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1476:
693:
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1203:
843:
1108:
1395:
33:
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1430:
2421:
902:
826:. Later, intense debate ensued in the late 1960s, after a number of hybrid cyclones formed in the Atlantic Basin. In 1972, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) finally designated these "hybrid" storms as true subtropical cyclones in real-time, and updated the hurricane database to include subtropical cyclones from 1968 through 1971.
981:
needed for convection. When the next shortwave or upper-level jet streak (wind maximum within the jet stream) moves nearby, the convection reignites closer to the center, which warms the core and develops the system into a true subtropical cyclone. The average sea surface temperature that helps lead
1085:
in 2018. Generally, a tropical storm or tropical depression is not called subtropical while it is becoming extratropical and vice versa, after hitting either land or colder waters. This transition normally requires significant instability through the atmosphere, with temperature differences between
1032:
By gaining tropical characteristics, an extratropical low may transit into a subtropical depression or storm. A subtropical depression/storm may further gain tropical characteristics to become a pure tropical depression or storm, which may eventually develop into a hurricane, and there are at least
976:
to form at a distance east of the center. Due to the initial cold temperatures aloft, sea surface temperatures usually need to reach at least 20 °C (68 °F) for this initial round of thunderstorms. The initial thunderstorm activity humidifies the environment around the low pressure system,
857:
list in the early to mid-1970s. In the intervening years of 1975–2001, subtropical storms were either named from the traditional list and still was considered tropical in real-time, or used a separate numbering system instead. Between 1992 and 2001, two different numbers were given to subtropical
1406:
Kona storms (or Kona lows) are deep cyclones that form during the cool winter season of the central
Pacific Ocean. A definition change in the term during the early 1970s makes categorization of the systems more complex, as many kona lows are extratropical cyclones, complete with their own weather
1169:
Subtropical cyclones with hurricane-force winds of 33 m/s, (119 km/h, 64 knots, or 74 mph) or greater are no longer recognized by the
National Hurricane Center. Once a subtropical storm intensifies enough to have hurricane-force winds, it is then automatically assumed to have
862:
in 2001 was initially known as
Subtropical Storm One as well as AL1301 (or 13L for short). In 2002, the NHC began giving numbers to subtropical depressions and names to subtropical storms from the same sequence as tropical cyclones. From 2002 onward, Subtropical Depression 13L would be known as
833:
employing that classification. This name was not noted as controversial in contemporary news reports, but it was quickly dropped less than a year later. Recent articles, published after the year 2000, have suggested that the name "neutercane" was considered sexist in the 1970s, but there do not
1371:
A second type of subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low originating in or near a frontolyzing zone of horizontal wind shear, also known as a "dying" frontal zone, with radius of maximum sustained winds generally less than 50 kilometers (31 mi). The entire circulation may initially have a
967:
drops down into the subtropics. The system becomes blocked by a high latitude ridge, and eventually sheds its frontal boundaries as its source of cool and dry air from the high latitudes diverts away from the system, and warms the central circulation, allowing further transition. Temperature
1448:, the most intense of these systems have many of the characteristics of subtropical cyclones. They develop between 25˚south and 40˚south and within 5˚ of the Australian coastline, also typically during the winter months. Each year there are about ten "significant impact" maritime lows.
821:
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the terms semi-tropical and quasi-tropical were used for what would become known as the subtropical cyclones. The term subtropical cyclone initially merely referred to any cyclone located in the subtropical belt near and just north of the
1358:
The most common type of subtropical storm is an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about 160 kilometers (99 mi) or more from the center. In comparison to
2845:
997:, yet subtropical cyclogenesis is regularly observed in the open ocean in the south Atlantic. A second mechanism for formation has been diagnosed for south Atlantic subtropical cyclones: lee cyclogenesis in the region of the Brazil Current.
784:
Since they form from initially extratropical cyclones which have colder temperatures aloft than normally found in the tropics, the sea surface temperatures required for their formation are lower than the tropical cyclone threshold (around
1094:
of the sea surface temperatures that subtropical cyclones form over is 23 °C (73 °F). Transition from subtropical cyclones into fully tropical cyclones occurs only in very rare cases over the south
Atlantic Ocean, such as
921:. Due to the increased frequency of cyclones which cut off from the main belt of the westerlies during the summer and fall, subtropical cyclones are significantly more frequent across the north Atlantic than the northwestern
2118:
1948:
7A.5 Monsoon
Depressions, Monsoon Gyres, Midget Tropical Cyclones, TUTT Cells, and High Intensity After Recurvature: Lessons Learned From Use of Dvorak's Techniques in the World's Most Prolific Tropical-Cyclone
1170:
become a fully tropical hurricane even if it still has subtropical characteristics. Despite this however, prior to the start of modern policies in the
Atlantic there were two subtropical cyclones, one in
829:
The term "neutercane" began to be used for small subtropical cyclones below 100 miles in diameter which formed from mesoscale features, and the NHC began issuing public statements during the
925:. In the eastern half of the north Pacific Ocean and north Indian Ocean, the older subtropical cyclone definition term is still used, which requires a weak circulation forming underneath a
2110:
1363:, such systems have a relatively wide zone of maximum winds that is located further from the center, and typically have a less symmetric wind field and distribution of convection.
1166:'s phase depict subtropical cyclones with a shallow warm core and as asymmetric systems, similar to tropical cyclones which have begun the transition to an extratropical cyclone.
982:
to subtropical cyclogenesis is 24 °C (75 °F). If the thunderstorm activity becomes deep and persistent, allowing its initial low level warm core to deepen, extension to
1977:
2268:
2226:
761:
There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones depending on their location. Across the north
Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean, they require some central
1183:
1179:
2439:
2511:
2198:
3213:
1139:
986:
is possible. The locus of formation for north
Atlantic subtropical cyclones is out in the open ocean; the island of Bermuda is regularly impacted by these systems.
3997:
1461:
1452:
is seen on average just once per year, but these storms cause significant wind and flood damage when they occur. Australian east coast cyclones vary in size from
3449:
2010:
1873:
3867:
2149:
1073:
in 2021). There have also been three recorded cases of a storm transitioning from tropical to extratropical back to a subtropical cyclone; as seen with the
632:
4281:
2489:
2003:"What Is a Subtropical Storm and How Is It Different From a Tropical Storm? | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"
751:
1776:
1000:
Subtropical cyclone formation is extremely rare in the far southeastern
Pacific Ocean, due to the cold sea-surface temperatures generated by the
801:), lying around 23 °C (73 °F). This also means that subtropical cyclones are more likely to form outside the traditional bounds of the
2240:
1834:
1214:
2582:
2176:
2703:
1989:
3206:
3030:
2688:
769:. Across the eastern half of the northern Pacific however, they require a mid-tropospheric cyclone to be cut off from the main belt of the
1886:
1074:
2354:
2066:
Mark P. Guishard; Elizabeth A. Nelson; Jenni L. Evans; Robert E. Hart; Dermott G. O’Connell (August 2007). "Bermuda subtropical storms".
2042:
1753:
1142:
classifies subtropical cyclones similarly to tropical cyclones, based on maximum sustained surface winds. Those with winds below 18
4254:
4247:
4180:
4134:
1499:
1415:, which explains the change in wind direction for the Hawaiian Islands from easterly to southerly when this type of cyclone is present.
622:
1974:
1090:
requiring over 38 °C, or 68 °F, of contrast in this roughly 5,900 meters (19,400 ft) layer of the lower atmosphere. The
4342:
4288:
2948:
1494:
1407:
fronts. Those across the northeast
Pacific Ocean consider them subtropical cyclones as long as a weak surface circulation is present.
926:
679:
627:
3442:
2380:
721:
1801:
2447:
1337:
1261:
609:
2507:
4302:
4261:
3199:
1958:
1460:(approximately 100 km to 1,000 km). These storms which mostly affect the southeast coast should not be confused with
1232:
906:
868:
755:
4295:
2823:
1519:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1254:
1236:
1226:
1175:
1171:
1111:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1042:
876:
872:
830:
1951:
4592:
1305:
1038:
507:
4063:
2559:
4200:
4079:
3653:
3537:
3435:
3080:
1927:
1187:
968:
differences between the 500 hPa pressure level and the sea surface temperatures initially exceed the dry adiabatic
746:
in 1972. Beginning in 2002, subtropical cyclones began receiving names from the official tropical cyclone lists in the
4406:
4388:
3990:
3674:
3576:
3407:
2566:
2539:
2285:
1489:
1250:
1034:
1020:
was identified at 77.8 degrees longitude in May 2018, just off the coast of Chile. This system was unofficially named
4058:
3475:
3271:
3150:
2849:
2002:
1243:
875:
was the first subtropical storm that did not become tropical since the policy change. A subtropical storm from the
762:
669:
4170:
4113:
2920:
2532:
2482:
2444:
The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data
2406:
2245:
2203:
2141:
1934:
1857:
1841:
1514:
1504:
1424:
1272:
1222:
1206:
1054:
1009:
802:
743:
674:
2897:
2872:
2804:
2779:
2763:
2738:
2631:
2606:
2328:
2303:
4556:
3888:
3681:
3632:
3010:
1481:
1017:
846:
747:
2589:
1114:
in 1979 is one of only two subtropical cyclones in the north Atlantic to reach hurricane-equivalent intensity.
2926:
858:
depressions or subtropical storms, one for public use, the other one for NRL and NHC reference. For example,
4470:
4175:
3625:
3590:
3583:
3496:
994:
864:
664:
2780:"Explosive Cyclone Development in the Southern Hemisphere and a Comparison with Northern Hemisphere Events"
4411:
4365:
3015:
3005:
2941:
1082:
1066:
1050:
1046:
859:
854:
774:
533:
2486:
4356:
3881:
3702:
3667:
3530:
3251:
3222:
3000:
1529:
1453:
1445:
1283:
983:
964:
879:
also did not become tropical, but was not named since it was not recognized until post-season analysis.
739:
714:
528:
286:
210:
53:
4018:
1773:
4480:
4226:
3902:
3618:
3597:
3334:
2884:
2791:
2750:
2659:
2618:
2315:
2075:
1722:
1660:
1619:
1564:
1457:
1399:
1372:
diameter of less than 160 kilometers (99 mi). These generally short-lived systems may be either
882:
In the southern Indian Ocean, subtropical cyclones are also named once winds reach tropical storm or
646:
244:
2709:
2438:
Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010).
2402:
1831:
941:. In the case of the north Indian Ocean, the formation of this type of vortex leads to the onset of
4597:
4118:
4053:
3832:
3755:
3646:
3639:
3604:
3544:
3523:
3489:
3106:
3070:
2579:
2172:
1147:
950:
918:
692:
641:
538:
477:
3392:
4219:
3459:
3341:
3236:
3111:
3075:
2990:
2980:
2333:
2091:
1686:
1582:
1449:
1096:
954:
313:
291:
198:
159:
1191:
989:
The south Atlantic environment for formation of subtropical cyclones has both stronger vertical
1893:
773:
and with only a weak surface circulation. Subtropical cyclones have wider wind fields with the
4475:
4235:
3839:
3611:
3551:
3256:
3126:
3085:
2995:
2965:
2934:
2699:
2351:
2262:
2220:
1985:
1750:
1678:
1380:, and in 1972 this type of subtropical cyclone was ephemerally referred to as a "neutercane".
1091:
1024:
by researchers. A subtropical cyclone was spotted just off the Chilean coast in January 2022.
543:
2035:
734:
As early as the 1950s, meteorologists were uncertain whether they should be characterized as
4570:
4195:
3783:
2892:
2799:
2758:
2689:"Large-scale indicators of Australian East Coast Lows and associated extreme weather events"
2667:
2626:
2323:
2083:
1730:
1668:
1627:
1572:
1524:
1360:
1143:
1001:
867:
was the first subtropical storm to receive a name but became tropical shortly after naming.
735:
707:
421:
308:
220:
63:
49:
3895:
3790:
3769:
3727:
3482:
3320:
3121:
2586:
2563:
2543:
2493:
2358:
2289:
1981:
1955:
1931:
1838:
1780:
1757:
1202:
1070:
842:
823:
614:
389:
92:
3972:
2372:
2888:
2795:
2754:
2663:
2622:
2319:
2079:
1854:
1793:
1726:
1664:
1623:
1568:
1107:
4448:
3853:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3748:
3734:
3720:
3695:
3688:
3359:
1603:
1394:
1155:
1132:
934:
890:
810:
778:
697:
604:
438:
4586:
4373:
4327:
4023:
3818:
3776:
3762:
3569:
3397:
3366:
3116:
3060:
2425:
2095:
1920:
1690:
1373:
1136:
1128:
973:
961:
922:
560:
514:
460:
409:
296:
2111:"Review of the 2014/15 Tropical Cyclone Season in the Southwest Pacific Ocean Basin"
1586:
889:
Since 2011, subtropical storms in the western south Atlantic Ocean are named by the
765:
fairly near the center surrounding a warming core existing in the mid-levels of the
32:
4460:
4378:
4337:
3958:
3951:
3937:
3930:
3916:
3874:
3860:
3846:
3825:
3387:
3327:
3261:
2337:
1749:
David B. Spiegler (1973). Many times, subtropical cyclones have a small warm core.
938:
450:
374:
205:
2819:
2607:"Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting of Explosive Australian East Coast Cyclogenesis"
2142:"Extremely Rare Southeast Pacific Subtropical Cyclone Forms Off the Chilean Coast"
1178:, that attained hurricane-force winds while subtropical. In addition, one system,
1012:
was identified to have formed in this region. This system was unofficially dubbed
1608:"Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part I: Diagnostic Criteria and Composite Analysis"
17:
4518:
4438:
4332:
4185:
4048:
3965:
3944:
3923:
3909:
3741:
3660:
3065:
3040:
2961:
1947:
1874:
TROPICAL CYCLONE OPERATIONAL PLAN FOR THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN: 2006 Edition.
1151:
1127:
extending farther from the center than in a purely tropical cyclone and have no
1087:
853:
In the north Atlantic basin, subtropical cyclones were initially named from the
766:
599:
487:
482:
445:
394:
325:
271:
227:
215:
164:
3507:
2646:
Dowdy, Andrew J.; Graham A. Mills; Bertrand Timbal; Yang Wang (February 2013).
929:
which has cut off from the main belt of the westerlies during the cold season (
4523:
4513:
4492:
4453:
4165:
4084:
3101:
3055:
3020:
2672:
2647:
2556:
2087:
1735:
1710:
1673:
1648:
1471:
1389:
1005:
990:
978:
969:
953:, subtropical cyclones are regularly observed across southern portions of the
946:
798:
790:
770:
594:
577:
519:
467:
330:
266:
261:
254:
181:
176:
134:
122:
2914:
1924:
1682:
4487:
4443:
4423:
4139:
4028:
3266:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3025:
1509:
1377:
777:
located further from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and have no
589:
584:
379:
369:
281:
249:
232:
193:
171:
127:
2536:
2282:
1887:"Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima"
1577:
1552:
901:
2739:"Australian East-Coast Cyclones. Part I: Synoptic Overview and Case Study"
1632:
1607:
4508:
4401:
4396:
3402:
3278:
2446:(Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from
1783:
Monthly Weather Review, April 1973, pp. 323–332. Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
914:
806:
384:
2873:"Australian Heavy-Rain Days and Associated East Coast Cyclones: 1958–92"
1429:
1190:(JTWC) to have reached hurricane strength as a subtropical cyclone, but
1033:
ten cases of tropical cyclones transforming into a subtropical cyclone (
4465:
4241:
3246:
3140:
2957:
2304:"A Cyclone Phase Space Derived from Thermal Wind and Thermal Asymmetry"
1163:
942:
834:
appear to be any published reports from that period making this claim.
794:
786:
550:
428:
416:
364:
347:
318:
276:
239:
186:
115:
71:
45:
930:
849:
in 2002, the first system to be given a name as a subtropical cyclone
352:
340:
335:
102:
97:
87:
80:
2648:"Changes in the Risk of Extratropical Cyclones in Eastern Australia"
1760:
Monthly Weather Review, April 1973, p. 380. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
1213:
Subtropical cyclones are more likely than tropical cyclones to form
1821:
Weatherwise (2006). Heldref Publications. March/April 2006, p. 64.
1649:"Sea Surface Temperature Thresholds for Tropical Cyclone Formation"
1464:
which typically affect the northern half of the continent instead.
1158:) are called subtropical depressions, while those at or above this
36:
An unnamed subtropical storm in the north Atlantic in January 2023.
3241:
2985:
1428:
1393:
1217:. Examples during the 21st century in the north Atlantic include:
1201:
1159:
1106:
900:
841:
555:
492:
154:
147:
31:
2424:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2249:. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022
2207:. 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022
1124:
883:
572:
472:
455:
433:
359:
3431:
3195:
2930:
1194:(MFR) only considers it to have been a subtropical depression.
1162:
are referred to as subtropical storms. Diagrams which depict a
1551:
Mark P. Guishard; Jenni L. Evans; Robert E. Hart (July 2009).
567:
27:
Cyclonic storm with tropical and extratropical characteristics
2846:"Australian East Coast Storm 2007: Impact of East Coast Lows"
2737:
Holland, Greg J.; Lynch, Amanda H.; Leslie, Lance M. (1987).
1711:"A climatology of subtropical cyclones in the south Atlantic"
2898:
10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0621:AHRDAA>2.0.CO;2
2805:
10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2188:ECDITS>2.0.CO;2
2764:
10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<3024:AECCPI>2.0.CO;2
2687:
Dowdy, Andrew J.; Graham A. Mills; Bertrand Timbal (2011).
2632:
10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0822:SREFOE>2.0.CO;2
2329:
10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0585:ACPSDF>2.0.CO;2
813:, where subtropical cyclones are observed in all months.
809:. Subtropical cyclones are also observed to form in the
2506:
Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff Masters (December 6, 2022).
750:
basin. Subtropical cyclones are also recognized in the
2029:
2027:
1131:
linking directly to the center of circulation. In the
1892:(in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from
2510:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections.
742:. They were officially recognized and titled by the
4501:
4431:
4422:
4387:
4364:
4355:
4320:
4271:
4209:
4194:
4156:
4127:
4106:
4097:
4072:
4041:
4011:
3982:
3712:
3561:
3515:
3467:
3420:
3380:
3351:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3229:
3168:
3159:
3148:
3139:
3094:
3048:
3039:
2973:
2508:"Post-season action possible in the North Atlantic"
2173:"Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - May 2018"
2117:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1553:"Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part II: Climatology"
2403:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)"
977:which destabilizes the atmosphere by reducing the
1215:outside of a region's designated hurricane season
2267:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2225:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1832:Subtropical Storm One Public Advisory from 2001.
1709:Jenni L. Evans; Aviva J. Braun (November 2012).
913:Subtropical cyclones can form in a wide band of
2580:SYNOPTIC STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF A KONA LOW.
2352:Cyclone Phase Analysis and Forecast: Help Page.
1246:) in mid-December of the 2007 hurricane season.
1086:the underlying ocean and the mid-levels of the
3998:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
2036:"A Fifty-year History of Subtropical Cyclones"
1184:2000–01 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
3443:
3207:
2942:
1598:
1596:
1546:
1544:
1456:(approximately 10 km to 100 km) to
715:
48:system that has some characteristics of both
8:
2871:Hopkins, Linda C.; Holland, Greg J. (1997).
1925:Subject: A6) What is a sub-tropical cyclone?
905:A water vapor loop showing the formation of
2605:Leslie, Lance M.; Speer, Milton S. (1998).
960:Most subtropical cyclones form when a deep
917:, mainly south of the 50th parallel in the
4428:
4361:
4206:
4103:
3450:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3309:
3302:
3293:
3214:
3200:
3192:
3165:
3156:
3145:
3045:
2949:
2935:
2927:
2732:
2730:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
1872:World Meteorological Organization (2006).
1868:
1866:
1444:and sometimes as east coast cyclones) are
722:
708:
58:
2896:
2803:
2762:
2671:
2630:
2600:
2598:
2578:Ian Morrison and Steven Businger (2002).
2327:
2041:. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
1772:R. H. Simpson and Paul J. Hebert (1973).
1768:
1766:
1734:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1672:
1631:
1576:
1433:An Australian east coast low in June 2013
1402:in December 2010, originally a Kona storm
1293:Subtropical Depression One (which became
863:Subtropical Depression Thirteen instead.
4282:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1916:
1914:
1304:Subtropical Storm Alberto (which became
2921:USA Today article on subtropical storms
2698:. CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology.
2440:2001 1120002001:HSK2201 (2001171S35037)
2373:"Tropical, subtropical, extratropical?"
1969:
1967:
1647:Tory, K. J.; Dare, R. A. (2015-10-15).
1540:
70:
2487:Atlantic Hurricane Database (HURDAT2).
2260:
2218:
1876:pp. I-3, I-9. Retrieved on 2009-02-28.
1249:Subtropical Storm Beryl (which became
1123:Subtropical cyclones can have maximum
2514:from the original on December 9, 2022
2179:from the original on 4 September 2018
2121:from the original on February 9, 2022
2109:Diamond, Howard J (August 25, 2015).
1853:Jack Beven and Eric S. Blake (2006).
1282:Subtropical Storm Alex (which became
1242:Subtropical Storm Olga (which became
7:
3031:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2852:from the original on 28 January 2024
2241:"South American Forecast Discussion"
2199:"South American Forecast Discussion"
1325:Subtropical Storm Ana (which became
1271:Subtropical Storm Ana (which became
1221:Subtropical Storm Ana (which became
4255:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
4248:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
4181:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
4064:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
2778:Lim, Eun-Pa; Simmonds, Ian (2002).
2557:Subject: A18) What is a neutercane?
2383:from the original on 30 August 2018
2361:EUMeTrain. Retrieved on 2009-03-01.
2068:Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
1500:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
1462:Australian region tropical cyclones
972:, which causes an initial round of
4343:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
4289:Australian region tropical cyclone
2281:National Hurricane Center (2009).
1774:Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972.
1495:Extratropical transition technique
891:Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center
25:
2826:from the original on 2 April 2013
2152:from the original on June 4, 2022
4564:
4550:
3506:
2419:
1975:Climate Dynamics of the Tropics.
1606:; Mark P. Guishard (July 2009).
1474:
691:
4303:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
4262:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
2848:. Guy Carpenter. October 2007.
2140:Jonathan Belles (May 9, 2018).
2048:from the original on 2021-04-17
2013:from the original on 2022-06-02
1959:American Meteorological Society
1804:from the original on 2022-04-18
803:north Atlantic hurricane season
4296:South Pacific tropical cyclone
4059:Continental North Asian storms
2034:David Mark Roth (2002-02-15).
1520:Subtropical Storm Alpha (2020)
1198:Examples during the off-season
877:2005 Atlantic hurricane season
873:2004 Atlantic hurricane season
831:1972 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
2915:NOAA FAQ on tropical cyclones
2302:Robert E. Hart (April 2003).
1209:near Florida on May 27, 2018.
1028:Transition from extratropical
927:mid to upper-tropospheric low
4557:Tropical cyclones portal
3598:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
3538:Moray Firth fishing disaster
3081:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
2175:. Australia Severe Weather.
1188:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
4407:Mesoscale convective vortex
4389:Mesoscale convective system
3991:List of European windstorms
3408:Pacific Northwest windstorm
2567:Hurricane Research Division
2171:Steve Young (5 July 2018).
1490:Hybrid low (disambiguation)
1018:Another subtropical cyclone
619:Severe weather terminology
81:Temperate and polar seasons
4614:
2696:CAWCR technical report; 37
2592:. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.
2569:. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
2405:(Database). United States
1992:. Retrieved on 2009-02-29.
1961:. Retrieved on 2009-02-28.
1937:. Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
1860:. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1855:Unnamed Subtropical Storm.
1794:"Definition of NEUTERCANE"
1438:Australian east coast lows
1422:
1419:Australian east coast lows
1387:
1075:Caribbean–Azores hurricane
1010:a rare subtropical cyclone
781:linked into their center.
4544:
4171:Australian east coast Low
4114:Australian east coast low
3654:1992 New Year's Day Storm
3504:
3427:
3191:
2822:. Bureau of Meteorology.
2673:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00192.1
2533:National Hurricane Center
2483:National Hurricane Center
2407:National Hurricane Center
2246:Weather Prediction Center
2204:Weather Prediction Center
2088:10.1007/s00703-006-0255-y
1935:National Hurricane Center
1858:National Hurricane Center
1842:National Hurricane Center
1736:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00212.1
1674:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00637.1
1515:Subtropical Cyclone Katie
1505:Australian east coast low
1425:Australian east coast low
1338:unnamed subtropical storm
1264:in early-December of the
1262:unnamed subtropical storm
1207:Subtropical Storm Alberto
1180:Subtropical Depression 11
744:National Hurricane Center
3682:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
3675:Christmas Eve storm 1997
3011:Annular tropical cyclone
2546:Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
2496:Retrieved on 2017-04-24.
2292:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1844:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1482:Tropical cyclones portal
1316:Subtropical Storm Andrea
1286:) in mid-January of the
1233:Subtropical Storm Andrea
995:sea surface temperatures
933:), similar to the north
907:Subtropical Storm Andrea
869:Subtropical Storm Nicole
865:Hurricane Gustav of 2002
847:Subtropical Storm Gustav
4471:Multiple-vortex tornado
3910:Friederike (David) 2018
3903:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
3626:December 1981 windstorm
3584:North Sea flood of 1953
3497:Christmas Flood of 1717
2820:"About East Coast Lows"
2611:Weather and Forecasting
1946:Mark A. Lander (2004).
1830:James Franklin (2001).
1798:www.merriam-webster.com
1411:is a Hawaiian term for
1225:) in late-April of the
1112:Subtropical Cyclone One
775:maximum sustained winds
752:south-west Indian Ocean
4412:Line echo wave pattern
4366:Mesoscale ocean eddies
4135:Southern Ocean cyclone
3223:Extratropical cyclones
3016:Bar (tropical cyclone)
3006:Central dense overcast
2784:Monthly Weather Review
2743:Monthly Weather Review
2694:. In Day K. A. (ed.).
2537:Glossary of NHC Terms.
2308:Monthly Weather Review
2283:Glossary of NHC terms.
2115:Climate Program Office
1973:S. Hastenrath (1991).
1612:Monthly Weather Review
1578:10.1175/2008JCLI2346.1
1450:Explosive cyclogenesis
1446:extratropical cyclones
1434:
1403:
1340:in mid-January of the
1306:Tropical Storm Alberto
1297:) in mid-April of the
1275:) in early-May of the
1210:
1186:, was analyzed by the
1115:
1051:Tropical Storm Allison
1039:Subtropical Storm Four
1008:. In late April 2015,
910:
855:NATO phonetic alphabet
850:
740:extratropical cyclones
680:Tropical cyclone terms
54:extratropical cyclones
37:
3784:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
3647:Burns' Day storm 1990
3531:Night of the Big Wind
3252:Post-tropical cyclone
3001:Rapid intensification
2590:University of Hawaiʻi
1633:10.1175/2009MWR2468.1
1530:Extratropical cyclone
1432:
1397:
1342:2023 hurricane season
1331:2021 hurricane season
1329:) in late-May of the
1320:2019 hurricane season
1310:2018 hurricane season
1308:) in late-May of the
1299:2017 hurricane season
1295:Tropical Storm Arlene
1288:2016 hurricane season
1277:2015 hurricane season
1266:2013 hurricane season
1255:2012 hurricane season
1253:) in late-May of the
1237:2007 hurricane season
1227:2003 hurricane season
1205:
1110:
984:tropical cyclogenesis
965:extratropical cyclone
904:
845:
287:Extratropical cyclone
211:Air-mass thunderstorm
35:
4593:Subtropical cyclones
4571:Tornadoes portal
4481:Anticyclonic tornado
4449:Low-topped supercell
4227:Cape Verde hurricane
3619:Gale of January 1976
2350:Robert Hart (2003).
1251:Tropical Storm Beryl
1235:in early-May of the
1035:Tropical Storm Gilda
647:Weather modification
245:Anticyclonic tornado
4273:Southern Hemisphere
4211:Northern Hemisphere
4099:Southern Hemisphere
4054:Western Disturbance
3868:Thomas (Doris) 2017
3640:Great storm of 1987
3605:1968 Scotland storm
3545:Tay Bridge disaster
3524:Great Storm of 1824
3490:Great Storm of 1703
3460:European windstorms
3289:Northern Hemisphere
3107:South Atlantic High
3095:Southern Hemisphere
3071:North American High
3049:Northern Hemisphere
2889:1997JCli...10..621H
2796:2002MWRv..130.2188L
2755:1987MWRv..115.3024H
2664:2013JCli...26.1403D
2623:1998WtFor..13..822L
2555:Neal Dorst (2007).
2377:Weather Underground
2320:2003MWRv..131..585H
2146:The Weather Channel
2080:2007MAP....97..239G
2007:The Weather Channel
1727:2012JCli...25.7328E
1665:2015JCli...28.8171T
1624:2009MWRv..137.2065E
1569:2009JCli...22.3574G
1318:in late-May of the
1244:Tropical Storm Olga
1043:Tropical Storm Jose
951:southern hemisphere
919:northern hemisphere
642:Weather forecasting
478:Rain and snow mixed
304:Subtropical cyclone
42:subtropical cyclone
4220:Atlantic hurricane
4176:Lake Huron cyclone
3237:Anticyclonic storm
3112:South Pacific High
3076:North Pacific High
2991:High-pressure area
2981:Anticyclonic storm
2877:Journal of Climate
2652:Journal of Climate
2585:2007-05-27 at the
2562:2009-01-15 at the
2542:2012-09-27 at the
2492:2017-07-12 at the
2357:2012-05-28 at the
2288:2012-09-27 at the
1984:Springer, pp 244.
1980:2024-01-28 at the
1954:2009-03-19 at the
1930:2016-06-03 at the
1899:on 6 February 2015
1837:2005-09-20 at the
1779:2011-05-25 at the
1756:2009-02-25 at the
1715:Journal of Climate
1653:Journal of Climate
1557:Journal of Climate
1440:(known locally as
1435:
1404:
1327:Tropical Storm Ana
1273:Tropical Storm Ana
1223:Tropical Storm Ana
1211:
1116:
1097:Hurricane Catarina
1063:Tropical Storm Ian
1059:Hurricane Humberto
1055:Tropical Storm Lee
955:Mozambique Channel
911:
851:
698:Weather portal
314:Atlantic hurricane
292:European windstorm
199:Volcanic lightning
160:Cumulonimbus cloud
38:
4580:
4579:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4476:Satellite tornado
4351:
4350:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4236:Pacific hurricane
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4093:
4092:
4037:
4036:
4007:
4006:
3552:Eyemouth disaster
3468:14th-18th century
3416:
3415:
3376:
3375:
3257:Low-pressure area
3135:
3134:
3127:Subtropical ridge
3086:Subtropical ridge
2996:Low-pressure area
2966:Centers of action
2749:(12): 3024–3036.
2705:978-1-921826-36-8
1990:978-0-7923-1346-5
1721:(21): 7328–7340.
1659:(20): 8171–8183.
1563:(13): 3574–3594.
1400:subtropical storm
1361:tropical cyclones
1079:Hurricane Georges
945:rains during the
732:
731:
18:Subtropical Storm
16:(Redirected from
4605:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4429:
4362:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4274:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4238:
4229:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4119:Black nor'easter
4104:
4100:
4019:Black Sea storms
4000:
3993:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3661:Braer Storm 1993
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3510:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3462:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3369:
3362:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3102:South Polar High
3056:North Polar High
3046:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2790:(9): 2188–2209.
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2715:on 11 April 2013
2714:
2708:. Archived from
2693:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2658:(4): 1403–1417.
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2602:
2593:
2576:
2570:
2553:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2480:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2368:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2299:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2074:(1–4): 239–253.
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
1999:
1993:
1971:
1962:
1944:
1938:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1851:
1845:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1770:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1618:(7): 2065–2080.
1600:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1548:
1525:Tropical cyclone
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1016:by researchers.
1004:and unfavorable
1002:Humboldt Current
724:
717:
710:
696:
695:
309:Tropical cyclone
221:Dry thunderstorm
116:Tropical seasons
59:
21:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4565:
4563:
4551:
4549:
4528:
4497:
4418:
4383:
4347:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4234:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4198:
4190:
4144:
4123:
4098:
4089:
4068:
4033:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3511:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3483:Burchardi flood
3481:
3476:Grote Mandrenke
3474:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3412:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3347:
3340:
3335:Great basin low
3333:
3326:
3321:Alberta clipper
3319:
3297:
3288:
3283:
3225:
3220:
3187:
3183:South Polar low
3178:North Polar low
3160:
3149:
3131:
3122:Australian High
3090:
3035:
2969:
2955:
2911:
2906:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2587:Wayback Machine
2577:
2573:
2564:Wayback Machine
2554:
2550:
2544:Wayback Machine
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2494:Wayback Machine
2481:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2409:. April 5, 2023
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2371:Masters, Jeff.
2370:
2369:
2365:
2359:Wayback Machine
2349:
2345:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2290:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1982:Wayback Machine
1972:
1965:
1956:Wayback Machine
1945:
1941:
1932:Wayback Machine
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1839:Wayback Machine
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:Wayback Machine
1771:
1764:
1758:Wayback Machine
1748:
1744:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1442:east coast lows
1427:
1421:
1392:
1386:
1369:
1356:
1354:Upper-level low
1351:
1200:
1174:and another in
1121:
1105:
1103:Characteristics
1083:Hurricane Beryl
1071:Typhoon Surigae
1067:Typhoon Jelawat
1047:Hurricane Klaus
1030:
899:
860:Hurricane Karen
840:
824:horse latitudes
819:
817:History of term
728:
690:
685:
684:
660:
652:
651:
510:
500:
499:
412:
402:
401:
390:Ground blizzard
150:
140:
139:
118:
108:
107:
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4611:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4560:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4215:
4213:
4204:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3840:Christina 2014
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3612:Quimburga 1972
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3360:Panhandle hook
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3151:Synoptic scale
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2964:of the world (
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2909:External links
2907:
2905:
2904:
2883:(4): 621–635.
2863:
2837:
2811:
2770:
2726:
2704:
2679:
2638:
2617:(3): 822–832.
2594:
2571:
2548:
2525:
2498:
2460:
2430:
2394:
2363:
2343:
2314:(4): 585–616.
2294:
2274:
2232:
2190:
2163:
2132:
2101:
2058:
2023:
1994:
1963:
1939:
1910:
1878:
1862:
1846:
1823:
1814:
1785:
1762:
1742:
1696:
1639:
1604:Jenni L. Evans
1592:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1466:
1458:synoptic scale
1423:Main article:
1420:
1417:
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1368:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1323:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1284:Hurricane Alex
1280:
1269:
1258:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1199:
1196:
1129:weather fronts
1120:
1117:
1104:
1101:
1029:
1026:
937:and southwest
898:
895:
839:
836:
818:
815:
811:south Atlantic
805:and at higher
779:weather fronts
756:south Atlantic
748:north Atlantic
730:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
701:
700:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:Climate change
667:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
644:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
617:
612:
605:Severe weather
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
565:
564:
563:
553:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
523:
522:
517:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
470:
465:
464:
463:
453:
448:
443:
442:
441:
439:Megacryometeor
431:
426:
425:
424:
413:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
372:
367:
362:
357:
356:
355:
345:
344:
343:
338:
328:
323:
322:
321:
316:
306:
301:
300:
299:
294:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
237:
236:
235:
225:
224:
223:
218:
213:
203:
202:
201:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
169:
168:
167:
162:
151:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
131:
130:
119:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
68:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4573:
4572:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Catalina eddy
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Cold-core low
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Icelandic Low
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3368:
3367:November gale
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:North America
3295:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3161:Surface-based
3158:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Kalahari High
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Siberian High
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2450:on 2016-03-05
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:public domain
2413:September 26,
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:Chris Landsea
1917:
1915:
1911:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1367:Mesoscale low
1366:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:, or 39
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:United States
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:in 1980, and
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:in 2018, and
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
980:
975:
974:thunderstorms
971:
966:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Pacific Ocean
920:
916:
908:
903:
896:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
856:
848:
844:
837:
835:
832:
827:
825:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
703:
702:
699:
694:
689:
688:
681:
678:
676:
675:Tornado terms
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
656:
655:
648:
645:
643:
640:
634:
633:United States
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
521:
518:
516:
515:Air pollution
513:
512:
509:
504:
503:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
430:
427:
423:
420:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:Precipitation
406:
405:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
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51:
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43:
34:
30:
19:
4562:
4548:
4461:Funnel cloud
4379:Haida Eddies
4338:Polar vortex
4157:
3896:Herwart 2017
3889:Ophelia 2017
3812:St Jude 2013
3791:Joachim 2011
3770:Xynthia 2010
3728:Jeanett 2002
3713:21st century
3633:Charley 1986
3570:Ulysses 1903
3562:20th century
3516:19th century
3393:Hatteras low
3388:Aleutian Low
3328:Colorado low
3262:Weather bomb
2962:anticyclones
2880:
2876:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2814:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2746:
2742:
2717:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2695:
2682:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2614:
2610:
2574:
2551:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2501:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2443:
2433:
2411:. Retrieved
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2366:
2346:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2277:
2251:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2209:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:
2104:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2015:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1942:
1901:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1881:
1849:
1826:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1615:
1611:
1560:
1556:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1370:
1357:
1212:
1192:Météo-France
1168:
1122:
1031:
1021:
1013:
999:
988:
959:
939:Indian Ocean
912:
888:
881:
852:
828:
820:
783:
760:
733:
451:Diamond dust
375:Winter storm
303:
206:Thunderstorm
41:
39:
29:
4519:Steam devil
4439:Mesocyclone
4333:Cut-off low
4321:Upper level
4158:Subtropical
4128:Other areas
4073:Other areas
4049:Asiatic Low
3973:Ciarán 2023
3959:Larisa 2023
3952:Eunice 2022
3938:Aurore 2021
3931:Dennis 2020
3917:Adrian 2018
3882:Xavier 2017
3854:Niklas 2015
3805:Andrea 2012
3798:Dagmar 2011
3749:Kyrill 2007
3735:Gudrun 2005
3721:Oratia 2000
3703:Martin 1999
3696:Lothar 1999
3689:Anatol 1999
3591:Debbie 1961
3577:Iberia 1941
3342:Bighorn Low
3313:Lee Cyclone
3306:Continental
3066:Azores High
3041:Anticyclone
2518:December 9,
2183:3 September
2125:October 16,
1182:during the
1146:, (65
1135:Basin, the
1088:troposphere
909:in May 2007
767:troposphere
665:Meteorology
600:Meteorology
488:Snow roller
483:Snow grains
446:Ice pellets
395:Snow squall
326:Storm surge
272:Anticyclone
228:Mesocyclone
216:Thundersnow
165:Arcus cloud
4598:Subtropics
4587:Categories
4524:Fire whirl
4514:Dust devil
4493:Waterspout
4454:Wall cloud
4166:Kona storm
4085:Kona storm
3966:Babet 2023
3945:Malik 2022
3924:Ciara 2020
3819:Xaver 2013
3777:Berit 2011
3763:Klaus 2009
3398:Nor'easter
3021:Superstorm
2454:2023-07-09
2253:15 January
2211:15 January
2052:2006-10-04
2017:2022-04-18
1903:6 February
1808:2022-04-18
1536:References
1390:Kona storm
1384:Kona storm
1150:, 35
1006:wind shear
993:and lower
991:wind shear
979:lapse rate
970:lapse rate
947:wet season
771:westerlies
763:convection
659:Glossaries
595:Jet stream
534:Convection
520:Atmosphere
468:Cloudburst
331:Dust storm
297:Nor'easter
267:Fire whirl
262:Dust devil
255:Waterspout
182:Heat burst
177:Microburst
135:Wet season
123:Dry season
4488:Landspout
4444:Supercell
4424:Whirlwind
4357:Mesoscale
4140:Sudestada
4107:Australia
4029:Genoa low
3875:Zeus 2017
3861:Egon 2017
3847:Tini 2014
3833:Anne 2014
3826:Dirk 2013
3756:Emma 2008
3668:Lili 1996
3267:Sting jet
3026:Hypercane
2096:120260805
1691:140543585
1683:0894-8755
1510:Polar low
1454:mesoscale
1378:warm core
1374:cold core
1119:Intensity
1099:in 2004.
1077:in 1970,
1065:in 2016,
1061:in 2013,
1057:in 2011,
1053:in 2001,
1049:in 1984,
1045:in 1981,
1041:in 1974,
1037:in 1973,
962:cold-core
949:. In the
897:Formation
871:from the
807:latitudes
590:Heat wave
585:Cold wave
529:Chemistry
380:Ice storm
370:Firestorm
282:Polar low
250:Landspout
233:Supercell
194:Lightning
172:Downburst
128:Harmattan
62:Part of
4509:Gustnado
4402:Mesohigh
4397:Wake Low
4196:Tropical
3983:See also
3742:Per 2007
3403:Gulf low
3279:Rainband
3230:Concepts
2974:Concepts
2958:Cyclones
2850:Archived
2824:Archived
2583:Archived
2560:Archived
2540:Archived
2535:(2009).
2512:Archived
2490:Archived
2485:(2017).
2387:4 August
2381:Archived
2355:Archived
2286:Archived
2263:cite web
2221:cite web
2177:Archived
2150:Archived
2119:Archived
2043:Archived
2011:Archived
1978:Archived
1952:Archived
1928:Archived
1835:Archived
1802:Archived
1777:Archived
1754:Archived
1587:51435473
1468:See also
1133:Atlantic
935:Atlantic
915:latitude
793:)) by 3°
758:basins.
736:tropical
461:Freezing
422:Freezing
385:Blizzard
64:a series
50:tropical
4466:Tornado
4242:Typhoon
4201:Outline
4186:Thermal
3381:Oceanic
3247:Cyclone
3141:Cyclone
2885:Bibcode
2856:7 April
2830:6 April
2792:Bibcode
2751:Bibcode
2719:7 April
2660:Bibcode
2619:Bibcode
2338:3753455
2316:Bibcode
2156:May 10,
2076:Bibcode
1723:Bibcode
1661:Bibcode
1620:Bibcode
1565:Bibcode
1413:leeward
1164:cyclone
943:monsoon
886:force.
615:Extreme
561:Physics
551:Climate
539:Physics
429:Graupel
417:Drizzle
365:Sirocco
348:Monsoon
319:Typhoon
277:Cyclone
240:Tornado
187:Derecho
72:Weather
46:weather
4080:Arctic
3421:Europe
2702:
2336:
2094:
1988:
1949:Basin.
1751:Reply.
1689:
1681:
1585:
931:winter
838:Naming
789:(79.7°
623:Canada
578:Season
508:Topics
353:Amihan
341:Haboob
336:Simoom
148:Storms
103:Autumn
98:Summer
93:Spring
88:Winter
4502:Minor
4432:Major
4012:Other
3352:Other
3242:Storm
3170:Polar
2986:Storm
2713:(PDF)
2692:(PDF)
2334:S2CID
2092:S2CID
2046:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1687:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1349:Types
1160:speed
1152:knots
1125:winds
1014:Katie
785:26.5°
628:Japan
556:Cloud
544:River
493:Slush
155:Cloud
44:is a
4042:Asia
3272:List
2960:and
2858:2013
2832:2013
2721:2013
2700:ISBN
2520:2022
2415:2024
2389:2017
2269:link
2255:2022
2227:link
2213:2022
2185:2018
2158:2018
2127:2017
1986:ISBN
1905:2015
1679:ISSN
1409:Kona
1176:1979
1172:1968
1148:km/h
1140:NOAA
1092:mode
1022:Lexi
884:gale
754:and
610:List
573:Mist
473:Snow
456:Rain
434:Hail
360:Gale
52:and
2893:doi
2800:doi
2788:130
2759:doi
2747:115
2668:doi
2627:doi
2324:doi
2312:131
2084:doi
1731:doi
1669:doi
1628:doi
1616:137
1573:doi
1376:or
1336:An
1260:An
1156:mph
1144:m/s
797:(5°
738:or
568:Fog
4589::
2891:.
2881:10
2879:.
2875:.
2798:.
2786:.
2782:.
2757:.
2745:.
2741:.
2729:^
2666:.
2656:26
2654:.
2650:.
2625:.
2615:13
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2609:.
2597:^
2463:^
2442:.
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2332:.
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2265:}}
2261:{{
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2219:{{
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2072:97
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2005:.
1966:^
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1913:^
1865:^
1800:.
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1561:22
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1543:^
1398:A
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40:A
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4199:(
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799:F
795:C
791:F
787:C
723:e
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