31:
510:
assessment and management of suspected concussions during matches. Following feedback from the
Concussion Expert Group, IFAB announced in February 2020 that it would draw up concussion substitute protocols to be used in trials. In October 2020, the expert group announced that an "additional permanent substitution" protocol would be used to protect the health of players using an "if in doubt, take them out" philosophy, and that trials would start in 2021. The protocol and trial was formally approved by IFAB on 16 December 2020. Under the protocol, players suspected of a concussion will be permanently removed from the match and replaced by a substitute. This prevents a player from sustaining
2715:
443:
substitution in extra time, each team will have one additional substitution opportunity (any unused substitution opportunities from regular time will carry over to extra time). Substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time, and at half-time in extra time do not count towards a team's substitution opportunities. When both teams make a substitution simultaneously, it counts as a used substitution opportunity for both teams. Multiple substitutions (and requests) made by a team during the same stoppage in play count as one used substitution opportunity.
300:
288:
75:
are provided to a side during normal time, and an extra opportunity during extra time. Substitutions can be made during half-time breaks during normal and extra time, and full time breaks (before the start of extra time), but do not count as substitution opportunities. There is also a provision of an additional substitution beyond whatever limits the match is being played under to be used specifically for a player who has sustained a
2685:
326:. The player to be substituted (outgoing player) must have left the field of play before the substitute (incoming player) may enter the field of play; at that point the substitute becomes an active player and the person substituted ceases to be an active player. The incoming player may only enter the field at the halfway line. Failure to comply with these provisions may be punished by a caution (
2700:
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110:. This pool of reserve players has also steadily increased in most competitions where they now allow 5, 7 or 9 reserves while in international competitive tournaments it is common that every player selected in the tournament squad (usually 23 players total) is an eligible substitute if they aren't suspended from the game.
367:
A player who has been sent off (red card) cannot be replaced; the team will have to continue with one fewer player. In the case of a goalkeeper who is sent off, the coach will usually (but is not required to) substitute an outfield player so that the backup goalkeeper can enter the game. For example,
74:
The number of substitutes has risen over time as well as the number of reserve players allowed to be nominated. It is now common for games to allow a maximum of 5 substitutions; some competitions allow for an additional substitution when playing extra time. A maximum of 3 "substitution opportunities"
442:
Following the introduction of five substitutions in matches, "substitution opportunities" were established to avoid time-wasting and disruption to the game. Each team is given only three windows (opportunities) during a match to make their five substitutions. For competitions allowing an additional
514:
in a match, prevents teams from suffering a numerical or tactical disadvantage, reduces the pressure on medical personnel to make a quick assessment and can be applied on all levels of the game. Competition organisers must be approved by FIFA and IFAB to participate in the trial period, which will
509:
Initially, IFAB had considered a ten-minute assessment period for players suspected of a concussion, with a substitute replacing them in the interim. In
December 2019, IFAB agreed to appoint an expert group, composed of sports medical specialists and football experts, to identify options for the
253:
The number of substitutes usable in a competitive match has increased from zero, meaning that teams were reduced if players' injuries could not allow them to play on, to one in 1958; to two out of a possible five in 1988. With the later increases in substitutions allowed, the number of potential
578:
IFAB announced two protocols for concussion substitutes, with competition organisers able to choose which to use. The use of concussion substitutes will operate in conjunction with other protocols used, including the three-minute break for an on-field concussion assessment.
411:
According to the Laws of the Game, "the number of substitutes, up to a maximum of five, which may be used in any match played in an official competition will be determined by FIFA, the confederation or the national football association." Also:
481:
five years earlier. However, the prevailing view was that the rule would hurt football's "universality", as it would be difficult to replicate on a grassroots level, and could be exploited to waste time and/or gain an additional substitution.
70:
Substitutions were officially added to the Laws of the Game in 1958. Prior to this most games were played with no changes permitted at all, with occasional exceptions in cases of extreme injury or players not arriving to matches on time.
266:
allowed for competition organisers to temporarily allow for a maximum of five substitutions (with an additional allowed in extra time, where applicable) to be made in official matches for the remainder of the year in order to lessen the
2088:
489:
to stop matches for up to three minutes to assess head injuries, with players only allowed to return after the team doctor could confirm the player's fitness to carry on. The three-minute rule was similarly adopted at the
661:
The term "super-sub" refers to a player who is not a regular in the starting line-up but who is noted for often coming on a substitute and making a significant impact on the game. Players regarded as "super-subs" include
388:, who was sent off less than 20 minutes into the match. If all substitutions have been used, or if no goalkeeper is available, an outfield player must take up the role of the goalkeeper. A famous example of this is when
1097:
363:
However, in some situations players may still be liable to punishment with a caution (yellow card) if they are perceived to be wasting time or behaving in an unsporting manner by refusing to leave the field of play.
146:
is used. Numerous references to players acting as a "substitute" occur in matches in the mid-1860s where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match.
54:
during a match in exchange for an existing player. Substitutions are generally made to replace a player who has become tired or injured, or who is performing poorly, or for tactical reasons (such as bringing a
137:
but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes." The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s, for example from
589:
In competitions where the number of named substitutes is the same as the maximum number of substitutes allowed, the concussion substitute can be a player who has previously been substituted out of the match.
254:
substitute players increased to seven. The number of substitutes increased to two plus one (injured goalkeeper) in 1994, to three in 1995, and to a fourth substitute in certain competitions (starting from
166:
in
November 1875 saw a Lancelot player injured and Crosshill "allow them to put a fresh man in his place". The earliest known use of a substitute in a competitive match came on 7 November 1885, when the
2358:
2332:
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2079:
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Under the Laws of the Game, the referee has no specific power to force a player to be substituted, even if the team manager or captain has ordered their player to be substituted. As
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For lower non-leagues, amateur leagues and social leagues sanctioned by private football organisers in many countries, unlimited substitutions are allowed in each game.
211:
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30:
2110:
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1903:
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Unused substitutes still on the bench, as well as players who have been already substituted, remain under the authority of the referee. These are liable for
606:
If a team decides to make a concussion substitution, the match officials must be informed (ideally by using a substitution card/form of a different colour).
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At any other time when a concussion occurs or is suspected (including when a player has previously been assessed and has returned to the field of play).
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A player who is noted for frequently making appearances, or scoring important goals, as a substitute is often informally known as a "super sub".
1981:
477:
had also called for FIFA and IFAB to allow for temporary substitutes for suspected head injuries. The idea had been previously discussed by the
2517:
129:
in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states: "The
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When a concussion substitute is used, no change will be made to the maximum number of substitutions permitted by the opposing team.
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35:
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60:
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235:
56:
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63:). A player who has been substituted during a match takes no further part in the game, in games played under the standard
2230:
642:
When a concussion substitute is used, the opposing team has the option of using an additional substitute for any reason.
430:
If the referee is not informed, or if no agreement is reached before the match, no more than six substitutes are allowed.
1229:
187:
1664:"Proposals for additional substitution trials in cases of suspected concussion supported by The IFAB's advisory panels"
1404:
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1320:
735:
299:
1890:
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531:
527:
51:
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The additional substitution may be used concurrently with the concussion substitution or at any time thereafter.
82:
Teams choose a substitute player from a pre-selected set of reserve players, these players typically sit in the
2675:
1778:
1076:
675:
519:
461:(IFAB) began discussing the use of additional substitutions for players who are suspected to have sustained a
287:
1437:"Exclusive: 10-minute 'concussion subs' set to be introduced as football finally catches up with elite sport"
2574:
1348:
1307:"Chelsea substitute keeper Carlo Cudicini was stretchered off in a neck brace as the champions beat Reading"
319:
2426:
1963:
1284:
850:
154:
in 1958, there are recorded instances of substitution being permitted on earlier occasions. A friendly in
1580:"2019 Annual Business Meeting confirms The IFAB focus on concussion assessment and management in football"
775:
739:
711:
699:
687:
551:
547:
511:
168:
1635:
518:
In
January 2021, FIFA announced that it would trial concussion substitutes in the following month at the
337:
1188:
90:, and are said to be "on the bench". When the substitute enters the field of play it is said they have
2375:
2562:
2538:
2508:
727:
539:
452:
134:
43:
2473:
1636:"Second meeting of Concussion Expert Group recommends trials of additional permanent substitutions"
703:
499:
491:
405:
345:
247:
227:
186:
The first use of a substitute in international football was on 15 April 1889, in the match between
130:
17:
645:
The opposing team is informed of their additional substitution opportunity by the match officials.
1551:
1030:
799:
176:
1306:
586:
A concussion substitution does not count towards the number of substitutions allowed in a match;
470:
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272:
239:
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751:
715:
707:
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341:
246:
on 11 October 1953. The use of substitutes in World Cup matches was not allowed until the
2359:"Tim Cahill happy to play role of impact sub after coming on to score against Costa Rica"
598:
After an initial three-minute on-field assessment, and/or after an off-field assessment;
2526:
2111:"Scott McTominay, Ole Gunnar Solskjaer and Man Utd's greatest ever super subs - RANKED"
759:
691:
671:
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The injured player is not permitted to take any further part in the match, including a
563:
523:
397:
381:
255:
163:
83:
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723:
679:
639:
Each team is permitted to use a maximum of two concussion substitutes during a match.
159:
87:
626:
Each team is permitted to use a maximum of one concussion substitute during a match.
121:
The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of
1441:
803:
719:
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667:
478:
389:
385:
377:
373:
327:
219:
139:
1608:"The IFAB agrees to implement substitution trials to address concussion incidents"
393:
2080:"Javier Hernandez replaces Ole Gunnar Solskjaer as Manchester United's super-sub"
419:
In all other matches, a greater number of substitutes may be used provided that:
2627:
2003:
1830:
1148:
807:
779:
747:
231:
199:
2427:"USWNT legend Abby Wambach reflects on her new role as an occasional super sub"
833:"FA announces plans to introduce fourth substitute during extra time of FA Cup"
763:
559:
462:
401:
207:
180:
76:
2621:
1835:
1382:
1153:
558:
at half-time following a head injury. The trial is also taking place in the
404:
spending the remainder of the match in goal wearing third-choice goalkeeper
215:
2030:"Adam Le Fondre named Barclays player of the month without starting a game"
1860:[KNVB starts pilot for extra substitution in case of concussions].
416:
In national A team matches, up to a maximum of six substitutes may be used.
2615:
2453:"USWNT face greater challenges in their quest for 2nd straight World Cup"
567:
203:
1257:"Five substitutes option temporarily allowed for competition organisers"
303:
Fourth official notifying the referee of the details of the substitution
1353:
1285:"The Laws of the Game. Law 3 – The Players. 3.3 Substitution Procedure"
1184:
795:
195:
155:
206:
started the match and played for some 20 minutes until the arrival of
1556:
543:
542:
made the first concussion substitution in
English football during an
535:
503:
361:"if a player who is to be replaced refuses to leave, play continues."
172:
2401:"Season review: Ilsinho redefines what it means to be a "super sub""
1123:"FIFA World Cup: FIFA Considering Fourth Substitution in Extra Time"
1098:"FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7"
582:
Both protocols use the following general principles and procedures:
333:
A player who has been substituted takes no further part in a match.
2164:"Edin Dzeko rejects 'super sub' tag after rescuing Manchester City"
903:(London, England), Sunday, February 22, 1863; pg. 7.New Readerships
2388:
Jose
Mourinho and Rio Ferdinand praise super-sub Fernando Llorente
2333:"Socceroos News | Tim Cahill happy to be Socceroos super sub"
1774:"Joint statement on additional permanent concussion substitutions"
352:
was shown the red card for cursing at the referee from the bench.
298:
286:
29:
1492:"World Cup doctors given access to replays to assess concussions"
473:, said the body was open to discussing concussion substitutions.
2731:
1807:
1725:
1496:
1468:
1409:
1149:"World Cup 2014: Golden goals, golf carts and other innovations"
474:
466:
259:
2477:
2249:"Thompson relishes super-sub role : The World Game on SBS"
279:(with an additional allowed in extra time, where applicable).
1929:"Liverpool FC super-sub David Fairclough suffers heart scare"
1748:"FIFA to trial concussion substitutes at FIFA Club World Cup"
1692:"IFAB approves trials with additional concussion substitutes"
1525:"FIFA's Rule Changes Won't Solve Soccer's Concussion Problem"
1251:
1249:
927:(London, England), Saturday, December 17, 1864; Issue 2,226.
538:
would begin the trial in
February 2021. On 9 February 2021,
2285:"Super-sub Josh Kennedy has Socceroos headed for World Cup"
400:
were both injured in the same game, which led to defender
1349:"FIFA ready to discuss concussion substitutions – Times"
1321:"IFAB Advisory Panels continue to discuss on key topics"
617:
The following principles are specific to each protocol:
422:
the teams concerned reach agreement on a maximum number;
150:
While substitution during games was first added to the
1721:"Heads up: Football lawmakers approve concussion subs"
877:"What is FIFA concussion protocol for World Cup 2022?"
595:
Immediately after a concussion occurs or is suspected;
1858:"KNVB start pilot extra wissel bij hersenschuddingen"
1803:"Premier League to trial concussion subs from Feb. 6"
465:
during a match. Earlier in the year, the chairman of
258:) in extra time. In 2020, following a proposal from
133:
eleven played a match in cloisters against some old
2740:
2657:
2636:
2516:
1405:"UEFA to ask FIFA/IFAB for new concussion protocol"
1378:"Uefa calls for temporary subs in concussion cases"
915:(London, England), Sunday, November 11, 1855; p. 7.
2283:
2078:
1025:] (in Hebrew). Hod Hasharon. pp. 109–110.
1077:"Switzerland 1954 : World Cup Football Host"
2268:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
98:, while the player they are substituting for is
276:
2137:"Super sub Forssell just Champion for Chelsea"
522:. Later that month, it was announced that the
307:Substitutions are governed under Law 3 of the
2489:
2304:"Super-sub Kennedy sends Australia to Brazil"
2004:"Aberdeen's glory in Gothenburg: 30 years on"
212:match between Mandatory Palestine and Lebanon
8:
925:Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle
913:Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle
901:Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle
506:for FIFA to review its concussion protocol.
340:, though cannot be said to have committed a
2319:"Tim Cahill happy to be Ange's 'super sub'"
1552:"FIFPro calls for concussion investigation"
1430:
1428:
1210:History of the Laws of the Game – 1990–2000
2496:
2482:
2474:
2251:. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21
1051:"Lebanon outclassed by Palestine selected"
1035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
318:A player can only be substituted during a
2190:"Santa's secret to his super-sub success"
485:In 2014, UEFA introduced a rule to allow
425:the referee is informed before the match.
380:was replaced by second-choice goalkeeper
202:, failed to arrive; local amateur player
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1899:International Football Association Board
1697:International Football Association Board
1669:International Football Association Board
1641:International Football Association Board
1613:International Football Association Board
1585:International Football Association Board
1326:International Football Association Board
1262:International Football Association Board
459:International Football Association Board
264:International Football Association Board
210:, who took over from him. In 1940, in a
65:International Football Association Board
1885:
1883:
1881:
823:
592:A concussion substitution may be made:
238:is recorded as having been replaced by
2261:
1028:
515:last from January 2021 to March 2022.
27:Type of player in association football
2357:Davutovic, David (20 November 2013).
2231:"Stevie Kirk recalls his finest hour"
1831:"Solskjaer praises Man Utd mentality"
1223:"Regulations in English 2017 Version"
1103:. FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from
998:. www.londonhearts.com. 15 April 1889
50:is a player who is brought on to the
7:
1909:from the original on 20 January 2021
275:. However, there will only be three
271:of fixture congestion caused by the
123:English public school football games
1964:"5 of football's finest super-subs"
277:opportunities to make substitutions
18:Substitution (association football)
2581:Determining the Outcome of a Match
2215:Bennett, Josh (14 November 2014).
2077:Tongue, Steve (12 November 2012).
1719:Johnson, Dale (16 December 2020).
1435:Slater, Matt (18 September 2019).
1175:Mitch Phillips (5 November 2007).
214:, Mandatory Palestine centre-half
183:F. Brears suffered a broken leg.
25:
2451:Peterson, Anne M. (24 May 2019).
2378:, Football Italia, 13 August 2019
2217:"Mulvey lauds super-sub Henrique"
2162:James, Stuart (21 October 2012).
1829:Stone, Simon (10 February 2021).
1801:Johnson, Dale (29 January 2021).
938:"History of the Laws of the Game"
222:following an injury. Also during
2774:Association football terminology
2726:
2713:
2698:
2683:
2668:
2091:from the original on 25 May 2022
1863:Royal Dutch Football Association
1523:Khetpal, Vishal (14 June 2018).
1023:100 Years of Football: 1906–2006
370:2006 UEFA Champions League Final
357:Law 3 (3) Substitution Procedure
2306:. The World Game. 19 June 2013.
2196:. Football Federation Australia
1376:Ziegler, Martyn (30 May 2019).
1147:Mark Mitchener (17 June 2014).
322:and with the permission of the
198:. Wales's original goalkeeper,
125:. The original use of the term
2425:Litman, Laken (20 June 2015).
1982:"Hewitt's glory in Gothenburg"
1:
2706:Football Association of Wales
2691:Scottish Football Association
2569:The Start and Restart of Play
218:was replaced at half-time by
171:club used a substitute in an
2376:Napoli leading Llorente race
1902:. Zürich. 18 December 2020.
831:Fisher, Ben (27 July 2016).
494:. The change came following
34:The substitute bench of the
2575:The Ball In and Out of Play
2390:, The Boot Room, 9 May 2019
1866:(in Dutch). 2 February 2021
1177:"Substitute the subs rule?"
1121:Taylor Rash (3 July 2014).
175:first round replay against
2790:
2721:Irish Football Association
1464:"New concussion procedure"
1019:100 שנות כדורגל: 1906–2006
812:United States women's team
496:high-profile head injuries
450:
438:Substitution opportunities
313:(3) Substitution Procedure
2563:The Duration of the Match
2557:The Other Match Officials
981:"English Challenge Cup",
295:indicating a substitution
2676:The Football Association
2644:Football and rugby union
1779:The Football Association
1018:
1017:Shohat, Elisha (2006).
985:, 10 November 1885, p. 3
969:North British Daily Mail
967:"Crosshill v Lancelot".
736:Western Sydney Wanderers
520:2020 FIFA Club World Cup
479:FIFA Executive Committee
242:in their match with the
1309:. BBC. 14 October 2006.
532:FA Women's Championship
528:FA Women's Super League
36:Argentina national team
2545:The Players' Equipment
2405:The Philly Soccer Page
1891:"IFAB Circular no. 21"
1127:Guardian Liberty Voice
688:Vancouver Whitecaps FC
512:multiple head injuries
469:'s medical committee,
344:. For example, in the
304:
296:
39:
2539:The Number of Players
2052:"Sizzling super subs"
971:: 6. 8 November 1875.
851:"LAW 3 – The Players"
457:In October 2019, the
447:Concussion substitute
302:
290:
33:
2598:Fouls and Misconduct
2509:association football
1970:. 23 September 2015.
996:"Wales 0 Scotland 0"
453:Concussions in sport
359:simply states that:
224:the qualifying phase
44:association football
2649:Football and futsal
1984:. UEFA. 19 May 2003
1472:. 29 September 2014
1191:on November 6, 2007
1181:Reuters Soccer Blog
700:Ole Gunnar Solskjær
500:2014 FIFA World Cup
492:2018 FIFA World Cup
346:2002 FIFA World Cup
2459:. Associated Press
2117:. 13 February 2024
1700:. 16 December 2020
1672:. 23 November 2020
1616:. 29 February 2020
1504:. 27 February 2018
1079:. Topendsports.com
1055:The Palestine Post
875:Thompson, Jaylon.
800:Philadelphia Union
305:
297:
67:Laws of the Game.
40:
2761:
2760:
2527:The Field of Play
2141:Irish Independent
2032:. 6 February 2013
1782:. 29 January 2021
1644:. 21 October 2020
1588:. 3 December 2019
1329:. 23 October 2019
776:Tottenham Hotspur
772:Fernando Llorente
712:Manchester United
611:penalty shoot-out
548:Manchester United
293:assistant referee
273:COVID-19 pandemic
240:Richard Gottinger
169:Lockwood Brothers
59:on in place of a
16:(Redirected from
2781:
2730:
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2723:
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2717:
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2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2693:
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2674:
2672:
2671:
2610:The Penalty Kick
2505:Laws of the Game
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2464:
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2391:
2385:
2379:
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2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2335:. Archived from
2329:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2287:
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2274:
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2065:
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2042:
2041:
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2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1935:. 4 October 2010
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1895:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1854:
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1847:
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1819:
1817:
1815:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1770:
1764:
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1759:
1754:. 8 January 2021
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1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1502:Associated Press
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1228:. Archived from
1227:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:. Archived from
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
992:
986:
979:
973:
972:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
944:. Archived from
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
847:
841:
840:
828:
732:Brendon Santalab
704:Javier Hernández
684:Tosaint Ricketts
664:David Fairclough
554:was replaced by
350:Claudio Caniggia
320:stoppage in play
309:Laws of the Game
152:Laws of the Game
21:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2753:Cambridge rules
2748:Sheffield Rules
2736:
2727:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2653:
2632:
2628:The Corner Kick
2512:
2502:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2457:Chicago Tribune
2450:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2292:. 1 April 2009.
2290:The Border Mail
2282:
2281:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2085:The Independent
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2058:. 11 April 2001
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1110:on 21 May 2013.
1107:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1057:. 30 April 1940
1049:
1048:
1044:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
989:
980:
976:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
936:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
849:
848:
844:
830:
829:
825:
820:
788:Oliver Bierhoff
756:Archie Thompson
728:Manchester City
716:Mikael Forssell
708:Scott McTominay
659:
576:
556:Ryan Fredericks
540:West Ham United
502:, and calls by
471:Michel D'Hooghe
455:
449:
440:
285:
248:1970 tournament
142:where the term
119:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2709:
2694:
2679:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2443:
2417:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2349:
2324:
2317:Lucius, Adam.
2309:
2295:
2275:
2240:
2237:. 19 May 2011.
2222:
2207:
2180:
2154:
2143:. 7 March 2002
2128:
2102:
2069:
2043:
2021:
1995:
1973:
1946:
1933:Liverpool Echo
1920:
1877:
1849:
1821:
1793:
1765:
1739:
1711:
1683:
1655:
1627:
1599:
1571:
1560:. 20 June 2014
1543:
1515:
1483:
1455:
1424:
1396:
1368:
1340:
1312:
1298:
1276:
1245:
1214:
1202:
1167:
1139:
1113:
1089:
1068:
1042:
1009:
987:
974:
959:
948:on 4 June 2007
929:
917:
905:
893:
867:
842:
822:
821:
819:
816:
760:Joshua Kennedy
692:Adam Le Fondre
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
646:
640:
632:
631:
630:
627:
615:
614:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
596:
590:
587:
575:
574:Trial protocol
572:
564:Eerste Divisie
546:match against
524:Premier League
448:
445:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
417:
398:Carlo Cudicini
382:Manuel Almunia
284:
281:
256:UEFA Euro 2016
228:1954 World Cup
118:
115:
84:technical area
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2692:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:The Goal Kick
2619:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:The Free Kick
2601:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2339:on 2014-06-06
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2188:Greco, John.
2184:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2010:. 11 May 2013
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1413:. 29 May 2019
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1235:on 2017-09-05
1231:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1013:
1010:
997:
991:
988:
984:
983:Athletic News
978:
975:
970:
963:
960:
947:
943:
939:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
909:
906:
902:
897:
894:
882:
878:
871:
868:
856:
852:
846:
843:
838:
834:
827:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Brisbane Roar
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
656:
647:
644:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
628:
625:
624:
623:
620:
619:
618:
612:
608:
605:
600:
597:
594:
593:
591:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
446:
444:
437:
435:
429:
424:
421:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
301:
294:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:Notts Rangers
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
114:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:or have been
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2616:The Throw-In
2461:. Retrieved
2456:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2430:
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2407:. 2019-11-13
2404:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2327:
2312:
2298:
2289:
2278:
2253:. Retrieved
2243:
2235:Daily Record
2234:
2225:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2168:The Guardian
2167:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2084:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1937:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1897:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:The Athletic
1440:
1415:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1357:. 2 May 2019
1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1265:. 8 May 2020
1260:
1237:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1217:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1152:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1116:
1105:the original
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1022:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
990:
982:
977:
968:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
941:
932:
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
884:. Retrieved
880:
870:
858:. Retrieved
854:
845:
837:The Guardian
836:
826:
804:Abby Wambach
668:Divock Origi
660:
634:
621:
616:
581:
577:
517:
508:
484:
456:
441:
433:
410:
392:goalkeepers
386:Jens Lehmann
378:Robert Pires
366:
360:
356:
354:
335:
332:
317:
312:
306:
252:
220:Lonia Dvorin
185:
149:
143:
140:Eton College
131:Charterhouse
126:
120:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
73:
69:
47:
41:
2637:Comparisons
2551:The Referee
2433:. USA Today
2431:For The Win
2219:. A-League.
2200:10 February
2095:12 November
2036:10 February
1842:21 February
1291:13 December
1212:, FIFA.com.
1002:17 December
952:5 September
808:Carli Lloyd
780:Roger Milla
748:Stevie Kirk
676:John Hewitt
384:to replace
376:midfielder
328:yellow card
232:Horst Eckel
200:Jim Trainer
144:emergencies
135:Carthusians
108:substituted
104:brought off
102:, or being
2507:(rules of
2463:2019-06-03
2437:2019-06-03
2411:2020-12-10
2363:Herald Sun
2343:2014-06-05
2255:2018-09-25
2173:22 October
2062:22 October
1939:22 October
1913:1 February
1870:4 February
1814:1 February
1786:1 February
1758:1 February
1732:1 February
1704:1 February
1676:1 February
1648:1 February
1620:1 February
1592:1 February
1564:1 February
1536:1 February
1508:1 February
1476:1 February
1448:1 February
1417:1 February
1389:1 February
1361:1 February
1333:1 February
1287:. The IFAB
1239:2017-07-13
1083:2009-10-25
818:References
764:Tim Cahill
752:Motherwell
724:Edin Džeko
635:Protocol B
622:Protocol A
560:Eredivisie
463:concussion
451:See also:
408:'s shirt.
402:John Terry
338:misconduct
208:Sam Gillam
181:midfielder
127:substitute
100:coming off
96:brought on
77:concussion
48:substitute
2056:BBC Sport
2008:BBC Sport
1836:BBC Sport
1383:The Times
1195:7 January
1160:7 January
1154:BBC Sport
1132:7 January
1031:cite book
881:USA Today
768:Australia
672:Liverpool
657:Super-sub
552:Issa Diop
394:Petr Čech
315:section.
283:Procedure
216:Zvi Fuchs
164:Crosshill
86:with the
2768:Category
2626:Law 17:
2620:Law 16:
2614:Law 15:
2608:Law 14:
2602:Law 13:
2596:Law 12:
2590:Law 11:
2579:Law 10:
2533:The Ball
2264:cite web
2194:A-League
2147:12 March
2121:15 March
2115:Goal.com
2089:Archived
1968:BT Sport
1904:Archived
1061:25 March
942:Fifa.com
810:for the
784:Cameroon
740:Henrique
680:Aberdeen
568:KNVB Cup
487:referees
244:Saarland
226:for the
204:Alf Pugh
192:Scotland
179:, after
160:Lancelot
158:between
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2741:Related
2592:Offside
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2573:Law 9:
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2014:10 July
1988:10 July
1354:Reuters
1185:Reuters
796:Ilsinho
792:Germany
720:Chelsea
696:Reading
550:, when
498:at the
406:Hilário
390:Chelsea
374:Arsenal
368:in the
324:referee
311:in the
236:Germany
196:Wrexham
156:Glasgow
117:History
92:come on
88:coaches
57:striker
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1557:FIFPro
886:Dec 9,
860:Dec 9,
802:, and
544:FA Cup
536:FA Cup
504:FIFPro
269:impact
262:, the
173:FA Cup
2518:Terms
1907:(PDF)
1894:(PDF)
1530:Slate
1269:9 May
1233:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1021:[
188:Wales
52:pitch
2732:FIFA
2659:IFAB
2270:link
2202:2016
2175:2012
2149:2015
2123:2024
2097:2012
2064:2012
2038:2012
2016:2024
1990:2024
1941:2012
1915:2021
1872:2021
1844:2021
1816:2021
1808:ESPN
1788:2021
1760:2021
1752:FIFA
1734:2021
1726:ESPN
1706:2021
1678:2021
1650:2021
1622:2021
1594:2021
1566:2021
1538:2021
1510:2021
1497:ESPN
1478:2021
1469:UEFA
1450:2021
1419:2021
1410:UEFA
1391:2021
1363:2021
1335:2021
1293:2022
1271:2020
1197:2015
1162:2015
1134:2015
1063:2020
1037:link
1004:2011
954:2017
888:2022
862:2022
855:IFAB
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