133:
142:
160:
151:
121:(1737 -1745) was the first French Governor to make a long-lasting impact on Mauritius and is considered by some as the real founder of Mauritius as a French colony. He encouraged the growth of sugar cane and created the infrastructure necessary for its extension throughout the colony. He imported the necessary new technology to make the industry more efficient. During his governorship, the first modern sugar mills for the era were commissioned. These were the Rosalie-Villebague mill in Pamplemousse in 1745 and the mill at Grande Riviere Sud Est in Ferney.
2273:
2263:
1099:
194:
584:
In the 60's there were 25 operating sugar mills. As from 1975, sugar was exported and traded under the Sugar
Protocol signed between the EU and the ACP countries where Mauritius had an annual quota of 507,000 tonnes of raw sugar at a guaranteed price. The quota allocated to Mauritius was the largest
560:
Cyclone Carol (28 February 1960). The eye of Carol passed directly over
Mauritius and it is assumed to be the most powerful cyclone ever recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean with wind gusts of 160 km/h to 256 km/h. It made 300,000 people homeless and destroyed 40% of the Mauritian main
174:
as the first governor, brought about rapid social and economic changes. One of the most important was the abolition of slavery on 1 February 1835. The planters received a compensation of two million pounds sterling for the loss of their slaves, who had been imported from Africa and
Madagascar during
78:
The 1914–1918 war was a period of great prosperity, due to a boom in sugar prices. In 1919, the
Mauritius Sugar Syndicate came into being, which included 70% of all sugar producers. But in the years after the war prices slumped considerably and the power of the magnates was curtailed. Independence
96:
is made of molasses, which is produced as a by-product when making sugar. The first organized sugar mill on the island appears to have been that of the
Wilhems brothers at the center of the island, under Governor Issac Johannes Lamotius (1677-1692). Under Governor Roelof Deodati (1692 -1703), the
179:
grew, as did their efficiency with the introduction of new technology, as competition became fierce. This led to the consolidation of the entire industry after 1860 when the number of operating mills decreased from 296 units to 30 in 1947. Source: Mauritius Blue Book, L'Almanach de
Maurice
612:
The EU Sugar
Protocol ended in 2009. The price of sugar fell by 36 percent between 2006 and 2010. In May 1997, the government produced a plan to rationalise the sugar sector by centralising production around fewer mills and offering an accompanying package to employees and planters.
564:
Cyclone Jenny (27–28 February 1962) On 27 February 1962, the cyclone passed 30 km off the north coast of
Mauritius with a maximum wind speed of 235 km/h, causing 14 deaths, injuring hundreds and leaving 8,000 homeless. Considerable damage was caused to the North of the
633:." Since independence, the so-called "Mauritian Miracle” and the “success of Africa” (Romer, 1992; Frankel, 2010; Stiglitz, 2011) was partially based in state reforms since 1825 when sugar factory owners within the Sugar industry of Mauritius pressured colonial officials to:-
71:, dominated Mauritian civil life, until challenged in the 1910s in a period of political agitation. The rising middle class (made up of doctors, lawyers, and teachers) began to challenge the political power of the sugar cane landowners. Dr. Eugène Laurent, mayor of
36:, the industry developed considerably. In 1735 there were 638 slaves in a population of 838 inhabitants. Thereafter, some 1,200 to 1,300 slaves arrived annually; within five years the number of slaves had quadrupled to 2,612 and the number of French had doubled.
202:
647:
These efforts collectively assisted the island's initial growth as a monoculture-based economy but also laid the pillars of multiethnic social stability that anchored and then powered the country's successful economic diversification after independence.
75:, was the leader of this new group; his party, Action Libérale, demanded that more people should be allowed to vote in the elections. Action Libérale was opposed by the Parti de l'Ordre, led by Henri Leclézio, the most influential of the sugar magnates.
59:
from India to work in the sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, around half a million indentured labourers were on the island. Production grew steadily, from 467 tons in 1812 to 140,000 tons in 1890, and 415,000 in 1949, although at intervals large
97:
production of sugar was successfully extended with the arrival of a surgeon, Jean
Boekelberg on board the ship Standvastighied. Boekelberg had studied the sugar industry in Surinam and successfully used his knowledge within this fledgling industry.
54:
over several years after 1833, and the planters ultimately received two million pounds sterling in compensation for the loss of their slaves, who had been imported from Africa and
Madagascar during the French occupation. New labour was now mostly
87:
The first agricultural plant of economic importance to be introduced to Mauritius was sugar cane. From 1639 it was used on an artisanal basis by Dutch settlers primarily to produce an alcoholic beverage called
79:
came in 1968, since when the economy has great diversified, with in 2019 raw sugar representing only 7.8 of exports, far less than textiles and clothing, and a good deal less than fish products.
576:
In 1953, The Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI), was founded "to promote by means of research and investigation the technical progress of the sugar industry".
401:
production increased from 467 tons to over 400.000 tons per annum despite cyclones and the accidental introduction, in 1850, of the Chilo sacchariphagus sacchariphagus from
546:
Mauritius is situated in what has been called 'Cyclone Alley' and these sometimes played a determining part in the annual production of sugar. Of note and on record were:
747:
1088:
586:
984:
118:
405:
which devastated the sugar cane crop. 31 species of parasitoids were imported to combat the Chilo sacchariphagus sacchariphagus. Only two became established (
24:
for most of its inhabited period. The island was totally uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1507. Sugar was introduced during the period of
2014:
1937:
839:
864:
1884:
132:
2719:
2309:
557:
Cyclone Alix (19 January 1960). Cyclone Alix struck in February 1960. The island suffered winds of 160 km/h to 200 km/h for 20 hours.
2615:
2385:
141:
1837:
1008:
Saylor, Ryan (2012). "Probing the historical sources of the Mauritian miracle: sugar exporters and state building in colonial Mauritius".
1909:
878:
28:(1638–1710) mostly to make Arak and slaves were imported to work on sugar cane and other crops. After about 1735, during the period of
2714:
1832:
1081:
51:
2370:
2123:
1852:
1805:
150:
159:
2390:
665:
701:
1200:
1131:
2530:
1779:
2641:
1683:
1074:
2405:
2688:
2684:
1713:
570:
1947:
1867:
1862:
2445:
2680:
2555:
2545:
2350:
550:
The April 1892 Mauritius cyclone (1200 deaths - 50,000 homeless). Sugar production fell 42%. A third of the city of
2570:
2560:
2450:
2380:
2302:
2009:
1989:
1969:
1575:
1126:
29:
2620:
2540:
2505:
2490:
2475:
2430:
2365:
2276:
33:
2595:
2420:
2415:
2395:
2360:
2345:
1136:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2585:
2580:
2550:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2465:
2460:
2410:
2355:
2330:
1889:
1857:
1435:
1157:
660:
171:
2590:
2480:
2440:
2335:
407:
2645:
2565:
2515:
2470:
2435:
2425:
2400:
2340:
2575:
2485:
2455:
2375:
2170:
1984:
1842:
1440:
629:"Scholars increasingly agree that the ‘Mauritian Miracle’ was enabled by the country's significant level of
894:
2244:
2024:
1141:
2295:
2034:
1974:
727:
398:
176:
1480:
413:
1535:
1450:
1338:
1167:
1102:
1942:
1827:
1784:
1193:
816:
2202:
2029:
1919:
1585:
1035:
56:
851:
2133:
1999:
1914:
1388:
167:
68:
47:
875:
2197:
2039:
1961:
1595:
1393:
1025:
1017:
678:
535:
182:
99:
1053:
193:
2180:
2102:
1810:
1789:
1703:
1112:
882:
740:
43:
25:
1030:
2266:
2190:
2185:
2143:
2107:
1902:
1877:
1769:
1759:
1727:
1590:
1560:
1495:
1378:
1292:
1233:
1219:
1186:
922:
630:
2708:
2233:
1897:
1698:
1693:
1540:
1425:
1403:
1398:
1328:
1039:
908:
708:
201:
2092:
2080:
2004:
1979:
1872:
1820:
1678:
1615:
1610:
1430:
1408:
1260:
1021:
967:
700:
REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND JUSTICE COMMISSION - French Colonial Period (1715–1810).
2238:
2158:
2148:
2065:
2055:
1994:
1815:
1752:
1657:
1642:
1605:
1545:
1525:
1511:
1485:
1460:
1413:
1383:
1343:
1323:
1318:
1287:
1098:
2153:
2138:
2075:
1764:
1747:
1708:
1630:
1625:
1475:
1420:
1353:
1348:
1333:
1308:
551:
72:
17:
561:
economy which, at that time, was the sugar cane crop. 42 deaths were recorded
2212:
2207:
2097:
2085:
2060:
2019:
1647:
1570:
1565:
1517:
1455:
1313:
1280:
1243:
1066:
762:
21:
2287:
1178:
2070:
1652:
1530:
1470:
1238:
950:
763:"Mauritius: Sugar, indentured labour and their consequences (1835–1910)"
2217:
2128:
1774:
1742:
1673:
1600:
1550:
1490:
1465:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1248:
61:
936:
2175:
2163:
1635:
1580:
1253:
93:
89:
1059:. 2014 IMF Working Paper by Katsiaryna Svirydzenka and Martin Petri.
783:
64:
and an introduced insect species set back production considerably.
1620:
1555:
1445:
1370:
1209:
200:
192:
985:"3 Sugar Mills are in operation : Omnicane, Terra and Alteo"
625:
How the Sugar Industry Paved The Way for the 'Mauritian Miracle'
402:
2291:
1182:
1070:
589:) and represented about 35 per cent of the total allocation.
1688:
1054:"Mauritius: The Drivers of Growth—Can the Past be Extended?"
687:, Michel Durocher Former Administrator of L'Union St. Felix.
895:"Mauritius: List of Historical Cyclones from 1892 to 2007"
50:(1810–1968) sugar remained the mainstay of the economy.
643:
Undertake national Research and Development initiatives.
637:
Regulate and better control the island's labor supply
2629:
2604:
2323:
2226:
2116:
2048:
1960:
1930:
1798:
1735:
1726:
1666:
1504:
1369:
1362:
1301:
1226:
1150:
1119:
640:
Improve the country's transportation infrastructure
533:Source: Mauritius Blue Book, L'Almanach de Maurice
110:The Dutch abandoned Mauritius on 17 February 1710.
923:"The Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute"
569:From 1951, Sugar was exported and sold under the
587:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
2303:
1194:
1082:
784:"Legacies of British Slave-ownership project"
707:. Government of Mauritius: 60. Archived from
8:
2015:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2310:
2296:
2288:
1732:
1366:
1201:
1187:
1179:
1089:
1075:
1067:
1029:
909:"New Commonwealth Sugar Agreement Signed"
761:African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project.
937:"Sugar cane cultivation and agriculture"
746:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
419:
211:
119:Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais
39:Where the Dutch had failed, the French
692:
128:
968:"The Agricultural Sector of Mauritius"
736:
725:
175:the French occupation. The number of
67:The sugar magnates, mostly French and
7:
608:: 11 sugar mills were in production.
602:: 17 sugar mills were in production.
596:: 19 sugar mills were in production.
1010:Review of African Political Economy
620:: 3 sugar mills were in production.
806:, P.J. Barnwell & A. Toussaint
42:The island was invaded during the
20:has been the dominant industry of
14:
2124:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1220:List of sugars and sugar products
852:"Statue de Mahé de Labourdonnais"
540:Isle de France, Ile Maurice pp367
187:Isle de France, Ile Maurice pp367
2616:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2386:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2272:
2271:
2262:
2261:
1097:
817:"Republic of Mauritius- History"
666:List of sugar mills in Mauritius
624:
158:
149:
140:
131:
702:"The French period (1715-1810)"
104:Isle de France,Mauritius island
52:Slavery was gradually abolished
125:British Occupation (1810-1968)
1:
2720:Economic history of Mauritius
114:French Occupation (1710-1810)
1031:10.1080/03056244.2012.710835
1022:10.1080/03056244.2012.710835
804:A short History of Mauritius
571:Commonwealth Sugar Agreement
554:was destroyed in a few hours
83:Dutch Occupation (1638-1710)
786:. University College London
683:Isle de France, Ile Maurice
2736:
2010:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
1990:Demerara rebellion of 1823
1970:1811 German Coast uprising
1576:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
2715:Sugar industry by country
2257:
1217:
1109:
422:
214:
197:Sugar Estate Tractor 1901
34:French East India Company
2371:Central African Republic
2318:Sugar industry of Africa
1436:High-fructose corn syrup
661:Agriculture in Mauritius
585:amongst ACP countries (
408:Trichogramma australicum
172:Robert Townsend Farquhar
1985:Colonial molasses trade
1441:High-maltose corn syrup
397:Between 1812 and 1949,
32:(1715–1810), under the
2245:Pure, White and Deadly
2025:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
1931:By region (historical)
735:Cite journal requires
209:
198:
2531:São Tomé and Príncipe
2391:Republic of the Congo
2035:Taiwan Sugar Railways
1975:Amelioration Act 1798
399:Mauritius Sugar Mills
204:
196:
177:Mauritius Sugar Mills
1714:Unrefined sweeteners
1536:Crystalline fructose
1451:Inverted sugar syrup
1103:Economy of Mauritius
973:. Pierre Dinan DDCM.
840:Graphic, with source
714:on 21 September 2012
206:Chilo sacchariphagus
57:indentured labourers
2606:States with limited
1799:By region (current)
1699:Sugar confectionery
580:Independence - 1968
208:ssp. sacchariphagus
2203:Sweetened beverage
2030:Sugar Intervention
1938:Danish West Indies
1920:U.S. Sugar Program
1679:Cotton candy floss
1586:Plantation Reserve
1481:Steen's cane syrup
989:www.eeas.europa.eu
951:"Mauritius (2006)"
881:2013-09-27 at the
210:
199:
2702:
2701:
2633:other territories
2406:Equatorial Guinea
2285:
2284:
2134:Blood sugar level
2000:Leith Sugar House
1956:
1955:
1915:Sugar Association
1722:
1721:
1684:Maple sugar foods
1389:Barley malt syrup
1212:as food commodity
1176:
1175:
679:de Sornay, Pierre
536:de Sornay, Pierre
531:
530:
423:Sugar Production
395:
394:
183:de Sornay, Pierre
168:British Mauritius
100:de Sornay, Pierre
69:Mauritian Creoles
48:British Mauritius
2727:
2694:
2693:(United Kingdom)
2689:Tristan da Cunha
2685:Ascension Island
2677:
2664:
2655:
2631:Dependencies and
2324:Sovereign states
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2198:Sugar substitute
2040:Triangular trade
1733:
1394:Brown rice syrup
1367:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1137:History of Trade
1101:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1016:(133): 465–478.
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
981:
975:
974:
972:
964:
958:
957:
955:
947:
941:
940:
933:
927:
926:
919:
913:
912:
905:
899:
898:
891:
885:
873:
867:
862:
856:
855:
848:
842:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
813:
807:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
780:
774:
773:
771:
770:
758:
752:
751:
744:
738:
733:
731:
723:
721:
719:
713:
706:
697:
686:
543:
420:
414:Cotesia flavipes
212:
190:
162:
153:
144:
135:
107:
30:French Mauritius
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2675:
2662:
2653:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2319:
2316:
2286:
2281:
2253:
2222:
2181:Sugar addiction
2112:
2103:Sugar sculpture
2044:
1952:
1926:
1903:Tate & Lyle
1894:United Kingdom
1811:Bundaberg Sugar
1794:
1790:Sugar marketing
1718:
1704:Sugarcane juice
1662:
1500:
1358:
1297:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1177:
1172:
1146:
1115:
1113:Mauritian rupee
1105:
1095:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1007:
1006:
1002:
993:
991:
983:
982:
978:
970:
966:
965:
961:
953:
949:
948:
944:
935:
934:
930:
921:
920:
916:
907:
906:
902:
893:
892:
888:
883:Wayback Machine
874:
870:
865:www.sasta.co.za
863:
859:
850:
849:
845:
838:
834:
825:
823:
815:
814:
810:
802:
798:
789:
787:
782:
781:
777:
768:
766:
760:
759:
755:
745:
734:
724:
717:
715:
711:
704:
699:
698:
694:
677:
674:
657:
651:
627:
582:
534:
181:
163:
154:
145:
136:
127:
116:
98:
85:
44:Napoleonic Wars
26:Dutch Mauritius
16:The growing of
12:
11:
5:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2678:
2665:
2656:
2642:Canary Islands
2638:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:Residual sugar
2186:Sugars in wine
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:Health effects
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2144:Flavored syrup
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2108:Treacle mining
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:Tongaat Hulett
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Sugarcane mill
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Molasses sugar
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1379:List of syrups
1375:
1373:
1364:
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1234:Monosaccharide
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1120:Communications
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631:state capacity
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84:
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13:
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2446:Guinea-Bissau
2444:
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2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Robert Lustig
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
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2174:
2172:
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2165:
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2147:
2145:
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2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
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2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:United States
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:British Sugar
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
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1729:
1725:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Sugar alcohol
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
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1457:
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1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:Glucose syrup
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Maesil-cheong
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
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1004:
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990:
986:
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960:
952:
946:
943:
938:
932:
929:
924:
918:
915:
910:
904:
901:
897:. World Bank.
896:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
872:
869:
866:
861:
858:
854:. Patrimoine.
853:
847:
844:
841:
836:
833:
822:
821:www.govmu.org
818:
812:
809:
805:
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619:
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615:
614:
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588:
579:
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574:
572:
563:
559:
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553:
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548:
547:
544:
541:
537:
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522:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
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491:
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486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
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458:
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390:
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372:
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362:
361:
357:
354:
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350:
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335:
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274:
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262:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
241:
240:
236:
233:
230:
229:
225:
223:Yield- %
222:
219:
218:
215:Sugar Yields
213:
207:
203:
195:
191:
188:
184:
178:
173:
169:
161:
156:
152:
147:
143:
138:
134:
129:
124:
122:
120:
113:
111:
108:
105:
101:
95:
91:
82:
80:
76:
74:
70:
65:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2681:Saint Helena
2652:
2556:South Africa
2546:Sierra Leone
2495:
2351:Burkina Faso
2243:
2093:Sugar people
2081:Sugar packet
2005:Molasses Act
1980:Blackbirding
1873:Illovo Sugar
1868:South Africa
1847:
1821:Wilmar Sugar
1616:Butterscotch
1611:Barley sugar
1516:
1431:Golden syrup
1409:Mogwa-cheong
1261:Disaccharide
1162:
1048:
1013:
1009:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
988:
979:
962:
945:
931:
917:
903:
889:
871:
860:
846:
835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
811:
803:
799:
788:. Retrieved
778:
767:. Retrieved
756:
728:cite journal
718:26 September
716:. Retrieved
709:the original
695:
682:
650:
646:
628:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
583:
575:
568:
545:
539:
532:
412:
406:
396:
205:
186:
166:
117:
109:
103:
86:
77:
66:
41:
38:
15:
2608:recognition
2561:South Sudan
2451:Ivory Coast
2239:John Yudkin
2149:Fruit syrup
2066:Sugar shack
2056:Added sugar
1995:Holing cane
1853:Philippines
1753:Casa-grande
1667:Other forms
1643:Sugar glass
1606:Sugar candy
1546:Gula melaka
1526:Candi sugar
1505:Solid forms
1496:Yacón syrup
1486:Table syrup
1461:Maple syrup
1414:Yuja-cheong
1384:Agave syrup
1319:Agave syrup
1288:Added sugar
1158:Agriculture
1151:Industries:
2709:Categories
2663:(Portugal)
2621:Somaliland
2541:Seychelles
2506:Mozambique
2491:Mauritania
2476:Madagascar
2431:The Gambia
2366:Cape Verde
2277:Production
2154:Date honey
2139:Cane knife
2076:Sugar nips
1765:Sugar bush
1748:Plantation
1736:Production
1631:Rock candy
1596:Preserving
1476:Pine honey
1421:Corn syrup
1309:Sugar beet
1111:Currency:
994:2023-04-12
925:. MSRI.Mu.
876:www.gov.mu
826:2020-05-29
790:2021-07-07
769:2020-09-20
672:References
552:Port Louis
73:Port Louis
18:sugar cane
2496:Mauritius
2213:Sweetness
2208:Sweetener
2098:Sugar tit
2086:Sucrology
2061:Crop Over
2020:Sugar Act
1863:Sri Lanka
1848:Mauritius
1833:Caribbean
1806:Australia
1648:Sugarloaf
1566:Muscovado
1518:Peen tong
1456:Kuromitsu
1314:Sugarcane
1281:Trehalose
1244:Galactose
1227:Chemistry
1040:154497461
46:, and in
22:Mauritius
2687: /
2683: /
2676:(France)
2670: /
2648: /
2644: /
2596:Zimbabwe
2571:Tanzania
2421:Ethiopia
2416:Eswatini
2396:Djibouti
2361:Cameroon
2346:Botswana
2267:Category
2227:Research
2071:Sugaring
1885:Tanzania
1760:Refinery
1728:Industry
1653:Wasanbon
1591:Powdered
1531:Chancaca
1471:Molasses
1363:Products
1339:Honeydew
1239:Fructose
911:. Trove.
879:Archived
681:(1952).
655:See also
538:(1952).
527:415,000
519:316,250
511:280,500
503:235,000
495:215,000
487:140,000
479:131,049
185:(1952).
102:(1952).
62:cyclones
2672:Réunion
2668:Mayotte
2659:Madeira
2654:(Spain)
2650:Melilla
2581:Tunisia
2551:Somalia
2536:Senegal
2521:Nigeria
2511:Namibia
2501:Morocco
2466:Liberia
2461:Lesotho
2411:Eritrea
2381:Comoros
2356:Burundi
2331:Algeria
2218:Vinasse
2129:Bagasse
2117:Related
2049:Culture
1962:History
1775:Engenho
1743:Boilery
1709:Tuzemák
1674:Caramel
1601:Sucanat
1551:Jaggery
1541:Gelling
1491:Treacle
1466:Mizuame
1329:Coconut
1302:Sources
1276:Sucrose
1271:Maltose
1266:Lactose
1249:Glucose
1168:Tourism
1127:Banking
956:. OECD.
939:. IELS.
565:island.
471:55,154
463:39,559
455:32,750
170:, with
2691:
2674:
2661:
2591:Zambia
2586:Uganda
2526:Rwanda
2481:Malawi
2441:Guinea
2336:Angola
2248:(1972)
2176:Nectar
2164:Jallab
1948:Hawaii
1890:Uganda
1858:Rwanda
1636:Toffee
1581:Panela
1399:Cheong
1371:Syrups
1254:Xylose
1038:
765:. EISA
447:7,485
226:Mills
94:Arrack
90:arrack
2646:Ceuta
2566:Sudan
2516:Niger
2471:Libya
2456:Kenya
2436:Ghana
2426:Gabon
2401:Egypt
2341:Benin
2159:Grape
1843:India
1838:Kenya
1785:Zafra
1780:Batey
1658:White
1621:Candy
1556:Misri
1512:Brown
1446:Honey
1344:Maple
1324:Birch
1210:Sugar
1163:Sugar
1057:(PDF)
1036:S2CID
971:(PDF)
954:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
431:Tons
388:12.50
377:11.31
366:11.45
355:10.74
344:10.76
333:10.63
322:10.10
2576:Togo
2486:Mali
2376:Chad
1943:Fiji
1828:Cuba
1626:Hard
1354:Malt
1349:Palm
1334:Date
748:link
741:help
720:2012
618:2020
606:2003
600:1996
594:1990
524:1949
516:1940
508:1935
500:1930
492:1910
484:1890
476:1860
468:1850
460:1840
452:1830
444:1820
439:467
436:1812
428:Year
411:and
403:Java
385:1947
374:1944
363:1940
352:1930
341:1920
330:1910
319:1900
314:110
311:8.70
308:1890
303:178
300:8.30
297:1880
292:241
289:8.20
286:1870
281:296
278:8.10
275:1860
270:228
267:7.60
264:1850
259:217
256:7.10
253:1840
248:186
245:6.75
242:1835
237:157
234:6.00
231:1825
220:Year
1816:CSR
1689:Rum
1571:Nib
1026:hdl
1018:doi
417:)
391:30
380:35
369:38
358:42
347:56
336:64
325:85
92:.
2711::
1034:.
1024:.
1014:39
1012:.
987:.
819:.
732::
730:}}
726:{{
573:.
2311:e
2304:t
2297:v
1202:e
1195:t
1188:v
1090:e
1083:t
1076:v
1042:.
1028::
1020::
997:.
829:.
793:.
772:.
750:)
743:)
739:(
722:.
685:.
542:.
189:.
106:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
