333:, while 38% of them returned to China. Although help was needed to work the fields, new problems, like feeding, housing and caring for new employees, were created for many of the planters since the Chinese immigrants did not live off the land like Native Hawaiians, who required little support. To prevent their workforce from organizing effectively against them, plantation managers diversified the ethnicities of their workforce, and in 1878 the first Japanese arrived to work on the plantations. Between 1885 and 1924, 200,000 Japanese people arrived with 55% returning to Japan. Between 1903 and 1910, 7,300
2950:
73:
2192:
2182:
2761:
311:
300:
33:
321:
When
Hawaiian plantations began to produce on a large scale, it became obvious that a labor force needed to be imported. The Hawaiian population was 1/6 its pre-1778 size due to ravaging disease brought by foreigners. Additionally, Hawaiian people saw little use for working on the plantations when
63:
over the span of a century. The sugar grown and processed in Hawaiʻi was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Sugarcane and pineapple plantations were the largest employers in Hawaiʻi. Today the sugarcane plantations are gone, production having moved to other
415:
Plantations were strategically located throughout the
Hawaiian Islands for reasons including: fertile soil area, level topography, sufficient water for irrigation, and a mild climate with little annual variation. These plantations transformed the land primarily to suit water needs: construction of
131:. In 1850, the law was amended to allow foreign residents to buy and lease land. In 1850, when California attained statehood, profits declined and the number of plantations decreased to five due to the import tariff that was instituted. Market demand increased even further during the onset of the
361:, this hybrid primarily of Hawaiian, English, Japanese, Chinese, and Portuguese allowed plantation workers to communicate effectively with one another and promoted a transfer of knowledge and traditions among the groups. A comparison of 1959–2005 racial categories shows the ongoing shifts.
439:
area of 600 acres (2.4 km) to produce cane. After draining the land and forever altering the biodiversity levels, they discovered it was an ancient forest, so they harvested the trees for timber, only then to find that the land was completely unsuitable for sugarcane production.
419:
Water was always a serious concern for plantation managers and owners. In the early 20th century, it took one ton of water to produce one pound of refined sugar. This inefficient use of water and the relative lack of fresh water in the island environment were fiercely compounding
449:
139:
allowed Hawaiʻi to sell sugar to the United States without paying duties or taxes, greatly increasing plantation profits. This treaty also guaranteed that all of the resources including land, water, human labor power, capital, and technology would be thrown behind
377:
385:
263:, which together eventually gained control over other aspects of the Hawaiian economy including banking, warehousing, shipping, and importing. This control of commodity distribution kept Hawaiians burdened under high prices and toiling under a diminished
275:, and increased global trade, allowed them to prosper. Alexander & Baldwin acquired additional sugar lands and also operated a sailing fleet between Hawai`i and the mainland. That shipping concern became American-Hawaiian Line, and later
464:
Sugar plantations suffered from many of the same afflictions that manufacturing market segments in the United States continue to feel. Labor costs increased significantly when Hawaiʻi became a state and workers were no longer effectively
356:
system that prevented worker organization, and divided the camps based on ethnic identity. An interesting outcome of this multi-cultural workforce and globalization of plantation workers was the emergence of a common language. Known as
469:. The hierarchical caste system plantation managers sought to maintain began to break down, with greater racial integration of the sugarcane plantations. Workers began to discover they had rights, and in 1920 waged the first
95:
upon arrival in the islands in 1778. They selected varieties that grew well across the broad spectrum of habitats in Hawaiʻi. Industrial sugar production started slowly in Hawaiʻi. The first sugar mill was created on
608:
496:, produced the final shipment of sugar from Hawaiʻi in December 2016. The mill was permanently closed soon thereafter and the last 375 employees of the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company were laid off.
2822:
2797:
3943:
2905:
4186:
368:
in 1862 to support his church and schools. He protested the slave-like conditions, and the profits made him one of the largest benefactors to other missions. It operated for 110 years.
3983:
3978:
267:. These businessmen had perfected the double-edged sword of capitalism –– a wage-earning labor force dependent upon plantation goods and services. Close ties as missionaries to the
119:
By the 1840s sugarcane plantations gained a foothold in
Hawaiian agriculture. Steamships provided rapid and reliable transportation to the islands, and demand increased during the
322:
they could easily subsist by farming and fishing. Plantation owners quickly began importing workers which dramatically changed Hawaiʻi's demographics and is an extreme example of
2861:
2937:
4026:
4021:
3953:
2932:
2276:
4041:
4206:
148:, an effort by the United States government to decrease the competitive pricing of Hawaiian sugar, paid 2 cents per pound to mainland producers. After significant
488:
and concentrated their efforts on the imposition of a tourism-based society. Former plantation land was used by the conglomerates to build hotels and develop this
4036:
2996:
2790:
920:
3858:
3963:
3751:
2974:
2900:
2814:
2449:
1933:
2888:
1856:
642:
427:
Early mills were extremely inefficient, producing molasses in four hours using an entire cord of wood to do so. This level of wood use caused dramatic
4031:
2783:
222:
808:
4201:
3938:
3911:
3823:
3948:
3906:
2895:
2866:
1803:
135:
which prevented
Southern sugar from being shipped northward. The price of sugar rose 525% from 4 cents per pound in 1861 to 25 cents in 1864. The
505:
3006:
2991:
2964:
396:
Sugar plantations dramatically impacted the environment around them. In an 1821 account, prior to the entrenchment of sugarcane plantations in
4064:
3063:
1049:
860:
424:. Sugar processing places significant demands on resources including irrigation, coal, iron, wood, steam, and railroads for transportation.
4176:
3031:
3026:
3001:
2876:
2827:
2444:
1756:
2296:
3916:
3278:
3046:
3041:
3021:
3016:
1828:
473:. Global politics played a large role in the downfall of Hawaiian sugar. Shifting political alliances between 1902 and 1930 permitted
4117:
2839:
2281:
1751:
485:
280:
3888:
2741:
2042:
1771:
1724:
537:
1092:
4191:
4084:
3656:
2871:
2806:
2258:
2228:
477:
to have a larger share of the United States sugar market, holding 45% of the domestic quota while Hawaiʻi, the
Philippines, and
4122:
4102:
2969:
2429:
1119:
876:
4181:
2353:
1698:
3577:
3428:
2979:
2736:
2554:
2286:
1602:
330:
215:
3236:
3138:
3051:
3036:
2927:
2849:
2834:
2373:
1632:
364:
A unique operation was the Kohala Sugar
Company, known as "The Missionary Plantation" since it was founded by Reverend
3634:
3263:
3241:
2854:
1786:
1781:
1766:
4003:
3993:
3646:
3194:
3011:
2677:
2368:
2348:
1928:
1908:
1888:
1494:
525:
136:
4196:
3973:
3408:
3251:
3150:
3056:
2984:
2491:
2323:
2318:
2195:
470:
421:
2949:
3788:
3783:
3666:
2910:
2614:
2414:
2383:
1808:
1776:
1354:
1022:
The
Morphology of the Town as an Artifact: A Case Study of Sugar Plantation Towns on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii
208:
72:
3958:
3968:
3651:
3540:
3388:
3346:
3199:
3177:
2690:
2089:
1903:
1761:
1359:
260:
181:
101:
2328:
36:
Hawaiian
Commercial & Sugar Company's Puunene mill on Maui was the last operating sugar mill in Hawaiʻi
3998:
3761:
3560:
3528:
3312:
3226:
3160:
3086:
2695:
2604:
2594:
2466:
2271:
2163:
1943:
805:
781:
248:
196:
416:
tunnels to divert water from the mountains to the plantations, reservoir construction, and well digging.
108:, is the site of the first sugar plantation. In 1836 the first 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) of sugar and
4069:
3835:
3258:
3165:
3155:
3103:
3098:
2685:
2564:
2471:
2404:
2388:
1953:
1893:
1039:
549:
1399:
484:
The Big Five slowed the production of sugar as cheaper labor was found in India, South
America and the
1014:, United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, November 24, 2006
3830:
3736:
3545:
3463:
3423:
3393:
3371:
3300:
3285:
3214:
3187:
2731:
2721:
2700:
2358:
2221:
1454:
1369:
1257:
405:
120:
4112:
3721:
3681:
3582:
3478:
3324:
3128:
2746:
2705:
2637:
1861:
1746:
1703:
1112:
493:
492:
which has dominated the past 50 years of
Hawaiian economics. Hawaiʻi's last working sugar mill, in
466:
409:
345:
first arrived. Between 1909 and 1930, 112,800 Filipinos came to Hawaiʻi with 36% returning to the
288:
3776:
3627:
3518:
3503:
3413:
3108:
2844:
2662:
2486:
2476:
2461:
2409:
2121:
1948:
1838:
1504:
284:
132:
128:
252:
176:
17:
3988:
3863:
3691:
3671:
3639:
3592:
3376:
2569:
2424:
2378:
2343:
2313:
2266:
2052:
1918:
1833:
1307:
1045:
949:
914:
856:
616:
543:
489:
457:
268:
244:
240:
191:
167:
848:
4046:
3813:
3565:
3453:
3204:
2726:
2584:
2501:
2456:
2338:
2291:
2116:
1958:
1880:
1514:
1312:
329:
In 1850 the first imported worker arrived from China. Between 1852 and 1887, almost 50,000
156:
in 1894. By 1890, 75% of all Hawaiʻi privately held land was owned by foreign businessmen.
4097:
4092:
3766:
3570:
3533:
3170:
2883:
2667:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2509:
2481:
2419:
2333:
2308:
2214:
2099:
2021:
1729:
1708:
1622:
812:
516:
510:
358:
342:
264:
145:
777:
448:
4074:
3793:
3701:
3443:
3361:
2185:
2109:
2104:
2062:
2026:
1821:
1796:
1688:
1678:
1646:
1509:
1479:
1414:
1297:
1211:
1152:
1138:
1105:
1009:
531:
279:. Later the sons and grandsons of the early missionaries played central roles in the
256:
88:
48:
4170:
3741:
3612:
3550:
3493:
3468:
3433:
3398:
3351:
3305:
3219:
3182:
3143:
3068:
2765:
2657:
2652:
2152:
1816:
1617:
1612:
1459:
1344:
1322:
1317:
1247:
428:
323:
105:
400:, the area is described as belonging to many different people and being filled with
376:
3803:
3726:
3483:
3317:
3231:
3123:
3091:
2775:
2622:
2011:
1999:
1923:
1898:
1791:
1739:
1597:
1534:
1529:
1349:
1327:
1179:
397:
384:
310:
299:
276:
272:
124:
92:
56:
52:
643:"How Centuries of Extractive Agriculture Helped Set the Stage for the Maui Fires"
609:"With pineapple and sugar production gone, Hawaii weighs its agricultural future"
239:
families and other businessmen, concentrated in corporations known in Hawaiʻi as
127:) displaced Hawaiian people from their land, forming the basis for the sugarcane
3873:
3622:
3508:
3339:
3273:
3113:
2157:
2077:
2067:
1984:
1974:
1913:
1734:
1671:
1576:
1561:
1524:
1464:
1444:
1430:
1404:
1379:
1332:
1302:
1262:
1242:
1237:
1206:
478:
346:
60:
4153:
3878:
3840:
3381:
3290:
2920:
2574:
2072:
2057:
1994:
1683:
1666:
1627:
1549:
1544:
1394:
1339:
1272:
1267:
1252:
1227:
1083:
432:
365:
236:
141:
620:
4138:
4107:
3883:
3868:
3711:
3602:
3329:
2915:
2589:
2514:
2131:
2126:
2016:
2004:
1979:
1938:
1566:
1489:
1484:
1436:
1374:
1232:
1199:
1162:
80:
40:
1097:
1078:
100:
in 1802 by an unidentified Chinese man who returned to China in 1803. The
32:
2627:
2248:
1989:
1571:
1449:
1389:
1157:
436:
153:
149:
109:
59:
and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people
1033:, Paris, France: Imprimerie.: United Nations Environment Programme, 1982
2534:
2136:
2047:
1693:
1661:
1592:
1519:
1469:
1409:
1384:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1167:
806:
http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=29
334:
4148:
2579:
2539:
2439:
2434:
2303:
2238:
2094:
2082:
1554:
1499:
1172:
453:
389:
314:
303:
84:
44:
4143:
2599:
2524:
2519:
2206:
1539:
1474:
1364:
1289:
1128:
447:
383:
375:
353:
338:
309:
298:
186:
113:
97:
71:
1055:
55:
upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a
2544:
2529:
474:
435:
were entirely destroyed unnecessarily. One plantation drained a
401:
2779:
2210:
1101:
1607:
954:, Hawaii State Government, United States Census Bureau, 2006
255:, H. Hackfeld & Co. (later named American Factors (now
991:
Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835 – 1920
963:, Honolulu, HI: Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1949
380:
Amount of sugarcane harvested in Hawaii over time in acres
3944:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
2906:
Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States
352:
Plantation owners worked hard to maintain a hierarchical
112:
was shipped to the United States. The plantation town of
1044:, Lake Oswego, Oregon: Alder Business Publishing, 2011,
1031:
Environmental Aspects of the Sugar Industry: An Overview
283:
in 1893, creating a short-lived republic. In 1898, the
3984:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
3979:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
235:
The industry was tightly controlled by descendants of
2862:
Early history of food regulation in the United States
941:
Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaiʻi
1041:
Norwegian Aloha: The Making of a Sugar Cane Engineer
826:
Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii
706:
Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii
4131:
4083:
4057:
4012:
3954:
California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975
3929:
3897:
3851:
3077:
2957:
2813:
2714:
2676:
2613:
2553:
2500:
2397:
2257:
2145:
2035:
1967:
1879:
1849:
1717:
1654:
1645:
1585:
1423:
1288:
1281:
1220:
1145:
271:along with capital investments, cheap land, cheap
291:, aided by the lobbying of the sugar interests.
287:was annexed by the United States and became the
4187:Agricultural buildings and structures in Hawaii
939:Dorrance, William H.; Morgan, Francis (2000),
877:"The Sun Finally Sets on Sugar Cane in Hawaii"
855:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 71–72,
331:Chinese individuals arrived to work in Hawaiʻi
2791:
2222:
1113:
849:"The Reverend Mr. Bond and Kohala Plantation"
216:
8:
1001:Raising Cane: The World of Plantation Hawaii
778:"Isle institutions' economic impact endures"
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
91:in approximately 600 AD and was observed by
51:in approximately 600 AD and was observed by
2901:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
1934:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
993:, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
2889:List of food plants native to the Americas
2798:
2784:
2776:
2229:
2215:
2207:
1651:
1285:
1120:
1106:
1098:
973:, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press
919:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
667:
665:
663:
223:
209:
163:
123:. The land division law of 1848 (known as
27:Overview of sugarcane production in Hawaii
3964:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
951:2005 American Community Survey for Hawaii
3912:National Agricultural Statistics Service
1024:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
1003:, New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers
981:Globalization: A Very Short Introduction
828:(Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2000), 20.
708:(Honolulu, Mutual Publishing, 2000), 11.
116:, was established adjacent to the mill.
31:
3949:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
3907:United States Department of Agriculture
2867:Indentured servitude in British America
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
561:
166:
4207:Sugar plantations in the United States
912:
718:
716:
714:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
875:Downes, Lawrence (January 16, 2017).
7:
776:Lyn Danninger (September 29, 2002).
641:Rodriguez, Katie (August 23, 2023).
607:Lyte, Brittany (December 17, 2017).
506:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
404:and banana plantations along with a
3917:United States Census of Agriculture
971:Hawaii: Islands Under the Influence
281:overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
4118:United Food and Commercial Workers
4022:Agricultural workers mental health
2344:ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
1011:Sugarcane Harvested from 1934–2006
853:Working in Hawaii: a labor history
452:As the prevalence of sugarcane in
25:
3889:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
2742:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
2043:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1139:List of sugars and sugar products
983:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
943:, Honolulu, HI: Mutual Publishing
388:Amount of sugarcane harvested in
337:arrived and only 16% returned to
2948:
2807:Agriculture in the United States
2759:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2180:
1093:Waiahole Ditch Water Restoration
521:while based mostly in California
4202:Pre-statehood history of Hawaii
4103:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
460:was promoted to take its place.
18:Sugarcane plantations in Hawaii
2354:Pearl Harbor National Memorial
933:, London: Chapman and Hall Ltd
931:The History of Sugar, Volume 1
1:
2737:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
4123:Woman's Land Army of America
2850:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2835:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
907:Koloa Plantation 1835 – 1935
4177:Sugar plantations in Hawaii
2896:Native American in Virginia
847:Edward D. Beechert (1985),
4223:
4004:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
3994:Packers and Stockyards Act
3859:Southwestern United States
2946:
1929:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
1909:Demerara rebellion of 1823
1889:1811 German Coast uprising
1495:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
905:Alexander, Arthur (1937),
137:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
4037:Genetically modified food
3974:Food Security Act of 1985
3820:Northern Mariana Islands
3279:genetically modified food
3057:Connecticut shade tobacco
2755:
2450:Colleges and universities
2245:
2176:
1136:
1079:Hawaii Plantation Village
422:environmental degradation
104:, established in 1835 by
2282:Discovery and settlement
1355:High-fructose corn syrup
811:August 30, 2020, at the
261:Theo H. Davies & Co.
182:Theo H. Davies & Co.
146:1890 McKinley Tariff Act
4192:American sugar industry
1904:Colonial molasses trade
1360:High-maltose corn syrup
999:Takaki, Ronald (1994),
989:Takaki, Ronald (1983),
249:Alexander & Baldwin
197:Alexander & Baldwin
3999:Pure Food and Drug Act
2164:Pure, White and Deadly
1944:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
1850:By region (historical)
782:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
461:
444:Decline of plantations
393:
381:
318:
307:
160:Sugar and the Big Five
152:efforts, this act was
77:
37:
4182:Agriculture in Hawaii
4070:California nut crimes
3080:or territory-specific
2715:Pre-statehood history
2565:French Frigate Shoals
2405:Hawaiian architecture
1954:Taiwan Sugar Railways
1894:Amelioration Act 1798
979:Steger, M.B. (2003),
804:, Hawaiihistory.org,
500:Planters and managers
490:tourist-based economy
471:multi-cultural strike
451:
412:would not last long.
387:
379:
313:
302:
142:sugarcane cultivation
75:
35:
3078:State, commonwealth,
2732:Hawaiian Renaissance
2722:Bayonet Constitution
1633:Unrefined sweeteners
1455:Crystalline fructose
1370:Inverted sugar syrup
1020:Urcia, Jose (1960),
929:Deerr, Noel (1949),
815:, November 19, 2013.
372:Environmental impact
289:Territory of Hawaiʻi
121:California Gold Rush
98:the island of Lānaʻi
76:Ewa Sugar Mill, 1940
4113:United Farm Workers
3959:Capper–Volstead Act
3939:Agricultural policy
2747:Territory of Hawaii
2615:Notable communities
1718:By region (current)
1618:Sugar confectionery
1087:Densho Encyclopedia
969:Kent, Noel (1993),
704:Dorrance, William,
526:George P. Trousseau
467:indentured servants
410:subsistence farming
317:Demographics, 2005.
306:Demographics, 1959.
285:Republic of Hawaiʻi
253:C. Brewer & Co.
177:C. Brewer & Co.
2845:Columbian exchange
2122:Sweetened beverage
1949:Sugar Intervention
1857:Danish West Indies
1839:U.S. Sugar Program
1598:Cotton candy floss
1505:Plantation Reserve
1400:Steen's cane syrup
1058:on January 5, 2014
824:William Dorrance,
462:
394:
382:
319:
308:
245:Castle & Cooke
192:Castle & Cooke
133:American Civil War
129:plantation economy
83:was introduced to
78:
43:was introduced to
38:
4164:
4163:
3989:Grain Futures Act
3864:Black Dirt Region
2773:
2772:
2766:Hawaii portal
2204:
2203:
2053:Blood sugar level
1919:Leith Sugar House
1875:
1874:
1834:Sugar Association
1641:
1640:
1603:Maple sugar foods
1308:Barley malt syrup
1131:as food commodity
1051:978-0-9792987-1-4
862:978-0-8248-0890-7
544:William H. Purvis
392:over time in tons
269:Hawaiian monarchy
243:. These included
233:
232:
168:Hawaii's Big Five
49:first inhabitants
16:(Redirected from
4214:
4197:History of sugar
4065:Adulterated food
4047:Ogallala Aquifer
2952:
2823:African-American
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2727:Hawaiian Kingdom
2605:Pearl and Hermes
2339:Native Hawaiians
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2117:Sugar substitute
1959:Triangular trade
1652:
1313:Brown rice syrup
1286:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1054:, archived from
1034:
1025:
1015:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
964:
955:
944:
934:
924:
918:
910:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
844:
838:
835:
829:
822:
816:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
773:
767:
764:
749:
746:
723:
720:
709:
702:
696:
693:
672:
669:
658:
657:
655:
653:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
604:
598:
595:
580:
577:
225:
218:
211:
164:
125:The Great Mahele
21:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4127:
4098:Convict leasing
4093:Bracero Program
4079:
4053:
4014:
4008:
3931:
3925:
3899:
3893:
3847:
3748:Virgin Islands
3678:South Carolina
3079:
3073:
2953:
2944:
2933:Native American
2884:New World crops
2828:Black land loss
2809:
2804:
2774:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2710:
2672:
2609:
2556:
2549:
2496:
2393:
2309:Hawaiianization
2253:
2241:
2235:
2205:
2200:
2172:
2141:
2100:Sugar addiction
2031:
2022:Sugar sculpture
1963:
1871:
1845:
1822:Tate & Lyle
1813:United Kingdom
1730:Bundaberg Sugar
1713:
1709:Sugar marketing
1637:
1623:Sugarcane juice
1581:
1419:
1277:
1216:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
961:Sugar in Hawaii
959:
948:
938:
928:
911:
904:
900:
895:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
863:
846:
845:
841:
836:
832:
823:
819:
813:Wayback Machine
800:
796:
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
766:Alexander, 1937
765:
752:
747:
726:
721:
712:
703:
699:
694:
675:
670:
661:
651:
649:
640:
639:
635:
625:
623:
613:Washington Post
606:
605:
601:
596:
583:
578:
563:
559:
550:David M. Forbes
517:Claus Spreckels
511:John Mott-Smith
502:
446:
374:
359:Hawaiian Pidgin
343:Filipino people
297:
295:Importing labor
265:quality of life
229:
162:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4075:Cattle raiding
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4032:Farmer suicide
4029:
4027:Climate change
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
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3816:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3773:West Virginia
3771:
3770:
3769:
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3756:
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3739:
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3615:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3578:North Carolina
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3515:New Hampshire
3513:
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3506:
3498:
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3496:
3488:
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3486:
3481:
3473:
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3447:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3418:
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3411:
3405:Massachusetts
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3356:
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3344:
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3333:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3294:
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3283:
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3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3246:
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3234:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3209:
3208:
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3192:
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3173:
3168:
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3158:
3148:
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3141:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3118:
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3116:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Christmas tree
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2947:
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2874:
2864:
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2837:
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2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
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2771:
2770:
2756:
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2749:
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2734:
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2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
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2674:
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2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
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2645:
2640:
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2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
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2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Climate change
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:Transportation
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Kūʻē Petitions
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2110:Residual sugar
2105:Sugars in wine
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Health effects
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2063:Flavored syrup
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2027:Treacle mining
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:Tongaat Hulett
1794:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Sugarcane mill
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Molasses sugar
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1298:List of syrups
1294:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1212:Reducing sugar
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:Monosaccharide
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1084:"Plantations,"
1081:
1074:
1073:External links
1071:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1036:
1027:
1017:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
957:
946:
936:
926:
909:, Honolulu, HI
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:
881:New York Times
867:
861:
839:
830:
817:
794:
768:
750:
724:
710:
697:
673:
659:
633:
599:
581:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
547:
541:
535:
532:Rufus A. Lyman
529:
523:
519:(1828–1908) –
514:
508:
501:
498:
456:deteriorated,
445:
442:
373:
370:
296:
293:
241:"The Big Five"
231:
230:
228:
227:
220:
213:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
171:
170:
161:
158:
106:Ladd & Co.
102:Old Sugar Mill
69:
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4219:
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4056:
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4035:
4033:
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4028:
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4020:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
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3990:
3987:
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3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:organizations
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
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3857:
3856:
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3829:
3825:
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3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
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3690:
3689:
3688:South Dakota
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:Rhode Island
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
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3641:
3638:
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3614:
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3608:
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3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:North Dakota
3588:
3584:
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3576:
3572:
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3307:
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3275:
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3257:
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3250:
3249:
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3127:
3125:
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3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
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3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
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3076:
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3067:
3065:
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3028:
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3018:
3015:
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3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
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2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
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2971:
2968:
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2153:Robert Lustig
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1829:United States
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1817:British Sugar
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1613:Sugar alcohol
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1345:Glucose syrup
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1326:
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1323:Maesil-cheong
1321:
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538:Samuel Parker
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
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518:
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512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
495:
494:Puunene, Maui
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
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468:
459:
455:
450:
443:
441:
438:
434:
430:
429:deforestation
425:
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324:globalization
316:
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86:
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74:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
4042:Water supply
3635:Pennsylvania
3450:Mississippi
3268:
2975:Blackcurrant
2877:Pennsylvania
2757:
2502:Main islands
2467:Homelessness
2435:Demographics
2360:
2272:Constitution
2247:
2162:
2012:Sugar people
2000:Sugar packet
1924:Molasses Act
1899:Blackbirding
1866:
1792:Illovo Sugar
1787:South Africa
1740:Wilmar Sugar
1535:Butterscotch
1530:Barley sugar
1435:
1350:Golden syrup
1328:Mogwa-cheong
1180:Disaccharide
1086:
1060:, retrieved
1056:the original
1040:
1030:
1021:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
906:
884:. Retrieved
880:
870:
852:
842:
837:Steger, 2003
833:
825:
820:
801:
797:
785:. Retrieved
771:
748:Takaki, 1994
705:
700:
671:Takaki, 1983
650:. Retrieved
646:
636:
624:. Retrieved
612:
602:
520:
483:
481:shared 25%.
463:
431:. At times,
426:
418:
414:
395:
363:
351:
328:
320:
234:
118:
93:Captain Cook
79:
57:big business
53:Captain Cook
39:
29:
4015:environment
3898:Government
3874:Cotton Belt
3758:Washington
3647:Puerto Rico
3557:New Mexico
3525:New Jersey
3372:aquaculture
3195:Connecticut
3104:aquaculture
2638:Kailua-Kona
2472:LGBT rights
2389:Unification
2287:Earthquakes
2277:Delegations
2158:John Yudkin
2068:Fruit syrup
1985:Sugar shack
1975:Added sugar
1914:Holing cane
1772:Philippines
1672:Casa-grande
1586:Other forms
1562:Sugar glass
1525:Sugar candy
1465:Gula melaka
1445:Candi sugar
1424:Solid forms
1415:Yacón syrup
1405:Table syrup
1380:Maple syrup
1333:Yuja-cheong
1303:Agave syrup
1238:Agave syrup
1207:Added sugar
597:Urcia, 1960
579:Deerr, 1949
552:(1863–1937)
546:(1858–1950)
540:(1853–1920)
534:(1842–1910)
528:(1833–1894)
513:(1824–1895)
479:Puerto Rico
347:Philippines
89:Polynesians
64:countries.
61:immigrating
4171:Categories
4154:Dude ranch
4013:Health and
3879:Fruit Belt
3698:Tennessee
3440:Minnesota
3358:Louisiana
3151:California
2958:Industries
2921:Sheep wars
2663:Pearl City
2515:Kahoʻolawe
2319:Hurricanes
2304:Government
2196:Production
2073:Date honey
2058:Cane knife
1995:Sugar nips
1684:Sugar bush
1667:Plantation
1655:Production
1550:Rock candy
1515:Preserving
1395:Pine honey
1340:Corn syrup
1228:Sugar beet
898:References
722:HSPA, 1949
695:Kent, 1993
652:August 25,
647:Civil Eats
433:ecosystems
366:Elias Bond
341:. In 1906
237:missionary
4139:Corn maze
4108:H-2A visa
3969:Farm bill
3884:Rice Belt
3869:Corn Belt
3852:By region
3784:Wisconsin
3733:Virginia
3609:Oklahoma
3490:Nebraska
3460:Missouri
3420:Michigan
3297:Illinois
3211:Delaware
3135:Arkansas
2916:Range war
2590:Maro Reef
2585:Lisianski
2445:Education
2292:Geography
2252:(capital)
2237:State of
2132:Sweetness
2127:Sweetener
2017:Sugar tit
2005:Sucrology
1980:Crop Over
1939:Sugar Act
1782:Sri Lanka
1767:Mauritius
1752:Caribbean
1725:Australia
1567:Sugarloaf
1485:Muscovado
1437:Peen tong
1375:Kuromitsu
1233:Sugarcane
1200:Trehalose
1163:Galactose
1146:Chemistry
621:0190-8286
486:Caribbean
406:fish pond
81:Sugarcane
41:Sugarcane
3932:politics
3824:cannabis
3814:cannabis
3800:Wyoming
3762:cannabis
3752:cannabis
3737:cannabis
3722:cannabis
3718:Vermont
3667:cannabis
3652:cannabis
3628:cannabis
3561:cannabis
3546:cannabis
3541:New York
3529:cannabis
3504:cannabis
3479:cannabis
3475:Montana
3464:cannabis
3429:cherries
3424:cannabis
3409:cannabis
3394:cannabis
3389:Maryland
3377:cannabis
3347:Kentucky
3301:cannabis
3248:Georgia
3215:cannabis
3200:cannabis
3188:cannabis
3178:Colorado
3161:cannabis
3129:cannabis
3120:Arizona
3109:cannabis
2980:Cannabis
2938:Colonial
2872:Virginia
2691:Honolulu
2678:Counties
2643:Kāneʻohe
2628:Honolulu
2535:Molokaʻi
2487:Politics
2477:Folklore
2462:Gun laws
2410:Abortion
2297:Seamount
2249:Honolulu
2186:Category
2146:Research
1990:Sugaring
1804:Tanzania
1679:Refinery
1647:Industry
1572:Wasanbon
1510:Powdered
1450:Chancaca
1390:Molasses
1282:Products
1258:Honeydew
1158:Fructose
1062:June 22,
915:citation
886:March 3,
809:Archived
802:Big Five
437:riparian
154:repealed
150:lobbying
110:molasses
3930:Law and
3619:Oregon
3500:Nevada
3336:Kansas
3313:Indiana
3227:Florida
3166:walnuts
3156:almonds
3087:Alabama
3052:Tobacco
3037:Spinach
3027:Poultry
2928:Slavery
2815:History
2696:Kalawao
2686:Hawaiʻi
2668:Waipahu
2648:Kapolei
2633:Kahului
2570:Gardner
2557:Islands
2540:Niʻihau
2510:Hawaiʻi
2440:Economy
2430:Culture
2425:Cuisine
2398:Society
2379:Tourism
2361:Arizona
2324:Islands
2314:History
2267:Outline
2137:Vinasse
2048:Bagasse
2036:Related
1968:Culture
1881:History
1694:Engenho
1662:Boilery
1628:Tuzemák
1593:Caramel
1520:Sucanat
1470:Jaggery
1460:Gelling
1410:Treacle
1385:Mizuame
1248:Coconut
1221:Sources
1195:Sucrose
1190:Maltose
1185:Lactose
1168:Glucose
1089:article
458:tourism
454:Hawaiʻi
408:. This
390:Hawaiʻi
335:Koreans
315:Hawaiʻi
304:Hawaiʻi
259:)) and
85:Hawaiʻi
68:Origins
47:by its
45:Hawaiʻi
4149:Cowboy
3657:coffee
3368:Maine
3264:coffee
3259:Hawaii
3237:tomato
3099:Alaska
3007:Cotton
2992:Cherry
2965:Banana
2701:Kauaʻi
2658:Līhuʻe
2595:Necker
2580:Laysan
2525:Lānaʻi
2520:Kauaʻi
2492:Sports
2457:Energy
2369:People
2259:Topics
2239:Hawaii
2167:(1972)
2095:Nectar
2083:Jallab
1867:Hawaii
1809:Uganda
1777:Rwanda
1555:Toffee
1500:Panela
1318:Cheong
1290:Syrups
1173:Xylose
1048:
859:
787:May 1,
626:May 9,
619:
277:Matson
144:. The
4144:Ranch
4132:Other
4085:Labor
4058:Crime
3831:Texas
3810:Guam
3789:dairy
3708:Utah
3599:Ohio
3566:chile
3286:Idaho
3269:sugar
3242:mango
3064:Wheat
3042:Sugar
3017:Dairy
3012:Cider
2653:Kihei
2600:Nihoa
2545:Oʻahu
2482:Media
2420:Crime
2349:Parks
2334:Music
2078:Grape
1762:India
1757:Kenya
1704:Zafra
1699:Batey
1577:White
1540:Candy
1475:Misri
1431:Brown
1365:Honey
1263:Maple
1243:Birch
1129:Sugar
557:Notes
354:caste
339:Korea
273:labor
257:Amfac
187:Amfac
114:Koloa
3841:wine
3836:rice
3804:wine
3794:wine
3777:wine
3767:wine
3742:wine
3727:wine
3712:wine
3702:wine
3692:wine
3682:wine
3672:wine
3640:wine
3623:wine
3613:wine
3603:wine
3593:wine
3583:wine
3571:wine
3551:wine
3534:wine
3519:wine
3509:wine
3494:wine
3484:wine
3469:wine
3454:wine
3444:wine
3434:wine
3414:wine
3399:wine
3382:wine
3362:wine
3352:wine
3340:wine
3330:wine
3325:Iowa
3318:wine
3306:wine
3291:wine
3274:wine
3252:wine
3232:wine
3220:wine
3205:wine
3183:wine
3171:wine
3144:wine
3139:rice
3124:wine
3114:wine
3092:wine
3069:Wine
3032:Rice
3002:Corn
2985:Hemp
2911:Wine
2706:Maui
2623:Hilo
2575:Kure
2530:Maui
2359:USS
1862:Fiji
1747:Cuba
1545:Hard
1273:Malt
1268:Palm
1253:Date
1064:2011
1046:ISBN
921:link
888:2018
857:ISBN
789:2010
654:2023
628:2018
617:ISSN
475:Cuba
402:taro
398:Aiea
3047:Tea
3022:Hop
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