305:, although this interpretation remains debated. Although it has been argued that the dwarfs are depicted out of proportion and in a bestial manner, it has been noted that they closely resemble the human on the other side of the stone and it was unlikely that the carver intended to depict them as looking differently to humans. It has been suggested that the role of the dwarfs in holding up the heavens would imply they were thought to be very tall; however, it has been noted that the sky could have been conceived of as being close to the earth at the horizon. Judgements on their size cannot be supported either way by the hogback stone as the size of the hogback stone imposed physical limitations on the size of depictions.
976:
38:
349:
but likely reflects earlier naming practices, and is also seen in
Denmark and Norway in later times. The term is widely believed by scholars to originate in the traditions of Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, whose roles parallel the holding up of the main roof beam. This supports the idea that
2092:
3032:
2082:
204:
They took his skull also, and made of it the heaven, and set it up over the earth with four corners; and under each corner they set a dwarf: the names of these are East, West, North, and South.
367:
It has been argued that this mirroring of the world by the hall is further built up by the design of the hall and the imagery contained within it, such as in the use of pillars that reflect the
328:. This has been connected by some scholars to Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, suggesting that, as in other cases, the home acts like a microcosm, in which the roof is equated with the sky.
3077:
2087:
368:
354:
saw the hall as representative of the wider world, with the roof equating to the heavens. It is further to be noted that the term for the main roof beam is the same in its singular form as
197:óku þeir ok haus hans ok gerðu þar af himin ok settu hann upp yfir jörðina með fjórum skautum, ok undir hvert horn settu þeir dverg. Þeir heita svá: Austri, Vestri, Norðri, Suðri.
2062:
2057:
1234:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2052:
2047:
2042:
99:
Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri have been variously translated as "The one in the East, West, North and South" and "East, West, North and South". The names derive from
1212:
2037:
2032:
1526:
1456:
3097:
891:
814:
Mikučionis, Ugnius (2017). "Recognizing a dvergr: Physical Status and
External Appearance of dvergar in Medieval Nordic Sources (8th-13th century)".
2495:
2369:
1616:
1069:
1205:
2190:
2185:
220:
3269:
3009:
2891:
87:("dwarfs"), supports for the main beam of some halls, that are likely named due to the roof being seen as a reflection of the sky in
1914:
860:
716:
224:
1198:
45:
depicting four figures with upraised arms, which have been interpreted as Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri holding up the sky
2439:
346:
884:
3052:
1606:
1516:
917:
3219:
3209:
2317:
2217:
1724:
1486:
952:
2449:
2374:
2242:
1243:
877:
186:
2772:
2354:
2327:
2322:
2262:
2237:
1436:
1013:
998:
922:
3154:
259:
3295:
2024:
1942:
2977:
2909:
2899:
3004:
2466:
2257:
3214:
2571:
1348:
237:
975:
2379:
2113:
1972:
1466:
466:
351:
294:
88:
31:
3067:
2267:
1884:
1869:
293:
Scholars have proposed that Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri are depicted holding up the sky on a
2787:
1809:
1221:
823:
789:
781:
332:
245:
100:
2914:
2837:
2802:
2797:
1879:
1709:
1318:
1273:
803:"Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall"
3274:
3264:
3123:
3087:
2737:
2476:
1759:
856:
773:
712:
460:
378:
2515:
2384:
2994:
2707:
2252:
2207:
1967:
1824:
1649:
1406:
1248:
937:
765:
472:
258:("Helm of Vestri and Austri, Suðri, Norðri"). An example of this is quoted from the work of
241:
67:
50:
2842:
2364:
3204:
2412:
2160:
1225:
1023:
900:
288:
42:
3128:
2757:
2692:
2535:
2419:
1889:
1839:
1829:
1754:
3118:
3113:
2982:
2865:
2860:
2817:
2747:
2742:
2662:
2551:
2525:
2510:
2349:
2002:
1864:
1699:
1388:
331:
It has been noted that the small wooden blocks that held up the main beam of the roof (
1531:
37:
3300:
3289:
3082:
3062:
3047:
2989:
2937:
2822:
2812:
2782:
2752:
2717:
2687:
2652:
2520:
2459:
2434:
2359:
2337:
2247:
2195:
2108:
1729:
1569:
1521:
827:
793:
1719:
1664:
1303:
271:
2904:
2232:
1190:
848:
155:
78:
2807:
2767:
2647:
2632:
2272:
2153:
1987:
1977:
1749:
1674:
1601:
1383:
1323:
1169:
318:
It has been noted that the beams that support the roof of the house are known as
3133:
3072:
3042:
2952:
2919:
2792:
2762:
2722:
2702:
2682:
2657:
2586:
2576:
2481:
2118:
1804:
1714:
1679:
1669:
1634:
1179:
1143:
1138:
1113:
1087:
478:
171:
3239:
2959:
2855:
2847:
2727:
2672:
2627:
2622:
2607:
2424:
2123:
1764:
1689:
1684:
1639:
1174:
1118:
523:
521:
374:. This phenomenon has been seen more widely in other cultural spaces, such as
302:
159:
2344:
1859:
1308:
947:
777:
3194:
2999:
2967:
2877:
2832:
2732:
2581:
2566:
2307:
2170:
1789:
1739:
1734:
1654:
1093:
959:
836:
375:
371:
325:
180:
3199:
2872:
2561:
2454:
1962:
1952:
1922:
1899:
1471:
1358:
1252:
71:
711:. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press.
3244:
3229:
3179:
3164:
3057:
2827:
2712:
2677:
2642:
2556:
2471:
2429:
2332:
2302:
2282:
2202:
1937:
1874:
1854:
1849:
1774:
1769:
1704:
1586:
1506:
1501:
1446:
1431:
1343:
1313:
1298:
1288:
1164:
1123:
964:
62:
70:
who hold up the sky after it was made by the gods from the skull of the
3189:
3037:
2777:
2697:
2667:
2612:
2530:
2407:
2287:
2277:
2143:
2138:
1957:
1927:
1629:
1624:
1581:
1441:
1398:
1378:
1333:
1293:
1265:
1054:
1008:
932:
726:
361:
298:
244:
says that one can refer to the sky or the heaven with kennings such as
236:("Burden of the relations of Norðris") is used to refer to the sky. In
228:
785:
753:
469:, beings in Buddhist tradition that watch over the cardinal directions
2637:
2602:
2312:
2222:
2212:
2165:
2007:
1947:
1659:
1596:
1559:
1511:
1426:
454:
382:
17:
3033:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
2148:
1992:
1794:
1541:
1536:
1476:
1368:
1059:
81:
in the Prose Edda and in kennings. They have been further linked to
816:
Roda da
Fortuna: Electronic Journal About Antiquity and Middle Ages
802:
769:
3234:
3224:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3092:
2617:
2444:
2389:
2297:
2292:
2227:
2175:
2128:
2012:
1997:
1894:
1844:
1834:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1779:
1744:
1694:
1644:
1591:
1574:
1564:
1551:
1496:
1481:
1421:
1416:
1338:
1283:
1278:
869:
457:, wind gods in Greek mythology assigned to the cardinal directions
385:
217:
36:
475:, beings in Chinese tradition assigned to the cardinal directions
3159:
3138:
2972:
2945:
2402:
2397:
2133:
1982:
1904:
1819:
1461:
1451:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1328:
1133:
1128:
1033:
993:
389:
167:
163:
74:
1194:
873:
2180:
1491:
1411:
496:
494:
837:"Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá"
583:
581:
579:
481:, guardians of the corners of the sky in Persian tradition
670:
668:
2083:
people, clan, and place names in
Germanic heroic legend
345:("dwarfs"). This is first recorded in the 12th century
566:
564:
562:
560:
3257:
3147:
3106:
3025:
3018:
2928:
2890:
2595:
2544:
2503:
2494:
2101:
2023:
1913:
1615:
1550:
1397:
1264:
1241:
1152:
1102:
1080:
1044:
983:
907:
27:
Four dwarfs who hold up the sky in Nordic mythology
154:The longest description of the dwarfs is given in
30:"Austri" redirects here. For the sports club, see
463:, a titan who holds up the sky in Greek mythology
754:"Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion"
436:
430:
424:
409:
355:
340:
319:
253:
231:
195:
120:
114:
108:
82:
1206:
885:
551:
270:The four dwarfs are listed in the section of
8:
2935:
1235:Mythological Norse people, items and places
3022:
2500:
1261:
1213:
1199:
1191:
892:
878:
870:
635:
623:
587:
500:
2033:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
599:
527:
408:The kenning used for sky in this case is
63:[ˈɔustre,ˈwestre,ˈnorðre,ˈsuðre]
686:
674:
659:
647:
611:
490:
401:
61:
855:. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6.
570:
539:
512:
364:(though they differ in plural form).
255:hjálm Vestra ok Austra, Suðra, Norðra
252:("Toil or burden of the dwarfs") and
174:) describes the creation of the sky:
7:
423:The plural of the part of the hall (
2093:named weapons, armour and treasures
3270:Heathenry (new religious movement)
853:A Dictionary of Northern Mythology
25:
441:, a member of the family of gods.
1933:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
1160:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
974:
55:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
835:Scheuer, Jensen Connor (2017).
77:. They are referred to both in
2370:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1070:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
801:Gunnell, Terry Adrian (2005).
752:Gould, Chester Nathan (1929).
1:
602:, Skáldskaparmál, chapter 31.
542:, pp. 25, 236, 302, 358.
314:Connection with hall "dwarfs"
309:Interpretation and discussion
176:
2440:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
3317:
3107:Festivals and holy periods
727:"Gylfaginning (Old Norse)"
707:Sturluson, Snorri (2018).
530:, Gylfaginning, chapter 8.
286:
250:erfiði eða byrði dverganna
162:, when after the death of
29:
2375:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
2088:named animals and plants
1232:
972:
185:
179:
2196:Black elves (Svartálfar)
515:, pp. 942, 952–954.
59:Old Norse pronunciation:
3078:Sacred trees and groves
2318:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
2191:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
437:
431:
425:
410:
356:
352:North Germanic heathens
341:
336:
320:
254:
249:
232:
225:Óláfsdrápa Tryggvasonar
221:Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld
196:
121:
115:
109:
104:
83:
2936:
2186:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
1835:Narfi (father of Nott)
1092:Connected by the tree
46:
2328:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
1607:Sister-wife of Njörðr
278:Archaeological record
40:
3098:Wetlands and islands
2218:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
953:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
841:Universitetet I Oslo
2380:Narfi (son of Loki)
1527:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
908:Astronomical bodies
467:Four Heavenly Kings
95:Names and etymology
89:Old Nordic religion
3026:Religious practice
3000:Old Norse language
2467:Váli (son of Loki)
2355:Líf and Lífthrasir
2263:Árvakr and Alsviðr
2258:Horses of the Æsir
2238:Hati Hróðvitnisson
1379:Váli (son of Odin)
1222:Old Norse religion
923:Árvakr and Alsviðr
360:, a member of the
347:Íslensk hómilíubók
47:
3283:
3282:
3275:Nordic Bronze Age
3265:Germanic paganism
3253:
3252:
3124:Germanic calendar
3088:Temple at Uppsala
2886:
2885:
2490:
2489:
2450:Þjálfi and Röskva
2394:Personifications
1257:and other figures
1188:
1187:
689:, pp. 22–24.
650:, pp. 20–21.
638:, pp. 65–66.
552:Gylfaginning (ON)
503:, pp. 82–88.
260:Arnórr jarlaskáld
209:
208:
170:(in his guise as
16:(Redirected from
3308:
3023:
2941:
2708:Grove of fetters
2501:
2208:Fjalar (rooster)
1968:Fjalar and Galar
1262:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1192:
978:
894:
887:
880:
871:
866:
844:
831:
810:
797:
741:
739:
737:
722:
690:
684:
678:
672:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
574:
568:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
516:
510:
504:
498:
473:Four Holy Beasts
442:
440:
434:
428:
421:
415:
413:
406:
359:
344:
339:) were known as
323:
257:
242:Snorri Sturluson
235:
233:níðbyrðra Norðra
199:
177:
124:
118:
112:
86:
65:
60:
51:Nordic mythology
32:Austri Eskifirði
21:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3249:
3205:Norse cosmology
3143:
3102:
3014:
3010:Later influence
2924:
2882:
2596:Other locations
2591:
2540:
2486:
2413:Sumarr and Vetr
2097:
2019:
1909:
1710:Gjálp and Greip
1611:
1546:
1393:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1189:
1184:
1148:
1107:and eschatology
1106:
1104:
1098:
1076:
1040:
1024:Sumarr and Vetr
979:
970:
903:
901:Norse cosmology
898:
863:
847:
834:
813:
800:
751:
748:
735:
733:
731:heimskringla.no
725:
719:
706:
703:
698:
693:
685:
681:
673:
666:
658:
654:
646:
642:
636:Mikučionis 2017
634:
630:
624:Mikučionis 2017
622:
618:
610:
606:
598:
594:
588:Mikučionis 2017
586:
577:
569:
558:
550:
546:
538:
534:
526:
519:
511:
507:
501:Mikučionis 2017
499:
492:
488:
451:
446:
445:
422:
418:
414:("Austri toil")
407:
403:
398:
316:
311:
291:
289:Heysham hogback
285:
283:Heysham hogback
280:
268:
214:
152:
147:
97:
58:
43:Heysham hogback
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Æsir–Vanir War
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Hoddmímis holt
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Körmt and Örmt
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2003:Sons of Ivaldi
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
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1349:Móði and Magni
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868:
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832:
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798:
770:10.2307/457704
764:(4): 939–967.
747:
744:
743:
742:
723:
717:
709:The Prose Edda
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
691:
679:
664:
652:
640:
628:
626:, pp. 66.
616:
604:
600:Sturluson 2018
592:
575:
573:, p. 358.
556:
544:
532:
528:Sturluson 2018
517:
505:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
476:
470:
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458:
450:
447:
444:
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416:
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324:("dwarfs") in
315:
312:
310:
307:
287:Main article:
284:
281:
279:
276:
267:
264:
238:Skáldskaparmál
213:
210:
207:
206:
201:
191:
190:
184:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:respectively.
96:
93:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3313:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Norse dwarves
3294:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
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3262:
3260:
3256:
3246:
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3208:
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3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
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3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Öndvegissúlur
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Heitstrenging
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Völsung Cycle
2993:
2991:
2990:Tyrfing Cycle
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:Gesta Danorum
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Fróði's Peace
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
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2646:
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2619:
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2611:
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2601:
2600:
2598:
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2583:
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2555:
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2537:
2534:
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2519:
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2514:
2512:
2509:
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2502:
2499:
2497:
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2483:
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2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Shield-maiden
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
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2319:
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2174:
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2137:
2135:
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2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Ask and Embla
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
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2084:
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2079:
2076:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
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1959:
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1598:
1595:
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1588:
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1583:
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1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Ingunar-Freyr
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
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1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
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1402:
1400:
1396:
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1377:
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1367:
1365:
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1300:
1297:
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1254:
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1236:
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1227:
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1211:
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1202:
1197:
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1193:
1181:
1178:
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1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
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1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1103:Cosmogenesis,
1101:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
988:
986:
982:
977:
966:
963:
961:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
939:
938:Hjúki and Bil
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
912:
910:
906:
902:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
872:
864:
862:9780859915137
858:
854:
850:
849:Simek, Rudolf
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
749:
745:
732:
728:
724:
720:
718:9780344335013
714:
710:
705:
704:
700:
695:
688:
683:
680:
677:, p. 22.
676:
671:
669:
665:
662:, p. 21.
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
641:
637:
632:
629:
625:
620:
617:
614:, p. 16.
613:
608:
605:
601:
596:
593:
590:, p. 65.
589:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
485:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
439:
433:
427:
420:
417:
412:
411:erfiði Austra
405:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
365:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
313:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:hogback stone
290:
282:
277:
275:
274:, Dvergatal.
273:
265:
263:
261:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
211:
205:
202:
200:
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169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
144:
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136:
132:
128:
123:
117:
111:
106:
102:
94:
92:
90:
85:
80:
76:
73:
69:
64:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2915:Hjaðningavíg
2693:Glæsisvellir
2233:Gullinbursti
1932:
1880:Útgarða-Loki
1274:Almáttki áss
1159:
1105:cyclic time,
1045:Water bodies
852:
840:
819:
815:
806:
761:
757:
734:. Retrieved
730:
708:
696:Bibliography
687:Gunnell 2005
682:
675:Gunnell 2005
660:Gunnell 2005
655:
648:Gunnell 2005
643:
631:
619:
612:Scheuer 2017
607:
595:
554:, Chapter 8.
547:
535:
508:
435:rather than
419:
404:
369:central tree
366:
330:
317:
292:
269:
215:
203:
194:
189:translation
156:Gylfaginning
153:
150:Gylfaginning
145:Attestations
138:
134:
130:
126:
98:
79:Gylfaginning
66:); are four
54:
48:
41:Face of the
3073:Reginnaglar
3005:Orthography
2978:Jómsvíkinga
2953:Poetic Edda
2866:Urðarbrunnr
2861:Mímisbrunnr
2793:Singasteinn
2723:Hindarfjall
2703:Gnipahellir
2683:Ginnungagap
2658:Fyrisvellir
2653:Fornsigtuna
2587:Vimur River
2577:Slidr River
2350:Jörmungandr
1760:Hrímgrímnir
1389:Vili and Vé
1114:Ginnungagap
1088:Nine Worlds
479:Royal stars
3290:Categories
3240:Viking Age
3215:Philosophy
3083:Sonargöltr
2968:Runestones
2960:Prose Edda
2905:Fimbulvetr
2856:Hvergelmir
2823:Valaskjálf
2783:Sessrúmnir
2753:Jötunheimr
2728:Hlidskjalf
2718:Himinbjörg
2688:Glaðsheimr
2673:Gastropnir
2628:Bilskirnir
2608:Amsvartnir
2521:Gjallarbrú
2504:Underworld
2460:Landvættir
2360:Loddfáfnir
2338:Svaðilfari
2323:Hófvarpnir
2268:Blóðughófi
2248:Hildisvíni
2124:Aurvandill
1885:Vafþrúðnir
1870:Þrúðgelmir
1730:Harðgreipr
1175:Mundilfari
1119:Muspelheim
571:Simek 2008
540:Simek 2008
513:Gould 1929
486:References
303:Lancashire
160:Prose Edda
125:, meaning
3195:Mead hall
3129:Þorrablót
2983:Legendary
2878:Yggdrasil
2838:Víðbláinn
2833:Vanaheimr
2808:Þrymheimr
2803:Þrúðvangr
2798:Þrúðheimr
2768:Munarvágr
2758:Mímameiðr
2733:Hnitbjorg
2648:Fólkvangr
2633:Brávellir
2582:Vadgelmir
2567:Kerlaugar
2536:Niðafjöll
2496:Locations
2472:Valkyries
2420:Sæhrímnir
2308:Gulltoppr
2273:Falhófnir
2171:Einherjar
2154:Landdísir
1988:Mótsognir
1978:Hreiðmarr
1890:Víðblindi
1840:Sökkmímir
1830:Mögþrasir
1790:Hyrrokkin
1755:Hrímgerðr
1750:Hræsvelgr
1740:Helreginn
1735:Helblindi
1655:Bergelmir
1319:Ítreksjóð
1226:mythology
1170:Hræsvelgr
1094:Yggdrasil
1020:Seasons:
960:Aurvandil
828:221713017
807:Cosmos 17
794:163540054
778:0030-8129
746:Secondary
736:4 October
376:Christian
372:Yggdrasil
333:Old Norse
326:Old Norse
246:Old Norse
181:Old Norse
158:from the
101:Old Norse
3258:See also
3180:Hamingja
3134:Vetrnætr
3119:Dísablót
3114:Álfablót
2920:Ragnarök
2828:Valhalla
2818:Útgarðar
2763:Myrkviðr
2748:Járnviðr
2743:Iðavöllr
2663:Gálgviðr
2643:Fensalir
2552:Élivágar
2526:Náströnd
2516:Éljúðnir
2385:Níðhöggr
2333:Sleipnir
2303:Gullfaxi
2203:Fimafeng
2119:Auðumbla
1938:Billingr
1865:Þrívaldi
1850:Suttungr
1805:Járnsaxa
1775:Hrungnir
1705:Gillingr
1700:Geirröðr
1680:Fárbauti
1670:Býleistr
1635:Angrboða
1587:Gullveig
1299:Heimdall
1289:Dellingr
1180:Viðfinnr
1165:Dellingr
1144:Ragnarök
1139:Auðumbla
1124:Niflheim
1030:Old age
1014:Hrímfaxi
999:Skinfaxi
851:(2008).
449:See also
379:churches
212:Kennings
3210:Numbers
3190:Kenning
3063:Worship
3019:Society
2929:Sources
2848:Vingólf
2843:Vígríðr
2813:Uppsala
2778:Okolnir
2698:Glitnir
2668:Gandvik
2623:Bifröst
2613:Andlang
2531:Niflhel
2477:Völundr
2425:Skírnir
2365:Móðguðr
2161:Dragons
2144:Byggvir
1973:Gandalf
1958:Dvalinn
1928:Andvari
1765:Hrímnir
1720:Gunnlöð
1690:Fornjót
1685:Fjölvar
1665:Bölþorn
1640:Aurboða
1630:Alvaldi
1582:Gersemi
1399:Ásynjur
1304:Hermóðr
1294:Forseti
1244:Deities
1005:Night:
967:'s eyes
944:Earth:
809:: 3–36.
701:Primary
392:tents.
342:dvergar
321:dvergar
299:Heysham
272:Völuspá
266:Völuspá
229:kenning
216:In the
187:Brodeur
84:dvergar
3053:Horses
2892:Events
2873:Ýdalir
2852:Wells
2788:Sindri
2773:Nóatún
2638:Brimir
2603:Asgard
2562:Ífingr
2545:Rivers
2455:Vættir
2313:Gyllir
2223:Fylgja
2213:Fenrir
2166:Draugs
2102:Others
2025:Heroes
2008:Brokkr
1963:Fáfnir
1953:Dúrnir
1948:Durinn
1923:Alvíss
1915:Dwarfs
1900:Vörnir
1810:Laufey
1675:Eggþér
1660:Bestla
1617:Jötnar
1602:Njörðr
1597:Kvasir
1560:Freyja
1512:Snotra
1472:Njörun
1427:Gefjon
1384:Víðarr
1324:Lóðurr
1253:jötnar
1249:dwarfs
1081:Worlds
1066:Waves
929:Moon:
859:
826:
792:
786:457704
784:
776:
715:
455:Anemoi
386:hogans
383:Navajo
227:, the
72:jötunn
68:dwarfs
3245:Völva
3235:Skald
3230:Seiðr
3225:Runes
3220:Rings
3185:Heiti
3170:Galdr
3165:Félag
3155:Death
3148:Other
3058:Hörgr
2973:Sagas
2713:Heiðr
2678:Gimlé
2618:Barri
2557:Gjöll
2482:Vörðr
2445:Troll
2430:Sköll
2390:Norns
2298:Grani
2293:Glenr
2283:Glaðr
2253:Hjúki
2228:Garmr
2181:Elves
2176:Eldir
2149:Dísir
2129:Beyla
2063:Hi–Hy
2013:Eitri
1998:Regin
1943:Dáinn
1895:Vosud
1875:Þrymr
1855:Þjazi
1845:Surtr
1815:Leikn
1785:Hymir
1780:Hrymr
1770:Hroðr
1745:Hljod
1725:Gymir
1715:Gríðr
1695:Gangr
1645:Baugi
1592:Hnoss
1575:Yngvi
1565:Freyr
1552:Vanir
1532:Þrúðr
1507:Skaði
1502:Sjöfn
1497:Sigyn
1482:Rindr
1467:Nanna
1447:Iðunn
1432:Gerðr
1422:Fulla
1417:Frigg
1344:Mímir
1339:Meili
1314:Hœnir
1284:Bragi
1279:Baldr
1153:Other
990:Day:
965:Þjazi
914:Sun:
824:S2CID
822:(1).
790:S2CID
782:JSTOR
461:Atlas
429:) is
396:Notes
218:skald
183:text
172:Þriði
139:north
135:south
122:norðr
110:vestr
105:austr
18:Sudri
3301:Ymir
3175:Goði
3160:Ergi
3139:Yule
3038:Blót
2946:Edda
2408:Nótt
2403:Elli
2398:Dagr
2345:Jörð
2288:Glær
2278:Gísl
2139:Búri
2134:Borr
2114:Auðr
2058:H–He
1983:Litr
1905:Ymir
1860:Þökk
1825:Logi
1820:Litr
1650:Beli
1625:Ægir
1487:Sága
1462:Lofn
1457:Irpa
1452:Ilmr
1442:Hlín
1374:Ullr
1364:Thor
1354:Odin
1334:Máni
1329:Loki
1309:Höðr
1266:Æsir
1224:and
1134:Borr
1129:Ymir
1055:Ægir
1051:Sea
1034:Elli
1009:Nótt
994:Dagr
984:Time
948:Jörð
933:Máni
857:ISBN
774:ISSN
758:PMLA
738:2022
713:ISBN
438:Æsir
432:ásar
390:Cree
388:and
362:Æsir
168:Odin
164:Ymir
137:and
131:west
127:east
119:and
116:suðr
75:Ymir
3200:Nīþ
3043:Hof
2511:Hel
2243:Hel
2078:T–Y
2073:P–S
2068:I–O
2053:F–G
2048:D–E
2043:B–C
1993:Ótr
1795:Iði
1542:Vör
1537:Vár
1522:Syn
1517:Sól
1492:Sif
1477:Rán
1437:Gná
1412:Eir
1407:Bil
1369:Týr
1359:Óðr
1060:Rán
918:Sól
766:doi
301:in
297:in
223:'s
49:In
3292::
3093:Vé
1800:Ím
1251:,
1246:,
839:.
818:.
805:.
788:.
780:.
772:.
762:44
760:.
756:.
729:.
667:^
578:^
559:^
520:^
493:^
426:ás
381:,
357:ás
337:ás
335::
262:.
248::
240:,
166:,
133:,
129:,
113:,
107:,
103::
91:.
53:,
2038:A
1255:,
1214:e
1207:t
1200:v
893:e
886:t
879:v
865:.
843:.
830:.
820:6
796:.
768::
740:.
721:.
57:(
34:.
20:)
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