249:
403:
382:
29:
64:
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198:) acquired from Langen exclusive rights for producing the cubes in Britain (on 13 March 1875) and started the first large-scale manufacturing of cubes. Tate placed a very large bet on the innovation, temporarily running through personal financial difficulties to the extent that he had to pull his daughter from the boarding school she attended. The contract with Langen involved
106:
When making the cubes, the granulated sugar is slightly (2–3%) moistened, placed into a mold and heated so that the moisture can escape. The firmness, density, and speed of dissolution of the cube are controlled via the crystal size of the granulated sugar, amount of water/steam added, molding
71:
The typical size for each cube is between 16 by 16 by 11 millimetres (0.6 by 0.6 by 0.4 inches) and 20 by 20 by 12 millimetres (0.8 in × 0.8 in × 0.5 in), corresponding to the weight of approximately 3–5
263:
The cubes were and are mostly used to sweeten tea and coffee (the original Rad's pieces were even sold as "tea-sugar"). However, the popularity of artificial sweeteners, together with the trend of switching from
1031:
Kaysers, Harry; Schweck, Hubert; Delavier, Hans-Joachim (1998). "Special crystal sugar products. Cube sugar, nib sugar and loaf sugar". In van der Poel, Pieter; Schieweck, Hubert M.; Schwartz, Thomas K. (eds.).
205:
In 1880 Tate acquired rights to another process, invented in
Belgium by Gustav Adant, where sugar "tablets" were manufactured on rotating machines and then sliced into cubes (at the time, they were called
47:. It is usually used by individuals to sweeten drinks. There are two main ways of using the sugar cubes: directly dissolving the cubes in the drink or placing the cube into the mouth while drinking.
156:, the inventor of the first sugar cube, started his effort after his wife hurt herself while chopping the sugarloaf). The resulting pieces were irregular in size; if the piece was too large, either
117:
The cubes are made on the highly automated lines capable of processing up to 50 tons of sugar per day. Typically, one of the three common processes is used to produce the more popular soft cubes:
94:
In 1923 German wholesaler Karl
Hellmann started packaging pair of cubes into individual wrappings with advertisements or collectible pictures on the sleeves. Originally very popular in
160:
had to be used, or the piece had to be dunked into the tea cup like a donut, and after sufficient dissolution taken out to dry for the next use (the latter option was described by
927:
Hildebrand-Schat, Viola (13 October 2022). "Sugar Cubes That
Revolutionized Art: Malevich's Artistic Project as Interpreted by Leonid Tishkov in Kubvechnosti (2012)".
210:"). The new process had replaced the Langen one in 1891 and was a huge success; standard quotes for refined sugar in London started to be expressed in Tate's cubes.
876:
107:
pressure, and speed of drying. The dissolution speed is important, as the consumers that place the sugar into their mouths prefer denser, slower-dissolving sugar.
773:
402:
248:
840:
Labrecque, Lauren I.; Warr, Garret M.; Labrecque, Joseph (2016). "Absinthe: An
Exploration of the Role of Mythology and Ritual in Market Revival".
363:
Multiple art galleries display the works of an Irish sculptor
Brendan Jamison, specializing on the architecture-themed pieces made of sugar cubes.
302:
on top of the glass. A sugar cube is placed onto the spoon and a slow drip of water dissolves the sugar into the drink, creating the desired milky
844:. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 325–328.
989:
971:
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381:
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in 1922, it comes back "every five years" with a variety of ambiguous meanings, from strictly regimented design (cf. works of
309:
sugar cubes can be infused with a drug, making a calibrated oral delivery simple. This was used both for administering the
22:
781:
733:
171:
Rad had made the first sugar cubes in the early 1840s by pressing moist sugar into a tray resembling the modern
284:
225:
175:
and letting the cubes dry. Despite Rad obtaining a patent in 1843, his business was ultimately unsuccessful.
98:, they were quickly replaced in the beginning of the 21st century by granulated sugar in packets and sticks.
728:
387:
88:
221:", 1879); some of these units, modified in 1929 to produce fancy shaped pieces, are still in use today.
165:
28:
1065:
272:-like drinks, has turned sugar cubes into a niche product primarily used in bars or served at formal
153:
128:
Chambon process was invented in France in 1949 and uses a rotating molding unit and a vertical dryer;
63:
320:
a great variety of colored and sculpted sugar cubes (shaped as flowers and animals) is marketed in
183:
1019:
252:
Doses of oral polio vaccine being added to sugar cubes for use in a 1967 vaccination campaign in
218:
152:
were hard to break into manageable pieces, dangerous tools were used in the process (apparently,
77:
168:": "Stepanich drank his glass, turned it upside down and set the leftover bit of sugar on it").
1037:
1011:
1000:(in Polish) (28). Uniwersytet Jagiellonski – Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego: 60–71.
967:
959:
944:
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853:
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202:, but the factory was successful, producing 214 tons of cubes in 1878 and 1,366 tons in 1888.
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to fill the molds and to get the formed cubes out. Heat radiation oven is used for drying;
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966:. Routledge Companion Encyclopedias. Taylor & Francis. pp. 458–461.
867:
814:
842:
Celebrating
America's Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?
269:
199:
149:
122:
832:
357:
110:
The input material usually requires a wide distribution of sizes (from 500
121:
Vibro process of
Swedish Sugar Corporation (from the late 1950s) utilizes
360:, the place where the first sugar cube factory was established by Rad.
350:
334:
306:
effect (a more bohemian version involves putting the soaked cube aflame);
295:
207:
95:
84:
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111:
233:
214:
213:
The first process to mold cubes without any cutting was invented in
321:
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to produce blocks of sugar that were subsequently cut into cubes.
139:
73:
62:
54:
902:
The New
Paradigm in Architecture: The Language of Post-modernism
253:
80:-shaped pieces are produced under the name "bridge cube sugar".
76:. However, the cube sizes and shapes vary greatly, for example,
44:
349:" (cf. Italian hill towns) to whitewashed plain facades of the
314:
1036:. Berlin: Verlag Dr. Albert Bartens KG. pp. 962–964.
356:
A monument with sugar cube on top stands in Czech town of
789:
Strang, J.; Arnold, W. N; Peters, T. (18 December 1999).
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Adant's process is also still used, for example, at the
992:[Santorini and the modern architecture affair]
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The next breakthrough came almost 30 years later, when
605:
469:
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427:
748:
The Making of a Sugar Giant: Tate and Lyle, 1859–1989
523:
521:
228:(since 1902) to make extremely hard cubes popular in
317:(leaving the "cube" as a slang term for the latter);
960:"The avant-garde in twentieth-century architecture"
593:
1034:Sugar Technology. Beet and Sugar Cane Manufacture
964:Companion to Contemporary Architectural Thought
337:is popular in architecture. First proposed by
700:Grigorieva, Alexandra (2015). "sugar cubes".
8:
990:"Santoryn a sprawa architektury nowoczesnej"
542:
83:The typical retail packaging weight is 0.5
653:
617:
512:
1005:
875:Drahoňovská, Lucie Pantazopoulou (2018).
822:
454:
67:Individually wrapped sugar cubes (France)
702:The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets
629:
59:Two-piece sugar cube packaging (Germany)
27:
581:
566:
554:
527:
423:
365:
641:
287:recipe with a sugar cube infused with
772:Kirschner, Sebastian (2 March 2016).
473:
437:
279:The specialty uses of cubes include:
7:
710:10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001
606:Labrecque, Warr & Labrecque 2016
727:Kennedy, Pagan (16 November 2012).
313:and for distribution of drugs like
131:Elba process is similar to Chambon.
14:
594:Strang, Arnold & Peters 1999
401:
380:
368:
144:Sugarloaf cutting box with tools
114:and up) for the cube stability.
18:Sugar packed into a cuboid shape
1007:10.4467/25438700sm.19.031.11368
791:"Absinthe: what's your poison?"
750:. Harwood Academic Publishers.
744:"Thames Refinery and the Cubes"
294:paraphernalia for serving the
1:
375:Sugar cube monument in Dačice
988:Twardowski, Mariusz (2019).
850:10.1007/978-3-319-26647-3_67
91:) or 1 kilogram / 2 pounds.
43:granules pressed into small
23:Sugar cubes (disambiguation)
780:(in German). Archived from
778:Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin
734:The New York Times Magazine
729:"Who Made That Sugar Cube?"
704:. Oxford University Press.
678:. Wiley. pp. 454–455.
1082:
774:"Die Würfel sind gefallen"
32:Macro photo of sugar cubes
20:
958:Harbison, Robert (2003).
941:10.1163/9789004513686_009
905:. Yale University Press.
807:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1590
226:Raffinerie Tirlemontoise
998:Środowisko Mieszkaniowe
217:by Charles H. Hersey ("
929:The Mediality of Sugar
877:"From Round to Square"
285:Old Fashioned cocktail
260:
145:
68:
60:
33:
388:House of van Doesburg
298:includes the slotted
251:
166:Where Love Is, God Is
143:
66:
58:
31:
935:. pp. 173–195.
742:Chalmin, P. (1990).
184:Pfeifer & Langen
21:For other uses, see
899:Jencks, C. (2002).
801:(7225): 1590–1592.
676:Beet-Sugar Handbook
670:Asadi, M. (2006).
261:
146:
78:playing card suits
69:
61:
51:Size and packaging
34:
973:978-1-134-98381-0
950:978-90-04-51368-6
912:978-0-300-09513-5
859:978-3-319-26646-6
757:978-3-7186-0434-0
719:978-0-19-931339-6
685:978-0-471-79098-3
343:Theo van Doesburg
289:Angostura bitters
154:Jakub Kryštof Rad
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347:unity in variety
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784:on 5 July 2018.
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659:
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632:, p. 461.
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610:
608:, p. 328.
598:
586:
571:
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478:
476:, p. 454.
459:
455:Kirschner 2016
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339:Walter Gropius
330:
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300:absinthe spoon
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283:the classical
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238:Arab countries
173:ice cube trays
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656:, p. 65.
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630:Harbison 2003
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333:A sugar-cube
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311:polio vaccine
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977:. Retrieved
963:
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916:. Retrieved
901:
888:. Retrieved
880:
841:
798:
794:
782:the original
777:
761:. Retrieved
747:
732:
701:
689:. Retrieved
675:
672:"Cube Sugar"
649:
637:
625:
613:
601:
589:
582:Chalmin 1990
567:Chalmin 1990
562:
555:Chalmin 1990
550:
528:Kennedy 2012
362:
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332:
303:
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258:West Germany
223:
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180:Eugen Langen
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82:
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36:
35:
15:
1066:Tea culture
642:Jencks 2002
391: [
219:Hersey drum
162:Lev Tolstoy
41:white sugar
37:Sugar cubes
1055:Categories
474:Asadi 2006
438:Asadi 2006
418:References
412:(Cyclades)
410:Kea island
408:Houses on
192:Henry Tate
188:centrifuge
158:sugar nips
150:sugarloafs
1024:213734448
1016:1731-2442
979:2 October
918:2 October
890:2 October
868:2363-6165
815:0959-8138
763:1 October
691:1 October
270:capuccino
200:royalties
186:, used a
123:vibration
833:10600949
351:Cyclades
335:metaphor
296:absinthe
276:events.
208:dominoes
164:in his "
148:Because
85:kilogram
824:1127080
664:Sources
230:Belgium
136:History
112:microns
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1022:
1014:
970:
947:
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881:Fehler
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358:Dačice
345:) to "
304:louche
236:, and
234:France
215:Boston
1061:Sugar
1020:S2CID
994:(PDF)
395:]
322:Japan
182:, of
96:cafés
89:pound
74:grams
45:cubes
1038:ISBN
1012:ISSN
981:2023
968:ISBN
945:ISBN
920:2023
907:ISBN
892:2023
864:ISSN
854:ISBN
829:PMID
811:ISSN
765:2023
752:ISBN
714:ISBN
693:2023
680:ISBN
329:Arts
254:Bonn
39:are
1002:doi
937:doi
846:doi
819:PMC
803:doi
799:319
795:BMJ
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315:LSD
268:to
244:Use
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