589:
849:, and surface finish. In production machining jobs, one or more roughing cuts are usually performed on the work, followed by one or two finishing cuts. Roughing operations are done at high feeds and depths β feeds of 0.4β1.25 mm/rev (0.015β0.050 in/rev) and depths of 2.5β20 mm (0.100β0.750 in) are typical, but actual values depend on the workpiece materials. Finishing operations are carried out at low feeds and depths β dinners of 0.0125β0.04 mm/rev (0.0005β0.0015 in/rev) and depths of 0.75β2.0 mm (0.030β0.075 in) are typical. Cutting speeds are lower in roughing than in finishing.
501:
is rotated in a special toolholder that rocks the tool around and offset axis, the tool and workpiece and mated together during machining in order to cut the desired shape. When performed in a lathe the workpiece and cutting tool rotate together, while the toolholder remains static in the tail-stock; when milling the cutting tool stops once in contact with the workpiece, only rocking around the offset axis, with the toolholder rotating in the mill.
614:. In addition, the device must be moved laterally across the work. This is a much slower motion called the feed. The remaining dimension of the cut is the penetration of the cutting tool below the original work surface, reaching the cut's depth. Speed, feed, and depth of cut are called the cutting conditions. They form the three dimensions of the machining process, and for certain operations, their product can be used to obtain the
564:. For example, a workpiece may require a specific outside diameter. A lathe is a machine tool that can create that diameter by rotating a metal workpiece so that a cutting tool can cut metal away, creating a smooth, round surface matching the required diameter and surface finish. A drill can remove the metal in the shape of a cylindrical hole. Other tools that may be used for metal removal are milling machines, saws, and
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removal, such as electric current in EDM (electro-discharge machining). This relative motion is achieved in most machining operations by moving (by lateral rotary or lateral motion) either the tool, or the workpiece. The shape of the tool, the relative motion, and its penetration into the work, produce the desired shape of the resulting work surface.
42:
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Today other forms of metal cutting are becoming increasingly popular. An example of this is water jet cutting. Water jet cutting involves pressurized water over 620 MPa (90 000 psi) and can cut metal and have a finished product. This process is called cold cutting, which eliminates the
575:
Machining requires attention to many details for a workpiece to meet the specifications in the engineering drawings or blueprints. Besides the obvious problems related to correct dimensions, there is the problem of achieving the right finish or surface smoothness on the workpiece. The inferior finish
500:
can refer to two operations, linear broaching, where a multi toothed tool is pressed through a hole to cut a desired shape (e.g. a spline, square, or hex shape) or along a surface by taking increasingly larger cuts by the increasing sized teeth of the broach; or rotary broaching, where a drafted tool
480:
aims to create smaller cut lengths of bar stock material, using a saw, or cut off machine that passing a spinning (circular saw) or linear (band saw) toothed blade against the material to cut a kerf (thickness) from the material until it is cut in two. Depedning on the material, a certain blade speed
406:
Multiple cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually achieve their motion relative to the work part by rotating. Drilling and milling use turning multiple-cutting-edge tools. Although the shapes of these tools are different from a single-point device, many elements of tool geometry
390:
The rake face, which directs the flow of the newly formed chip, is oriented at a certain angle and is called the rake angle "Ξ±." It is measured relative to the plane perpendicular to the work surface. The rake angle can be positive or negative. The flank of the tool provides a clearance between the
352:
Machining is any process in which a cutting tool removes material from the workpiece (the workpiece is often called the "work"). Relative motion is required in traditional machining between the device and the work to remove material; non-traditional machining processes use other methods of material
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method. In narrow contexts, additive and subtractive methods may compete with each other. In the broad context of entire industries, their relationship is complementary. Each method has its advantages over the other. While additive manufacturing methods can produce very intricate prototype designs
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operations are those in which holes are produced or refined by bringing a rotating cutting tool (often using a drill bit) with cutting edges on the lower face and edge, that is brought into contact axially with the workpiece. Drilling operations can be performed on a lathe, mill or drill press, or
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Roughing cuts are used to remove a large amount of material from the starting work part as rapidly as possible, i.e., with a significant
Material Removal Rate (MRR), to produce a shape close to the desired form but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation. Finishing
546:
operations involve the removal of material from a workpiece using an electrically charge metal rod, or wire (wire EDM), that vaporizes the material from the workpiece. This may be used to machine holes, or cut out a specific shape from another piece. An advantage of EDM is that it can have a very
507:
operations are those which remove material from a workpiece through the linear movement of a non rotating cutting tool, that is pushed along the surface of a workpiece, and designed to cut flat geometry. A shaper often uses High Speed Steel tooling similar in shape and geometry to lathe tooling.
489:
operations are operations where the cutting tool with cutting edges along its cylindrical face are brought against a workpiece to remove material in the profile of the spinning tools shaft and lower edge. Milling machines are the principal machine tool used in milling. Advanced CNC machines may
536:
Waterjet machining involves the cutting of workpiece by use of a jet of water (usually also included with an abrasive material like garnet) to cut all the way through the thickness the workpiece. A waterjet cutter may be 2-axis to produce 2-dimensional shapes, or 5-axis, to produce almost any
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Machining operations can be broken down into traditional, and non-traditional operations. Within the traditional operations, there are two categories of machining based on the shape they machine; being circular shapes that includes; turning, boring, drilling, reaming, threading and more, and
508:
Shaping is similar to turning, in a linear axis as opposed to a circular one. Shaping operations are performed using a Shaper machine, that strokes back and forth, but cuts only in one direction. A clapper box is used to raise the tool up from the work piece so that it can move backwards.
108:, which consists of one or more workrooms containing primary machine tools. Although a machine shop can be a standalone operation, many businesses maintain internal machine shops or tool rooms that support their specialized needs. Much modern-day machining uses
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A cutting tool has one or more sharp cutting edges and is made of a harder material than the work material. The cutting edge serves to separate the chip from the parent work material. Connected to the cutting edge are the two surfaces of the tool:
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is often applied to the machining operation to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. Determining whether a cutting fluid should be used and, if so, choosing the proper cutting fluid is usually included within the scope of the cutting condition.
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involves the machining of an internal surface of a hole to increase it diameter, this can be performed by either turning the workpiece on a lathe (also called internal turning), or a mill where a tool is rotated around the circumference of the
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A single-point tool has one cutting edge for turning, boring, and planing. During machining, the device's point penetrates below the work part's original work surface. The fact is sometimes rounded to a certain radius, called the nose radius.
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tool and the newly formed work surface, thus protecting the surface from abrasion, which would degrade the finish. This angle between the work and flank surfaces is called the relief angle. There are two basic types of cutting tools:
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operations involve the passing a fast moving/rotating abrasive material, such as stone, aluminium oxide, or diamond against a workpiece to remove material via grinding the material away using the abrasive surface of the
551:, and the wire can be passed through a whole, allowing intricate shapes to be cut from a piece without cutting through the edge of the workpiece, allowing the machine of a plug and socket that fit together perfectly.
580:, a dull tool, or inappropriate presentation of a device. Frequently, this poor surface finish, known as chatter, is evident by an undulating or regular finish of waves on the machined surfaces of the workpiece.
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against a non rotating cutting tool that is moved into the workpiece. The rotation of the workpiece is the method of producing a relative motion against the tool. Lathes are the principal machine tool used in
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An unfinished workpiece requiring machining must have some material cut away to create a finished product. A finished product would be a workpiece that meets the specifications set out for that workpiece by
286:"conventional machining" can be used to differentiate those classic technologies from the newer ones. Currently, "machining" without qualification usually implies the traditional machining processes.
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is a manufacturing process where a desired shape or part is created using the controlled removal of material, most often metal, from a larger piece of raw material by cutting. Machining is a form of
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evolved because of the proliferation of ways to contact someone (telephone, email, IM, SMS, and so on) but did not entirely replace the earlier terms such as
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Around the middle of the 20th century, the latter words were coined as the concepts they described evolved into widespread existence. Therefore, during the
293:(AM) evolved beyond its earlier laboratory and rapid prototyping contexts and began to become standard throughout all phases of manufacturing, the term
481:(in metres per minute, or feet per minute)measured as the linear speed of the teeth, may be required, between as low as 200 or 1000 feet per minute.
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has changed over the past one and a half centuries as technology has advanced in a number of ways. In the 18th century, the word
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Relative motion is required between the tool and work to perform a machining operation. The primary action is at a specific
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in logical contrast with AM, covering essentially any removal processes also previously covered by the term
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1380:"Machine Tool Practices", 6th edition, by R.R.; Kibbe, J.E.; Neely, R.O.; Meyer & W.T.; White,
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1218:"Experimental Investigation on Micro Milling of Polyester/Halloysite Nano-Clay Nanocomposites"
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Fu, Guoyu; Huo, Dehong; Shyha, Islam; Pancholi, Ketan; Saharudin, Mohd
Shahneel (July 2019).
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various/straight shapes that includes; milling, broaching, sawing, grinding and shaping.
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impossible to replicate by machining, strength and material selection may be limited.
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Machining operations usually divide into two categories, distinguished by purpose and
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referred to (what we today might call) the "traditional" machining processes, such as
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Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; McCauley, Christopher J.; Heald, Ricardo M. (2004),
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published by
Institut fΓΌr den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Available in the AV-Portal
1388:, 2nd printing, copyright 1999, 1995, 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1979 by Prentice Hall.
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461:) into a hole (tapping or threading), or onto shaft (threading), with a constant
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142:. This person's work was primarily done by hand, using processes such as the
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Since the advent of new technologies in the postβWorld War II era, such as
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found on the machined surface of a workpiece may be caused by incorrect
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Note: All units must be converted to the corresponding decimal (or
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The different kinds of EDM to drill a hole, or to machine a surface
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104:. As a commercial venture, machining is generally performed in a
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239:. In these "traditional" or "conventional" machining processes,
112:(CNC), in which computers control the movement and operation of
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1342:(3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 491β504,
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damage caused by a heat-affected zone, as opposed to laser and
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A Cincinnati shaper with boring bar attached to the clapper box
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1316:"Subtractive plus additive equals more than ( - + + = > )"
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A "numerical controlled machining cell machinist" monitors a
84:
products, but it can also be used on other materials such as
37:
pouring coolant to keep the tool and parts from getting hot
1326:(9), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: Gardner Publications Inc: 14.
1399:
www.nmri.go.jp/eng, Elementary knowledge of metalworking
1338:
Groover, Mikell P. (2007), "Theory of Metal
Machining",
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cuts complete the part and achieve the final dimension,
162:(meaning, more or less, machines of any kind), such as
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1150:. John W. Sutherland's Research Page. Archived from
100:. A person who specializes in machining is called a
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1037:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Relationship of subtractive and additive techniques
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457:or tapping involves the cutting of defined helix (
309:, although the long-established usage of the term
259:to remove material to achieve a desired geometry.
1408:German National Library of Science and Technology
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432:operations involve rotating the exterior of the
313:continues. This is comparable to the idea that
73:), which uses controlled addition of material.
27:Material-removal process; manufacturing process
1195:"Additive Manufacturing Advances Another Step"
922:Design for manufacturability for CNC machining
877:technologies, conventional machining has been
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568:. Many of these same techniques are used in
1299:ADDITIVE/SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH
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881:classified, in thought and language, as a
289:In the decades of the 2000s and 2010s, as
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1097:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1125:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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490:combine lathe and milling operations.
170:, would fit the definition. The noun
138:meant a person who built or repaired
7:
1340:Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing
1035:adding citations to reliable sources
76:Machining is a major process of the
255:, or others, are used with a sharp
25:
1183:from the original on Feb 7, 2024.
873:With the recent proliferation of
343:aircraft part being manufactured.
1011:
660:{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}=vfd\,\!}
305:. The two terms are effectively
128:The precise meaning of the term
1022:needs additional citations for
707:β the material removal rate in
1733:Electrical discharge machining
1522:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
1201:. May 10, 2007. Archived from
542:Electrical discharge machining
264:electrical discharge machining
120:, and other cutting machines.
1:
424:Circular machining operations
158:and builders of new kinds of
1173:"Machining: An Introduction"
700:{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}\,\!}
1580:List of drill and tap sizes
1314:Albert, Mark (2011-01-17),
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1896:Magnetic switchable device
398:Multiple-cutting-edge tool
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110:computer numerical control
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1738:Electrochemical machining
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883:subtractive manufacturing
602:the aircraft carrier USS
528:Non-traditional machining
295:subtractive manufacturing
268:electrochemical machining
57:subtractive manufacturing
18:Subtractive manufacturing
374:Cutting tool (machining)
1818:Rotary transfer machine
1803:Photochemical machining
1743:Electron-beam machining
1705:Tool and cutter grinder
902:Abrasive flow machining
825:Stages in metal cutting
739:β the cutting speed in
470:Various shape machining
276:photochemical machining
272:electron beam machining
154:of metal. At the time,
124:History and terminology
1404:Videos about machining
986:Skiving (metalworking)
907:Abrasive jet machining
875:additive manufacturing
803:β the depth of cut in
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395:Single point tool; and
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291:additive manufacturing
66:additive manufacturing
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2014:Tools and terminology
991:Honing (metalworking)
798:
796:{\displaystyle d\,\!}
766:
764:{\displaystyle f\,\!}
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732:{\displaystyle v\,\!}
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616:material removal rate
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533:Plasma beam machining
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419:Traditional machining
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184:) did not yet exist.
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1932:Machining vibrations
1838:Ultrasonic machining
1359:Machinery's Handbook
1031:improve this article
961:Machining vibrations
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558:engineering drawings
537:3-dimensional shape.
348:Machining operations
280:ultrasonic machining
1952:Tool and die making
1640:Cylindrical grinder
1320:Modern Machine Shop
1235:10.3390/nano9070917
1119:"MAS.863/4.140J-P7"
592:Making a shipboard
182:machined, machining
1620:Abrasive machining
1276:"Speeds and Feeds"
1199:American Machinist
897:Abrasive machining
831:cutting conditions
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383:The rake face; and
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1373:978-0-8311-2700-8
1362:(27th ed.),
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1318:, Mark: My Word,
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618:for the process:
566:grinding machines
63:, in contrast to
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16:(Redirected from
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1937:Speeds and feeds
1690:Sharpening stone
1665:Grinding machine
1660:Grinding dresser
1527:Stewart platform
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870:
867:
863:plasma cutting
842:
841:
840:Finishing cuts
838:
826:
823:
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813:
812:
790:
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771:β the feed in
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372:Main article:
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297:became common
168:John Wilkinson
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10:
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3:
2:
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2015:
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1927:Cutting fluid
1925:
1924:
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1918:
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1892:
1891:Machine taper
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1876:Indexing head
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1848:Machine tools
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1695:Spark testing
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1676:
1673:
1671:
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1653:
1651:
1650:Flick grinder
1648:
1646:
1645:Diamond plate
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Bench grinder
1628:
1626:
1625:Angle grinder
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
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1602:
1596:
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1500:
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1485:and computing
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1386:0-13-270232-0
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1227:
1223:
1222:Nanomaterials
1219:
1212:
1209:
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1196:
1190:
1187:
1182:
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1154:on 2018-09-08
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1087:November 2019
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
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1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048: β
1047:
1043:
1042:Find sources:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1020:This article
1018:
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1008:
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947:Machine tools
945:
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942:Machinability
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879:retronymously
876:
868:
866:
864:
858:
855:
854:cutting fluid
850:
848:
839:
837:Roughing cuts
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621:
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619:
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612:cutting speed
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594:manhole cover
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451:even by hand.
449:
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431:
428:
427:
423:
418:
412:
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407:are similar.
404:
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367:
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342:
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300:
299:retronymously
296:
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285:
281:
277:
273:
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260:
258:
254:
253:drill presses
250:
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241:machine tools
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176:and the verb
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68:
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62:
61:machine tools
58:
54:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
1998:
1906:Rotary table
1886:Lathe center
1777:
1773:Machine tool
1605:Grinding and
1445:Metalworking
1357:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1308:Bibliography
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1203:the original
1198:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1147:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1122:
1113:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1041:
1029:Please help
1024:verification
1021:
971:Particulates
956:Machine shop
912:Biomachining
872:
859:
851:
843:
828:
808:
804:
776:
772:
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669:
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598:machine shop
574:
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511:
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389:
377:
368:Cutting tool
355:
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329:
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261:
257:cutting tool
192:
186:
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173:machine tool
171:
159:
133:
129:
127:
106:machine shop
75:
64:
56:
52:
51:
1984:Fabrication
1920:Terminology
1856:Angle plate
1783:Metal lathe
1675:Jig grinder
1585:Tap and die
1494:engineering
1123:Fab Central
1046:"Machining"
966:Metal swarf
570:woodworking
189:Machine Age
156:millwrights
78:manufacture
71:3D printing
35:CNC machine
2004:Metallurgy
1798:Pantograph
1590:Tap wrench
1285:2016-08-22
1228:(7): 917.
1158:2011-10-05
1129:2016-08-22
1057:newspapers
1003:References
976:Renovation
951:Power tool
847:tolerances
562:blueprints
386:The flank.
307:synonymous
243:, such as
178:to machine
164:James Watt
98:composites
2040:Machining
1999:Machining
1994:Jewellery
1962:Workpiece
1957:Tramp oil
1947:Tolerance
1778:Machining
1768:Jig borer
1753:Engraving
1728:Broaching
1715:Machining
1595:Threading
1560:Drill bit
1542:threading
1483:Machining
1244:2079-4991
497:Broaching
455:Threading
434:workpiece
311:machining
303:machining
213:broaching
193:machining
150:and hand-
135:machinist
130:machining
102:machinist
53:Machining
2034:Category
2009:Smithing
1748:End mill
1655:Grinding
1615:Abrasive
1575:Drilling
1550:Die head
1537:Drilling
1262:31247963
1181:Archived
1148:CYBERMAN
890:See also
820:) units.
578:clamping
512:Grinding
448:Drilling
437:turning.
330:write to
284:retronym
205:drilling
140:machines
80:of many
2019:Welding
1989:Forming
1979:Casting
1911:Wiggler
1901:Mandrel
1871:Fixture
1833:Turning
1828:Skiving
1788:Milling
1763:Hobbing
1685:Sanding
1680:Lapping
1607:lapping
1253:6669872
1071:scholar
981:Sawdust
917:Cutting
596:in the
505:Shaping
486:Milling
430:Turning
326:talk to
317:contact
237:tapping
233:reaming
225:planing
221:shaping
209:milling
197:turning
160:engines
148:forging
94:ceramic
90:plastic
48:machine
1866:Collet
1823:Shaper
1813:Reamer
1808:Planer
1758:Facing
1723:Boring
1517:G-code
1384:
1370:
1346:
1260:
1250:
1242:
1177:eFunda
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
745:in/min
670:where
547:small
477:Sawing
459:thread
441:Boring
282:, the
278:, and
245:lathes
235:, and
217:sawing
201:boring
152:filing
118:lathes
96:, and
69:(e.g.
1942:Swarf
1861:Chuck
1555:Drill
1078:JSTOR
1064:books
544:(EDM)
515:tool.
463:pitch
444:hole.
328:, or
114:mills
82:metal
46:Lathe
1502:2.5D
1382:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1258:PMID
1240:ISSN
1050:news
937:Dust
818:USCU
741:mm/s
713:in/s
709:mm/s
549:kerf
341:B-1B
322:call
86:wood
1881:Jig
1539:and
1512:CAM
1507:CAD
1248:PMC
1230:doi
1033:by
807:, (
775:, (
743:, (
711:, (
600:of
560:or
166:or
2036::
1366:,
1324:83
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1278:.
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1197:.
1179:.
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1146:.
1121:.
949:|
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852:A
833::
811:).
809:in
805:mm
779:),
777:in
773:mm
747:),
715:),
572:.
324:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
251:,
247:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
191:,
116:,
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1376:.
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1100:)
1094:(
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1054:Β·
1027:.
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691:R
688:M
683:R
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647:v
644:=
639:R
636:M
631:R
332:.
180:(
20:)
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