894:
had no need for the large quantities of lumber, fish, and other items offered by the colonies in exchange. Sometimes colonists would pay
Molasses Act taxes because they were rather low depending on where they resided and how much money they had. In the first part of the 18th century, the British West Indies were Great Britain's most important trading partner, so Parliament was attentive to their requests. However, rather than acceding to their demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands, Parliament passed a prohibitively high tax on the colonies on molasses imported from those islands. If actually collected, the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry. Instead, smuggling, bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law.
234:
48:
1406:
73:, (initituled, An act for the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Majesty's sugar colonies in America) for applying the produce of such duties, and of the duties to arise by virtue of the said act, towards defraying and disallowing several drawbacks on exports from this kingdom, and more effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods to and from the said colonies and plantation, and improving and securing the trade between the same and Great Britain.
802:
2822:
2812:
1713:
935:
When passed by
Parliament, the new Sugar Act of 1764 halved the previous tax on molasses. In addition to promising stricter enforcement, the language of the bill made it clear that the purpose of the legislation was not to simply regulate the trade (as the Molasses Act had attempted to do by effectively closing the legal trade to non-British suppliers) but to raise revenue.
877:, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion. By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, Parliament hoped that the tax would actually be collected. These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the
946:
wrote that the purpose of the Act was "to resolve the problems of finance and control that plagued the postwar empire". To do this "three kinds of measures" were implemented – "those intended to make customs enforcement more effective, those that placed new duties on items widely consumed in
America,
938:
The new act listed specific goods, the most important being lumber, which could only be exported to
Britain. Ship captains were required to maintain detailed manifests of their cargo and the papers were subject to verification before anything could be unloaded from the ships. Customs officials were
960:
was involved with supplying food and supplies to the
British Army. Colonials, however, especially those affected directly as merchants and shippers, assumed that the highly visible new tax program was the major culprit. As protests against the Sugar Act developed, it was the economic impact rather
893:
1733 was passed by
Parliament largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies. Molasses from French, Dutch, and Spanish West Indian possessions was inexpensive. Producers of sugar from the British West Indies priced sugar much higher than their competitors, and they
934:
The
Molasses Act was set to expire in 1763. The Commissioners of Customs anticipated greater demand for both molasses and rum as a result of the end of the war and the acquisition of Canada. They believed that the increased demand would make a sharply reduced rate both affordable and collectible.
1003:
For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands? Why not the
Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves – It strikes our British Privileges, which as we have never forfeited them, we hold in
980:, on the other hand, now had unrestricted exports. With supply of molasses well exceeding demand, the islands prospered with their reduced expenses while New England ports saw revenue from their rum exports decrease. Also the West Indies had been the primary colonial source for hard currency, or
868:
on 5 April 1764. The preamble to the act stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this
Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and
925:
George
Grenville did not expect the colonies to contribute to the interest or the retirement of the debt, but he did expect the Americans to pay a portion of the expenses for colonial defense. Estimating the expenses of maintaining an army in the Continental colonies and the West Indies to be
1004:
common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain: If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves?
921:
in May 1763. Grenville faced the problem of not only paying for these troops but servicing the national debt. The debt grew from £75,000,000 before the war to £122,600,000 in January 1763, and almost £130,000,000 by the beginning of 1764.
732:
955:
The Sugar Act was passed by Parliament on 5 April 1764, and it arrived in the colonies at a time of economic depression. A good part of the reason was that a significant portion of the colonial economy during the
1193:
Middlekauff p. 66–67. Miller p. 101. Miller wrote, "The legislation was declared to have caused greater alarm in New England than the forays of the French and Indians during the darkest days of the Seven Years'
1394:
1372:
1023:. Overall, however, there was not an immediate high level of protest over the Sugar Act in either New England or the rest of the colonies. That would begin in the later part of the next year when the
999:. In May 1764 Samuel Adams drafted a report on the Sugar Act for the Massachusetts assembly, in which he denounced the act as an infringement of the rights of the colonists as British subjects:
939:
empowered to have all violations tried in vice admiralty courts rather than by jury trials in local colonial courts, where the juries generally looked favorably on smuggling as a profession.
270:
1716:
608:
1387:
831:
2871:
493:
533:
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1380:
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523:
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518:
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568:
513:
275:
2851:
824:
715:
593:
246:
508:
503:
2433:
1307:
2846:
498:
233:
101:
78:
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817:
106:
976:
was too small to support any tax on molasses. Forced to increase their prices, many colonists feared being priced out of the market. The
65:
An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in Africa, for continuing, amending, and making perpetual, an
2458:
265:
2381:
1698:
1619:
353:
342:
1034:, which reduced the tax to one penny per gallon on molasses imports, British or foreign. This occurred around the same time that the
2672:
2401:
2354:
1328:
1290:
1272:
1260:
913:, the Earl of Bute, decided to maintain a standing army of ten thousand British regular troops in the colonies. Shortly thereafter,
700:
563:
1749:
962:
347:
926:
approximately £200,000 annually, Grenville devised a revenue-raising program that would raise an estimated £79,000 per year.
553:
114:
2328:
2232:
1660:
1358:
1084:
910:
652:
558:
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1614:
737:
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2416:
2411:
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1427:
865:
710:
680:
573:
250:
110:
52:
1019:
there were movements to increase colonial manufacturing. There were sporadic outbreaks of violence, most notably in
968:
New England ports especially suffered economic losses from the Sugar Act as the stricter enforcement made smuggling
2558:
2538:
2518:
2124:
1489:
1047:
781:
470:
447:
70:
2861:
2825:
1648:
1523:
1410:
943:
786:
640:
2438:
2406:
1984:
1405:
1127:
2719:
2533:
2391:
1989:
1636:
1367:
776:
452:
2793:
2573:
727:
578:
528:
432:
337:
2583:
2523:
1642:
902:
721:
583:
314:
60:
2029:
2084:
1999:
1887:
1677:
806:
771:
766:
630:
412:
94:
2491:
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2333:
1742:
1431:
1414:
1031:
977:
957:
898:
878:
685:
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657:
287:
223:
1321:
The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America.
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2578:
2468:
2134:
1682:
1479:
1295:
984:, and as the reserves of specie were depleted the soundness of colonial currency was threatened.
397:
917:
replaced Bute. Grenville supported his predecessor's policy, even more so after the outbreak of
2682:
2548:
2463:
1937:
1692:
1324:
1303:
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1268:
1256:
603:
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2510:
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97:
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132:
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1533:
1512:
1035:
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861:
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2782:
2446:
2247:
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1974:
1952:
1947:
1877:
1450:
1016:
996:
906:
761:
2641:
2629:
2553:
2528:
2421:
2369:
2227:
2164:
2159:
1979:
1957:
1809:
1500:
1462:
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1423:
1020:
988:
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870:
377:
254:
200:
144:
66:
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2543:
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2009:
1962:
1932:
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1355:
909:
to pay for the war. In February 1763, as the war ended, the ministry headed by
2702:
2687:
2624:
2313:
2296:
2257:
2179:
2174:
2024:
1969:
1902:
1897:
1882:
1857:
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319:
17:
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2756:
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2634:
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2196:
2119:
2114:
2066:
2004:
1862:
1829:
1792:
1012:
488:
1727:
947:
and those that adjusted old rates in such a way as to maximize revenues."
2619:
2201:
2079:
2019:
1787:
1468:
1053:
1015:
agreed to stop purchasing British luxury imports, and in both Boston and
969:
874:
83:
2766:
2677:
2323:
2291:
2222:
2149:
2099:
2039:
2014:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1797:
1597:
417:
2724:
2712:
2184:
2129:
1802:
1050:
for the context of the Sugar Act among other post-1763 revenue bills.
1009:
972:
more dangerous and risky. Also they argued that the profit margin on
185:
2169:
2104:
1994:
1919:
1758:
987:
Two prime movers behind the protests against the Sugar Act were
981:
1731:
1376:
27:
British legislation imposing import duties on American colonies
2237:
1030:
The Sugar Act 1764 was repealed in 1766 and replaced with the
973:
1056:
for modern excises on sugar products and sugary soft drinks.
232:
873:
1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of
1300:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789.
1048:
American Revolutionary War § Prelude to revolution
1077:"The Sugar Act; Titled The American Revenue Act 1764"
905:, the British government substantially increased the
1112:
1110:
2775:
2665:
2597:
2509:
2479:
2347:
2284:
2275:
2215:
2053:
1918:
1911:
1850:
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1670:
1580:
1555:
1522:
1478:
1438:
206:
196:
184:
176:
171:
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143:
138:
126:
90:
77:
59:
1253:Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician.
1071:
1069:
1001:
1743:
1388:
1283:A Struggle For Power:The American Revolution.
825:
8:
1368:Recorded summary of passage of the Sugar Act
119:
35:
2564:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
965:that was the main focus for the colonists.
133:British America and the British West Indies
2281:
1915:
1750:
1736:
1728:
1395:
1381:
1373:
832:
818:
626:
292:
214:
34:
2872:Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
1430:, and other legal issues relating to the
2867:Laws leading to the American Revolution
1157:Gary Nash p. 45; Middlekauff pp. 55–63.
1065:
699:
666:
629:
363:
328:
295:
222:
1221:Alexander p. 24. Middlekauff p. 67–73.
237:Declaration of Independence (painting)
2857:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1764
7:
1314:Origins of the American Revolution.
901:, known in Colonial America as the
1128:"Steps to the American Revolution"
354:No taxation without representation
67:act in the sixth year of the reign
25:
2673:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1769:List of sugars and sugar products
961:than the constitutional issue of
2852:18th century in economic history
2821:
2820:
2811:
2810:
1712:
1711:
1404:
1265:Anderson, Fred, 'Crucible of War
1126:Daniella Garran (19 July 2010).
869:securing the same." The earlier
800:
46:
1699:Taxation without representation
963:taxation without representation
951:Effect on the American colonies
115:Leader of the House of Commons
1:
2847:1764 in the Thirteen Colonies
1620:Administration of Justice Act
1085:Independence Hall Association
653:Congress of the Confederation
1615:Massachusetts Government Act
443:Committees of Correspondence
245:presents their draft of the
866:Parliament of Great Britain
681:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
594:Declaration of Independence
574:Second Continental Congress
251:Second Continental Congress
247:Declaration of Independence
111:Chancellor of the Exchequer
53:Parliament of Great Britain
2888:
2559:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
2539:Demerara rebellion of 1823
2519:1811 German Coast uprising
2125:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
1490:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1356:Text of the Sugar Act 1764
448:First Continental Congress
32:United Kingdom legislation
2806:
1766:
1707:
1649:Proclamation of Rebellion
1421:
854:American Revenue Act 1764
787:Prospect Hill Flag Debate
641:Articles of Confederation
569:Role of African Americans
45:
40:
1985:High-fructose corn syrup
1661:Taxation of Colonies Act
1361:5 September 2011 at the
807:United States portal
128:Territorial extent
2534:Colonial molasses trade
1990:High-maltose corn syrup
1637:Conciliatory Resolution
777:American civil religion
716:Philadelphia Convention
453:Continental Association
218:Part of a series on the
2794:Pure, White and Deadly
2574:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
2480:By region (historical)
1645:(March and April 1775)
1564:ministries (1766–1770)
1008:In August 1764, fifty
1006:
728:Anti-Federalist Papers
667:Dissent and rebellions
579:27 colonial grievances
547:Political developments
433:Philadelphia Tea Party
364:Conflict over taxation
338:American Enlightenment
238:
71:King George the Second
2584:Taiwan Sugar Railways
2524:Amelioration Act 1798
903:French and Indian War
722:The Federalist Papers
584:Olive Branch Petition
315:French and Indian War
236:
2263:Unrefined sweeteners
2085:Crystalline fructose
2000:Inverted sugar syrup
1678:Rights of Englishmen
852:, also known as the
772:American nationalism
767:Atlantic Revolutions
711:Annapolis Convention
631:Confederation period
413:Virginia Association
69:of his late majesty
2348:By region (current)
2248:Sugar confectionery
1524:Rockingham ministry
1432:American Revolution
1424:Royal Proclamations
1415:American Revolution
1296:Middlekauff, Robert
1251:Alexander, John K.
1230:Miller pp. 149–150.
978:British West Indies
942:American historian
879:American Revolution
862:revenue-raising act
858:American Duties Act
676:Newburgh Conspiracy
658:Northwest Ordinance
225:American Revolution
37:
2752:Sweetened beverage
2579:Sugar Intervention
2487:Danish West Indies
2469:U.S. Sugar Program
2228:Cotton candy floss
2135:Plantation Reserve
2030:Steen's cane syrup
1683:Writ of assistance
1671:Other legal issues
1480:Grenville ministry
1428:Acts of Parliament
1203:Miller p. 101–102.
1175:Middlekauff p. 65.
1166:Middlekauff p. 62.
1116:Miller pp. 100–101
623:Forming a republic
499:British Royal Navy
398:Stamp Act Congress
239:
2834:
2833:
2683:Blood sugar level
2549:Leith Sugar House
2505:
2504:
2464:Sugar Association
2271:
2270:
2233:Maple sugar foods
1938:Barley malt syrup
1761:as food commodity
1725:
1724:
1312:Miller, John C.
1308:978 0-19-516247-9
1239:Draper p. 290–291
842:
841:
746:
745:
471:Revolutionary War
461:
460:
305:Thirteen Colonies
243:Committee of Five
213:
212:
172:Other legislation
159:29 September 1764
117:
41:Act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
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2862:History of sugar
2824:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2747:Sugar substitute
2589:Triangular trade
2282:
1943:Brown rice syrup
1916:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1715:
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1688:Admiralty courts
1643:Restraining Acts
1413:relating to the
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1279:Draper, Theodore
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1148:Miller pp. 96–99
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1123:
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1114:
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1095:
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1091:
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1032:Revenue Act 1766
958:Seven Years' War
915:George Grenville
899:Seven Years' War
834:
827:
820:
809:
805:
804:
803:
691:Paper Money Riot
686:Shays' Rebellion
627:
484:Continental Navy
479:Continental Army
438:Intolerable Acts
428:Boston Tea Party
310:Salutary neglect
293:
271:Military leaders
226:
215:
208:Status: Repealed
191:Revenue Act 1766
129:
121:
105:
98:George Grenville
50:
49:
38:
21:
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2730:Sugar addiction
2661:
2652:Sugar sculpture
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2501:
2475:
2452:Tate & Lyle
2443:United Kingdom
2360:Bundaberg Sugar
2343:
2339:Sugar marketing
2267:
2253:Sugarcane juice
2211:
2049:
1907:
1846:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1726:
1721:
1703:
1666:
1657:(December 1775)
1655:Prohibitory Act
1639:(February 1775)
1610:Boston Port Act
1584:
1576:
1563:
1551:
1540:Declaratory Act
1526:
1518:
1482:
1474:
1446:Navigation Acts
1434:
1417:
1403:
1401:
1363:Wayback Machine
1352:
1339:
1337:
1335:"The Sugar Act"
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1184:Anderson p. 574
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1130:. Lesson Planet
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646:Perpetual Union
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538:
534:Financial costs
529:Treaty of Paris
473:
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423:Boston Massacre
403:Declaratory Act
393:Sons of Liberty
383:Quartering Acts
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2749:
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2743:
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2740:Residual sugar
2735:Sugars in wine
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Health effects
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2693:Flavored syrup
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2657:Treacle mining
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2110:Molasses sugar
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89:
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68:
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62:
58:
54:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2792:
2642:Sugar people
2630:Sugar packet
2568:
2554:Molasses Act
2529:Blackbirding
2422:Illovo Sugar
2417:South Africa
2370:Wilmar Sugar
2165:Butterscotch
2160:Barley sugar
2065:
1980:Golden syrup
1958:Mogwa-cheong
1810:Disaccharide
1542:(March 1766)
1536:(March 1766)
1501:Currency Act
1494:
1463:Molasses Act
1411:British laws
1338:. Retrieved
1320:
1319:Nash, Gary B
1313:
1299:
1282:
1266:
1252:
1246:Bibliography
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1121:
1100:
1090:23 September
1088:. Retrieved
1080:
1029:
1027:was passed.
1021:Rhode Island
1007:
1002:
989:Samuel Adams
986:
967:
954:
941:
937:
933:
924:
896:
891:Molasses Act
888:
871:Molasses Act
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
782:Bicentennial
720:
701:Constitution
524:Intelligence
494:British Army
378:Currency Act
372:
255:Philadelphia
201:Molasses Act
155:Commencement
149:5 April 1764
145:Royal assent
95:The Rt. Hon.
29:
2788:John Yudkin
2698:Fruit syrup
2615:Sugar shack
2605:Added sugar
2544:Holing cane
2402:Philippines
2302:Casa-grande
2216:Other forms
2192:Sugar glass
2155:Sugar candy
2095:Gula melaka
2075:Candi sugar
2054:Solid forms
2045:Yacón syrup
2035:Table syrup
2010:Maple syrup
1963:Yuja-cheong
1933:Agave syrup
1868:Agave syrup
1837:Added sugar
1585:(1770–1782)
1548:(June 1766)
1546:Revenue Act
1527:(1765–1766)
1483:(1763–1765)
1439:Before 1763
911:John Stuart
897:During the
186:Repealed by
2841:Categories
2826:Production
2703:Date honey
2688:Cane knife
2625:Sugar nips
2314:Sugar bush
2297:Plantation
2285:Production
2180:Rock candy
2145:Preserving
2025:Pine honey
1970:Corn syrup
1858:Sugar beet
1630:Quebec Act
1592:Repeal Act
1534:Repeal Act
1340:6 December
995:, both of
993:James Otis
885:Background
348:Liberalism
320:George III
197:Relates to
177:Amended by
61:Long title
2762:Sweetness
2757:Sweetener
2647:Sugar tit
2635:Sucrology
2610:Crop Over
2569:Sugar Act
2412:Sri Lanka
2397:Mauritius
2382:Caribbean
2355:Australia
2197:Sugarloaf
2115:Muscovado
2067:Peen tong
2005:Kuromitsu
1863:Sugarcane
1830:Trehalose
1793:Galactose
1776:Chemistry
1513:Stamp Act
1495:Sugar Act
1013:merchants
554:Loyalists
519:Diplomacy
489:Minutemen
373:Sugar Act
2816:Category
2776:Research
2620:Sugaring
2434:Tanzania
2309:Refinery
2277:Industry
2202:Wasanbon
2140:Powdered
2080:Chancaca
2020:Molasses
1912:Products
1888:Honeydew
1788:Fructose
1717:Category
1469:Iron Act
1451:Wool Act
1359:Archived
1267:, 2000,
1054:Soda tax
1042:See also
970:molasses
875:molasses
860:, was a
604:Drafting
559:Patriots
266:Timeline
164:Repealed
84:4 Geo. 3
79:Citation
2767:Vinasse
2678:Bagasse
2666:Related
2598:Culture
2511:History
2324:Engenho
2292:Boilery
2258:Tuzemák
2223:Caramel
2150:Sucanat
2100:Jaggery
2090:Gelling
2040:Treacle
2015:Mizuame
1878:Coconut
1851:Sources
1825:Sucrose
1820:Maltose
1815:Lactose
1798:Glucose
1606:(1774:
1598:Tea Act
1561:Grafton
1557:Chatham
1457:Hat Act
1323:(2005)
1302:(2005)
1285:(1996)
1255:(2002)
1134:21 July
930:Passage
856:or the
609:Signing
514:Battles
418:Tea Act
296:Context
288:Origins
276:Battles
249:to the
120:Commons
86:. c. 15
2797:(1972)
2725:Nectar
2713:Jallab
2497:Hawaii
2439:Uganda
2407:Rwanda
2185:Toffee
2130:Panela
1948:Cheong
1920:Syrups
1803:Xylose
1695:(1763)
1663:(1778)
1600:(1773)
1594:(1770)
1573:(1767)
1515:(1765)
1509:(1765)
1503:(1764)
1497:(1764)
1471:(1750)
1465:(1733)
1459:(1732)
1453:(1699)
1327:
1316:(1943)
1306:
1289:
1271:
1259:
1010:Boston
982:specie
755:Legacy
504:France
113:&
2708:Grape
2392:India
2387:Kenya
2334:Zafra
2329:Batey
2207:White
2170:Candy
2105:Misri
2061:Brown
1995:Honey
1893:Maple
1873:Birch
1759:Sugar
1194:War."
1061:Notes
509:Spain
329:Ideas
139:Dates
2492:Fiji
2377:Cuba
2175:Hard
1903:Malt
1898:Palm
1883:Date
1559:and
1342:2005
1325:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1136:2010
1092:2008
991:and
889:The
844:The
241:The
180:None
167:1766
2365:CSR
2238:Rum
2120:Nib
974:rum
848:or
253:in
2843::
1426:,
1298:.
1281:.
1109:^
1083:.
1079:.
1068:^
881:.
109:,
102:MP
100:,
1751:e
1744:t
1737:v
1396:e
1389:t
1382:v
1344:.
1138:.
1094:.
833:e
826:t
819:v
611:)
602:(
356:"
352:"
122:)
118:(
20:)
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