044:Laudanosine
5029:ICI-204,448
5024:ICI-199,441
4994:Hemorphin-4
4954:Erinacine E
4939:Eluxadoline
4929:Dynorphin A
4874:Cyclazocine
4849:Butorphanol
4834:Bremazocine
4809:Asimadoline
4799:Allomatrine
4789:Akuammicine
4698:Quadazocine
4693:Pawhuskin A
4688:Noribogaine
4673:Naltrindole
4613:Epicatechin
4608:Eluxadoline
4583:Clocinnamox
4511:Antagonists
4442:Samidorphan
4432:Racemorphan
4412:Oxymorphone
4372:Mitragynine
4367:Metkefamide
4347:Lexanopadol
4342:Levorphanol
4327:Laudanosine
4292:Hydrocodone
4287:Hemorphin-4
4187:Cyclazocine
4162:Butorphanol
4137:β-Endorphin
4056:Samidorphan
4051:Quadazocine
4041:Pawhuskin A
4031:Noribogaine
4021:Naltrindole
3956:Naldemedine
3886:Epicatechin
3843:Clocinnamox
3731:Antagonists
3702:Tubotaiwine
3687:Trimebutine
3617:Racemorphan
3587:Piritramide
3572:Phenazocine
3557:Pentazocine
3530:Oxymorphone
3495:Oliceridine
3480:Norketamine
3465:Nicocodeine
3450:Naltalimide
3415:Mitragynine
3405:Metkefamide
3375:Loxicodegol
3365:Lexanopadol
3360:Levorphanol
3335:Laudanosine
3300:Hydrocodone
3295:Hodgkinsine
3285:Hemorphin-4
3275:Frakefamide
3235:Embutramide
3230:Dynorphin A
3190:Eluxadoline
3180:Dimenoxadol
3115:Carfentanil
3100:Butorphanol
3075:Bezitramide
3045:β-Endorphin
3035:Anileridine
3025:Akuammidine
3020:Akuammicine
2990:α-Narcotine
2636:Acamprosate
2586:Varenicline
2495:www.ftc.gov
2365:14 December
1989:14 November
993:Before the
891:metabolized
700:tooth decay
672:tongue pain
623:respiratory
332:352020-56-5
317:Identifiers
115:Trade names
6149:Oripavines
6108:Categories
6070:Kyotorphin
6015:Spinorphin
5896:SB-612,111
5891:Nocistatin
5861:BAN-ORL-24
5812:SCH-486757
5807:SCH-221510
5646:Nociceptin
5607:PF-4455242
5582:Naringenin
5572:Naltrexone
5532:LY-2795050
5527:LY-2459989
5522:LY-2444296
5517:LY-2196044
5502:Hyperoside
5417:Aticaprant
5311:imipramine
5234:Proxorphan
5209:Oxilorphan
5179:Niravoline
5169:Nalorphine
5144:Nalbuphine
5129:Moxazocine
5104:Metazocine
5074:Lofentanil
5039:Ketazocine
4999:Herkinorin
4979:Gemazocine
4969:Fedotozine
4949:Eptazocine
4879:Cyclorphan
4864:Ciprefadol
4683:Naringenin
4663:Naltrexone
4658:Nalorphine
4633:LY-2196044
4623:ICI-174864
4618:ICI-154129
4563:Bevenopran
4538:α-Santolol
4502:Zenazocine
4482:Tonazocine
4437:RWJ-394674
4422:Proglumide
4362:Metazocine
4352:Lofentanil
4282:Fluorophen
4046:Rimonabant
4036:Oxilorphan
4026:Naringenin
4016:Naltrexone
3981:Naloxazone
3971:Nalorphine
3936:LY-2196044
3906:Hyperoside
3896:Gemazocine
3891:Eptazocine
3828:Bevenopran
3672:Tianeptine
3647:Tapentadol
3642:Sufentanil
3637:Sinomenine
3627:Salsolinol
3582:Piminodine
3500:Oxycodegol
3490:Octreotide
3485:Nufenoxole
3435:Nalbuphine
3390:Meptazinol
3370:Loperamide
3340:Lefetamine
3290:Herkinorin
3270:Fluorophen
3225:Dipipanone
3150:Dermorphin
3040:Apparicine
3030:Alfentanil
2953:(abridged;
2933:modulators
2813:Naltrexone
2747:Lofexidine
2686:Topiramate
2674:Naltrexone
2631:Disulfiram
2471:2021-03-19
2434:Howard J.
2154:2017-11-28
1786:2017-10-30
1379:: 549272.
1084:3 December
1053:References
934:eliminated
752:, such as
688:stomatitis
637:(CNS) and
631:alcoholism
629:and acute
547:treatments
323:CAS Number
206:Sublingual
6025:Tynorphin
6020:Thiorphan
6000:Opiorphan
5942:Amastatin
5871:J-113,397
5832:TH-030418
5802:Ro65-6570
5797:Ro64-6198
5724:Etorphine
5632:Zyklophin
5622:Taxifolin
5512:LY-255582
5472:Cyclofoxy
5422:Axelopran
5336:Xorphanol
5326:U-54,494A
5294:Tifluadom
5284:TH-030418
5214:Oxycodone
5204:Oripavine
5174:Naltriben
5159:Nalmefene
5114:Mianserin
5084:Lufuradom
4989:GR-103545
4964:Etorphine
4944:Enadoline
4844:Butorphan
4839:BRL-52537
4804:Apadoline
4713:Taxifolin
4708:SoRI-9409
4668:Naltriben
4653:Nalmefene
4628:LY-255582
4558:Axelopran
4497:Xorphanol
4467:TH-030418
4447:SB-235863
4407:Oxycodone
4402:Oripavine
4267:Etorphine
4157:Butorphan
4122:Amoxapine
4061:Taxifolin
3986:Naloxegol
3961:Nalmefene
3931:LY-255582
3861:Cyprodime
3856:Cyclofoxy
3823:Axelopran
3803:Alvimopan
3798:Akuammine
3783:α-Gliadin
3722:Xorphanol
3712:Valorphin
3657:TH-030418
3515:Oxycodone
3510:Oripavine
3445:Nalmexone
3400:Methadone
3380:LS-115509
3260:Etorphine
3250:Eseroline
3095:Butorphan
2956:full list
2865:Lorazepam
2848:Clonidine
2818:Nalmefene
2780:Methadone
2769:+naloxone
2742:Clonidine
2702:Clonidine
2679:Nalmefene
2625:inhibitor
2602:Clonidine
2566:Bupropion
2149:Drugs.com
2131:273018757
1965:260923666
1620:209147406
1541:7 October
1243:: j1550.
938:excretion
692:glossitis
660:headaches
558:methadone
499:opioids.
480:methadone
199:Routes of
173:Pregnancy
135:Monograph
129:Drugs.com
6098:Medicine
5911:Trap-101
5901:SR-16430
5822:SR-16435
5676:(PheΨ(CH
5656:Agonists
5567:Naloxone
5477:Dezocine
5447:Catechin
5402:Apigenin
5331:U-69,593
5124:Morphine
5094:MB-1C-OH
5034:Ketamine
5019:Ibogaine
4984:GR-89696
4974:Fentanyl
4854:BW373U86
4742:Agonists
4732:κ-opioid
4678:Naloxone
4573:Catechin
4548:Apigenin
4487:Tramadol
4472:Thebaine
4382:Morphine
4302:Ibogaine
4272:Fentanyl
4252:DPI-3290
4222:Dezocine
4167:BW373U86
4147:Biphalin
4112:ADL-5859
4085:Agonists
4075:δ-opioid
4001:Naloxone
3926:Lobeline
3911:Ibogaine
3833:Catechin
3813:Apigenin
3682:Tramadol
3677:Tilidine
3662:Thebaine
3632:SC-17599
3602:Propiram
3562:Pericine
3505:OM-3-MNZ
3430:Morphine
3320:Ketamine
3265:Fentanyl
3175:Dezocine
3110:BW373U86
3080:Biphalin
2965:3-HO-PCP
2951:Agonists
2941:μ-opioid
2875:Oxazepam
2860:Diazepam
2753:Ibogaine
2713:Phenibut
2708:Baclofen
2576:Lobeline
2571:Cytisine
2338:25919527
2250:19773542
2201:26827910
2193:18457606
2098:10401443
2090:10928310
2040:23092049
1957:37584264
1920:36511932
1811:30 April
1805:DailyMed
1767:54478000
1759:30531584
1642:Archived
1612:19368419
1570:12 April
1564:nami.org
1536:ClinCalc
1459:21466501
1405:33061915
1349:28727399
1323:28292795
1269:28446428
1151:DailyMed
1112:25 March
1030:Indivior
1014:Medicaid
1010:insurers
956:Naloxone
815:efficacy
476:overdose
453:fentanyl
437:naloxone
425:Suboxone
357:11274356
217:ATC code
175:category
157:DailyMed
98:Naloxone
72:Naloxone
18:Suboxone
6067:Others:
5995:RB-3007
5947:BL-2401
5916:UFP-101
5881:NalBzOH
5876:JTC-801
5817:SR-8993
5754:MT-7716
5704:BU08070
5557:MR-2266
5537:MeJDTic
5467:CVL-354
5437:BU09059
5427:AZ-MTAB
5407:Arodyne
5367:6'-GNTI
5362:5'-GNTI
5321:U-50488
5301:(e.g.,
5149:NalBzOH
5134:MR-2034
5099:Menthol
5089:Matrine
4824:BAM-22P
4819:BAM-18P
4814:BAM-12P
4754:6'-GNTI
4523:5'-NTII
4457:SNC-162
4397:NalBzOH
4317:KNT-127
4247:DPI-221
4182:Codeine
4142:BAM-18P
4132:AZD2327
4097:6'-GNTI
3991:Naloxol
3717:Viminol
3707:U-47700
3692:TRIMU 5
3597:Prodine
3540:OxyPNPH
3455:Neopine
3440:NalBzOH
3410:Metopon
3385:Matrine
3135:Codeine
3085:BU08070
3060:BAM-22P
3055:BAM-18P
3050:BAM-12P
3015:AH-7921
2759:Opioids
2501:13 July
2445:13 July
2410:NPR.org
2329:4527523
2241:2784702
2031:4039205
1911:9856241
1750:7442141
1695:13 July
1516:23 June
1450:3154701
1396:7517938
1314:5349718
1260:5421454
908:, into
903:isozyme
893:by the
797:in the
735:alcohol
647:alcohol
565:
560:
554:
549:
343:PubChem
272::
233:)
227: (
225:N07BC51
188: C
159::
6084:Portal
6005:Selank
5990:RB-120
5985:RB-101
5929:Others
5856:AT-076
5749:MCOPPB
5412:AT-076
5258:salvia
5139:N-MPPP
5079:LPK-26
4703:SDM25N
4553:AT-076
4492:TRV250
4452:SNC-80
4322:Kratom
4102:7-SIOM
3818:AT-076
3808:AM-251
3697:TRV734
3592:PL-017
3330:Kratom
3315:IBNtxA
2336:
2326:
2273:
2248:
2238:
2199:
2191:
2129:
2119:
2096:
2088:
2038:
2028:
1963:
1955:
1918:
1908:
1867:9 July
1840:9 July
1765:
1757:
1747:
1618:
1610:
1457:
1447:
1403:
1393:
1347:
1321:
1311:
1267:
1257:
1214:
944:. The
930:UGT1A3
926:UGT1A1
922:UGT2B7
918:UGT1A1
912:. The
906:CYP3A4
901:(CYP)
858:) and
750:CYP3A4
737:, and
508:
487:opioid
449:heroin
377:D10250
297:
284:
274:℞-only
260:
210:buccal
155:
58:opioid
6010:Semax
5649:(NOP)
5627:UPHIT
5612:RB-64
5552:ML350
5547:ML190
5507:JDTic
5482:DIPPA
5249:RB-64
5004:HS665
4869:CR665
4764:18-MC
4759:8-CAC
4735:(KOR)
4257:DSLET
4242:DPDPE
4192:DADLE
4152:BU-48
4078:(DOR)
3916:JDTic
3778:18-MC
3607:PZM21
3551:opium
3460:NFEPP
3140:DADLE
2944:(MOR)
2356:(PDF)
2197:S2CID
2094:S2CID
1961:S2CID
1830:(PDF)
1763:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1592:Drugs
1510:(FDA)
1506:U.S.
1481:(FDA)
1477:U.S.
1183:(EMA)
940:into
895:liver
56:, an
5397:ANTI
5014:HZ-2
4568:BNTX
3851:CTOP
3847:CTAP
2549:N07B
2503:2020
2447:2020
2418:2018
2392:2018
2367:2017
2334:PMID
2308:JAMA
2271:ISBN
2246:PMID
2189:PMID
2127:OCLC
2117:ISBN
2086:PMID
2036:PMID
1991:2023
1953:PMID
1916:PMID
1889:JAMA
1869:2023
1842:2023
1813:2021
1755:PMID
1697:2020
1608:PMID
1572:2021
1543:2022
1518:2018
1488:2020
1455:PMID
1401:PMID
1345:PMID
1319:PMID
1265:PMID
1212:ISBN
1191:2020
1159:2020
1114:2024
1086:2017
980:Cost
942:bile
928:and
920:and
435:and
368:KEGG
125:AHFS
5492:ECG
5487:EGC
4603:EGC
4598:ECG
4277:FIT
3881:EGC
3876:ECG
2440:CNN
2324:PMC
2316:doi
2312:313
2236:PMC
2228:doi
2181:doi
2078:doi
2074:148
2026:PMC
2018:doi
2014:104
1945:doi
1906:PMC
1898:doi
1894:328
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1600:doi
1445:PMC
1437:doi
1391:PMC
1381:doi
1309:PMC
1255:PMC
1245:doi
1241:357
1237:BMJ
873:max
864:max
856:max
625:or
459:or
451:or
393:EPA
347:CID
286:POM
230:WHO
6110::
5958:D
5313:,
5309:,
5305:,
2839:AA
2733:AA
2693:AA
2623:AD
2593:AA
2493:.
2480:^
2463:.
2438:.
2426:^
2408:.
2383:.
2358:.
2332:.
2322:.
2310:.
2306:.
2244:.
2234:.
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2195:.
2187:.
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2147:.
2125:.
2092:.
2084:.
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2034:.
2024:.
2012:.
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1939:.
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1606:.
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1371:.
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1331:^
1317:.
1305:63
1303:.
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1263:.
1253:.
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952:.
854:(C
745:.
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690:,
686:,
678:,
662:,
463:.
305:EU
293:US
280:UK
269:CA
262:S8
256:AU
208:,
184:AU
152:US
6086::
5939::
5850:2
5776:2
5698:2
5690:2
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1922:.
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