223:(GuySuCo), which took over the sugar plantations, lacked needed experience. Perhaps more important, Guysuco did not have access to the reserves of foreign capital required to maintain sugar plantations and processing mills during economically difficult periods. When production fell, Guysuco became increasingly dependent on state support to pay the salaries of its 20,000 workers. Second, the industry was hard-hit by labour unrest directed at the government of Guyana. A four-week strike in early 1988 and a seven-week strike in 1989 contributed to the low harvests. Third, plant diseases and adverse weather plagued sugar crops. After disease wiped out much of the sugarcane crop in the early 1980s, farmers switched to a disease-resistant but less productive variety. Extreme weather in the form of both droughts and floods, especially in 1988, also led to smaller harvests.
792:. Fisheries production in Guyana totalled about 36,000 tons in 1989, down from 45,000 tons in the mid-1980s. The most valuable portion of the catch was the 3,800 tons of shrimp. Many fishermen reportedly sold their shrimp catch at sea to avoid taxes and earn foreign currency. Thus, shrimp exports may have been much higher than recorded. Shrimp exports were expected to continue increasing as Guyana developed shrimp farms along its coast; Guysuco began operating one such farm in the late 1980s. The bulk of the fisheries catch was sold at the dockside and consumed domestically. A US$ 5 million fish-processing plant was under construction on the
664:
730:
701:
778:
30:
1877:
595:. Maintaining preferential access to the European market was a priority in Guyana; in 1988 and 1989, production levels were too low to satisfy the EEC quota, so Guyana imported sugar at low prices and reexported it to the lucrative European market. Even so, Guyana fell 35,000 tons short of filling the quota in 1989 and 13,000 tons short in 1990.
603:, and other items. Profitability improved, but production levels and export earnings remained well below target. In mid-1990, the government took an important step toward long-term reform of the sugar industry - and a symbolically important step toward opening the economy - when Guysuco signed a management contract with the British firms
683:
stayed in
British Guiana were given land as compensation and many used it for rice cultivation. Rice production is weakened by poor irrigation infrastructure and susceptible to weather conditions and encroaching salt water from the Atlantic. This is because the rice producing regions are along the coastal belt of Guyana.
647:
The sugar industry has always been tied to using the lowest cost labour, utilizing slavery and indenture as well as social policies that retained labour as close to the estates as possible. These factors have contributed to some of the country's most significant slave revolts and labour protests such
590:
arrangement. The benefits of the quota were unmistakable: in 1987, for example, the EEC price of sugar was about US$ 460 per ton, whereas the world price was only US$ 154 per ton. (The gap between the two prices was not so dramatic in other years, but it was significant.) Guyana was allowed to sell a
617:
In 2017, several sugar estates were closed or consolidated, reducing production of sugar to a forecasted 147,000 tons in 2018, less than half of 2017 production. Exports in 2019 were 92,246 tonnes, the lowest in nearly a century, GuySuCo pinning the blame on mechanical failures at the factory level.
598:
The government of Guyana restructured the sugar industry in the mid-1980s to restore its profitability. The area dedicated to sugar production was reduced from 50,000 hectares to under 40,000 hectares, and two of ten sugarcane-processing mills were closed. Guysuco also diversified into production of
720:
region of Guyana, peanut farming dominates the local economy and farmers depend upon the crop as their main source of income. Recent agricultural developments have enhanced production from 1,100 pounds per acre to over 2,500 in four years. As a result of increasing yields
Guyanese farmers have not
682:
Rice is produced for local consumption and is the country's largest current agricultural commodity export. Introduced by the Dutch to feed slaves working in the sugar industry, production increased when indentured
Indians were brought to the country. After the completion of indenture, Indians who
229:
Guyana exported about 85 percent of its annual sugar output, making sugar the largest source of foreign exchange. But the prospects for sugar exports grew less favourable during the 1980s. Rising production costs after nationalization, along with falling world sugar prices since the late 1970s,
187:
made a huge impact on Guyana's history; influencing politics, waves of immigration, and Guyana's place in the world economy. Guyana's nationalized sugar industry is led by
Guysuco, which owns five estates and eight factories for growing and processing sugar cane.
91:
products, as they had been since the nineteenth century. Sugar was produced primarily for export whereas most rice was consumed domestically. Today in Guyana sugar production generates the most revenue in the primary industry, at around 15% of the total annual
234:
report estimated production costs in Guyana at almost US$ 400 per ton, roughly the same as world sugar prices at that time. By early 1991, world sugar prices had declined sharply to under US$ 200 per ton. Prices were expected to continue decreasing as China,
206:
International prices for sugar have a significant impact on Guyana's mainly for-export sugar industry. Sugar trade favoured
European countries with tropical colonies where the cost of labour was exceptionally low. The expansion of government subsidized
768:
investment in the timber industry. Showing concern for the long term condition of its forests, the government also planned to set aside 360,000 hectares of rain forest for supervised development and international research into sustainable management.
581:
In the face of such keen international competition, Guyana grew increasingly dependent on its access to the subsidized markets of Europe and the United States. The bulk of sugar exports (about 160,000 tons per year in the late 1980s) went to the
218:
The Booker company owned most sugar plantations in Guyana until the industry was nationalized in 1976. The rapid nationalization of the sugar industry in the mid-1970s led to severe management difficulties and an emigration of talent. The
787:
Fishery products took on increasing importance during the 1980s as potential earners of foreign exchange. By the end of the decade, shrimp had become the third leading earner of foreign exchange after sugar and
740:
Timber was the least exploited but most abundant natural resource in Guyana in the early 1990s. Timber is mainly exported as logs, and forest land concessions are held by large domestic and international firms.
591:
much smaller amount of sugar (about 18,000 tons per year in 1989, down from 102,000 tons in 1974) in the United States market at prices comparable to those in the EEC under another quota arrangement, the
636:
is a major buyer of molasses for rum manufacture, however they had to import molasses in 2019 due to shortfalls in domestic production. Ethanol production from molasses has been done in small scale.
226:
The extent of Guyana's economic decline in the 1980s was clearly reflected in the performance of the sugar sector. Production levels were halved, from 324,000 tons in 1978 to 168,000 tons in 1988.
191:
It was the Dutch who determined the climate was ideal for growing sugarcane, and it was from here the particular
Demerara sugar originated. Sugar plantation labour was a destination point for the
618:
Plans to develop more value-added sugar products were initiated, such as white sugar production and a high grade of molasses for rum, as well as seeking more favourable trade arrangements.
72:
and dams which were built by the Dutch using slave labour. In the 1980s, there were reports that the 200-year-old system of dikes in Guyana was in a serious state of disrepair.
760:, provided a US$ 9 million loan for expansion of the forestry industry. In 1990 the government sold the state-owned logging company and announced plans to allow significant
796:
in 1990, raising the possibility of frozen fish exports. The government sold Guyana
Fisheries Limited, which employed about 5,000 people, to foreign investors in 1990.
963:
1718:
639:
Bagasse is burnt as fuel in sugar factories. Although primarily self-serving, GuySuCo's operations in
Skeldon have also contributed energy to Guyana's grid.
211:
industries in countries such as
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Russia led to a drop in world sugar prices, even as use of sugar continued to grow. The
1866:
808:
area during the late 1800s. A cattle trail opened in 1920, connecting Brazil to the south to the northern coast, and cattle were purchased from Brazil.
1204:
1831:
748:
problems at the major lumber mills. The government and interested groups overseas were addressing both difficulties. The government launched the
1539:
753:
1529:
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1386:
1531:
Raising Forest
Revenues and Employment: Unlocking the Potential of Small and Medium Forest Enterprises in Guyana : Discussion Paper
2007:
614:
The Skeldon factory was overhauled from 2005 to 2009, costing US$ 185m and making the single biggest investment in Guyana's history.
1711:
1458:
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68:
land. Much of this fertile area lay more than one meter below the high-tide level of the sea and had to be protected by a system of
1662:
611:. A study by the two companies reportedly estimated that US$ 20 million would be needed to rehabilitate Guyana's sugar industry.
838:
in the country. The country imported Cuban Holstein-Zebu cattle in the mid-1980s in an effort to make Guyana self-sufficient in
1859:
1362:
1309:
721:
only benefited from local markets in Guyana but have increasingly seen the export of Guyanese peanuts in the Caribbean market.
2028:
971:
744:
Profitability has been limited. The two main difficulties in timber production were the limited access to the forests and
1821:
1986:
1909:
1727:
1704:
866:
1971:
695:
583:
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land and the lack of adequate transportation. In 1987 there were an estimated 210,000 cattle, 185,000 pigs, 120,000
1961:
1852:
649:
592:
1826:
1966:
677:
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are also produced. During the late 1980s, some farmers succeeded in diversifying into specialty products such as
48:
is dominated by sugar and rice production. Although once the chief industry, it has been overshadowed by mining.
994:
2002:
1798:
1743:
1735:
872:
220:
212:
1930:
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despite the coastal plain which comprised only about 5 percent of the country's land area being suitable for
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1135:
1793:
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1337:
1027:
663:
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653:
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There are numerous important institutions and organizations which are involved in agriculture in Guyana:
1940:
1753:
1212:
215:
of 1902 was the first international sugar agreement addressing sugar tariffs until the first World War.
152:
are also an important crop. Many of these products including rice are of extreme importance to national
1387:"Guyanese sugar workers strike 135 days for economic justice, 1977 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"
842:
production; by 1987 annual production had reached 32 million liters, or only half the target quantity.
812:
was the largest during this era. Demand for beef was mainly related to the growing rubber industry of
1758:
857:
192:
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69:
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729:
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1976:
1935:
1880:
1601:
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1981:
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1567:
1504:
1183:
939:
745:
604:
1890:
231:
17:
1466:
1237:"External Trade - Annual Exports of Selected Commodities by Volume, Guyana: 1990 to 2020"
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in the early 1980s to improve hardwood production on a 220,000-hectare site. In 1985 the
1666:
809:
793:
781:
608:
196:
184:
820:, and the subsequent damage to ranches and buildings greatly diminished the industry.
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Peanut production plays an important role in some areas of the country. In the remote
2022:
200:
165:
157:
153:
1236:
777:
587:
121:
117:
88:
61:
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production was not a major activity in Guyana because of a shortage of adequate
761:
660:. The Guyana Agriculture Workers Union went on strike in 1977, lasting 135 days.
65:
34:
1696:
29:
1257:
1002:
757:
208:
128:
and livestock commodities from the country's various cattle ranches including
113:
1605:
1590:"Impacts of the Cattle Industry and Road Development in the Rupununi, Guyana"
1110:
1071:
1876:
823:
169:
816:. When the rubber industry faded, the beef industry soldiered on until the
1844:
1633:
1563:
1496:
1175:
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967:
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827:
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1363:"Manufacturing of by-products in sugar sector takes hit – PSC report"
813:
600:
149:
145:
109:
101:
57:
1462:
1459:"New equipment allows laboratory to test food products for toxins"
1411:"Guyana on the path to developing value-added rice-based products"
854:
Agriculture In-Service Training & Communication Centre (AITCC)
831:
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728:
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141:
97:
80:
28:
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placed Guyana in an increasingly uncompetitive position. A 1989
1143:
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733:
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Venezuela and Portugal are major importers of rice from Guyana.
133:
129:
84:
1848:
1700:
1665:. Government of Guyana:Ministry of Agriculture. Archived from
880:
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
93:
56:
Historically, agriculture was the chief economic activity in
1310:"Guyana records lowest sugar production in 94 years | CBR"
995:"Sugar in the Caribbean: Adjusting to Eroding Preferences"
911:
This article incorporates public domain material from the
239:, and India boosted sugar supplies to record high levels.
199:, indentured servants were brought in, mainly from India.
1205:"Production, Exports and Imports of Raw Sugar: 1990-2001"
712:
selecting peanut samples to be tested with new equipment.
175:
Many Guyanese practise subsistence agriculture as well.
195:, and when slavery was abolished under English rule as
630:
are the major by-products of the sugarcane industry.
1028:"Skeldon Sugar Factory - Food Processing Technology"
1995:
1949:
1923:
1897:
1807:
1734:
1049:
1047:
804:Guyana experienced a cattle boom in the southern
156:within the country. Small amounts of vegetables,
889:National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI)
1523:
1521:
1860:
1712:
203:continue to be a major force in agriculture.
8:
1833:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1136:"A History of Sugar Marketing Through 1974"
964:"Agricultural Development Profile - Guyana"
736:satellite image of forest burning in Guyana
586:(EEC) under the Lomé Convention, a special
1867:
1853:
1845:
1719:
1705:
1697:
1692:Guyana's Agricultural Information Network
1528:Mendes, Andrew; Macqueen, Duncan (2006).
958:
956:
246:
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1625:
1623:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1056:"The Decolonization of Sugar in Guyana"
919:
901:New Guyana Marketing Corporation (NGMC)
892:Fisheries, Crops & Livestock (MFCL)
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
925:
923:
1332:
1330:
1231:
1229:
932:"Guyana: A Country Study:Agriculture"
754:International Development Association
7:
1130:
1128:
1022:
1020:
898:Drainage and Irrigation Board (NDIB)
863:Guyana Rice Development Board (GRDB)
667:A tractor on a rice field in Guyana.
33:Guyana's extensive river system and
1634:"Guyana: A Country Study:Livestock"
1594:Journal of Latin American Geography
1564:"Guyana: A Country Study:Fisheries"
626:Cane tops, bagasse, filter mud and
2008:National Milling Company of Guyana
993:Mitchell, Donald (December 2005).
895:Dairy Development Programme (NDDP)
243:Production of Raw Sugar: 1990–2018
25:
1338:"Bioenergy from Sugar Production"
1266:Food and Agriculture Organization
1032:www.foodprocessing-technology.com
1875:
1497:"Guyana: A Country Study:Timber"
96:. Other important crops include
1465:. July 28, 2006. Archived from
1176:"Guyana: A Country Study:Sugar"
1095:"The Brussels Sugar Convention"
750:Upper Demerara Forestry Project
706:Guyana Food and Drug Department
87:are the most important primary
1:
1728:Agriculture in South America
1588:MacDonald, Katherine (2014).
1286:"Guyana - The World Factbook"
1239:. Bureau of Statistics Guyana
886:Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)
37:is important for agriculture.
1211:. 2008-01-21. Archived from
883:Lands and Surveys Commission
867:Guyana School of Agriculture
1663:"Agricultural Institutions"
877:Hydrometeorological Service
696:Peanut production in Guyana
622:Value chain and by-products
599:dairy products, livestock,
584:European Economic Community
144:products and fish, notably
2045:
693:
675:
650:Demerara rebellion of 1823
593:Caribbean Basin Initiative
18:Sugar production in Guyana
1887:
1391:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
1314:Caribbean Business Report
1099:The North American Review
1093:Taylor, Benjamin (1909).
1054:Davis, Horace B. (1967).
846:Agricultural institutions
678:Rice production in Guyana
213:Brussels Sugar Convention
2003:Guyana Sugar Corporation
221:Guyana Sugar Corporation
1566:. Library of Congress,
1258:"Sugar Raw Centrifugal"
860:Faculty of Agriculture
784:
737:
713:
668:
658:Ruimveldt Riots (1905)
654:Berbice slave uprising
172:for export to Europe.
38:
2029:Agriculture in Guyana
1941:Guyana Stock Exchange
1632:Merrill, Tim (1992).
1562:Merrill, Tim (1992).
1495:Merrill, Tim (1992).
1361:GTIMES (2019-07-02).
1174:Merrill, Tim (1992).
930:Merrill, Tim (1992).
780:
732:
703:
666:
32:
858:University of Guyana
704:A technician at the
193:Atlantic slave trade
1924:Trading and banking
1638:Library of Congress
1501:Library of Congress
1180:Library of Congress
936:Library of Congress
913:Library of Congress
634:Demerara Distillers
1147:. 1978. p. 90
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738:
714:
710:Georgetown, Guyana
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39:
2016:
2015:
1881:Economy of Guyana
1842:
1841:
1814:other territories
1541:978-1-84369-602-5
1439:ipad.fas.usda.gov
1060:Caribbean Studies
834:, and 15 million
818:Rupununi Uprising
806:Rupununi savannah
579:
578:
253:Production (M/T)
16:(Redirected from
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1931:History of Trade
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970:. Archived from
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746:electrical power
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148:. In some areas
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185:sugar industry
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201:Indo-Guyanese
198:
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166:heart-of-palm
163:
159:
158:vegetable oil
155:
154:food security
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119:
118:citrus fruits
115:
111:
107:
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99:
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75:
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67:
64:of crops, 2%
63:
59:
51:
49:
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43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
1956:
1810:Dependencies
1773:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1657:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1530:
1473:December 22,
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1367:Guyana Times
1366:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1318:. Retrieved
1316:. 2020-01-06
1313:
1304:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1199:
1149:. Retrieved
1142:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1066:(3): 35–57.
1063:
1059:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1008:. Retrieved
1001:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
910:
909:
849:
822:
803:
786:
762:South Korean
743:
739:
715:
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646:
638:
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625:
616:
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597:
580:
228:
225:
217:
205:
190:
182:
174:
89:agricultural
79:
55:
45:
41:
40:
26:
1957:Agriculture
1647:January 22,
1573:January 22,
1510:January 22,
1290:www.cia.gov
1262:www.fao.org
1189:January 22,
1006:. p. 1
978:January 22,
945:January 22,
62:cultivation
42:Agriculture
35:water cycle
1950:Industries
1889:Currency:
1673:25 January
1645:Retrieved
1571:Retrieved
1508:Retrieved
1444:2021-02-16
1420:2021-02-17
1396:2021-02-17
1372:2021-02-17
1347:2021-02-17
1320:2021-02-16
1295:2021-02-16
1271:2021-03-26
1243:2021-03-25
1219:2021-04-14
1187:Retrieved
1151:2021-02-17
1037:2021-03-26
1010:2021-02-17
1003:World Bank
943:Retrieved
906:References
758:World Bank
656:, and the
209:beet sugar
76:Production
1996:Companies
1987:Petroleum
1898:Utilities
1799:Venezuela
1744:Argentina
1606:1545-2476
1111:0029-2397
1072:0008-6533
824:Livestock
800:Livestock
773:Fisheries
766:Malaysian
170:asparagus
2023:Category
1789:Suriname
1779:Paraguay
1764:Colombia
1614:24395771
1534:. IIED.
1435:"Guyana"
1119:25106458
1080:25612017
836:chickens
725:Forestry
718:Rupununi
628:molasses
237:Thailand
106:coconuts
52:Land use
1977:Tourism
1936:Banking
1794:Uruguay
1769:Ecuador
1749:Bolivia
1209:GuySuCo
968:CARICOM
873:GUYSUCO
828:pasture
790:bauxite
690:Peanuts
648:as the
162:tobacco
150:peanuts
138:poultry
126:pumpkin
102:bananas
1982:Mining
1972:Peanut
1905:Energy
1774:Guyana
1754:Brazil
1612:
1604:
1538:
1117:
1109:
1078:
1070:
814:Manaus
652:, the
643:Labour
605:Booker
601:citrus
572:104.6
564:108.0
561:137.3
553:158.5
550:183.6
542:212.7
539:231.1
531:189.6
528:216.3
520:160.3
517:231.8
509:197.1
506:218.1
498:211.8
495:236.5
487:203.5
484:220.8
476:212.0
473:233.7
465:205.0
462:226.3
454:246.0
451:266.5
443:238.6
440:259.5
432:230.3
429:246.1
421:289.6
418:325.3
410:312.0
407:302.4
399:282.0
396:331.1
388:252.3
377:277.3
366:270.9
355:236.8
344:247.4
333:255.5
322:225.4
311:239.4
300:236.8
289:229.5
146:shrimp
122:pepper
110:coffee
66:arable
58:Guyana
46:Guyana
1962:Sugar
1759:Chile
1610:JSTOR
1463:USAID
1139:(PDF)
1115:JSTOR
1076:JSTOR
998:(PDF)
869:(GSA)
832:sheep
588:quota
575:77.8
569:2018
558:2017
547:2016
536:2015
525:2014
514:2013
503:2012
492:2011
481:2010
470:2009
459:2008
448:2007
437:2006
426:2005
415:2004
404:2003
393:2002
385:284.5
374:273.3
363:321.4
352:253.9
341:276.4
330:280.1
319:253.8
308:256.7
297:246.5
286:246.9
275:162.5
179:Sugar
142:dairy
114:cocoa
98:wheat
81:Sugar
70:dikes
1967:Rice
1784:Peru
1675:2009
1649:2009
1602:ISSN
1575:2009
1536:ISBN
1512:2009
1475:2009
1191:2009
1144:USDA
1107:ISSN
1068:ISSN
980:2009
947:2009
840:milk
764:and
734:NASA
672:Rice
607:and
382:2001
371:2000
360:1999
349:1998
338:1997
327:1996
316:1995
305:1994
294:1993
283:1992
278:150
272:1991
267:132
261:1990
250:Year
183:The
168:and
160:and
134:pork
130:beef
124:and
85:rice
83:and
1812:and
1103:190
264:132
94:GNP
44:in
2025::
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20:)
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