153:, and age of onset. The ILAE 1981 classification of seizure included information from EEG-video seizure recordings, but excluded anatomical substrate, etiology, and age factors as these factors were "historical or speculative" rather than directly observed. The ILAE 2017 classification of seizures closely reflects clinical practice, using observed seizure behavior and additional data to identify seizure types.
50:(ILAE) 2017 classification of seizures is the internationally recognized standard for identifying seizure types. The ILAE 2017 classification of seizures is a revision of the prior ILAE 1981 classification of seizures. Distinguishing between seizure types is important since different types of seizures may have different causes, outcomes, and treatments.
631:
During the typical 10 second seizure, a child abruptly stops and stares with 3 per second rhythmic eye fluttering movements. After the seizure, the child cannot recall what occurred during the seizure. An EEG test shows 3 per second spike-wave pattern, an EEG pattern indicating a generalized onset
234:
seizures. Aware means aware of self and surroundings during the seizure, verified when a person can recall events having occurred during the seizure. Impaired awareness occurs even if the recall of events is only partially impaired. Impaired awareness may occur at any time during the seizure. If
1340:
Bancaud, Jean; Henriksen, Olaf; Rubio-Donnadieu, Francisco; Seino, Masakatsu; et al. (1981). "Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the
Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy".
640:
Dyscognitive, simple partial, complex partial, psychic, and secondarily generalized are terms that apply only to the ILAE 1981 classification of seizures. The ILAE 2017 classification relies on intact awareness of self and surroundings, but the ILAE 1981 classification relies on intact
641:
consciousness, defined as a normal response to an external stimulus due to intact awareness and intact ability to respond. Unlike the ILAE 2017 classification, the ILAE 1981 classification specifies specific EEG patterns for each seizure type.
623:, a brain abnormality associated with focal seizures. This is a focal impaired awareness cognitive seizure with déjà vu. Appending a descriptor, this is a focal impaired awareness cognitive seizure with déjà vu followed by hand automatisms.
463:
Descriptors are additional seizure behaviors or symptoms that are appended to the seizure diagnosis. Descriptors may be a non-predominant or non-initial seizure feature. Descriptors provide a more complete description of the seizure.
446:
absence seizures may be accompanied by rhythmic facial 3 per second facial movements. Atypical absence seizures occur with a less sudden impairment in awareness, often accompanied by a gradual head, limb, or truncal slumping.
614:
During the typical 1 minute seizure, a person experiences a familiar (déjà vu) sensation, followed by picking and fumbling hand movements. After this seizure, the person cannot recall what was said during the seizure. Brain
406:
seizure may begin with a sensory, cognitive, autonomic, or emotional symptom, behavioral arrest of activity, or impaired awareness with minor motor activity as the initial predominant seizure feature.
295:
seizures begin as symmetrical bilateral body stiffening (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic jerks (clonic phase). Myoclonic, atonic, tonic, and myoclonic-atonic seizures may cause abrupt falls, called
632:
seizure. This generalized onset non-motor (absence) seizure is a typical absence seizure. Appending a descriptor, this is a typical absence seizure with 3 per second eye fluttering movements.
879:
seizures cause no symptoms and either no altered behavior or very minimal behavioral changes; the clinician recognizes these seizures as an evolving seizure pattern on an EEG recording.
861:, which recurs with intervals of seconds or minutes, lasting for extended periods of days or years. Common causes are strokes in adults, and focal cortical inflammation in children:
416:
occur with language impairment (e.g. aphasia, dysphasia, anomia), memory impairments (deja vu, jamais vu), hallucinations, persistent thought (forced thinking), and neglect.
1829:
Varoglu, Asuman Orhan; Saygi, Serap; Acemoglu, Hamit; Ciger, Abdurrahman (2009). "Prognosis of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis".
1755:
Panteliadis, Christos P.; Vassilyadi, Photios; Fehlert, Julia; Hagel, Christian (2017). "Historical documents on epilepsy: From antiquity through the 20th century".
212:
1923:
1417:"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology"
1380:"Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsy: Definitions Proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)"
2208:
2291:
1253:"Neurology of ecstatic religious and similar experiences: Ecstatic, orgasmic, and musicogenic seizures. Stendhal syndrome and autoscopic phenomena"
1026:
47:
2122:
845:
is a seizure "lasting longer than 30 minutes or a series of seizures without return to the baseline level of alertness between seizures."
2255:
1916:
2185:
114:
2270:
2142:
2094:
257:
has prominent movement, increased muscle contraction, or decreased muscle contraction as the initial predominant seizure feature.
291:
seizures begin with one or more jerks (myoclonic phase), then body stiffening (tonic-phase), then rhythmic jerks (clonic phase).
82:
2213:
2016:
2230:
2203:
1909:
180:
seizure arises from within the cerebral hemispheres rapidly involving both hemispheres. Seizure symptoms, seizure behavior,
2265:
1786:"Psychomotor seizures, Penfield, Gibbs, Bailey and the development of anterior temporal lobectomy: A historical vignette"
2180:
849:
188:
seizures occur if the available information is insufficient to distinguish focal from generalized onset seizures with a
2147:
428:
seizures occur with fear, anxiety, laughing, crying, pleasure, or anger sensations. These initial symptoms are seizure
161:
A seizure is a paroxysmal episode of symptoms or altered behavior arising from abnormal excessive or synchronous brain
2235:
1860:"Texts and documents. Translation and analysis of a cuneiform text forming part of a Babylonian treatise on epilepsy"
862:
66:
scholars developed the first seizure classification, inscribing their medical knowledge in the stone tablets called
2152:
1594:
616:
218:
seizure indicates that the seizure begins as focal seizure then later evolves to a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure.
2303:
269:
seizures occur as high amplitude truncal and limb movements such as pedaling, thrashing, and rocking movements.
2099:
1544:"Prevalence and predictors of subclinical seizures during scalp video-EEG monitoring in patients with epilepsy"
138:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
2357:
2064:
2029:
870:
235:
the level of awareness cannot be determined, the level of awareness is unspecified; this usually occurs for
1464:"Seizure incidence in the acute postneurosurgical period diagnosed using continuous electroencephalography"
287:
seizures begins with one or more jerks (myoclonic phase) followed by a loss of muscle tone (atonic phase).
2347:
2079:
2059:
1999:
265:
seizures are brief 1-2 second proximal limb and truncal flexion or extension movements, often repeated.
2137:
2084:
1646:
1630:
620:
305:
130:
98:
1463:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
892:
184:, seizure etiology, EEG, and video recordings help distinguish focal from generalized onset seizures.
601:
1 - Classify focal seizures as focal aware, focal impaired awareness, or focal unspecified awareness.
2320:
2114:
2104:
2024:
1975:
671:
412:
seizures occur with somatosensory, olfactory, visual, gustatory, vestibular, or thermal sensations.
175:
146:
2308:
2275:
145:
led the effort to develop the ILAE 1969 classification of seizures based on clinical seizure type,
1662:
2195:
2172:
1579:
1530:
1505:
Gastaut H (1970). "Clinical and electroencephalographical classification of epileptic seizures".
1366:
1075:
1073:
1071:
841:
93:
43:
1614:
2352:
2260:
2089:
1932:
1889:
1846:
1817:
1772:
1743:
1700:
1571:
1563:
1522:
1493:
1485:
1448:
1401:
1358:
1328:
1274:
1233:
888:
126:
795:
Simple partial seizures evolving to complex partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures
442:
seizures occur with a sudden brief impairment in awareness, commonly less than 45 seconds.
2325:
2314:
2157:
2069:
1970:
1879:
1871:
1838:
1807:
1797:
1764:
1733:
1725:
1690:
1555:
1514:
1475:
1438:
1428:
1391:
1350:
1318:
1310:
1264:
1223:
1213:
191:
2297:
2162:
2127:
1965:
1960:
1378:
Fisher, Robert S.; Boas, W.V.; Blume, Warren; Elger, Christian; et al. (April 2005).
866:
78:
74:
68:
1297:
Abend, Nicholas S.; Bearden, David; Helbig, Ingo; McGuire, Jennifer; et al. (2014).
1784:
Vannemreddy, Prasad; Stone, JamesL; Vannemreddy, Siddharth; Slavin, KonstantinV (2010).
2223:
2218:
2132:
2006:
1991:
1955:
1884:
1859:
1812:
1785:
1738:
1713:
1518:
1354:
1323:
1298:
1228:
1201:
429:
237:
170:
2341:
2048:
1842:
1396:
1379:
730:
720:
691:
681:
661:
261:
seizures are a brief 0.5-2 second lapses in muscle tone commonly leading to a fall.
142:
86:
1534:
1370:
17:
1768:
1583:
455:
seizures occur with 4-6 per second eyelid myoclonic jerks and upward eye movement.
421:
279:
seizures are abrupt increases in muscle tone greater than 2 seconds in duration.
181:
1695:
1678:
1559:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
1543:
1314:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
1875:
1269:
1252:
1202:"Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula"
709:
1567:
1489:
1480:
1218:
1802:
300:
271:
31:
1850:
1821:
1776:
1747:
1714:"The evolution of the concepts of seizures and epilepsy: What's in a name?"
1704:
1575:
1497:
1452:
1415:
Fisher, RS; Cross, JH; French, JA; Higurashi, N; et al. (April 2017).
1405:
1332:
1278:
1237:
1893:
1526:
1362:
1936:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
150:
1901:
1542:
Jin, Bo; Wang, Shan; Yang, Linglin; Shen, Chunhong; et al. (2017).
1443:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
420:
seizures occur with palpitations, heart rate changes, nausea, vomiting,
1729:
63:
39:
1433:
1416:
1124:
1112:
1091:
1079:
1062:
62:
provided the first writings about seizures. Later in ~1050 B.C., the
162:
975:
887:
Some forms of seizures have been defined based on symptoms, such as
72:
or in
English "All Diseases." This early classification identified
424:, lacrimation, pupil size changes or urge to urinate or defecate.
275:
seizures are brief jerks of limbs or body lasting milliseconds.
59:
1299:"Status Epilepticus and Refractory Status Epilepticus Management"
1008:
996:
858:
854:
1905:
1159:
1157:
645:
Equivalent ILAE 2017 and ILAE 1981 classification terminology.
853:
is a rare type of focal motor seizure, commonly involving the
786:
Partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures
778:
Simple partial onset, followed by impairment of consciousness
451:
seizures occur with myoclonic jerks of arms and shoulders.
946:
1148:
1136:
792:
Complex partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures
789:
Simple partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures
758:
Simple partial seizures: consciousness is not impaired.
1462:
Freund, Brin; Probasco, John C.; Ritzl, Eva K. (2018).
1025:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFFisherBoasBlumeElger1981 (
309:
seizures occur with repetitive stereotyped behaviors.
194:
775:
Complex partial seizures: consciousness is impaired.
636:
Comparison of ILAE 2017 and ILAE 1981 classifications
341:
hand tapping, fumbling, rubbing or picking movements
1020:
2284:
2248:
2194:
2171:
2113:
2047:
2038:
2015:
1984:
1943:
1187:
436:seizures occur as an abrupt cessation of movement.
361:pre-seizure behavior continues during the seizure
206:
1163:
1661:International League Against Epilepsy (2022e).
1645:International League Against Epilepsy (2022d).
1629:International League Against Epilepsy (2022c).
1613:International League Against Epilepsy (2022b).
1593:International League Against Epilepsy (2022a).
1175:
137:, seizures with "mental, emotional, motor, and
764:With somatosensory or special-sensory symptoms
751:The associated EEG patterns are not included.
331:lip smacking, chewing or swallowing movements
1917:
1858:Wilson, J.V. Kinnier; Reynolds, E.H. (1990).
8:
1125:International League Against Epilepsy 2022e
1113:International League Against Epilepsy 2022d
1092:International League Against Epilepsy 2022c
1080:International League Against Epilepsy 2022b
1063:International League Against Epilepsy 2022a
740:Secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure
2044:
1924:
1910:
1902:
1883:
1811:
1801:
1737:
1694:
1479:
1442:
1432:
1395:
1322:
1268:
1227:
1217:
781:With impairment of consciousness at onset
747:ILAE 1981 classification of seizure types
468:ILAE 2017 classification of seizure types
193:
2292:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
1679:"Epilepsia partialis continua: A review"
1677:Mameniškienė, Rūta; Wolf, Peter (2017).
643:
311:
283:seizures occur as rhythmic body jerks.
173:within one cerebral hemisphere, while a
121:(generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and
109:(generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and
1712:Patel, Puja; Moshé, Solomon L. (2020).
904:
737:Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure
125:to describe these seizures. In 1937,
1790:Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
1548:International Journal of Neuroscience
48:International League Against Epilepsy
27:Classifications of epileptic seizures
7:
2209:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
2256:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
836:Continuous and subclinical seizures
157:Focal vs. generalized seizure onset
2186:Complex partial status epilepticus
1519:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03871.x
1355:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x
201:
25:
2271:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
2143:Benign familial neonatal seizures
2095:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
1188:Freund, Probasco & Ritzl 2018
471:
226:The classification distinguishes
169:seizure arises from a biological
83:generalized tonic-clonic seizures
1843:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.001
1397:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x
832:Unclassified epileptic seizures
767:With autonomic symptoms or signs
688:Focal impaired awareness seizure
1303:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
321:Repeated stereotyped behaviors
216:Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic
115:Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol
2231:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
2204:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1769:10.1016/j.braindev.2017.02.002
89:, impaired awareness seizures,
1:
1696:10.1016/j.seizure.2016.10.010
1560:10.1080/00207454.2016.1220946
1200:Gschwind M, Picard F (2016).
453:Absence with eyelid myoclonia
149:(EEG), anatomical substrate,
117:(1772–1840) later introduced
46:, and diagnostic tests. The
42:defined by seizure behavior,
2181:Epilepsia partialis continua
1164:Mameniškienė & Wolf 2017
1065:, Generalized onset seizure.
850:Epilepsia partialis continua
222:Aware vs. impaired awareness
2236:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2214:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
2374:
2153:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
1315:10.1016/j.spen.2014.12.006
617:magnetic resonance imaging
553:Non-motor onset (Absence)
2304:Epilepsy Action Australia
1876:10.1017/s0025727300050651
1599:www.epilepsydiagnosis.org
1270:10.1016/j.nrl.2016.04.010
883:Based on unusual symptoms
811:Atypical absence seizures
627:Generalized onset seizure
351:walking, running, pacing
2266:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
2100:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
1481:10.3171/2018.1.JNS171466
1219:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021
863:Rasmussen's encephalitis
232:focal impaired awareness
2148:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
2030:Epilepsy and employment
1803:10.4103/0972-2327.64630
1663:"EpilepsyDiagnosis.org"
1647:"EpilepsyDiagnosis.org"
1631:"EpilepsyDiagnosis.org"
1615:"EpilepsyDiagnosis.org"
1595:"EpilepsyDiagnosis.org"
1468:Journal of Neurosurgery
1009:Vannemreddy et al. 2010
997:Panteliadis et al. 2017
871:autoimmune encephalitis
701:Non-convulsive seizure
692:Complex partial seizure
2080:Temporal lobe epilepsy
2000:Electroencephalography
1115:, Focal onset seizure.
801:Generalized seizures.
682:Simple partial seizure
543:myoclonic-tonic-clonic
313:Types of automatisms.
289:Myoclonic-tonic-clonic
208:
207:{\textstyle \geq 80\%}
2085:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1757:Brain and Development
1094:, Epilepsy imitators.
825:Tonic-clonic seizures
770:With psychic symptoms
621:hippocampal sclerosis
209:
113:(absence seizures).
103:Traité de l’Epilepsie
101:(1728–1797) authored
99:Samuel-Auguste Tissot
2321:Epilepsy Research UK
2105:Vertiginous epilepsy
2025:Epilepsy and driving
1976:Epilepsy in children
1257:Neurologia (Engl Ed)
1206:Front Behav Neurosci
192:
147:electroencephalogram
135:psychomotor seizures
105:, a book describing
18:Subclinical seizures
2309:Epilepsy Foundation
2276:Epilepsy in animals
1956:Aura (warning sign)
1137:Varoglu et al. 2009
976:Bancaud et al. 1981
678:Focal aware seizure
672:Generalized seizure
668:Generalized seizure
646:
610:Focal onset seizure
314:
58:In ~2500 B.C., the
2196:Myoclonic epilepsy
2173:Status epilepticus
1730:10.1002/epi4.12375
1127:, Sensory seizure.
1021:Fisher et al. 1981
947:Fisher et al. 2017
842:Status epilepticus
816:Myoclonic seizures
754:Partial seizures.
644:
414:Cognitive seizures
398:Non-motor seizures
312:
204:
94:status epilepticus
38:are categories of
2335:
2334:
2249:Related disorders
2244:
2243:
2090:Rolandic epilepsy
1831:Epilepsy Research
1434:10.1111/epi.13670
1149:Abend et al. 2014
893:orgasmic seizures
889:ecstatic seizures
805:Absence seizures
744:
743:
731:Affective seizure
727:Emotional seizure
717:Cognitive seizure
698:Non-motor seizure
619:(MRI) shows left
599:
598:
521:Generalized onset
509:behavioral arrest
502:Non-motor onset.
449:Myoclonic absence
434:Behavioral arrest
395:
394:
371:sexual behaviors
16:(Redirected from
2365:
2326:Epilepsy Society
2315:Epilepsy Outlook
2158:Epileptic spasms
2070:Gelastic seizure
2045:
1971:Neonatal seizure
1926:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1854:
1837:(2–3): 206–211.
1825:
1815:
1805:
1780:
1751:
1741:
1708:
1698:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1587:
1538:
1501:
1483:
1474:(4): 1203–1209.
1456:
1446:
1436:
1409:
1399:
1374:
1336:
1326:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1251:Arias M (2019).
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1082:, Motor seizure.
1077:
1066:
1060:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
979:
973:
950:
944:
867:viral infections
808:Absence seizures
761:With motor signs
647:
586:Non-motor onset
566:eyelid myoclonia
540:myoclonic-atonic
472:
315:
285:Myoclonic-atonic
213:
211:
210:
205:
79:absence seizures
75:febrile seizures
30:In the field of
21:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2298:Epilepsy Action
2280:
2240:
2190:
2167:
2163:Febrile seizure
2128:Absence seizure
2109:
2065:Complex partial
2034:
2017:Personal issues
2011:
1996:Investigations
1992:Anticonvulsants
1980:
1966:Epileptogenesis
1961:Postictal state
1939:
1930:
1900:
1857:
1828:
1783:
1754:
1711:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1541:
1504:
1461:
1414:
1377:
1339:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1176:Jin et al. 2017
1174:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
982:
974:
953:
945:
906:
901:
885:
838:
828:Atonic seizures
819:Clonic seizures
749:
721:Psychic seizure
662:Partial seizure
638:
629:
612:
607:
590:behavior arrest
582:epileptic spasm
549:epileptic spasm
489:epileptic spasm
470:
461:
400:
263:Epileptic spasm
251:
243:epileptic spasm
238:atonic seizures
224:
190:
189:
159:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2358:Epilepsy types
2355:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Todd's paresis
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2224:Lafora disease
2221:
2219:MERRF syndrome
2216:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Atonic seizure
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Simple partial
2057:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2007:Epileptologist
2004:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1855:
1826:
1796:(2): 103–107.
1781:
1763:(6): 457–463.
1752:
1718:Epilepsia Open
1709:
1674:
1658:
1642:
1626:
1610:
1589:
1588:
1554:(8): 651–658.
1539:
1502:
1458:
1457:
1427:(4): 522–530.
1411:
1410:
1390:(4): 470–472.
1375:
1349:(4): 489–501.
1337:
1309:(4): 263–274.
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1243:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1096:
1084:
1067:
1032:
1013:
1001:
980:
951:
903:
902:
900:
897:
884:
881:
878:
852:
844:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
822:Tonic seizures
820:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
799:
798:
797:
796:
793:
790:
784:
783:
782:
779:
773:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
734:
733:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
713:
707:
703:
702:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
674:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
654:
651:
637:
634:
628:
625:
611:
608:
606:
603:
597:
596:
592:
591:
584:
583:
580:
569:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
469:
466:
460:
457:
454:
450:
445:
441:
435:
427:
419:
415:
411:
405:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
382:
381:vocalizations
379:
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
322:
319:
308:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
249:Motor seizures
247:
244:
240:
233:
230:seizures from
229:
223:
220:
217:
203:
200:
197:
187:
179:
171:neural network
168:
158:
155:
136:
124:
120:
112:
108:
104:
96:
90:
87:focal seizures
71:
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2370:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Seizure types
2346:
2345:
2343:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:Organizations
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Seizure types
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Seizure types
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:(2): 185–98.
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1664:
1659:
1648:
1643:
1632:
1627:
1616:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:(1): 102–13.
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
905:
898:
896:
894:
890:
882:
880:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
835:
833:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
810:
807:
806:
804:
803:
802:
794:
791:
788:
787:
785:
780:
777:
776:
774:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
752:
746:
739:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
706:Motor seizure
705:
704:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
658:Focal seizure
657:
656:
652:
649:
648:
642:
635:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
609:
604:
602:
595:
594:Unclassified
589:
588:
587:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:Unknown onset
570:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
554:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
519:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
503:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:
480:
477:
474:
473:
467:
465:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
437:
433:
431:
425:
423:
417:
413:
409:
407:
403:
397:
391:spoken words
390:
386:
385:
384:
380:
376:
375:
374:
370:
366:
365:
364:
360:
357:Perseverative
356:
355:
354:
350:
346:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
334:
330:
326:
325:
324:
320:
317:
316:
310:
307:
304:
302:
299:, similar to
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:motor seizure
254:
248:
246:
242:
239:
236:
231:
227:
221:
219:
215:
214:confidence.
198:
195:
186:Unknown onset
185:
183:
177:
174:
172:
166:
165:activity. A
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:Henri Gastaut
141:phenomena."
140:
134:
132:
128:
122:
118:
116:
110:
106:
102:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:seizure types
33:
19:
2123:Tonic–clonic
2039:
1950:
1867:
1863:
1834:
1830:
1793:
1789:
1760:
1756:
1724:(1): 22–35.
1721:
1717:
1686:
1682:
1666:. Retrieved
1650:. Retrieved
1634:. Retrieved
1618:. Retrieved
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1551:
1547:
1510:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1444:11343/292620
1424:
1420:
1387:
1383:
1346:
1342:
1306:
1302:
1263:(1): 55–61.
1260:
1256:
1246:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1087:
1016:
1004:
886:
875:
847:
839:
831:
800:
753:
750:
639:
630:
613:
600:
593:
585:
579:tonic-clonic
575:Motor onset
574:
571:
552:
528:tonic-clonic
524:Motor onset
523:
520:
501:
492:hyperkinetic
479:Motor onset
478:
475:
462:
438:
422:piloerection
408:
401:
297:drop attacks
293:Tonic-clonic
267:Hyperkinetic
252:
225:
182:neuroimaging
160:
57:
35:
29:
2115:Generalised
877:Subclinical
476:Focal onset
459:Descriptors
228:focal aware
176:generalized
167:focal onset
133:introduced
2342:Categories
2138:Automatism
1985:Management
1290:References
865:, chronic
710:Convulsive
653:ILAE 1981
483:automatism
306:Automatism
245:seizures.
111:petit Ă©tat
107:grand Ă©tat
64:Babylonian
1689:: 74–80.
1568:0020-7454
1507:Epilepsia
1490:1933-0693
1421:Epilepsia
1384:Epilepsia
1343:Epilepsia
899:Citations
650:ILAE 2017
563:myoclonic
537:myoclonic
515:emotional
512:cognitive
506:autonomic
495:myoclonic
426:Emotional
418:Autonomic
404:non-motor
327:Orofacial
301:cataplexy
272:Myoclonic
202:%
196:≥
139:autonomic
123:petit mal
119:grand mal
60:Sumerians
32:neurology
2353:Epilepsy
2076:Epilepsy
2056:Seizures
1937:epilepsy
1933:Seizures
1864:Med Hist
1851:19345070
1822:20814492
1777:28249737
1748:32140641
1705:28029552
1576:27569054
1535:39230273
1498:30067470
1453:28276060
1406:15816939
1371:22190102
1333:25727508
1279:27340019
1238:26924970
712:seizure
605:Examples
560:atypical
163:neuronal
151:etiology
44:symptoms
40:seizures
1894:2187129
1885:1036070
1813:2924506
1739:7049807
1683:Seizure
1584:3673303
1527:5268244
1363:6790275
1324:4346709
1229:4756129
557:typical
444:Typical
440:Absence
410:Sensory
69:Sakikku
54:History
1944:Basics
1892:
1882:
1849:
1820:
1810:
1775:
1746:
1736:
1703:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1533:
1525:
1496:
1488:
1451:
1404:
1369:
1361:
1331:
1321:
1277:
1236:
1226:
1212:: 21.
546:atonic
531:clonic
486:atonic
387:Verbal
367:Sexual
337:Manual
281:Clonic
259:Atonic
131:Lennox
2049:Focal
1668:1 May
1652:1 May
1636:1 May
1620:1 May
1604:1 May
1580:S2CID
1531:S2CID
1367:S2CID
869:, or
855:hands
534:tonic
498:tonic
430:auras
377:Vocal
277:Tonic
178:onset
127:Gibbs
2328:(UK)
2317:(UK)
2311:(US)
2300:(UK)
2294:(US)
1935:and
1890:PMID
1847:PMID
1818:PMID
1773:PMID
1744:PMID
1701:PMID
1670:2023
1654:2023
1638:2023
1622:2023
1606:2023
1572:PMID
1564:ISSN
1523:PMID
1494:PMID
1486:ISSN
1449:PMID
1402:PMID
1359:PMID
1329:PMID
1275:PMID
1234:PMID
1027:help
891:and
859:face
318:Type
241:and
129:and
91:and
1880:PMC
1872:doi
1839:doi
1808:PMC
1798:doi
1765:doi
1734:PMC
1726:doi
1691:doi
1556:doi
1552:127
1515:doi
1476:doi
1472:130
1439:hdl
1429:doi
1392:doi
1351:doi
1319:PMC
1311:doi
1265:doi
1224:PMC
1214:doi
857:or
432:.
347:Leg
303:.
97:.
2344::
1888:.
1878:.
1868:34
1866:.
1862:.
1845:.
1835:85
1833:.
1816:.
1806:.
1794:13
1792:.
1788:.
1771:.
1761:39
1759:.
1742:.
1732:.
1720:.
1716:.
1699:.
1687:44
1685:.
1681:.
1597:.
1578:.
1570:.
1562:.
1550:.
1546:.
1529:.
1521:.
1511:11
1509:.
1492:.
1484:.
1470:.
1466:.
1447:.
1437:.
1425:58
1423:.
1419:.
1400:.
1388:46
1386:.
1382:.
1365:.
1357:.
1347:22
1345:.
1327:.
1317:.
1307:21
1305:.
1301:.
1273:.
1261:34
1259:.
1255:.
1232:.
1222:.
1210:10
1208:.
1204:.
1156:^
1099:^
1070:^
1035:^
983:^
954:^
907:^
895:.
873:.
402:A
253:A
199:80
85:,
81:,
77:,
34:,
1925:e
1918:t
1911:v
1896:.
1874::
1853:.
1841::
1824:.
1800::
1779:.
1767::
1750:.
1728::
1722:5
1707:.
1693::
1672:.
1656:.
1640:.
1624:.
1608:.
1586:.
1558::
1537:.
1517::
1500:.
1478::
1455:.
1441::
1431::
1408:.
1394::
1373:.
1353::
1335:.
1313::
1281:.
1267::
1240:.
1216::
1190:.
1178:.
1166:.
1151:.
1139:.
1029:)
1023:.
1011:.
999:.
978:.
949:.
20:)
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