Suburb - Knowledge (XXG)

901:

services in one central location without having to travel to multiple locations, helped to keep shopping centers a component of these newly designed suburbs which were booming in population. The television helped contribute to the rise of shopping centers by allowing for additional advertisement through the medium in addition to creating a desire among consumers to buy products that are shown being used in suburban life on various television programs. Another factor that led to the rise of these shopping centers was the building of many highways. The Highway Act of 1956 helped to fund the building of 64,000 kilometers across the nation by having 26 billion dollars on hand, which helped to link many more to these shopping centers with ease. These newly built shopping centers, which were often large buildings full of multiple stores, and services, were being used for more than shopping, but as a place of leisure and a meeting point for those who lived within suburban America at this time. These centers thrived offering goods and services to the growing populations in suburban America. In 1957, 940 shopping centers were built and this number more than doubled by 1960 to keep up with the demand of these densely populated areas.

516:, which focuses on the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture, and politics of suburbs, as well as on the gendered and family-oriented nature of suburban space. Many people have assumed that early-20th-century suburbs were enclaves for middle-class whites, a concept that carries tremendous cultural influence yet is actually stereotypical. Some suburbs are based on a society of working-class and minority residents, many of whom want to own their own house. Meanwhile, other suburbs instituted "explicitly racist" policies to deter people deemed as "other", a practice most common in the United States in contrast to other countries around the world. Mary Corbin Sies argues that it is necessary to examine how "suburb" is defined as well as the distinction made between cities and suburbs, geography, economic circumstances, and the interaction of numerous factors that move research beyond acceptance of stereotyping and its influence on scholarly assumptions. 64: 956:, except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown. However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing. The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom. Whereas an average of 316,000 new non-farm housing units were constructed from the 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 constructed annually from 1946 through 1955. The 694:. This promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. Published annually until 1932 (the last full year of independence for the Met), the guide extolled the benefits of "The good air of the Chilterns", using language such as "Each lover of Metroland may well have his own favorite wood beech and coppice — all tremulous green loveliness in Spring and russet and gold in October". The dream as promoted involved a modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway-service to central London. By 1915 people from across London had flocked to live the new suburban dream in large newly built areas across north-west London. 1334:– it has annexed most of its surrounding towns and large amounts of undeveloped land around the city. As a result, most of the communities that Calgarians refer to as "suburbs" are actually inside the city limits. In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits. The perceived low population density of Calgary largely results from its many internal suburbs and the large amount of undeveloped land within the city. The city actually has a policy of densifying its new developments. 964:

stoves allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings. Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, while local public officials raced to build schools. The most famous development was Levittown, in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $ 1000 down and $ 70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, a fireplace, a gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for a total price of $ 10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment.

597: 1343: 2262:, no matter how short or long the distance is. This is compounded by the hierarchy of streets, where entire neighborhoods and subdivisions are dependent on one or two collector roads. Because all traffic is forced onto these roads, they are often heavy with traffic all day. If a traffic crash occurs on a collector road, or if road construction inhibits the flow, then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared. The traditional "grown" grid, in turn, allows for a larger number of choices and alternate routes. 1722: 53: 1057: 1247: 1161: 158: 1232: 929: 1765:, new suburbs were designed around car transport instead of pedestrians. Over time, many suburban areas, especially those not within the political boundaries of the city containing the central business area, began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal 853: 830: 1266: 371: 2058: 910: 131: 2440: 2121: 1415: 1385:(keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called 116: 2381: 2340: 2017: 4215:. Published 2002. Page 142. "Perhaps suburbanization was a 'natural' phenomenon—rising incomes allowing formerly huddled masses in city neighborhoods to breathe free on green lawn and leafy culs-de-sac. But, we will never know how natural it was, because of the massive federal subsidy that eased and accelerated it, in the form of tax, transportation and housing policies." 4189: 5515: 146: 459: 177: 1032:

residence in Chicago is usually 125 feet (38 m) deep, while the width can vary from 14 feet (4.3 m) wide for a row house to 45 feet (14 m) wide for a large stand–alone house. In the suburbs, where stand–alone houses are the rule, lots may be 85 feet (26 m) wide by 115 feet (35 m) deep, as in the Chicago suburb of

1577: 1988:) are experiencing a renewal, with large population growth, residential apartment construction, and increased social, cultural, and infrastructural investments, as have suburban neighborhoods close to city centers. Better public transit, proximity to work and cultural attractions, and frustration with suburban life and 842: 1027:

Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes. Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time, as purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families.

900:

developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. Due to the influx of people in these suburban areas, the amount of shopping centers began to increase as suburban America took shape. These malls helped supply goods and services to the growing urban population. Shopping for different goods and

1302:

Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas, this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased by 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth. The majority of recent population growth in Canada's

1047:

In the U.S., 1950 was the first year that more people lived in suburbs than elsewhere. In the U.S., the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses, thus pushing residents outside the city center.

871:

spawned the first major suburbs. The streetcar lines in Boston and the rail lines in Manhattan made daily commutes possible. No metropolitan area in the world was as well served by railroad commuter lines at the turn of the twentieth century as New York, and it was the rail lines to Westchester from

575:

Due to the rapid migration of the rural poor to the industrializing cities of England in the late 18th century, a trend in the opposite direction began to develop, whereby newly rich members of the middle classes began to purchase estates and villas on the outskirts of London. This trend accelerated

1826:

Cleveland, Ohio, is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922, even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over. Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles,

1488:

is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In other countries, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in Peru and Chile, which have experienced a boom

765:

was commissioned to make recommendations for the post war reconstruction and housebuilding. In part, this was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War One, attributed to poor living conditions; a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period "you cannot

1280:(CMAs) with a population of over 100,000. However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood. The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of 639:

Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, London's Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee, and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to

1691:

In Russia, until recently, the term suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. However, since the beginning of the 21st century in Russia there has been a "cottage boom", as a result of which a huge number of

1000:

and numerous innovations in transport. Redlining and other discriminatory measures built into federal housing policy furthered the racial segregation of postwar America–for example, by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods. The government's efforts were primarily

963:

With 16 million eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $ 7300. The construction industry kept prices low by standardization—for example, standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators and

477:

simply refers to a residential area outside the city center, regardless of administrative boundaries. Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city center. In large cities such as London and

1708:

in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned above, railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs. The Metropolitan Railway, for example, was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London, consisting mostly of detached houses on large

1039:

Alongside suburbanization, many companies began locating their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities, which resulted in the increased density of older suburbs and the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers. An alternative strategy is the deliberate

286:

Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. In general, they are less densely populated than inner city neighborhoods within the same metropolitan area, and most residents routinely

2710:

is a syndicated comic strip written and drawn by Michael Fry and T. Lewis. It tells the story of a raccoon, turtle, a squirrel, and their friends who come to terms with their woodlands being taken over by suburbia, trying to survive the increasing flow of humanity and technology while becoming

382:

In Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, suburban areas (in the wider sense noted in the lead paragraph) have become formalized as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities (see

1031:

Zoning laws also contributed to the location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or "zones" where only residential buildings were permitted. These suburban residences are built on larger lots of land than in the central city. For example, the lot size for a

1135:

and south of the city in areas like Eikenhof, where the "Eye of Africa" planned community exists. This master-planned community is nearly indistinguishable from the most amenity-rich resort-style American suburbs in Florida, Arizona, and California, complete with a golf course, resort pool,

788:

The Report also legislated on the required, minimum standards necessary for further suburban construction; this included regulation on the maximum housing density and their arrangement, and it even made recommendations on the ideal number of bedrooms and other rooms per house. Although the

2285:

More commonly, central cities seek ways to tax nonresidents working downtown – known as commuter taxes – as property tax bases dwindle. Taken together, these two groups of taxpayers represent a largely untapped source of potential revenue that cities may begin to target more aggressively,

1380:

to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of

63: 1028:

Suburban houses also brought about needs for products that were not needed in urban neighborhoods, such as lawnmowers and automobiles. During this time commercial shopping malls were being developed near suburbs to satisfy consumers' needs and their car–dependent lifestyle.

223:

distance of a large city. Suburbs can have their own political or legal jurisdiction, especially in the United States, but this is not always the case, especially in the United Kingdom, where most suburbs are located within the administrative boundaries of cities. In most

1358:

and condos that end abruptly into the countryside. Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture.

820:

went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3,000 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built, the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world, by a considerable margin.

1079:

While suburbs are often associated with the middle classes, in many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems, reminiscent of the

395:

are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city center (which would not be referred to as 'suburbs' in most other countries), and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term 'middle suburbs' is also used.

2269:

is usually not available for them either. This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network). Improved sprawl systems, though retaining the car

1131:, many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of the 703: 2928: 1475:

In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in

797:(a father and son architectural partnership) in the 19th century, it was during the suburban housing boom of the interwar period that the design first proliferated as a suburban icon, being preferred by middle-class home owners to the smaller 580:

that were growing rapidly, and the first suburban districts sprung up around downtowns to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial towns. Initially, such growth came along rail lines in the form of

619:

By the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst for suburban growth was the opening of the

585:, as suburban residents could commute via train to downtown for work. In Australia, where Melbourne would soon become the second-largest city in the British Empire, the distinctively Australasian suburb, with its loosely aggregated 1823:, has also exceeded the population of adjacent Norfolk. With only a few large commercial areas and no definitive downtown area, Chesapeake is primarily residential in nature with vast rural areas remaining within the city limits. 1143:

In Cape Town, there is a distinct European style originating from European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch settled the Cape. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of

971:

for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South. Their arrival in Northern and Western cities en masse, in addition to being followed by race riots in several large cities such as

1549:

with inadequate sewer structure coverage, saturated mass transit, more precarious running water, electricity and communication services, and lack of urban planning and landscaping, while also not necessarily qualifying as actual

1367:

In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes.

1001:

designed to provide housing to White middle-class and lower-middle-class families. African Americans and other people of color largely remained concentrated within decaying cores of urban poverty creating a phenomenon known as

2589:(1953), evoke the suburbs of Paris explicitly since the 1930s. Those singers give a sunny festive, almost bucolic, image of the suburbs, yet still few urbanized. During the fifties and the sixties, French singer-songwriter 2286:

particularly if they're struggling. According to struggling cities, this will help bring in a substantial revenue for the city which is a great way to tax the people who make the most use of the highways and repairs.

1713:. The goal is to "build sustainable communities" rather than housing estates. However, commercial concerns tend to delay the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighborhood. 1964:

By 2010, suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups gained better access to education and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas.

872:

the Grand Central Terminal commuter hub that enabled its development. Westchester's true importance in the history of American suburbanization derives from the upper-middle class development of villages including

1819:. While Virginia Beach has slowly been taking on the characteristics of an urban city, it will not likely achieve the population density and urban characteristics of Norfolk. A second suburban city in Virginia, 524:

The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements. Large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the

1960:

Compared to rural areas, suburbs usually have greater population density, higher standards of living, more complex road systems, more franchised stores and restaurants, and less farmland and wildlife.

1754:, which expanded the area in which city commuters could live. These are typically medium-density neighborhoods contiguous with the core urban area, built for pedestrian access to the streetcar lines. 1520:. They concentrate infrastructure, investment and attention from the municipal seat and the best offer of mass transit. True sprawling towards neighboring municipalities is typically empoverished – 4488: 4692: 1891:

Zoning patterns that separate residential and commercial development, as well as different intensities and densities of development. Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes.

1104:

Following the growth of the middle class due to African industrialization, the development of middle class suburbs has boomed since the beginning of the 1990s, particularly in cities such as

1489:

in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably

283:; exurbs have less population density than suburbs, but still more than rural areas. Suburbs and exurbs are sometimes linked to the nearby city economically, particularly by commuters. 4461: 3323: 5104: 443:

Although a majority of Americans regard themselves as residents of suburban communities, the federal government of the United States has no formal definition for what constitutes a

1327:, suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and a large geographic footprint within the city borders. 567:. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the main city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest. 4817: 2068: 4435: 556:

was mainly occupied by the emperor and important officials; the city's people mostly lived in small cities right outside Luoyang, which were suburbs in all but name.

1024:", meaning that most daytime business activity took place in the city, with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. 3538: 647:

In 1912 it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However,

1183:

in the tram era. With the automobile, the Australian usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained the appellation

1781:, the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas, leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area. 93: 1709:

plots, which it then marketed as "Metro-land". In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of

2395: 5326: 3407:

there has been surprising continuity since the infancy of Australian suburbia in the 1850s in the attitudes, values and motives underlying suburbanization.

1545:, the part of the West Zone associated with SuperVia's Ramal de Santa Cruz. These, in comparison with the inner suburbs, often prove to be remote, violent 2593:

evokes in his songs popular and proletarian suburbs of Paris, to oppose them to the city, considered by comparison as a bourgeois and conservative place.

1276:

Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population lives in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33

3830: 2702:

dealt with aspects of growing up in suburbia, suggesting aimlessness, apathy and endless rushing are ingrained into the suburban culture and mentality.

1187:; the term was eventually applied to neighborhoods in the original core as well. In Australia, Sydney's urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the 5319: 968: 4974: 4757: 3664: 1124: 1815:, and others. Virginia Beach is now the most populous city in Virginia, having long since exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city, 1769:

for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions. In some cities such as

5331: 1925: 1914:

suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites.

616:, trams and buses, it became possible for the majority of a city's population to reside outside the city and to commute into the center for work. 3962: 2758:

portray the suburbs as concealing darker secrets behind a façade of manicured lawns, friendly people, and beautifully kept houses. Films such as

770: 5336: 2840: 1354:

In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of

259:

In some countries, including India, China, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States, new suburbs are routinely

2938: 3603: 2954: 2868:

c. 18) required railways to sell off surplus lands within ten years of the time given for completion of the work in the line's enabling Act.

4161: 2732: 2621: 2391: 1295:

in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern Canadian suburbs tend to be less automobile-centric than those in the United States, and

893: 727:

and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century. The first garden suburb was developed through the efforts of

652: 416:

in Sydney, are usually characterized by higher density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas.

3734:"The Postwar Economy: 1945–1960 < Postwar America < History 1994 < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond" 4618: 1928:

by minute differences in home value, creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.

1704:. The growth in the use of trains, and later cars and highways, increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while 5199: 1903: 4028: 3382:

Gilbert, Alan (25 July 1989). "The Roots of Australian Anti-Suburbanism". In Goldberg, Samuels Louis; Smith, Francis Barrymore (eds.).

5554: 1907: 1692:

cottage villages appeared in almost every city of the country (including Moscow), no different from the suburbs in western countries.

917: 384: 3693:

Ward David (1964). "A Comparative Historical Geography of Streetcar Suburbs in Boston, Massachusetts and Leeds, England: 1850–1920".

1556:

or slums. They often are former agricultural land or wild areas settled through squatting; suburbs grew and expanded due to the mass

4784: 4765: 4732: 4705: 4677: 4628: 4607: 4577: 4497: 4314: 4287: 4260: 4212: 4074: 3733: 3432: 3393: 3356: 2911: 2541: 2523: 2367: 2222: 2204: 2102: 2044: 1462: 742:

from development, they established trusts in 1904 which bought 243 acres of land along the newly opened Northern line extension to

2736:

have depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring, and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going

4860: 3152: 1270: 1165: 2414: 2251:

systems, longer travel distances and the hierarchy system, which is less efficient at distributing traffic than the traditional

1092:

of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of

1020:

lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term "

5450: 4004: 1568:, which grew with migration from more distant and impoverished parts of the country and deal with overpopulation as a result. 5049: 2720: 2461: 2142: 1440: 4236: 2861: 1996: 1946:, including culs-de-sac, leading to larger residential streets, in turn leading to large collector roads, in place of the 3319: 2410: 3937: 3546: 989: 777:, the then Minister for Housing. The Act allowed for the building of large new housing estates in the suburbs after the 478:

Leeds, many suburbs are formerly separate towns and villages that have been absorbed during a city's expansion, such as

97: 1299:

use is encouraged but can be notably unused. Throughout Canada, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl.

1632: 973: 2504: 2406: 2185: 2084: 1425: 3811:

Rothstein, Richard: The Color of Law. A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, Liveright, 2017.

3133: 1397:

In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the

5194: 2476: 2157: 937: 806: 633: 3042: 2554:

Suburbs and suburban living have been the subject for a wide variety of films, books, television shows and songs.

2450: 2131: 1444: 1429: 1342: 5415: 5189: 5099: 2649: 1977: 1762: 1044:

around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the garden city movement.

375: 348: 41: 37: 1791:, the two most populous suburbs in the U.S., are actually more populous than many core cities, including Miami, 256:, some suburbs in the United States have a higher population and higher incomes than their nearby inner cities. 1788: 1277: 992:, further stimulated white suburban migration. The growth of the suburbs was facilitated by the development of 766:

expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes" – referring to military fitness classifications of the period.

706: 450:

In Canada, the term may also be used in the British sense, especially as cities annex formerly outlying areas.

33: 4414: 2483: 2164: 1721: 781:, and marked the start of a long 20th century tradition of state-owned housing, which would later evolve into 541:

in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of Rome on the city's outskirts.

3838: 734:

and her husband; inspired by Ebenezer Howard and the model housing development movement (then exemplified by

5559: 5544: 5440: 5109: 4697: 4516: 2785: 2726: 2457: 2353: 2138: 2030: 1436: 1173: 1149: 762: 747: 413: 69: 3185:

Ruth McManus, and Philip J. Ethington (2007). "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history".

2825: 2282:

system, allowing a more direct route while still keeping the cars out of the residential and side streets.

1968:

Conversely, many white Americans also moved back to city centers. Nearly all major city downtowns (such as

1140:, 24-hour staffed gates, gym, and BMX track, as well as several tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts. 5425: 5314: 5286: 5171: 2815: 2737: 2685: 1969: 1836: 1188: 877: 225: 3820:

Beauregard, Robert A. When America Became Suburban. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.

1223:

are filled with high-rise buildings, paddy fields, and farms, and are designed more like rural villages.

5465: 5256: 5246: 5231: 5089: 5031: 3970: 3424: 2790: 2712: 2490: 2299: 2240: 2171: 1921: 1145: 672: 241: 52: 4377: 1056: 2258:

In the suburban system, most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a

801:. The design of many of these houses, highly characteristic of the era, was heavily influenced by the 5455: 5430: 4853: 4599: 4177: 2748: 1985: 1820: 1485: 1192: 1093: 1033: 846: 834: 720: 621: 260: 4634: 4158: 3370:

By 1890, Melbourne was the second-largest city in the British Empire and one of the world's richest.

2235:

Suburbs typically have longer travel times to work than traditional neighborhoods. Only the traffic

1376:

In the illustrative case of Rome, Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created

1246: 436:

can refer either to an outlying residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or

5495: 5114: 2694: 2676: 2570: 2472: 2265:

Suburban systems of the sprawl type are also quite inefficient for cyclists or pedestrians, as the

2153: 1899: 1870: 1137: 897: 873: 774: 560: 545: 437: 304: 3633: 651:(1914–1918) delayed these plans until 1919, when, with the expectation of a postwar housing-boom, 157: 5564: 5394: 4687: 4359: 4134: 3611: 3585: 3280: 3245: 3202: 2835: 1917: 1710: 1542: 1494: 985: 810: 582: 462: 288: 237: 4100: 1498: 4777:

A History of the Metropolitan Railway. Volume 1: The Circle and Extended Lines to Rickmansworth

5480: 5389: 5261: 5214: 5209: 4999: 4954: 4780: 4761: 4728: 4711: 4701: 4673: 4624: 4603: 4573: 4493: 4429: 4351: 4310: 4283: 4256: 4208: 3428: 3389: 3352: 3345:

Goodman, Robin; Buxton, Michael; Moloney, Susie (2016). "The early development of Melbourne".

3237: 3096:

The Fractured Metropolis: Improving the New City, Restoring the Old City, Reshaping the Region

2934: 2907: 2754: 2639: 2634: 2611: 2266: 1936: 1911: 1816: 1751: 1701: 1308: 1292: 1180: 1160: 1089: 981: 960:

guaranteed low-cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates.

941: 928: 731: 656: 409: 300: 292: 216: 201: 5549: 5500: 5445: 5399: 5369: 5306: 5276: 5056: 4382: 4343: 4126: 3702: 3673: 3577: 3272: 3229: 3194: 2820: 2766: 2663: 2586: 1981: 1973: 1943: 1852: 1778: 1728: 1534: 1531: 1285: 1231: 1065: 1013: 949: 852: 829: 609: 590: 308: 272: 271:, France, and much of the United States, many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are 185: 77: 2998: 2976: 1265: 5379: 5291: 5081: 5066: 4984: 4877: 4846: 4401: 4165: 2654: 2646: 2626: 2306: 2279: 2000: 1895: 1888:– anywhere from 0.1 acres and up – surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings. 1608: 1355: 1311:) has occurred in non-core municipalities. This trend is also beginning to take effect in 1304: 1255: 1239: 1012:

stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs. In the older cities of the northeast U.S.,

778: 739: 724: 507: 370: 311:. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land. 4828:

Images of a mature north London suburb illustrating a wide range of domestic architecture

3220:

Adams, L. J. (1 September 2006). "Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism".

2590: 3298: 5475: 5435: 5181: 5161: 4989: 4922: 4822: 4800: 4750: 4130: 3706: 3020: 2865: 2707: 2616: 2259: 2248: 1867: 1856: 1800: 1636: 1620: 1600: 1538: 1296: 1281: 1061: 913: 798: 782: 625: 491: 466: 353: 296: 134: 4191:

Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960: Presidential and Judicial Politics

3859: 909: 5539: 5533: 5519: 5490: 5460: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5204: 5156: 4932: 4666: 4363: 3589: 3284: 3206: 2810: 2760: 2742: 2596: 2318: 2310: 1881: 1784: 1774: 1761:

progressing from the 1920s to the 1950s, and especially with the introduction of the

1750:

In the 19th century, horse-drawn and later electric trolleys enabled the creation of

1725: 1656: 1628: 1616: 1502: 1204: 1036:. Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. 1021: 933: 896:. Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved in masses to the suburbs. 881: 868: 794: 790: 755: 751: 743: 728: 668: 613: 513: 425: 397: 197: 165: 89: 4204: 2497: 2178: 1920:

carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single

1599:

in the country. These suburbs also serve as major housing areas and commuter towns.

5470: 5354: 5251: 5236: 5129: 5071: 5044: 5021: 4979: 4227:

2001 Walter Martin Hosack. "single-family detached housing" = "suburb houses" p133

2659: 2606: 2244: 1947: 1744: 1740: 1700:

In the United Kingdom suburbs are located between the exurbs and inner cities of a

1660: 1648: 1624: 1592: 1584: 1557: 1517: 1506: 1398: 1382: 1113: 1002: 953: 921: 817: 664: 586: 405: 279:. In the United States, regions beyond the suburbs are known as "exurban areas" or 264: 253: 249: 85: 81: 3660:"The Development of English Semi-detached Dwellings During the Nineteenth Century" 2599:

was although soon interested in urban changes in the suburbs, with such movies as

1561: 130: 4347: 4304: 4277: 4250: 4224: 3383: 3346: 3094: 5296: 5281: 5166: 5134: 5119: 5094: 5039: 5016: 4969: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4917: 4890: 4388: 2699: 2681: 2439: 2359: 2314: 2120: 2080: 2036: 1792: 1732: 1640: 1612: 1596: 1565: 1546: 1516:

Brazilian affluent suburbs are generally denser, more vertical and mixed in use

1490: 1477: 1414: 1316: 1251: 1132: 977: 769:

The committee's report of 1917 was taken up by the government, which passed the

702: 648: 596: 564: 526: 119: 73: 4331: 4279:

City schools and the American dream: reclaiming the promise of public education

3911: 3276: 5485: 5420: 5271: 5221: 5061: 4994: 4959: 4885: 4052: 3581: 3198: 2671: 2578: 2275: 1932: 1812: 1808: 1758: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1627:. Suburbs are also evident in other major conurbations in the country such as 1220: 1081: 1041: 735: 679: 601: 577: 320: 233: 115: 101: 4355: 3241: 1211:

to name a few. However, most suburbs in Dhaka are different from the ones in

17: 5241: 5149: 5011: 5006: 4927: 4912: 4827: 4715: 2800: 2689: 2667: 2601: 2322: 2252: 1860: 1848: 1844: 1804: 1796: 1766: 1705: 1604: 1560:

during the years of the military dictatorship. This is particularly true of

1481: 1312: 997: 957: 629: 549: 229: 220: 4623:(British Empire Exhibition 1924 reprinted ed.). Southbank Publishing. 2562: 2289:

Today more companies settle down in suburbs because of low property costs.

356:

c. 1350 in the manuscript of the Midlands Prose Psalter, in which the form

145: 3760:

A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America

3108: 2652:

documented the culture of suburbia in the 1970s, most notably in his book

589:

sections, developed in the 1850s and eventually became a component of the

5346: 5266: 5139: 4964: 4895: 4557:

ed. by K. D. Bülbring. Early English Text Society, Original Series, 1891.

3388:(reprint ed.). Cambridge: CUP Archive (published 1988). p. 36. 2805: 2795: 1989: 1885: 1320: 1216: 1069: 1009: 802: 495: 487: 346:("city"). The first recorded use of the term in English according to the 32:"Suburbs", "Suburbia", and "Suburban" redirect here. For other uses, see 458: 176: 4255:. Lanham, Maryland (Prince George's County): Rowman & Littlefield. 4138: 4114: 3991: 3568:

Clapson, Mark (2000). "The suburban aspiration in England since 1919".

3249: 2642:

skewers American suburbia, which produces misery instead of happiness.

2145: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1840: 1832: 1668: 1580: 1347: 1330:

Calgary is unusual among Canadian cities because it has developed as a

1324: 1259: 1208: 1109: 660: 640:

domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near

553: 490:. In Ireland, this can be seen in the Dublin suburban areas of Swords, 483: 276: 268: 123: 4415:"The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America" 5226: 5124: 3421:

The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro-land Dream

2271: 1954: 1828: 1644: 1510: 1235: 1212: 1169: 1128: 993: 864: 857: 719:

Suburbanization in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the

641: 624:

in the 1860s. The line later joined the capital's financial heart in

538: 479: 429: 401: 193: 181: 150: 138: 3678: 3659: 3233: 2239:

the short streets themselves is less. This is due to three factors:

1607:

are common concepts in suburban planning. In certain places such as

691: 275:

as part of a larger metropolitan area such as a county, district or

3070: 1576: 4907: 4252:

Between fear and hope: globalization and race in the United States

2780: 1770: 1720: 1575: 1386: 1341: 1264: 1245: 1230: 1159: 1117: 1105: 1073: 1055: 927: 908: 851: 840: 828: 701: 667:, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at 595: 457: 369: 280: 189: 175: 169: 161: 156: 144: 129: 114: 105: 4524:

Archer, John; Paul J.P. Sandul, and Katherine Solomonson (eds.),

2955:"A forgotten history of how the US Government Segregated America" 563:

in Europe, towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the

5144: 4869: 4832: 2830: 1652: 1017: 884:

serving thousands of businessmen and executives from Manhattan.

534: 357: 4842: 3800:

Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown

1884:

than central cities, dominated by single-family homes on small

1619:, suburbs form the core. The latter one has been turned into a 841: 576:

through the 19th century, especially in cities like London and

323: 3263:

Mary Corbin Sies (2001). "North American Suburbs, 1880–1950".

3153:"According to the Federal Government, the Suburbs Don't Exist" 2999:"Demographics for a 5 mile radius around Overland Park Kansas" 2433: 2374: 2333: 2114: 2051: 2010: 1537:) –, with a very noticeable example being the rail suburbs of 1408: 608:

Toward the end of the century, with the development of public

4489:

Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb

2067:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

892:

The suburban population in North America exploded during the

816:

Within just a decade suburbs dramatically increased in size.

4693:

Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

4237:"Housing Unit Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005" 3885: 3043:"Demographics for 5 mile radius around Southfield, Michigan" 447:

in the United States, leaving its precise meaning disputed.

149:

Saaristokaupunki (Archipelago city), a new suburban area in

4658:

Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820–2000

4205:

Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival

3122:, British Library Add. MS. 17376, in Bülbring 1891, p. 188. 1950:

common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs.

750:. The suburb attracted the talents of architects including 4651:

Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban, 1900–1960

1866:

Suburbs in the United States have a prevalence of usually

4838: 4168:. Transportdiversions.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 3470: 3468: 4570:

Chesham Shuttle: The Story of a Metropolitan Branch Line

1935:

behind large parking lots instead of a classic downtown

4330:

Miller, Carissa Moffat; Blevins, Audie (1 March 2005).

3071:"Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates" 2666:

lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived

2402: 2076: 738:

garden city), as well as the desire to protect part of

252:" in the U.S. Due in part to historical trends such as 4332:"Battlement Mesa: a case study of community evolution" 3831:"Zoning Requirements for Standard Lot in RS3 District" 3485: 3483: 2977:"Demographics for 5 mile radius around Kansas City mo" 758:, and it ultimately grew to encompass over 800 acres. 4795:

Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb, 1820–1939

4528:

Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.

4306:

Problems and issues of diversity in the United States

3862:. Library.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 2711:

enticed by it at the same time. A film adaptation of

2325:

being prevalent both in popular culture and academia.

2309:

in the 1950s and critiques a culture of aspirational

1238:

suburbs often feature high-density nodes, as seen in

248:

has become largely synonymous with what is called a "

4462:"Chanson francaise La banlieue 1931–1953 Anthologie" 4178:

The Myth of the White Suburb and “Suburban Invasion”

2706:

was written by Robert S. Cohen and David Javerbaum.

1992:

have attracted young Americans to the city centers.

108:, of New York City, with a lower population density. 5408: 5345: 5305: 5180: 5080: 5030: 4876: 4588:

Cottages and Villas: The Birth of the Garden Suburb

4526:

Making Suburbia: New Histories of Everyday America.

4113:Aiken, S. Robert; Leigh, Colin H. (December 1975). 3539:"History of London Metro-Land and London's Suburbs" 2464:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4749: 4665: 3348:Planning Melbourne: Lessons for a Sustainable City 655:(MRCE) formed. MRCE went on to develop estates at 4378:White flight? Suburbs lose young whites to cities 4119:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3695:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3168: 3166: 3021:"Demographics for a 5 mile radius around Detroit" 4562:Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia 4055:. China Urban Development Blog. 23 February 2011 4029:"THE CITY OF CALGARY Municipal Development Plan" 2305:Criticism of suburbia dates back to the boom of 2278:and footpaths connecting across the arms of the 1551: 1521: 1389:) were created at a further distance from them. 1284:residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of 512:The history of suburbia is part of the study of 299:; however, there are many exceptions, including 4005:"CALGARY, AB an overview of development trends" 678:The Met's marketing department coined the term 104:(below), characteristic of an outer suburb, or 4752:The English landscape in the twentieth century 4596:The London Underground: An illustrated history 4392:. Sunday 9 May 2010. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 4103:. Usatoday.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 1591:In Malaysia, suburbs are common especially in 948:Very little housing had been built during the 219:which is predominantly residential and within 4854: 4818:A Future Vision for the North American Suburb 3314: 3312: 3064: 3062: 3060: 2065:The examples and perspective in this article 1957:administrative buildings than in urban areas. 8: 4434:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3994:. Planetizen. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 3938:"NSW Place and Road Naming Proposals System" 1195:was designated an official suburb in 2009. 1040:design of "new towns" and the protection of 653:Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited 473:In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term 228:, suburban areas are defined in contrast to 4555:The Earliest Complete English Prose Salter, 4533:Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. 4101:Modern suburbia not just in America anymore 3963:"Dependence on cars in urban neighborhoods" 3774:Historical Statistics of the United States 2930:Applied Ecology and Sustainable Environment 2368:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2045:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1443:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1179:Large cities like Sydney and Melbourne had 341: 335: 329: 27:Human settlement within a metropolitan area 4861: 4847: 4839: 328:, which is in turn derived from the Latin 3871:England, Robert E. and David R. Morgan. 3677: 2542:Learn how and when to remove this message 2524:Learn how and when to remove this message 2223:Learn how and when to remove this message 2205:Learn how and when to remove this message 2103:Learn how and when to remove this message 2003:population is increasing in the suburbs. 1463:Learn how and when to remove this message 1123:In an illustrative case of South Africa, 967:At the same time, African Americans were 374:Suburban housing in the regional city of 4744:, London, British Library Add. MS. 17376 4309:. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. 3665:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 3134:"How to Tell If You Live in the Suburbs" 1942:A road network designed to conform to a 1008:After World War II, the availability of 771:Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 366:Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa 80:(above) is emblematic of the continuous 4542:. University of Minnesota Press, 2006. 4531:Baxandall, Rosalyn and Elizabeth Ewen. 3501: 3474: 3459: 3447: 3172: 2881: 2853: 2770:have brought this theme to the cinema. 2698:by the Canadian-based alternative band 1906:) and lesser percentage of citizens of 4427: 4413:Kneebone; Holmes, Elizabeth; Natalie. 3969:. Government of Canada. Archived from 3513: 3099:by Jonathan Barnett, via Google Books. 2841:List of satellite cities by population 773:, also known as the Addison Act after 698:Interwar suburban expansion in England 628:to what were to become the suburbs of 3525: 3489: 3419:Edwards, Dennis; Pigram, Ron (1988). 3075:Journal of the Garden History Society 2317:, this discourse is prominent in the 2298:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 2241:almost-mandatory automobile ownership 1863:, Minneapolis, and Washington, D.C.. 319:The English word is derived from the 7: 4448: 4282:. New York: Teachers College Press. 4075:"Is This Beijing's Suburban Future?" 4053:"(Mis)understanding China's Suburbs" 3762:. Vintage Books. pp. Chapter 6. 3151:Brasuell, James (21 November 2018). 2862:Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 2733:The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin 2622:Two or Three Things I Know About Her 2462:adding citations to reliable sources 2143:adding citations to reliable sources 1441:adding citations to reliable sources 1016:originally developed along train or 894:post-World War II economic expansion 5200:Technical aspects of urban planning 4515:For a more comprehensive list, see 2890:Edge City: Life on the New Frontier 1127:housing has been built. In much of 944:are hallmarks of suburban planning. 196:are built according to the typical 4492:. Daly City, CA: Advection Media. 4131:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01062.x 3707:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1964.tb01779.x 3326:from the original on 20 March 2020 2927:Jain, Shri V. K. (30 April 2021). 2740:. In contrast, U.S. shows such as 2718:British television series such as 2405:by removing the content or adding 1530:, in the sense of it dealing with 1319:. In certain cities, particularly 1303:three largest metropolitan areas ( 918:Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania 833:A suburban housing development in 25: 4207:By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. 4115:"Malaysia's Emerging Conurbation" 4099:Nasser, Haya El. (18 April 2008) 3132:Montgomery, David (7 July 2020). 2684:also discusses suburbia, as does 2349:This section has multiple issues. 2026:This section has multiple issues. 1269:A low-density Canadian suburb in 1203:Bangladesh has multiple suburbs, 1084:of the U.S. Examples include the 340:(meaning "under" or "below") and 5513: 4975:Cities with the most skyscrapers 3835:47th Ward Public Service website 3721:Westchester: the American suburb 2438: 2379: 2338: 2119: 2056: 2015: 1924:. These subdivisions are often 1835:, New York City, San Francisco, 1757:With widespread adoption of the 1743:moved to the suburbs during the 1413: 1291:Large cities in Canada acquired 1166:Sydney central business district 805:movement, taking influence from 793:house was first designed by the 62: 51: 5451:Sustainable Development Goal 11 5332:Most populous national capitals 4804:The American Suburb: The Basics 4797:. Yale University Press, 1989. 3299:"Luoyang and the Northern Army" 2567:Aux quatre coins de la banlieue 2449:needs additional citations for 2401:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to 2357:or discuss these issues on the 2247:systems and nearly-nonexistent 2130:needs additional citations for 2034:or discuss these issues on the 1583:, a suburb outside of downtown 559:As populations grew during the 5337:Most populous satellite cities 4572:(2nd ed.). Clive Foxell. 4239:Energy Information Association 3634:"Outcomes of the War: Britain" 1910:than in urban areas. However, 1250:Higher-density development in 709:semi-detached cottages, built 1: 5327:Most densely populated cities 4725:London's Metropolitan Railway 4564:. Basic Books, 1987; in U.S. 4535:New York: Basic Books, 2000. 4225:Land Development Calculations 3992:The Wealthy Suburbs of Canada 2892:, Knopf Doubleday, 1992, p149 969:rapidly moving north and west 710: 137:, a suburban neighborhood in 4540:When America Became Suburban 4348:10.1016/j.soscij.2004.11.001 3570:Contemporary British History 2674:values, while the 1982 song 1953:A greater percentage of one- 1851:, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, 860:, Texas, (in the foreground) 671:and to found places such as 571:Origins of the modern suburb 552:razed the city, the capital 164:Uttara Apartment complex at 4823:Centre for Suburban Studies 4617:Green, Oliver, ed. (2004). 4550:. Melbourne: Penguin Books. 3772:U.S. Bureau of the Census, 3604:"The History of the Suburb" 3385:Australian Cultural History 3222:Journal of American History 2079:, discuss the issue on the 1876:They are characterized by: 1603:, semi-detached houses and 1133:FNB ("Soccer City") Stadium 932:A suburban neighborhood of 684:Guide to the Extension Line 287:commute to city centers or 5581: 5195:Theories of urban planning 4779:. Lamplight Publications. 4514: 4336:The Social Science Journal 4249:Barlow, Andrew L. (2003). 3860:Garden Cities of To-Morrow 3658:Lofthouse, Pamela (2012). 3277:10.1177/009614420102700304 2906:. Routledge. p. 640. 2297: 1315:, and to a lesser extent, 938:Colorado Springs, Colorado 920:, an inner-ring suburb of 888:Postwar suburban expansion 533:was first employed by the 505: 454:United Kingdom and Ireland 263:by adjacent cities due to 226:English-speaking countries 31: 5555:Types of populated places 5509: 5190:History of urban planning 5100:Central business district 4303:Naylor, Larry L. (1999). 3787:The Best Years, 1945–1950 3582:10.1080/13619460008581576 3199:10.1017/S096392680700466X 1763:Interstate Highway System 1484:, and most major cities. 1278:census metropolitan areas 1271:Langley, British Columbia 376:Griffith, New South Wales 349:Oxford English Dictionary 42:Suburban (disambiguation) 38:Suburbia (disambiguation) 4402:Minority Suburbanization 3942:proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au 3758:Cohen, Lizabeth (2003). 3265:Journal of Urban History 3069:Hollow, Matthew (2011). 3045:. demographics by radius 3023:. demographics by radius 3001:. demograpbics by radius 2979:. demographics by radius 2904:Encyclopedia of the City 1894:A greater percentage of 1789:Virginia Beach, Virginia 1307:, Greater Montréal, and 813:, and even ship design. 761:During World War I, the 657:Kingsbury Garden Village 440:outside a town or city. 34:Suburbs (disambiguation) 5441:Million Tree Initiative 4748:Rowley, Trevor (2006). 4727:. David & Charles. 4698:Oxford University Press 4660:. Vintage Books, 2003. 4548:The Australian Ugliness 4517:Bibliography of suburbs 4276:Noguera, Pedro (2003). 4164:16 October 2007 at the 2786:Bibliography of suburbs 1346:Apartments in suburban 763:Tudor Walters Committee 748:Hampstead Garden Suburb 604:guide published in 1921 544:Towards the end of the 358: 324: 5426:Ecological engineering 5315:World's largest cities 5287:Cycling infrastructure 5172:Peri-urban agriculture 4775:Simpson, Bill (2003). 4723:Jackson, Alan (1986). 4594:Green, Oliver (1987). 4568:Foxell, Clive (1996). 4538:Beauregard, Robert A. 3873:Managing Urban America 2816:Developed environments 2715:was produced in 2006. 2315:English-speaking world 1855:, Norfolk, St. Louis, 1736: 1588: 1552: 1541:– the North Zone, the 1522: 1351: 1273: 1262: 1243: 1176: 1076: 945: 925: 861: 849: 838: 716: 605: 470: 385:suburbs and localities 379: 342: 336: 330: 215:) is an area within a 204: 173: 154: 142: 127: 5466:Urban forest inequity 5257:Multiple nuclei model 5247:Concentric zone model 5232:Mixed-use development 5105:Most expensive cities 5090:World's cities by GDP 4672:. Capital Transport. 4668:The Metropolitan Line 3303:Scholars of Shen Zhou 2902:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2791:Criticism of suburbia 2680:by the Canadian band 2632:In his one-act opera 2300:Criticism of suburbia 2243:due to poor suburban 1978:Downtown Philadelphia 1724: 1579: 1564:, Rio de Janeiro and 1345: 1268: 1249: 1234: 1163: 1059: 931: 912: 855: 844: 832: 705: 673:Harrow Garden Village 644:and at Wembley Park. 599: 548:, until 190 AD, when 506:Further information: 461: 373: 267:. In others, such as 242:South African English 179: 160: 148: 133: 118: 5456:Sustainable urbanism 5431:Green infrastructure 4664:Horne, Mike (2003). 4546:Boyd, Robin (1960). 4422:Bicycleuniverse.info 3973:on 17 September 2016 3516:, pp. 206, 207. 3462:, pp. 134, 137. 3351:. CSIRO Publishing. 3320:"History of Suburbs" 2933:. BFC Publications. 2749:Desperate Housewives 2458:improve this article 2403:improve this article 2307:suburban development 2139:improve this article 2085:create a new article 2077:improve this article 1986:Downtown Los Angeles 1902:and, in some areas, 1486:Lomas de Chapultepec 1437:improve this section 1094:single-family houses 847:Santa Fe, New Mexico 835:Richfield, Minnesota 721:garden city movement 622:Metropolitan Railway 614:underground railways 612:systems such as the 465:suburban housing in 5496:Urban reforestation 5115:Most livable cities 4833:The end of suburbia 4806:. Routledge, 2008. 4758:Hambledon Continuum 4688:Jackson, Kenneth T. 4586:Galinou, Mireille. 3802:(SUNY Press, 1993). 3798:Barbara Mae Kelly, 3776:(1976) series H-156 3504:, pp. 241–242. 2704:Suburb The Musical, 2686:Rockin' the Suburbs 2415:independent sources 1931:Shopping malls and 1922:real estate company 1908:other ethnic groups 1138:equestrian facility 775:Christopher Addison 632:. The line reached 583:ribbon developments 561:Early Modern Period 546:Eastern Han Dynasty 438:unincorporated area 315:Etymology and usage 305:planned communities 92:, in contrast with 5395:Urban homesteading 5320:throughout history 4835:(documentary film) 4793:Stilgoe, John R. 4656:Hayden, Dolores. 4590:(2011), in England 4560:Fishman, Robert. 4486:Keil, Rob (2006). 4159:London's metroland 4081:. 10 February 2011 3719:Roger G. Panetta, 2826:Rural–urban fringe 2557:French songs like 2330:In popular culture 1737: 1711:South East England 1589: 1543:Baixada Fluminense 1352: 1274: 1263: 1244: 1242:, British Columbia 1219:. Most suburbs in 1191:. The locality of 1177: 1088:of France, or the 1077: 946: 926: 862: 850: 839: 717: 690:guide, priced at 1 606: 471: 463:Upper middle class 380: 301:industrial suburbs 289:business districts 238:Australian English 205: 174: 155: 143: 128: 5527: 5526: 5520:Cities portal 5481:Urban heat island 5390:Urban exploration 5262:Linear settlement 5210:Public open space 5050:direct-controlled 5000:Abandoned village 4955:Metropolitan area 4649:Harris, Richard. 3967:Statistics Canada 3916:Eyeofafrica.co.za 3890:Eyeofafrica.co.za 3841:on 14 August 2014 3789:(1976) pp 135–39. 3614:on 3 January 2018 2940:978-93-90880-19-5 2692:. The 2010 album 2658:. The 1962 song " 2640:Leonard Bernstein 2635:Trouble in Tahiti 2552: 2551: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2508: 2432: 2431: 2372: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2189: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2087:, as appropriate. 2049: 1937:shopping district 1752:streetcar suburbs 1702:metropolitan area 1509:in Guatemala and 1473: 1472: 1465: 1309:Greater Vancouver 1293:streetcar suburbs 1288:residents (34%). 1181:streetcar suburbs 1022:bedroom community 1014:streetcar suburbs 732:Henrietta Barnett 682:in 1915 when the 600:The cover of the 412:in Melbourne and 217:metropolitan area 202:Million Programme 16:(Redirected from 5572: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5501:Zero-carbon city 5446:Sustainable city 5400:Unitary urbanism 5370:Urban morphology 5307:Urban population 5277:Bicycle-friendly 5057:Independent city 5032:Urban government 4990:Shrinking cities 4863: 4856: 4849: 4840: 4790: 4771: 4755: 4738: 4719: 4683: 4671: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4633:. Archived from 4613: 4583: 4551: 4504: 4503: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4410: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4383:Associated Press 4374: 4368: 4367: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4186: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3837:. Archived from 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3785:Joseph Goulden, 3783: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3610:. Archived from 3600: 3594: 3593: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3545:. Archived from 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3066: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2869: 2858: 2821:Settlement types 2664:Malvina Reynolds 2587:Robert Lamoureux 2547: 2540: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2466: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2364: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2228: 2221: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2147: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2041: 2019: 2018: 2011: 1982:Downtown Roanoke 1974:Downtown Detroit 1779:Washington, D.C. 1729:shopping centers 1555: 1525: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1417: 1409: 1356:apartment blocks 1090:concrete suburbs 1066:Clichy-sous-Bois 990:Washington, D.C. 950:Great Depression 746:and created the 715: 712: 591:Australian Dream 361: 345: 339: 333: 327: 309:satellite cities 293:private vehicles 273:governed locally 98:Middlesex County 66: 55: 21: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5514: 5512: 5505: 5404: 5380:Urban sociology 5341: 5301: 5292:Pedestrian zone 5176: 5110:Cheapest cities 5082:Urban economics 5076: 5067:Autonomous city 5026: 4985:Suburbanization 4878:Urban geography 4872: 4867: 4814: 4809: 4801:Teaford, Jon C. 4787: 4774: 4768: 4747: 4735: 4722: 4708: 4686: 4680: 4663: 4640: 4638: 4637:on 28 June 2008 4631: 4616: 4610: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4545: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4426: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4396: 4375: 4371: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4166:Wayback Machine 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3912:"Eye of Africa" 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3886:"Eye of Africa" 3884: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3679:10.5334/pia.404 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3549:on 12 July 2013 3537: 3536: 3532: 3528:, introduction. 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3234:10.2307/4486372 3219: 3218: 3214: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3164: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2866:8 & 9 Vict. 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2776: 2647:photojournalist 2627:Jean-Luc Godard 2548: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2400: 2396:popular culture 2384: 2380: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2303: 2295: 2229: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2124: 2109: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2074: 2061: 2057: 2020: 2016: 2009: 1795:, New Orleans, 1719: 1698: 1689: 1601:Terraced houses 1574: 1535:marginalization 1480:, Mexico City, 1469: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1434: 1418: 1407: 1395: 1374: 1365: 1340: 1305:Greater Toronto 1256:Pearson Airport 1240:Metro Vancouver 1229: 1201: 1189:Western Suburbs 1174:western suburbs 1158: 1102: 1054: 914:Terraced houses 907: 890: 827: 799:terraced houses 783:council estates 779:First World War 740:Hampstead Heath 729:social reformer 725:Ebenezer Howard 713: 700: 573: 522: 510: 508:Suburbanization 504: 456: 422: 404:in Wellington, 368: 317: 297:public transits 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 94:Monroe Township 67: 58: 57: 56: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5560:Urban planning 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Neighbourhoods 5542: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5476:Urban forestry 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Green urbanism 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416:Climate change 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5205:Urban planners 5202: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5182:Urban planning 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162:Municipal bond 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4923:Satellite city 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4812:External links 4810: 4808: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4772: 4766: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4720: 4706: 4684: 4678: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4478: 4453: 4441: 4405: 4394: 4369: 4322: 4315: 4295: 4288: 4268: 4261: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4197: 4181: 4170: 4151: 4125:(4): 546–563. 4105: 4092: 4066: 4044: 4020: 3996: 3984: 3954: 3929: 3903: 3877: 3864: 3852: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3791: 3778: 3765: 3750: 3725: 3712: 3701:(4): 477–489. 3685: 3650: 3625: 3595: 3560: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3479: 3477:, p. 240. 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 134. 3440: 3433: 3427:. p. 32. 3411: 3394: 3374: 3357: 3337: 3308: 3290: 3255: 3228:(2): 601–602. 3212: 3193:(2): 317–337. 3177: 3162: 3143: 3124: 3112: 3101: 3087: 3056: 3034: 3012: 2990: 2968: 2946: 2939: 2919: 2912: 2894: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2713:Over the Hedge 2708:Over the Hedge 2617:Maurice Pialat 2612:L'Amour existe 2550: 2549: 2532: 2531: 2446: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2394:references to 2387: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2304: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2260:collector road 2231: 2230: 2213: 2212: 2127: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2110: 2071:of the subject 2069:worldwide view 2064: 2062: 2055: 2050: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1970:Downtown Miami 1962: 1961: 1958: 1951: 1940: 1929: 1915: 1892: 1889: 1857:Salt Lake City 1718: 1715: 1697: 1696:United Kingdom 1694: 1688: 1685: 1637:Bukit Mertajam 1621:satellite city 1595:, the largest 1573: 1570: 1539:Rio de Janeiro 1505:in Argentina, 1503:villa miserias 1471: 1470: 1421: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1339: 1336: 1297:public transit 1228: 1225: 1200: 1197: 1157: 1154: 1101: 1098: 1062:social housing 1053: 1050: 906: 903: 889: 886: 826: 823: 699: 696: 572: 569: 521: 518: 503: 500: 492:Blanchardstown 467:Swords, Dublin 455: 452: 421: 418: 367: 364: 354:Middle English 334:, formed from 316: 313: 236:areas, but in 211:(more broadly 168:, a suburb of 122:, a suburb of 84:making up the 68: 61: 60: 59: 50: 49: 48: 47: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5577: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5522: 5521: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Urban prairie 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Urban ecology 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Anti-urbanism 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Urban culture 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5365:Urban studies 5363: 5361: 5360:Urban warfare 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Urban renewal 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Commuter town 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4786:1-899246-07-X 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4767:1-85285-388-3 4763: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4734:0-7153-8839-8 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4707:0-19-504983-7 4703: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679:1-85414-275-5 4675: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4636: 4632: 4630:1-904915-00-0 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4609:0-7110-1720-4 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4579:0-9529184-0-4 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4499:0-9779236-4-9 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4316:0-89789-615-7 4312: 4308: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4289:0-8077-4381-X 4285: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4262:0-7425-1619-9 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4213:0-8133-3952-9 4210: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3543:History.co.uk 3540: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3492:, p. 43. 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3434:1-870630-11-4 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3395:9780521356510 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3360: 3358:9780643104747 3354: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3338: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271:(3): 313–46. 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Urban History 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3138:Bloomberg.com 3135: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2913:9780415252256 2909: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888:Garreau, J., 2885: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2811:Microdistrict 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2743:Knots Landing 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2721:The Good Life 2716: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645:The American 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2597:French cinema 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2546: 2543: 2528: 2525: 2517: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: – 2474: 2470: 2469:Find sources: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2447:This article 2445: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2426: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2388:This article 2386: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2319:United States 2316: 2312: 2311:homeownership 2308: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2224: 2209: 2206: 2198: 2195:December 2021 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: – 2155: 2151: 2150:Find sources: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2128:This section 2126: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2107: 2104: 2096: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2007:Traffic flows 2006: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886:plots of land 1883: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1871:single-family 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:Mesa, Arizona 1782: 1780: 1776: 1775:San Francisco 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1717:United States 1716: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1693: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Simpang Pulai 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Penang Island 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:Petaling Jaya 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528:the periphery 1524: 1519: 1518:inner suburbs 1514: 1512: 1508: 1507:asentamientos 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:"lost cities" 1487: 1483: 1479: 1467: 1464: 1456: 1453:December 2021 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1422:This section 1420: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1405:Latin America 1404: 1402: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1349: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1254:as seen from 1253: 1248: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 951: 943: 939: 935: 934:tract housing 930: 923: 919: 915: 911: 904: 902: 899: 895: 887: 885: 883: 879: 875: 870: 869:New York City 866: 859: 854: 848: 843: 836: 831: 825:North America 824: 822: 819: 814: 812: 808: 807:Tudor Revival 804: 800: 796: 792: 791:semi-detached 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 764: 759: 757: 756:Edwin Lutyens 753: 752:Raymond Unwin 749: 745: 744:Golders Green 741: 737: 733: 730: 726: 722: 708: 704: 697: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 669:Rickmansworth 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 617: 615: 611: 603: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 579: 570: 568: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520:Early history 519: 517: 515: 514:urban history 509: 501: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 468: 464: 460: 453: 451: 448: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426:United States 420:North America 419: 417: 415: 411: 408:in Auckland, 407: 403: 399: 398:Inner suburbs 394: 390: 387:). The terms 386: 377: 372: 365: 363: 360: 355: 351: 350: 344: 338: 332: 326: 322: 314: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 218: 214: 213:suburban area 210: 203: 199: 198:city planning 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 171: 167: 163: 159: 152: 147: 140: 136: 132: 125: 121: 117: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:New York City 87: 86:inner suburbs 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:Nassau County 65: 54: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 18:Suburban area 5511: 5471:Urban forest 5355:New Urbanism 5252:Sector model 5237:Urban design 5130:Modern ruins 5072:Capital city 5045:Municipality 5022:College town 4980:Urbanization 4902: 4803: 4794: 4776: 4751: 4741: 4724: 4696:. New York: 4691: 4667: 4657: 4650: 4639:. Retrieved 4635:the original 4619: 4595: 4587: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4511:Bibliography 4487: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4466:Fremeaux.com 4465: 4456: 4444: 4421: 4408: 4397: 4387: 4381: 4376:Yen, Hope. " 4372: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4305: 4298: 4278: 4271: 4251: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4200: 4190: 4184: 4173: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4122: 4118: 4108: 4095: 4083:. Retrieved 4079:The Atlantic 4078: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4047: 4035:. Retrieved 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 3999: 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3971:the original 3966: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941: 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3915: 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3889: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3855: 3843:. Retrieved 3839:the original 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3786: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3759: 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3737: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3669: 3663: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3637: 3628: 3616:. Retrieved 3612:the original 3608:Hgstrust.org 3607: 3598: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3551:. Retrieved 3547:the original 3542: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3502:Jackson 1986 3497: 3475:Jackson 1986 3460:Jackson 1986 3455: 3448:Jackson 1986 3443: 3420: 3414: 3406: 3399:. Retrieved 3384: 3377: 3369: 3362:. Retrieved 3347: 3340: 3328:. Retrieved 3302: 3293: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3173:Jackson 1985 3156: 3146: 3137: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3109:"suburb, n." 3104: 3095: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3074: 3047:. Retrieved 3037: 3025:. Retrieved 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2971: 2959:. Retrieved 2949: 2929: 2922: 2903: 2897: 2889: 2884: 2856: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2703: 2693: 2677:Subdivisions 2675: 2660:Little Boxes 2653: 2644: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2610: 2607:Jacques Tati 2600: 2595: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2538: 2520: 2511: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2468: 2456:Please help 2451:verification 2448: 2420: 2390:may contain 2389: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2351:Please help 2348: 2288: 2284: 2267:direct route 2264: 2257: 2255:of streets. 2236: 2234: 2219: 2201: 2192: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2149: 2137:Please help 2132:verification 2129: 2099: 2090: 2066: 2042: 2035: 2029: 2028:Please help 2025: 1994: 1967: 1963: 1948:grid pattern 1918:Subdivisions 1900:non-Hispanic 1875: 1865: 1825: 1783: 1756: 1749: 1745:white flight 1741:white people 1738: 1731:in suburban 1699: 1690: 1649:Pasir Gudang 1625:Kuala Lumpur 1593:Klang Valley 1590: 1585:Kuala Lumpur 1558:rural exodus 1547:food deserts 1527: 1515: 1474: 1459: 1450: 1435:Please help 1423: 1399:urban sprawl 1396: 1383:public order 1377: 1375: 1366: 1353: 1331: 1329: 1301: 1290: 1286:Montréal CMA 1275: 1202: 1193:Olympic Park 1184: 1178: 1150:Bishopscourt 1142: 1122: 1114:Johannesburg 1103: 1085: 1082:inner cities 1078: 1046: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1007: 1003:white flight 974:Philadelphia 966: 962: 954:World War II 947: 922:Philadelphia 891: 878:New Rochelle 863: 818:Harrow Weald 815: 811:chalet style 787: 768: 760: 718: 687: 683: 677: 665:Wembley Park 646: 638: 618: 607: 587:quarter-acre 574: 558: 543: 530: 523: 511: 474: 472: 449: 444: 442: 433: 423: 406:Eden Terrace 393:outer suburb 392: 389:inner suburb 388: 381: 378:in Australia 347: 318: 285: 265:urban sprawl 258: 254:white flight 250:neighborhood 245: 230:central city 212: 208: 206: 172:, Bangladesh 29: 5409:Environment 5297:Walkability 5282:Cyclability 5215:Green space 5167:Habitat III 5135:Shanty town 5120:Urban decay 5095:Global city 5040:City status 5017:Closed city 4970:Megalopolis 4950:Conurbation 4938:City proper 4918:Twin cities 4891:City centre 4449:Boyd (1960) 4389:Yahoo! News 4342:(1): 1–12. 4085:25 February 4059:25 February 4037:15 December 4013:15 December 3743:12 December 3576:: 151–174. 3514:Rowley 2006 3330:17 December 3080:29 December 3049:28 November 3027:28 November 3005:28 November 2983:28 November 2961:30 November 2836:Subdivision 2727:Butterflies 2700:Arcade Fire 2695:The Suburbs 2581:(1937), or 2575:Ma banlieue 2276:cycle paths 2093:August 2016 1933:strip malls 1793:Minneapolis 1735:, Louisiana 1733:New Orleans 1661:Kota Melaka 1641:Johor Bahru 1633:Butterworth 1613:Subang Jaya 1597:conurbation 1513:of Brazil. 1495:campamentos 1493:in Mexico, 1478:Guadalajara 1282:Calgary CMA 1252:Mississauga 1042:green belts 978:Los Angeles 942:culs-de-sac 714: 1870 686:became the 649:World War I 565:countryside 529:. The word 527:market town 352:appears in 184:suburbs of 120:Weilerswist 74:Long Island 5534:Categories 5486:Urban park 5421:Eco-cities 5272:Smart city 5222:Urban wild 5062:City-state 4995:Ghost town 4960:Metropolis 4886:Urban area 4620:Metro-Land 3947:24 January 3738:Let.rug.nl 3526:Green 2004 3490:Green 1987 3425:Bloomsbury 3157:Planetizen 2876:References 2761:The 'Burbs 2738:stir crazy 2672:conformist 2650:Bill Owens 2619:(1961) or 2579:Reda Caire 2484:newspapers 2392:irrelevant 2354:improve it 2274:, possess 2165:newspapers 2031:improve it 1926:segregated 1837:Sacramento 1821:Chesapeake 1813:Cincinnati 1809:Pittsburgh 1759:automobile 1681:Anak Bukit 1677:Alor Setar 1673:Petra Jaya 1665:Ayer Keroh 1605:shophouses 1587:, Malaysia 1497:in Chile, 1221:Bangladesh 1199:Bangladesh 1146:Constantia 1034:Naperville 736:Letchworth 707:Mock Tudor 688:Metro-land 680:Metro-land 602:Metro-Land 578:Birmingham 537:statesman 469:in Ireland 400:, such as 321:Old French 234:inner city 102:New Jersey 5565:Squatting 5242:Grid plan 5150:Squatting 5012:Tent city 5007:Lost city 4928:Edge city 4913:Core city 4600:Ian Allan 4471:2 January 4364:143677128 4356:0362-3319 3922:9 October 3896:9 October 3672:: 83–98. 3643:2 January 3638:Bbc.co.uk 3618:2 January 3590:143590157 3553:2 January 3285:144947126 3242:0021-8723 3207:146703204 2801:Ethnoburb 2796:Boomburbs 2767:Disturbia 2690:Ben Folds 2668:bourgeois 2602:Mon oncle 2591:Léo Ferré 2407:citations 2360:talk page 2323:Australia 2313:. In the 2293:Criticism 2081:talk page 2037:talk page 1944:hierarchy 1882:densities 1861:Las Vegas 1849:Milwaukee 1845:Baltimore 1843:, Miami, 1805:St. Louis 1797:Cleveland 1767:subsidies 1706:commuting 1562:São Paulo 1523:periferia 1501:in Peru, 1499:barriadas 1482:Monterrey 1424:does not 1363:Hong Kong 1313:Vancouver 1156:Australia 1086:banlieues 1060:Mid-rise 1052:Worldwide 1010:FHA loans 998:redlining 958:G.I. Bill 898:Levittown 874:Scarsdale 856:Suburban 845:Suburban 837:, in 1954 636:in 1880. 630:Middlesex 550:Dong Zhuo 531:suburbani 362:is used. 331:suburbium 221:commuting 153:, Finland 141:, Finland 126:, Germany 5347:Urbanism 5267:Land use 5140:Skid row 4965:Megacity 4896:Downtown 4716:11785435 4690:(1985). 4641:22 April 4430:cite web 4162:Archived 3977:27 April 3845:27 April 3401:26 March 3324:Archived 2806:Faubourg 2774:See also 2655:Suburbia 2638:(1952), 2629:(1967). 2609:(1958), 2583:Banlieue 2573:(1936), 2565:(1933), 2514:May 2019 2473:"Suburb" 2423:May 2019 2411:reliable 2154:"Suburb" 2075:You may 1997:Hispanic 1990:gridlock 1904:Hispanic 1868:detached 1827:Dallas, 1572:Malaysia 1566:Brasília 1401:effect. 1321:Edmonton 1317:Montréal 1236:Canadian 1217:Americas 1070:banlieue 803:Art Deco 754:and Sir 626:the City 496:Tallaght 488:Guiseley 359:suburbes 325:subburbe 135:Männistö 78:New York 5550:Suburbs 4742:Psalter 4144:24 June 4139:2562422 3875:, 1979. 3364:16 June 3250:4486372 3120:Psalter 2559:La Zone 2498:scholar 2272:detours 2179:scholar 1873:homes. 1853:Phoenix 1841:Atlanta 1833:Houston 1817:Norfolk 1726:Big box 1669:Kuching 1581:Bangsar 1553:favelas 1532:spatial 1511:favelas 1445:removed 1430:sources 1378:ex novo 1350:, China 1348:Beijing 1332:unicity 1325:Calgary 1260:Toronto 1209:Ashulia 1110:Nairobi 1018:trolley 986:Chicago 982:Detroit 905:Housing 661:Neasden 610:transit 554:Luoyang 502:History 484:Bromley 424:In the 410:Prahran 277:borough 269:Morocco 261:annexed 200:of the 182:Swedish 124:Cologne 5227:Zoning 5125:Ghetto 4943:limits 4903:Suburb 4870:Cities 4783: 4764: 4731: 4714: 4704: 4676: 4653:(2004) 4627: 4606: 4576: 4496: 4362: 4354: 4313: 4286: 4259: 4211: 4137: 3918:. 2021 3892:. 2021 3723:(2006) 3588: 3431: 3392: 3355: 3283: 3248: 3240: 3205: 2937: 2910: 2563:Fréhel 2500: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2471: 2280:sprawl 2237:within 2181: 2174: 2167: 2160: 2152: 1898:(both 1896:whites 1880:Lower 1829:Denver 1787:, and 1777:, and 1687:Russia 1675:) and 1645:Skudai 1387:exurbs 1227:Canada 1215:& 1213:Europe 1207:& 1205:Uttara 1185:suburb 1170:Sydney 1129:Soweto 1116:, and 1100:Africa 996:laws, 994:zoning 988:, and 865:Boston 858:Dallas 642:Pinner 634:Harrow 539:Cicero 494:, and 486:, and 480:Ealing 475:suburb 445:suburb 434:suburb 430:Canada 414:Ultimo 402:Te Aro 307:, and 281:exurbs 246:suburb 209:suburb 194:Akalla 192:, and 166:Uttara 151:Kuopio 139:Kuopio 82:sprawl 40:, and 4908:Exurb 4418:(PDF) 4360:S2CID 4135:JSTOR 4032:(PDF) 4008:(PDF) 3586:S2CID 3281:S2CID 3246:JSTOR 3203:S2CID 2957:. NPR 2848:Notes 2781:Exurb 2755:Weeds 2662:" by 2571:Damia 2505:JSTOR 2491:books 2186:JSTOR 2172:books 2083:, or 2001:Asian 1984:, or 1955:story 1912:black 1801:Tampa 1771:Miami 1739:Many 1609:Klang 1393:Japan 1372:Italy 1338:China 1118:Lagos 1106:Cairo 1074:Paris 795:Shaws 659:near 535:Roman 190:Kista 186:Husby 170:Dhaka 162:RAJUK 106:exurb 5540:City 5145:Slum 4781:ISBN 4762:ISBN 4729:ISBN 4712:OCLC 4702:ISBN 4674:ISBN 4643:2012 4625:ISBN 4604:ISBN 4574:ISBN 4494:ISBN 4473:2018 4436:link 4352:ISSN 4311:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4209:ISBN 4146:2023 4087:2013 4061:2013 4039:2018 4015:2018 3979:2017 3949:2022 3924:2021 3898:2021 3847:2017 3745:2021 3645:2018 3620:2018 3555:2018 3429:ISBN 3403:2021 3390:ISBN 3366:2019 3353:ISBN 3332:2012 3238:ISSN 3082:2012 3051:2023 3029:2023 3007:2023 2985:2023 2963:2023 2935:ISBN 2908:ISBN 2860:The 2831:Slum 2764:and 2752:and 2730:and 2682:Rush 2670:and 2477:news 2413:and 2321:and 2253:grid 2249:rail 2158:news 1999:and 1995:The 1653:Ipoh 1615:and 1428:any 1426:cite 1323:and 1164:The 1148:and 1068:, a 952:and 880:and 867:and 428:and 391:and 343:urbs 291:via 240:and 180:The 4386:at 4380:." 4344:doi 4127:doi 3703:doi 3674:doi 3578:doi 3273:doi 3230:doi 3195:doi 2688:by 2625:by 2615:by 2605:by 2585:by 2577:by 2569:by 2561:by 2460:by 2409:to 2245:bus 2141:by 1683:). 1667:), 1659:), 1651:), 1639:), 1623:of 1439:by 1258:in 1172:'s 1168:in 1125:RDP 1072:of 1064:in 936:in 916:in 882:Rye 723:of 337:sub 295:or 232:or 88:of 72:on 5536:: 4760:. 4756:. 4710:. 4700:. 4602:. 4598:. 4464:. 4432:}} 4428:{{ 4420:. 4358:. 4350:. 4340:42 4338:. 4334:. 4133:. 4123:65 4121:. 4117:. 4077:. 3965:. 3940:. 3914:. 3888:. 3833:. 3736:. 3699:54 3697:. 3670:22 3668:. 3662:. 3636:. 3606:. 3584:. 3574:14 3572:. 3541:. 3482:^ 3467:^ 3423:. 3405:. 3368:. 3322:. 3311:^ 3301:. 3279:. 3269:27 3267:. 3244:. 3236:. 3226:93 3224:. 3201:. 3191:34 3189:. 3165:^ 3155:. 3136:. 3073:. 3059:^ 2746:, 2724:, 2363:. 2040:. 1980:, 1976:, 1972:, 1859:, 1847:, 1839:, 1831:, 1811:, 1807:, 1803:, 1799:, 1773:, 1747:. 1647:, 1635:, 1611:, 1152:. 1120:. 1112:, 1108:, 1096:. 1005:. 984:, 980:, 976:, 940:; 876:, 809:, 785:. 711:c. 675:. 663:, 593:. 498:. 482:, 432:, 303:, 244:, 207:A 188:, 100:, 96:, 76:, 36:, 4862:e 4855:t 4848:v 4789:. 4770:. 4737:. 4718:. 4682:. 4645:. 4612:. 4582:. 4519:. 4502:. 4475:. 4451:. 4438:) 4424:. 4366:. 4346:: 4319:. 4292:. 4265:. 4194:. 4148:. 4129:: 4089:. 4063:. 4041:. 4017:. 3981:. 3951:. 3926:. 3900:. 3849:. 3747:. 3709:. 3705:: 3682:. 3676:: 3647:. 3622:. 3592:. 3580:: 3557:. 3437:. 3334:. 3305:. 3287:. 3275:: 3252:. 3232:: 3209:. 3197:: 3175:. 3159:. 3140:. 3084:. 3053:. 3031:. 3009:. 2987:. 2965:. 2943:. 2916:. 2864:( 2545:) 2539:( 2527:) 2521:( 2516:) 2512:( 2502:· 2495:· 2488:· 2481:· 2454:. 2425:) 2421:( 2417:. 2399:. 2370:) 2366:( 2302:. 2226:) 2220:( 2208:) 2202:( 2197:) 2193:( 2183:· 2176:· 2169:· 2162:· 2135:. 2106:) 2100:( 2095:) 2091:( 2073:. 2047:) 2043:( 1939:. 1679:( 1671:( 1663:( 1655:( 1643:( 1631:( 1526:( 1466:) 1460:( 1455:) 1451:( 1447:. 1433:. 924:. 692:d 44:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index