Suebi - Knowledge (XXG)

2618:

the opinion of some historians, Chararic is nothing more than an error on the part of Gregory of Tours and never existed. If, as Gregory relates, Martin of Dumio died about the year 580 and had been bishop for about thirty years, then the conversion of Chararic must have occurred around 550 at the latest. Finally, Ferreiro believes the conversion of the Suebi was progressive and stepwise and that Chararic's public conversion was only followed by the lifting of a ban on Catholic synods in the reign of his successor, which would have been Ariamir; Thoedemir was responsible for beginning a persecution of the Arians in his kingdom to root out their heresy.

1721:, a tribal name that had already been distinct from the Suebi in Caesar's time. (As discussed above, it is not sure which Suebi were the Suebi of Caesar, but at least they were distinguished from the Marcomanni.) However, Maroboduus was also described as Suebian, and his association with the Marcomanni more specifically comes after the Langobards and Semnones were specifically said to have left his kingdom, having previously been under his rule. At some point in this period the Marcomanni had come to be settled in the forested regions once inhabited by the 2625: 488: 1365: 2649: 1428: 672: 2256: 1222: 1636:, which though considered a marvel, was dismantled after only eighteen days. The Suebi abandoned their towns closest to the Romans, retreated to the forest and assembled an army. Caesar moved back across the bridge and broke it down, stating that he had achieved his objective of warning the Suebi. They in turn supposedly stopped harassing the Ubii. The Ubii were later resettled on the west bank of the Rhine, in Roman territory. 5443: 467: 1927: 1784: 1556: 31: 2048: 2512:. Of the eight assistant bishops, just one bears a Suebic name: Hildemir. While the Catholicism of Ariamir is not in doubt, that he was the first Chalcedonian monarch of the Suebi since Rechiar has been contested on the grounds that his Catholicism is not explicitly stated. He was, however, the first Suebic monarch to hold a Catholic synod, and when the 2400: 829: 2153: 1384:...they do not till the soil or even store up food, but live in small huts that are merely temporary structures; and they live for the most part off their flocks, as the Nomads do, so that, in imitation of the Nomads, they load their household belongings on their wagons and with their beasts turn whithersoever they think best. 2451:, engaging in military action against king Leovigild, although Miro was defeated in Seville when trying to break on through the blockade on the Catholic prince. As a result, he was forced to recognize Leovigild as friend and protector, for him and for his successors, dying back home just some months later. His son, king 2383:. Nevertheless, the Suebi became free of Roman control forever after Majorian was assassinated two years later. The Suebic kingdom was confined in the northwest in Gallaecia and northern Lusitania where political division and civil war arose among several pretenders to the royal throne. After years of turmoil, 2617:

of Saint Martin and that Theodemir was converted later through the preaching of Martin of Dumio. Dahn equated Chararic with Theodemir, even saying that the latter was the name he took upon baptism. It has also been suggested that Theodemir and Ariamir were the same person and the son of Chararic. In

1491:, the Suebi are generally agreed to have spoken one or more Germanic languages. Tacitus refers to Suebian languages, implying there was more than one by the end of the first century. In particular, the Suebi are associated with the concept of an "Elbe Germanic" group of early dialects spoken by the 985:

are described by Tacitus as "the oldest and noblest of the Suebi", and, like the Suebi described by Caesar, they have 100 cantons. Tacitus says that "the vastness of their community makes them regard themselves as the head of the Suevic race". According to Ptolemy the "Suevi Semnones" live upon the

2612:

Most scholars have attempted to meld these stories. It has been alleged that Chararic and Theodemir must have been successors of Ariamir, since Ariamir was the first Suebic monarch to lift the ban on Catholic synods; Isidore therefore gets the chronology wrong. Reinhart suggested that Chararic was

2603:

stated in its minutes that also "an infinite number of Suebi have converted", together with the Goths, which implies that the earlier conversion was either superficial or partial. In the same council, four bishops from Gallaecia abjured of their Arianism. And so, the Suebic conversion is ascribed,

624:

The modern term "Elbe Germanic" similarly covers a large grouping of Germanic peoples that at least overlaps with the classical terms "Suevi" and "Irminones". However, this term was developed mainly as an attempt to define the ancient peoples who must have spoken the Germanic dialects that led to

1360:

Caesar noted that rather than grain crops, they spent time on animal husbandry and hunting. They wore animal skins, bathed in rivers, consumed milk and meat products, and prohibited wine, allowing trade only to dispose of their booty and otherwise they had no goods to export. They had no private

1198:. (Tacitus does not mention the language of the Lugii.) As mentioned above, Ptolemy categorizes the Buri amongst the Lugii, and concerning the Lugii north of the mountains, he named two large groups, the Lougoi Omanoi and the Lougoi Didounoi, who live between the "Suevus" river (probably the 148:. Unlike Strabo and Tacitus who wrote later, he described them as a single people, distinct from the Marcomanni, within the larger Germanic category, who he saw as a growing threat to Gaul and Italy in the first century BC, as they had been moving southwards aggressively, at the expense of 974:. But he mentions these are there because of recent defeats at Roman hands which had forced them over the river. (Tacitus mentions that the Hermunduri were later welcomed on to the Roman border at the Danube.) In any case he says that the area near the Elbe itself is held by the Suebi. 890:, which was further south, in Pannonia, modern Hungary, and east of the Danube. In general, as discussed below, the Danubian Suebi, along with the neighbours such as the Vandals, apparently moved southwards into Roman territories, both south and east of the Danube, during this period. 653:

or "culture-groups" whose dialects developed in the southern German area from the first century BC through to the fourth century AD. Apart from his own linguistic work with modern dialects, he also referred to the archaeological and literary analysis of Germanic tribes done earlier by

2463:, were defeated and the Suebic kingdom was incorporated into the Visigothic one as its sixth province. The Suebi were respected in their properties and freedom, and continued to dwell in Gallaecia, finally merging with the rest of the local population during the early Middle Ages. 1984:

Other Suebi apparently remained in or near to the original homeland areas near the Elbe and the modern Czech Republic, occasionally still being referred to by this term. Another group of Suebi, the so-called "northern Suebi" were described as a part of the Saxons in 569 under the

1352:, including within it tribes not identified as Suebi or even Germanic. On the other hand, Tacitus does clearly consider there to be not only a Suebian region, but also Suebian languages, and Suebian customs, which all contribute to making a specific tribe more or less "Suebian". 2283:

Vandals, and later, the Suebi, to expand south and east. After the departure of the Vandals for Africa in 429 Roman authority in the peninsula was reasserted for 10 years except in northwest where the Suevi were confined. In its heyday Suebic Gallaecia extended as far south as

947:", extending as far north as the middle Elbe, also to the east of the position reported in other sources. It has been speculated that Ptolemy may have been confused by his sources, or else that this position of the Langobardi represented a particular moment in history. 1632:, who had worked out an alliance with Caesar, were complaining of being harassed by the Suebi, and the Tencteri and Usipetes, already forced from their homes, tried to cross the Rhine and enter Gaul by force. Caesar bridged the Rhine, the first known to do so, with a 2801:

Suebi, an elusive term, applied by Tacitus (1) in his Germania to an extensive group of German peoples living east of the Elbe and including the Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Semnones, and others, but used rather more narrowly by other Roman writers, beginning with

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writes that in the early 4th century the Vandals had moved to the north of the Danube, but with the Marcomanni still to their west, and the Hermunduri still to their north. A possible sign of confusion in this comment is that he equates the area in question to later

935:(c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), in a fairly extensive account of Greater Germany, makes several unusual mentions of Suebi between the Rhine and the Elbe. He describes their position as stretching out in a band from the Elbe, all the way to the northern Rhine, near the 551:, constitute a single nation. They actually occupy more than half of Germania, and are divided into a number of distinct tribes under distinct names, though all generally are called Suebi". Although no classical authors explicitly call the Chatti Suevic, 4021:

Medieval Galician records show more than 1500 different Germanic names in use for over 70% of the local population. Also, in Galicia, Northern and Central Portugal, there are more than 5.000 toponyms (villages and towns) based on personal Germanic names

1343:

on the eastern shore of the "Suevic Sea" (Baltic), "whose rites and fashions and style of dress are those of the Suevi, while their language is more like the British." After giving this account, Tacitus says: "Here Suebia ends." Therefore, for Tacitus

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Caesar defeated Ariovistus in battle, forcing him to escape across the Rhine. When news of this spread, the fresh Suebian forces turned back in some panic, which led local tribes on the Rhine to take advantage of the situation and attack them.

2121:, the kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia became the first of the sub-Roman kingdoms to be formed in the disintegrating territory of the Western Roman Empire. Suebic Gallaecia was the first kingdom separated from the Roman Empire to mint coins. 1917:

In the third century Jordanes claims that the Marcomanni paid tribute to the Goths, and that the princes of the Quadi were enslaved. The Vandals, who had moved south towards Pannonia, were apparently still sometimes able to defend themselves.

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as part of their war against the Aedui. He had already been recognized as a king by the Roman senate. Ariovistus forbade the Romans from entering into Gaul. Caesar on the other hand saw himself and Rome as an ally and defender of the Aedui.

782:, a large tribe of the Suevi themselves". Some of these tribes were "inside the forest" and some "outside of it". Tacitus confirms the name "Boiemum", saying it was a survival marking the old traditional population of the place, the Celtic 1696:

formed an alliance by crucifying twenty Roman centurions, but that Drusus defeated them, confiscated their plunder and sold them into slavery. Presumably only the war party was sold, as the Suebi continue to appear in the ancient sources.

2204:, at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands or serving as bodyguards of the locals. Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the 918:, and separated from the Cherusci by a deep forest called the Silva Bacenis. He also describes the Marcomanni as a tribe distinct from the Suebi, and also active within the same alliance. But he does not describe where they were living. 1682:" (Elbe). He must have meant the temporary military success of Drusus, as it is unlikely the Rhine was cleared of Germans. Elsewhere he identifies the settlers as 40,000 prisoners of war, only a fraction of the yearly draft of militia. 2032:

probably made up one significant part of these Suebi, who lived in at least two distinct areas. Later, the Lombards, a Suebic group long known on the Elbe, came to dominate the Pannonian region before successfully invading Italy.

1229:

These Burgundians who according to Ptolemy lived between the Baltic sea Germans and the Lugii, stretching between the Suevus and Vistula rivers, were described by Pliny the Elder (as opposed to Tacitus) as being not Suevic but

1766:

and thereafter "... the empire ... was checked on the banks of the Rhine." While elements of the Suevi may have been involved, this was an alliance mainly made up of non-Suebic tribes from northwestern Germany, the Cherusci,

1704:", which implies but still does not overtly state that he had subdued the Suebi. "In a word, there was such peace in Germany that the inhabitants seemed changed ... and the very climate milder and softer than it used to be." 1083:

Note that while various errors and confusions are possible, Ptolemy places the Angles and Langobardi west of the Elbe, where they may indeed have been present at some points in time, given that the Suebi were often mobile.

1495:, entering Germany from the east, and originating on the Baltic. In late classical times, these dialects, by now situated to the south of the Elbe, and stretching across the Danube into the Roman empire, experienced the 1361:

ownership of land and were not permitted to stay resident in one place for more than one year. They were divided into 100 cantons, each of which had to provide and support 1000 armed men for the constant pursuit of war.

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Tacitus' modern editor Arthur J. Pomeroy concludes "it is clear that there is no monolithic 'Suebic' group, but a series of tribes who may share some customs (for instance, warrior burials) but also vary considerably."

1285:. These three Germanic tribes share a tradition of having kings, and also similar arms – round shields and short swords. Ptolemy says that east of the Saxons, from the "Chalusus" river to the "Suevian" river are the 792:

describes a series of very powerful Suebian states in his own time, running along the north of the Danube which was the frontier with Rome, and stretching into the lands where the Elbe originates in the modern day

1234:, amongst whom he also included the Goths, and the Varini, both being people living north of them near the Baltic coast. Pliny's "Vandili" are generally thought to be speakers of what modern linguists refer to as 3921:

Geschichte der Goten. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, C.H. Beck, 1. Aufl. (München 1979), 2. Aufl. (1980), unter dem Titel: Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. 4. Aufl.

1616:, and Suevi". While Caesar was preparing for conflict, a new force of Suebi was led to the Rhine by two brothers, Nasuas and Cimberius, forcing Caesar to rush in order to try to avoid the joining of forces. 1300:, "powerful in ships" are, according to Tacitus, Germans with the Suevic (Baltic) sea on one side and an "almost motionless" sea on the other more remote side. Modern commentators believe this refers to 567:. Whether or not the Chatti were ever considered Suevi, both Tacitus and Strabo distinguish the two partly because the Chatti were more settled in one territory, whereas Suevi remained less settled. 249:

By the late 4th century AD, the Middle Danubian frontier inhabited by the Quadi and Marcomanni received large numbers of Gothic and other eastern peoples escaping disturbances associated with the

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way of living in Northern regions is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of

1803:. All eight legions and supporting units of Gauls were required in order to accomplish this. Germanicus' zeal led finally to his being replaced (17 AD) by his cousin Drusus, Tiberius' son, as 966:

Strabo does not say much about the Suebi east of the Elbe, saying that this region was still unknown to Romans, but mentions that a part of the Suebi live there, naming only specifically the

2500:

Mutually incompatible accounts of the conversion of the Suebi to Orthodox Catholic Trinitarian Christianity of the First and Second Ecumenical Councils are presented in the primary records:

1864:

where he remained the rest of his life. He died in 37 AD. After his expulsion the leadership of the Marcomanni was contested by their Suebic neighbours and allies, the Hermunduri and Quadi.

928:) as having come to dominate Germany between the Rhine and Elbe, with the exception of the Rhine valley, on the frontier with the Roman empire, and the "coastal" regions north of the Rhine. 3062: 1700:

Florus's report of the peace brought to Germany by Drusus is glowing but premature. He built "more than five hundred forts" and two bridges guarded by fleets. "He opened a way through the

1771:, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, and Sicambri. The kingdom of the Marcomanni and their allies stayed out of the conflict and when Maroboduus was sent the head of the defeated Roman leader 875:

and then the Marcomanni living in the Gambreta forest. North of them, but south of the Sudetes mountains (which are not likely to be the same as the modern ones of that name) are the

1392:", which "distinguishes the freeman from the slave"; or in other words served as a badge of social rank. The same passage points out that chiefs "use an even more elaborate style". 658:

In terms of these proposed ancient dialects, the Vandals, Goths and Burgundians are generally referred to as members of the Eastern Germanic group, distinct from the Elbe Germanic.

3947:"Elementos foráneos en las necrópolis tardorromanas de Beiral (Ponte de Lima, Portugal) y Vigo (Pontevedra, España): de nuevo la cuestión del siglo V d. C. en la Península Ibérica" 574:

were apparently not always consistent and clear, especially in the case of mobile groups such as the Suevi. Whereas Tacitus reported three main kinds of German peoples, Irminones,

1717:, who is described as king of the Suevians. This is the first mention of any permanent king of the Suebi. However, Maroboduus was in most sources referred to as the king of the 4100: 1033:

live a bit further from Rome's borders, in "scanty numbers" but "surrounded by a host of most powerful tribes" and kept safe "by daring the perils of war" according to Tacitus.

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and Germanic tribes and was increasingly coming under pressure from Germanic groups led by the Suebi. As described later by Tacitus, what is today southern Germany between the

456:, known to classical authors as one of the largest Suebian groups, also seem to have a name with this same meaning, but recorded with a different pronunciation by the Romans. 1775:, he sent it on to Rome for burial. Within his own alliance were various Suebic peoples, Hermunduri, Quadi, Semnones, Lugii, Zumi, Butones, Mugilones, Sibini and Langobards. 2447:, made a peace treaty with Leovigild in what seemed to be the beginning of a new period of stability. Yet, in 583 Miro supported the rebellion of the Catholic Gothic prince 3678:

Beitrage zum Verstandnis der Germania des Tacitus, Teil II: Bericht uber die Kolloquien der Kommission fur die Altertumskunde Nord- und Mitteleuropas im Jahre 1986 und 1987

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up to the "Viadua" river, and after these the "Rugiclei" up to the Vistula river (probably referring to the "Rugii" of Tacitus). He does not specify if these are Suevi.

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The resulting battle was indecisive but Maroboduus withdrew to Bohemia and sent for assistance to Tiberius. He was refused on the grounds that he had not moved to help

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Tacitus names seven tribes who live "next" after the Langobardi, "fenced in by rivers or forests" stretching "into the remoter regions of Germany". These all worshiped

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wrote that the Suebi, who dwelt across the Rhine, were called Celts. This may follow a Greek tradition of labelling all barbarian people north of the Alps as Celtic.

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to their south in the stretch between these rivers. These Silingi appear in later history as a branch of the Vandals, and were therefore likely to be speakers of

2144:, it reached a relative stability and prosperity—and even expanded military southwards—despite the occasional quarrels with the neighbouring Visigothic kingdom. 1534:

itself, are also at least partly derived from the dialects spoken by the Suebi. (The only non-Suebian name among the major groups of Upper Germanic dialects is

1174:) where the Marsigni and Buri lived, in the area of modern southwest Poland, Tacitus reported a multitude of tribes, the most widespread name of which was the 1647:(c. 150 – 235 AD) wrote the history of Rome for a Greek audience. He reported that, shortly before 29 BC, the Suebi crossed the Rhine, only to be defeated by 730:

and the south of Germania north of the Danube. He describes a chain of mountains north of the Danube that is like a lower extension of the Alps, possibly the

998:. To the southeast further up the upper Elbe he places not the Hermunduri mentioned by other authors (who had possibly moved westwards and become Ptolemy's " 1821:

while the other Germans fought for freedom, and of being the only king among the Germans. The two groups "turned their arms against each other." The Suebic

1807:

thought it best to follow his predecessor's policy of limiting the empire. Germanicus certainly would have involved the Suebi, with unpredictable results.

4353: 1942:, east of the Rhine and south of the Main. The Alamanni were sometimes simply referred to as Suebi by contemporaries, and the region came to be known as 1372:

Strabo describes the Suebi and people from their part of the world as highly mobile and nomadic, unlike more settled and agricultural tribes such as the

910:, from the east, forcing them from their homes. While emphasizing their warlike nature he writes as if they had a settled homeland somewhere between the 3234: 3069:. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED), Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, Leiden University. pp. 882–884. Archived from 3031:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites: Second Edition

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was recognized as the sole king of the Suebi, bringing forth a politic of friendship with the Visigoths, and favoring the conversion of his people to

5400: 2492:, in 466 converted them and established a lasting Arian church which dominated the people until the conversion to Trinitarian Catholicism the 560s. 3361: 3159: 5418: 3070: 1092:

It is already mentioned above that stretching between the Elbe and the Oder, the classical authors place the Suebic Semnones. Ptolemy places the

4304: 3213: 1678:"submitted to him and were taken into Gaul and settled in lands near the Rhine" while the other Germani were pushed "to the farther side of the 2648: 943:" are the Suevi located closest to the Rhine, far to the east of where most sources report them. To the east of the Langobardi, are the "Suevi 839:

the geographer did not always state which tribes were Suebi, but along the northern bank of the Danube, from west to east and starting at the "

606:, an area that Tacitus treated as Suebic. That the Vandals might be a separate type of Germanic people, corresponding to the modern concept of 3142: 2850: 2084: 1950:, a name derived from the Suebi. One specific group in the region in the 3rd century, sometimes distinguished from the Alamanni, were the 3897: 3424: 1732:

Augustus planned in 6 AD to destroy the kingdom of Maroboduus, which he considered to be too dangerous for the Romans. The later emperor

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to so many Germanic tribes that it appeared as if, in the first centuries AD, that native name would replace the foreign name "Germans".

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were sent in 416 by the emperor Honorius to fight the Germanic invaders in Hispania, but they were re-settled in 417 by the Romans as

958:, which had previously been controlled by the Romans. They competed in this region with Burgundians who had arrived from further east. 4250: 2727: 2228: 1838: 1795:, the son of Drusus, in charge of the forces of the Rhine and he, after dealing with a mutiny among his troops, proceeded against the 758:), taking over an area called "Boihaemum". This king "took the rulership and acquired, in addition to the peoples aforementioned, the 2694: 1250:. Further east again, between the Burgundians and the coastal Rugiclei were the "Aelvaeones" (presumably the Helveconae of Tacitus). 129:, a grouping of Germanic peoples who claimed ancestral connections. Tacitus mentions Suebian languages, and a geographical "Suevia". 4499: 4273: 3273: 3187: 2787: 531:

While Caesar treated them as one Germanic tribe within an alliance, albeit the largest and most warlike one, later authors, such as

2952: 2925: 2898: 2871: 2819: 2588:. Through the relics and intercession of Saint Martin the son was healed; Chararic and the entire royal household converted to the 1934:

In 259/60, one or more groups of Suebi appear to have been the main element in the formation of a new tribal alliance known as the

2419:, in order to increase the number of dioceses within his kingdom. Its acts have been preserved through a medieval resume known as 1111:

According to Tacitus, around the north of the Danubian Marcomanni and Quadi, "dwelling in forests and on mountain-tops", live the

1104:. Further south on the Elbe are the Baenochaemae and between them and the Askibourgian mountains Ptolemy names a tribe called the 4461: 3093: 1167:. There is then the Orcynian (Hercyian) forest, which Ptolemy defines with relatively restricted boundaries, and then the Quadi. 313: 5472: 5423: 4631: 3704: 2773: 2375:. Rechiar was executed after being captured by his brother-in-law, the Visigothic king Theodoric II. In 459, the Roman emperor 5413: 4681: 4486: 4346: 3625: 3590: 3403: 3382: 3038: 1753: 169:, east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, pushing towards the Elbe. After suffering a major defeat to the Romans in 9 BC, 4221: 2064:, probably coming from the Alemanni, the Quadi, or both, worked their way into the south of France, eventually crossing the 4280: 452:, indicating the possibility of a prior more extended and common Indo-European ethnic name, "our own people". Notably, the 3465: 1648: 1242:

and the "Viruni" (presumably the Varini of Tacitus), and further east, between the coastal Farodini and the Suebi are the

2997: 4562: 3801: 3779: 2073: 474:, Czech Republic, dating to the 2nd century A.D. The cauldron is decorated by four cast heads of Germanic men wearing a 402: 828: 369:, especially the Upper-German dialects predominant in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, which experienced the 5428: 4441: 3133:(2003). "The etymology of Welsh chwith and the semantics and morphology of PIE *k(w)sweibh-". In Russell, Paul (ed.). 2722: 1496: 646: 215: 2117:

and permitted to settle under their own autonomous governance. Contemporaneously with the self-governing province of

1071:

At the mouth of the Elbe (and in the Danish peninsula), the classical authors do not place any Suevi, but rather the

4042:< Samanos "Congregated", near a hundred Saa/Sá < *Sala "house, palace"...); and some lexical influence on the 1744:, and the need for troops there, forced Tiberius to conclude a treaty with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king. 4589: 3325: 1763: 2028:

in 469. The Suebian coalition lost the battle, and Hunimund appear to have migrated towards southern Germany. The

328:

ruler. The Lombards, with many Danubian peoples both Suebian and eastern, later settled Italy and established the

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Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes – und Volkskunde

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clashed with the interests of the Visigoths, and a large army of Roman federates (Visigoths under the command of

2224: 1845: 1772: 1628:

Also reported within Caesar's accounts of the Gallic wars, the Suebi posed another threat in 55 BC. The Germanic

1460: 4666: 4651: 4466: 4451: 4265: 2554: 2325: 1441: 1119:, who "in their language and manner of life, resemble the Suevi". (Living partly subject to the Quadi are the 2316:, the local and partially romanized rural population, and, weary of fighting, abdicated in favour of his son 4781: 4671: 4661: 4656: 4476: 4456: 4413: 3173: 2779: 2596: 2513: 2364: 1480: 429: 382: 329: 4038:< *villa *Gunþumari...); and several toponyms not based on personal names, mainly in Galicia (Malburgo, 1155:

mountains. Between these mountains and the Quadi he adds several tribes, from north to south these are the

121:

specified that the Suebian group was not an old tribal group itself, the Suebian peoples are associated by

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The Suebic kingdom of Gallaecia (green), c. 550, (with borders of the former Roman provinces of Hispania)

189: 4481: 4371: 2416: 2205: 1958: 1737: 1500: 1116: 487: 366: 289:, one of the peoples of eastern origin who had been allies of the Huns. In the sixth century the Suevic 258: 239: 137: 3033:. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 363, 364. 1886:, against the Roman Empire. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between 715:

had once lived. All of these peoples had for the most part moved by the time of Tacitus. Nevertheless,

3932: 2455:, confirmed the friendship with Leovigild, but he was deposed just a year later by his brother-in-law 2189: 1364: 1014:, and somehow derived from the older placename mentioned by Strabo and Tacitus as the capital of King 173:

became king of a Suevian kingdom which was established within the protective mountains and forests of

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was held, and the Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo converted officially from Arianism to Catholicism, king

2173: 2042: 1834: 1671: 924:

wrote that the Suebi "excel all the others in power and numbers." He describes Suebic peoples (Greek

642: 317: 270: 204: 185: 3991:"anyone wanting to leave or to depart, uses these barbarians as mercenaries, servers or defenders", 1878:

In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confederation with other peoples including the

5408: 4621: 4047: 4009: 2077: 1124: 999: 2520:, a Catholic himself, in 572, of the twelve assistant bishops five bears Suebic names: Remisol of 1688:(c. 74 AD – c. 130 AD), gives a more detailed view of the operations of 9 BC. He reports that the 5482: 5477: 4791: 4643: 4582: 4471: 4403: 4379: 4035: 3665: 2550: 2517: 2213: 2108: 1670:(c. 69 AD – after 122 AD), gives the Suebi brief mention in connection with their defeat against 1527: 1523: 1488: 1487:

While there is debate possible about whether all tribes identified by Romans as Germanic spoke a

1450: 1432: 1404: 1040:, or Mother Earth, whose sacred grove was on an island in the Ocean (presumably the Baltic Sea): 1026:, who fought the Romans in the 3rd century, and were associated with the Alamanni, were Semnones. 390: 3485: 2608:, who puts their conversion alongside that of the Goths, occurring under Reccared I in 587–589. 2508:—which met on 1 May 561—state explicitly that the synod was held at the orders of a king named 2439:, made his first attack on the Suebi. Between 572 and 574, Leovigild invaded the valley of the 1239: 864: 771: 4567: 4418: 4393: 4269: 4043: 3901: 3428: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3183: 3138: 3034: 2846: 2783: 2704: 2545: 2485: 2444: 2339:

who had converted to Roman Catholicism c. 447. Soon, he married a daughter of the Gothic king

2193: 2157: 2118: 2069: 1580:

in 58 BC who had been settled for some time in Gaul already, at the invitation of the Gaulish

1519: 1518:

more broadly, are therefore "assumed to have evolved at least in part" from Suebian. However,

1286: 1203: 1164: 986:

Elbe and stretch as far east as a river apparently named after them, the Suevus, probably the

398: 1613: 1156: 767: 4990: 4362: 3657: 3024: 2980:

Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch

2765: 2635: 2605: 2573: 2285: 1873: 1818: 1799:

and their allies, breaking their power finally at the battle of Idistavisus, a plain on the

1768: 1709: 1701: 1569: 1515: 1427: 1333: 1290: 1235: 1019: 872: 836: 775: 727: 708: 671: 460: 208: 111: 63: 35: 4139: 2255: 1856:, a Marcomannian exile, bought off the nobles and seized the palace. Maroboduus escaped to 4599: 4577: 4521: 4491: 4375: 4225: 4027: 3946: 3304: 3130: 3103: 3076: 2669: 2639: 2581: 2562: 2217: 2161: 2096: 2025: 2013: 1659:

in a gladiatorial display at Rome celebrating the consecration of the Julian hero-shrine.

1652: 1531: 1388:

Notable in classical sources, the Suebi can be identified by their hair style called the "

1221: 871:

which has iron mines, and which is south of the Quadi. North of the Adrabaecampi, are the

763: 739: 655: 552: 536: 278: 200: 122: 4143:

Gloriosissimo ac tranquillissimo et insigni catholicae fidei praedito pietate Mironi regi

2681: 2209: 1266:(III.3.31) beyond the Danish isles are "the farthest people of Germania, the Hermiones". 950:

As discussed below, in the third century a large group of Suebi, also referred to as the

470:

Mušov Cauldron, a Roman bronze cauldron found in 1988 in a Germanic chieftain's grave in

4305:

Identity and Interaction: the Suevi and the Hispano-Romans, University of Virginia, 2007

4298: 5467: 5273: 5057: 4721: 4408: 3489: 3058: 2769: 2525: 2477: 2412: 2372: 2201: 1946:– a name which survives to this day. People in this region of Germany are still called 1939: 1539: 1511: 1259: 840: 794: 735: 231: 75: 38:

reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Suebian peoples in red, and other

4314: 2459:, giving Leovigild an excuse to attack the kingdom. In 585 AD, first Audeca and later 1713:

of Tacitus, it is mentioned that after the defeat of 9 BC the Romans made peace with

1567:

Julius Caesar (100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) describes the Suebi in his firsthand account,

1304:. Closely bordering on the Suiones and closely resembling them, are the tribes of the 516:. Some commentators believe that Caesar's Suebi were the later Chatti or possibly the 428:

The etymological sources list the following ethnic names as being from the same root:

156:. In particular, Caesar saw the Suebians as the most warlike of the Germanic peoples. 5461: 5134: 5032: 4995: 4955: 4821: 4550: 4509: 3669: 2975: 1994: 1470: 1097: 607: 449: 243: 133: 695:, and the Rhine had been deserted by the departure of two large Celtic nations, the 4726: 4716: 4699: 4516: 3757: 2976:""Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen" 2589: 2537: 2352: 1903: 1504: 1389: 1152: 1007: 898:

Caesar describes the Suebi as pressing the German tribes of the Rhine, such as the

852: 731: 692: 626: 475: 466: 30: 4301:

is the main source for the history of the Suebi in Galicia and Portugal up to 468.

2814: 1957:

A large group of Suebi, whose origins are unclear, breached the Roman frontier by

1926: 234:. The Alamanni continued exerting pressure on Gaul, while the Alamannic chieftain 4309: 4210: 1655:, celebrated a triumph in 29 BC. Shortly after, they turn up fighting a group of 152:

tribes, and establishing a Germanic presence in the immediate areas north of the

5208: 5166: 5089: 5002: 4870: 4860: 4771: 4555: 4039: 3853: 3753: 2673: 2584:, promised to accept the beliefs of the saint if only his son would be cured of 2488:, sent by the Visigothic king Theodoric II at the request of the Suebic unifier 2448: 2356: 2340: 2047: 1998: 1644: 1633: 1560: 1301: 868: 848: 716: 603: 145: 2920: 5385: 5173: 5156: 5104: 5094: 5079: 5047: 5037: 4915: 4865: 4741: 4736: 4704: 4423: 4323: 3661: 3107: 3008: 2866: 2655: 2600: 2133: 2029: 2021: 1990: 1978: 1883: 1830: 1829:

rebelled against their king and went over to the Cherusci. Left with only the

1826: 1792: 1718: 1597: 1577: 1349: 1270: 1183: 1132: 1030: 971: 967: 940: 822: 814: 798: 743: 712: 579: 575: 563:

or "tribes" including not only the Suebi, but also the Hermunduri, Chatti and

517: 513: 441: 306: 290: 286: 170: 141: 91: 83: 365:

respectively. Suebian languages are thought to be a main source of the later

5380: 5375: 5365: 5298: 5203: 5099: 5062: 5052: 5012: 4965: 4960: 4910: 4850: 4776: 4766: 4746: 4709: 4694: 4031: 3797: 3775: 2893: 2489: 2436: 2384: 2293: 2264: 2227:, few traces were left of their Germanic tongue, but for some words and for 2168: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2113: 2088: 1891: 1887: 1783: 1667: 1605: 1492: 1408: 1329: 1195: 1136: 1015: 1003: 995: 951: 747: 676: 634: 587: 362: 340: 274: 193: 126: 107: 79: 39: 3114:. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 1973:. It is thought that this group probably contained a significant amount of 1555: 2947: 1559:

Marble bust of Julius Caesar, first century C.E.; recent discovery on the

5353: 5338: 5318: 5303: 5283: 5258: 5243: 5238: 5218: 5188: 5178: 5129: 5119: 5114: 4945: 4930: 4905: 4885: 4855: 4845: 4840: 4811: 4806: 4796: 4731: 4689: 4398: 4023: 3764:. Translated by Herbert Baldwin Foster. pp. Book 51 sections 21, 22. 3007:. Institutet för språk och folkminnen, Sweden. p. 16. Archived from 2982:, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99 2689: 2685: 2558: 2481: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2141: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2065: 2061: 2017: 2005: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1911: 1907: 1895: 1853: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1796: 1759: 1736:

commanded twelve legions to attack the Marcomanni, but the outbreak of a

1733: 1693: 1689: 1675: 1601: 1396: 1377: 1309: 1243: 1215: 1140: 1112: 1105: 1065: 1041: 1023: 982: 955: 936: 911: 903: 899: 882: 844: 779: 711:. In addition, near the Hercynian forest Caesar believed that the Celtic 700: 696: 571: 564: 548: 521: 471: 453: 437: 345: 325: 282: 266: 254: 223: 219: 178: 165: 160: 103: 99: 95: 3180:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 194, note on line 22 of Widsith. 2200:

and former capital of Roman Gallaecia, became the capital of the Suebi.

1817:

and allies, now had a free hand. He accused Maroboduus of hiding in the

5370: 5358: 5348: 5323: 5313: 5308: 5288: 5278: 5253: 5193: 5151: 5124: 5042: 4975: 4970: 4950: 4940: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4875: 4816: 4801: 4751: 3046: 2631: 2585: 2529: 2509: 2460: 2399: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2317: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2185: 2181: 2180:

The Germanic invaders and immigrants settled mainly in rural areas, as

1981:. This group later invaded Spain and became rulers of Roman Gaellicia. 1930:

Alemanni expansion and Roman-Alemannic battle sites, 3rd to 5th century

1899: 1861: 1857: 1741: 1726: 1609: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1416: 1400: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1297: 1282: 1231: 1191: 1171: 1148: 1128: 1101: 1093: 1061: 1057: 1045: 1011: 991: 932: 887: 876: 810: 806: 789: 742:. In Book VII (1.3) Strabo specifically mentions as Suevic peoples the 630: 595: 591: 532: 445: 358: 350: 336: 321: 298: 281:

there was also a short-lived Kingdom of the Suebi on the Danube, under

235: 174: 118: 71: 17: 2308:

after taking the Roman capital, Mérida, in 439. The previous year 438

594:). The Vandals were tribes east of the Elbe, including the well-known 528:

more broadly, "to cover a large number of tribes in central Germany".

5390: 5343: 5328: 5293: 5268: 5233: 5228: 5161: 5146: 5084: 5022: 5007: 4985: 4935: 4925: 4920: 4833: 4828: 4786: 4756: 3819: 2717: 2614: 2569: 2456: 2452: 2305: 2297: 2232: 1986: 1943: 1714: 1685: 1373: 1340: 1247: 1187: 1160: 1120: 1076: 1072: 1053: 1049: 1037: 944: 921: 856: 751: 688: 638: 611: 544: 540: 509: 491:

Roman bronze statuette of a Suebian captive. First to 3rd century AD.

433: 354: 302: 294: 218:, new Suebian groups had emerged, and Italy was invaded again by the 153: 614:

are named as Vandilic by Pliny, and specifically Suebic by Tacitus.

293:

moved from the Elbe to become one of the major powers of the Middle

4331: 2672:

and in early Scandinavian sources. The earliest attestation is the

2188:..." and the "Barbarians, govern over the provinces". According to 1573:, as the "largest and the most warlike nation of all the Germans". 879:, who are probably the same as Tacitus' "Naristi" mentioned above. 257:, together with other Danubian groups including Alans and Vandals, 203:

in the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni, perhaps under pressure from

5248: 5223: 5213: 5198: 5141: 5109: 5074: 5069: 5027: 5017: 4900: 4761: 4604: 4008:, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in 3978:"the barbarians, detesting their swords, turn them into ploughs", 2732: 2521: 2440: 2398: 2272: 2254: 2197: 2167: 2152: 2151: 2004:

Further south, a group of Suebi established a kingdom in parts of

1974: 1966: 1962: 1925: 1879: 1849: 1800: 1782: 1656: 1554: 1426: 1412: 1363: 1325: 1321: 1278: 1274: 1220: 1199: 1179: 1175: 827: 818: 759: 755: 684: 670: 599: 505: 486: 465: 149: 87: 2443:, pushing the Suebi west and northwards. In 575 the Suebic king, 2320:, who proved to be a notable general, defeating first Andevotus, 1238:. Between the coastal Saxons and inland Suebi, Ptolemy names the 401:, giving the meaning "one's own" people, in turn from an earlier 5333: 4980: 4056: 2533: 2009: 1970: 1722: 1679: 1629: 1399:

in a sacred grove and the murder of slaves used in the rites of

1211: 1144: 987: 915: 907: 860: 802: 783: 704: 610:, is a possibility that Tacitus also noted, but for example the 501: 262: 250: 227: 67: 4335: 2072:

which was no longer under Imperial rule since the rebellion of

1833:

and Herminius' uncle, who had defected, Maroboduus appealed to

1411:

dresses as a woman and that tribe also worships in groves. The

2132:

was established in 410 and lasted until 584. Smaller than the

1848:. Drusus encouraged the Germans to finish him off. A force of 297:, in competition with the dynasties from the east such as the 2415:

heresy. Eight years after, in 569, king Theodemir called the

2379:

defeated the Suebi, briefly restoring Roman rule in northern

1368:

Captive with Suebian knot National Museum of Romanian History

1010:(whose name appears to be somehow related to the modern name 559:

that the Irminones were a large grouping of related Germanic

1954:, which a monument found in Augsburg refers to as Semnones. 82:

they included many peoples with their own names such as the

1135:, and are therefore not Germans.) Ptolemy also places the " 3027:); for an alternative meaning, as "free, independent" see 2576:, on the other hand, an otherwise unknown sovereign named 1969:(31 December 406), thus launching an invasion of northern 1938:

who came to occupy the Roman frontier region known as the

1576:

Caesar confronted a large army led by a Suevic King named

1395:

Tacitus mentions the sacrifice of humans practiced by the

821:. The Quadi are on the edge of greater Suebia, having the 2279:

Vandals. The absence of competition permitted first, the

1914:

sea. The war lasted until Marcus Aurelius' death in 180.

683:

In the time of Caesar, southern Germany had a mixture of

617:

At one time, classical ethnography had applied the name

3101:(German language text); the etymology in English is in 2001:

or Suebengau existed at least until the 12th century.

1894:, penetrated along the border between the provinces of 570:

The definitions of the greater ethnic groupings within

163:

the first emperor, Rome made aggressive campaigns into

4260:"The Conversion of the Spanish Suevi to Catholicism." 2371:

into Hispania, and defeated the Suebi near modern-day

2184:

clearly stated: "The Hispanic, spread over cities and

1419:

own fleets of rowing vessels with prows at both ends.

1308:. Ptolemy describes Scandinavia as being inhabited by 1108:(Βατεινοὶ), apparently north and/or east of the Elbe. 722:

Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD), in Book IV (6.9) of his

645:

and German speaking Switzerland. This was proposed by

3835: 3833: 3293:. Bern, München: A. Franke Verlag, Leo Lehnen Verlag. 977:

From Tacitus and Ptolemy we can derive more details:

4101:

Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum

4089:"guts (of fish)" < protogermanic *magōn "stomach" 2476:

The Suebi remained mostly pagan, and their subjects

1906:, and could be stopped only shortly before reaching 1592:

The forces Caesar faced in battle were composed of "

5399: 4680: 4642: 4432: 4386: 4074:"vine gallery" < protogermanic *laubjōn "leaves" 3786:. Bill Thayer in LacusCurtius. pp. section 21. 3734:

Book IV, sections 1–3, and 19; Book VI, section 10.

2231:, adopted by most of the Gallaeci. In Galicia four 1977:, moving out of their homeland under pressure from 1431:Proposed theory on the distribution of the primary 1336:in the middle. He does not describe them as Suebi. 1225:

Suebi Captive Representation in Roman bronze figure

3808:. Bill Thayer in LacusCurtius. pp. section 9. 3348:Delphi Complete Works of Cassius Dio (Illustrated) 2347:, still a Roman province. By 456 the campaigns of 1143:. These mountains, stretching from near the upper 512:, and he distinguished them from their allies the 508:, in the position where later writers mention the 4243:"Braga and Tours: Some Observations on Gregory's 4069:"to break" < protogermanic *breutan "to break" 4064:"torch; ember" < protogermanic *blasōn "torch" 1100:dialects. Their name is associated with medieval 277:. With the breaking up of Hunnic power after the 4084:"to urge" < protogermanic *þreunhan "to urge" 3648:Pomeroy, Arthur J. (1994). "Tacitus' Germania". 2557:brought about the conversion of his people from 2208:. They settled in the region between the rivers 1538:, but this is on the transitional frontier with 1170:Beyond this mountain range (probably the modern 1079:to the east, and in the "neck" of the peninsula. 750:had moved into the same Hercynian forest as the 177:. The Suevians did not join the alliance led by 3320: 3318: 3182:Republished in 2006 by Kissinger Publishing as 1348:"Suebia" comprises the entire periphery of the 1258:Tacitus called the Baltic sea the Suebian sea. 1139:" in mountains, along with a tribe called the 832:Suebi Germanic with nodus found in Apt, France 192:provided support to the Flavian faction under 4347: 4281:"Reconsideration of the history of the Suevi" 4161: 4159: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 3551: 3549: 3178:Widseth: a Study in Old English Heroic Legend 3160:"Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities" 797:. Going from west to east the first were the 543:, specified that the Suevi "do not, like the 27:Historical ethnic grouping of Germanic tribes 8: 3137:. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications. 2271:in Aquitania after completely defeating the 1965:, at about the same time as the Vandals and 805:and stretching across the Danube into Roman 4378:origin primarily identified as speakers of 4315:Minutes of the Councils of Braga and Toledo 3699: 3697: 3079:text); locate by searching the page number. 2991: 2989: 448:, and, according to one of the hypotheses, 4354: 4340: 4332: 3264:. Harvard University Press. 1999. p. 3067:Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 2411:, which dealt with the old problem of the 102:. New groupings formed later, such as the 4319:Collectio Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis 4268:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. 3618: 3616: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3566: 3564: 1435:dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1: 855:, and then a "large people" known as the 459:Alternatively, it may be borrowed from a 2435:In 570 the Arian king of the Visigoths, 2407:In 561 king Ariamir called the catholic 2087:, they settled in the Roman province of 2046: 29: 5419:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4285:Revue belge de pholologie et d'histoire 3203:Section 8, translation by H. Mattingly. 3090:Indogermanisches Wörterbuch: 3. Auflage 3029:Room, Adrian (2006). "Swabia, Sweden". 2749: 2620: 2223:As the Suebi quickly adopted the local 1841:, and was given only a pretext of aid. 1018:after he settled his Marcomanni in the 954:, moved up to the Rhine bank in modern 349:gave their names to the still-existing 4326:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII 4059:" < protogermanic *laiwarikō "lark" 2668:The name of the Suebi also appears in 1127:, who Tacitus says speak respectively 238:played an important role in elevating 4079:"elf" < protogermanic *albaz "elf" 3709:Old English and its Closest Relatives 2702:also appears in this poem and in the 2604:not to a Suebe, but to a Visigoth by 2496:Conversion to Orthodox Trinitarianism 2343:, and began a wave of attacks on the 2292:, capitals of the Roman provinces of 2107:), where, swearing fealty to Emperor 2008:, which appears in records after the 1860:and the Romans offered him refuge in 1530:spoken by the Lombards of Italy, and 1214:river) and the Vistula, south of the 994:, and then, again upon the Elbe, the 786:, though the population had changed. 132:The Suevians were first mentioned by 7: 3135:Yr Hen Iaith: Studies in Early Welsh 2688:, whose name means "Suebian", was a 2156:Road sign at the village of Suevos, 1674:in 9 BC. He says that the Suebi and 500:Caesar placed the Suebi east of the 114:were simply referred to as Suebian. 4217:Institutet för språk och folkminnen 2335:died, leaving the crown to his son 1339:Tacitus describes the non-Germanic 1163:(possibly Tacitus' Gotini) and the 726:also associates the Suebi with the 582:, Pliny specifically adds two more 253:. In 406 AD, Suebian tribes led by 4251:Journal of Early Christian Studies 3900:. Romansonline.com. Archived from 3676:Neumann, Gunter; Henning Seemann. 3427:. Romansonline.com. Archived from 3346:Dio, Cassius (19 September 2014). 3005:Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn 2728:Germanic personal names in Galicia 2684:and in the place name Svogerslev. 2300:, while their expeditions reached 2259:Suebic sword. Conimbriga, Portugal 1787:Roman limes and modern boundaries. 859:(whose name appears to recall the 675:Suebi ceramics. Lobdengau-Museum, 269:. They eventually established the 34:The approximate positions of some 25: 4138:St. Martin on Braga wrote in his 3491:Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe 2841:Tacitus, Publius (25 June 2009). 1762:annihilated three legions at the 1551:Ariovistus and the Suebi in 58 BC 1542:, as is neighboring Thuringian.) 1075:to the west of the Elbe, and the 801:, living near the sources of the 662:Tribes names in classical sources 555:(23 AD – 79 AD), reported in his 381:Etymologists trace the name from 5442: 5441: 4262:Visigothic Spain: New Approaches 3723:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 2647: 2623: 2561:with the help of the missionary 2516:was held at the request of king 2247:, after old Suebic settlements. 2051:Suebic migrations across Europe. 1503:, and in its most extreme form, 1022:). A monument confirms that the 5424:Christianization of Scandinavia 3806:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars 3784:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars 3116:Some related English words are 3112:Appendix I: Indo-European Roots 2775:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 2654:Suebic and Roman fibullae from 2634:on a 5th-century marble table, 2220:(Lands of the Buri), Portugal. 1758:After the death of Drusus, the 1415:fight at night dyed black. The 5414:Christianization of the Franks 4487:Continental Germanic mythology 4310:Medieval Galician anthroponomy 3453:. Book IV Chapter 3 Section 4. 2953:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2926:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2899:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2872:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2820:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2692:who appears in the eddic poem 1791:Subsequently, Augustus placed 1754:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 1296:In the sea, the states of the 990:. South of them he places the 867:. North of the Baemoi, is the 373:some time after about 600 AD. 1: 3945:López Quiroga, Jorge (2001). 3092:. p. 188. Archived from 2978:, in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), 2229:their personal and land names 1663:The victory of Drusus in 9 BC 1624:Caesar and the Suebi in 55 BC 1269:North of the Lugii, near the 524:. Later authors use the term 432:(whence also the name of the 425:, each meaning "one's own"). 312:During the last years of the 4254:. 3 (1995), p. 195–210. 4245:De virtutibus sancti Martini 3993:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 3980:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 3798:Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius 3776:Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius 3754:Dio, Lucius Claudius Cassius 3118:sibling, sister, swain, self 2613:converted first through the 2312:ratified the peace with the 2037:Suevian Kingdom of Gallaecia 2012:were defeated in 454 at the 629:dialects spoken in Austria, 389:based on the Proto-Germanic 285:. They were defeated by the 70:river region in what is now 5429:Christianization of Iceland 4287:, 35 (1957), p. 19–45. 3850:Compendium of Roman History 3721:Waldman & Mason, 2006, 3289:Maurer, Friedrich (1952) . 2723:Dukes of Swabia family tree 2680:("Suebian warrior") on the 2328:magister utriusque militiae 2235:and six villages are named 2103:, and the northern half of 1497:High German consonant shift 1403:practiced by the tribes of 843:" formerly occupied by the 667:Northern bank of the Danube 216:Crisis of the Third Century 184:In 69 AD the Suebian kings 5499: 2758:Drinkwater, John Frederick 2040: 1871: 1764:Battle of Teutoburg Forest 1751: 1651:who, along with the young 1407:. The chief priest of the 397:found in the third-person 110:, and two kingdoms in the 5437: 4369: 4299:The Chronicle of Hydatius 4224:October 14, 2013, at the 4004:Domingos Maria da Silva, 3662:10.1017/S0009840X00290446 3309:Die Herkunft der Germanen 2695:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar 2553:states that a king named 2395:Last years of the kingdom 1147:to the headwaters of the 140:led by the Germanic king 4667:North Germanic languages 4652:Germanic parent language 4213:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon 4211:Peterson, Lena. (2002). 4034:< *villa *Gumesenþi; 4026:< *villa *Mundarici; 3824:Epitome of Roman History 3081:Köbler, Gerhard (2000). 2845:. Penguin. p. 125. 2136:kingdom of Italy or the 2111:, they were accepted as 1356:Cultural characteristics 1264:Description of the World 62:) were a large group of 4672:West Germanic languages 4662:East Germanic languages 4657:Proto-Germanic language 4477:Proto-Germanic folklore 4414:Romano-Germanic culture 4030:< *villa *Baldarii; 3887:Book II sections 62–63. 3878:Book II sections 44–46. 3682:A German-language text. 3674:A review in English of 3468:. Penelope.uchicago.edu 2780:Oxford University Press 2597:Third Council of Toledo 2514:Second Council of Braga 2431:Defeat by the Visigoths 2216:, in the area known as 1640:Rhine crossing of 29 BC 734:, and further east the 504:apparently near modern 330:Kingdom of the Lombards 136:in connection with the 5473:Early Germanic peoples 4140:Formula Vitae Honestae 4098:Isidorus Hispalensis, 3820:Florus, Lucius Annaeus 3802:"The Life of Tiberius" 3780:"The Life of Augustus" 3743:Book IV sections 4–19. 2506:First Council of Braga 2472:Conversion to Arianism 2409:First Council of Braga 2404: 2260: 2177: 2165: 2124:The Suebic kingdom in 2052: 1931: 1788: 1564: 1536:High Franconian German 1532:standard "High German" 1484: 1386: 1369: 1226: 833: 738:, possibly the modern 707:further east near the 680: 492: 479: 371:Second consonant shift 320:, the Suebian general 43: 4482:Anglo-Saxon mythology 4372:Ethnolinguistic group 4279:Reynolds, Robert L., 3935:on the "Donausueben". 3848:Velleius Paterculus, 3826:. Book II section 30. 3214:"Book IV section XIV" 2974:Harm, Volker (2013), 2768:; Spawforth, Antony; 2417:First Council of Lugo 2402: 2258: 2172:Golden coin from the 2171: 2155: 2050: 1929: 1786: 1561:Island of Pantelleria 1558: 1501:High German languages 1430: 1382: 1367: 1273:, Tacitus places the 1224: 1178:. These included the 894:Approaching the Rhine 863:again), and then the 831: 762:(a large tribe), the 674: 649:as one of five major 490: 469: 463:word for "vagabond". 367:High German languages 240:Constantine the Great 33: 3650:The Classical Review 3311:. Leipzig: Kabitsch. 2421:Parrochiale Suevorum 2322:Romanae militiae dux 2174:Kingdom of the Suebi 2083:Passing through the 2043:Kingdom of the Suebi 1993:in areas of today's 1748:Roman defeat in 9 AD 1672:Nero Claudius Drusus 1499:that defines modern 1461:Weser–Rhine Germanic 318:Western Roman Empire 271:Kingdom of the Suebi 205:East Germanic tribes 159:During the reign of 66:originally from the 5409:Gothic Christianity 4241:Ferreiro, Alberto. 4048:Portuguese language 3869:Book II section 16. 3839:Book II section 26. 3593:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3535:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3510:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3406:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3385:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3364:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3328:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3237:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3216:. Perseus.tufts.edu 2504:The minutes of the 2091:, in north-western 2020:fought against the 1997:. An area known as 496:More than one tribe 199:Under the reign of 4792:Germani cisrhenani 4500:Funerary practices 4404:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4380:Germanic languages 4113:Ferreiro, 199 n11. 3350:. Delphi Classics. 2580:, having heard of 2551:Isidore of Seville 2425:Divisio Theodemiri 2405: 2359:directed by kings 2261: 2178: 2166: 2053: 1959:crossing the Rhine 1932: 1837:, now governor of 1789: 1729:, under his rule. 1565: 1528:Lombardic language 1524:Thuringian dialect 1485: 1451:North Sea Germanic 1405:Schleswig-Holstein 1370: 1332:in the south, and 1227: 834: 825:to the southeast. 681: 493: 480: 44: 5455: 5454: 4627:Gothic and Vandal 4419:Germanic Iron Age 4394:Nordic Bronze Age 4376:Northern European 4153:Ferreiro, 198 n8. 4044:Galician language 3762:Project Gutenberg 3256:"Germanic Tribes" 3144:978-1-891271-10-6 2852:978-0-140-44964-8 2766:Hornblower, Simon 2595:By 589, when the 2568:According to the 2546:Historia Suevorum 2484:missionary named 2070:Iberian Peninsula 2068:and entering the 2060:Suebi under king 1779:Aftermath of 9 AD 1546:Historical events 1489:Germanic language 1002:", and the later 746:, who under King 643:Baden-Württemberg 590:and the Vandili ( 399:reflexive pronoun 259:crossed the Rhine 16:(Redirected from 5490: 5445: 5444: 5401:Christianization 4991:Ripuarian Franks 4363:Germanic peoples 4356: 4349: 4342: 4333: 4228: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4019: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3951: 3942: 3936: 3933:Friedrich Lotter 3929: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3305:Kossinna, Gustaf 3301: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3181: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3131:Schrijver, Peter 3127: 3121: 3115: 3104:Watkins, Calvert 3100: 3098: 3087: 3074: 3063:"Root/Lemma se-" 3055: 3049: 3044: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3002: 2996:Peterson, Lena. 2993: 2984: 2983: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2754: 2651: 2627: 2606:John of Biclarum 2574:Gregory of Tours 2190:Dan Stanislawski 1922:Migration period 1902:, laid waste to 1874:Marcomannic Wars 1868:Marcomannic wars 1819:Hercynian Forest 1813:, leader of the 1725:, in and around 1702:Hercynian Forest 1570:De Bello Gallico 1516:Alemannic German 1478: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1439: 1275:Gothones (Goths) 1236:Eastern Germanic 1088:East of the Elbe 1020:Hercynian forest 837:Claudius Ptolemy 809:. Next came the 728:Hercynian Forest 709:Hercynian forest 647:Friedrich Maurer 586:or "kinds", the 411:swe, swój, swoi, 343:who remained in 230:and settled the 207:to their north, 138:invasion of Gaul 112:Migration Period 64:Germanic peoples 36:Germanic peoples 21: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5433: 5395: 4676: 4638: 4600:Gothic alphabet 4492:Norse mythology 4428: 4382: 4365: 4360: 4295: 4290: 4258:Thompson, E. A. 4237: 4235:General sources 4232: 4231: 4226:Wayback Machine 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4051: 4020: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3705:Robinson, Orrin 3703: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3675: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3579: 3571: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3174:Chambers, R. W. 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3102: 3096: 3085: 3080: 3077:German language 3059:Pokorny, Julius 3057: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3028: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2770:Eidinow, Esther 2756: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2714: 2670:Norse mythology 2666: 2664:Norse mythology 2659: 2652: 2643: 2628: 2582:Martin of Tours 2563:Martin of Dumio 2498: 2474: 2469: 2433: 2397: 2253: 2218:Terras de Bouro 2150: 2058: 2045: 2039: 2026:battle of Bolia 2014:Battle of Nedao 1924: 1882:, Vandals, and 1876: 1870: 1781: 1756: 1750: 1665: 1653:Octavian Caesar 1642: 1626: 1553: 1548: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1466: 1464: 1463:, or Istvaeonic 1456: 1454: 1453:, or Ingvaeonic 1446: 1444: 1437: 1425: 1358: 1256: 1151:, he calls the 1090: 964: 931:The geographer 896: 847:, he names the 817:, and then the 778:, and also the 740:Bohemian forest 669: 664: 656:Gustaf Kossinna 557:Natural History 553:Pliny the Elder 537:Pliny the Elder 498: 485: 379: 279:Battle of Nedao 201:Marcus Aurelius 123:Pliny the Elder 78:. In the early 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5058:Thracian Goths 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:Roman Iron Age 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4321: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4293:External links 4291: 4289: 4288: 4277: 4255: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4203: 4201:Ferreiro, 207. 4194: 4185: 4183:Ferreiro, 199. 4176: 4167: 4155: 4146: 4131: 4115: 4106: 4091: 4014: 3997: 3984: 3971: 3937: 3924: 3914: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3841: 3829: 3811: 3789: 3767: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3714: 3693: 3684: 3652:. New Series. 3638: 3629: 3612: 3603: 3577: 3560: 3545: 3520: 3495: 3478: 3456: 3441: 3416: 3395: 3374: 3353: 3338: 3326:"Tac. Ger. 28" 3314: 3296: 3281: 3274: 3261:Late Antiquity 3247: 3226: 3205: 3192: 3165: 3150: 3143: 3122: 3099:on 2007-10-25. 3073:on 2011-08-09. 3050: 3039: 2985: 2966: 2939: 2912: 2885: 2858: 2851: 2833: 2806: 2788: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2698:. The kingdom 2665: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2622: 2610: 2609: 2593: 2566: 2541: 2528:, Wittimer of 2497: 2494: 2478:Priscillianist 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2432: 2429: 2413:Priscillianism 2396: 2393: 2367:) crossed the 2252: 2249: 2149: 2146: 2085:Basque country 2057: 2054: 2041:Main article: 2038: 2035: 1940:Agri Decumates 1923: 1920: 1872:Main article: 1869: 1866: 1780: 1777: 1752:Main article: 1749: 1746: 1664: 1661: 1649:Gaius Carrinas 1641: 1638: 1625: 1622: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540:Central German 1512:Swabian German 1475: 1473:, or Irminonic 1465: 1455: 1445: 1442:North Germanic 1436: 1424: 1421: 1357: 1354: 1324:in the north, 1260:Pomponius Mela 1255: 1252: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1069: 1034: 1027: 963: 960: 895: 892: 795:Czech Republic 754:(possibly the 736:Gabreta Forest 668: 665: 663: 660: 497: 494: 484: 483:Classification 481: 383:Proto-Germanic 378: 375: 335:The Alamanni, 232:Agri Decumates 76:Czech Republic 50:(also spelled 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5495: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5448: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Crimean Goths 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4996:Salian Franks 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4434:Early culture 4431: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274:0-19-822543-1 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4192:Thompson, 88. 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4174:Thompson, 87. 4171: 4168: 4165:Thompson, 83. 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4129:Thompson, 86. 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3995:, VII, 41, 4. 3994: 3988: 3985: 3982:, VII, 41, 6. 3981: 3975: 3972: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3904:on 2014-05-02 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3858:Roman History 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3431:on 2013-11-05 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3275:9780674511736 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188:1-4254-9551-6 3185: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3158:Peck (1898). 3154: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3014:on 2011-05-18 3010: 3006: 2999: 2998:"Swābaharjaz" 2992: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2843:The Histories 2837: 2834: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2791: 2789:9780191735257 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2536:and Anila of 2535: 2532:, Nitigis of 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2251:Establishment 2250: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128:and northern 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2049: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016:. Their king 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:Saxony-Anhalt 1992: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961:, perhaps at 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1481:East Germanic 1472: 1471:Elbe Germanic 1462: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320:in the east, 1319: 1315: 1312:in the west, 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1262:wrote in his 1261: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1246:and then the 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:East Germanic 1095: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:Teuriochaemai 997: 993: 989: 984: 980: 979: 978: 975: 973: 969: 961: 959: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 939:. The "Suevi 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 893: 891: 889: 884: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 678: 673: 666: 661: 659: 657: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 622: 620: 615: 613: 609: 608:East Germanic 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 495: 489: 482: 477: 473: 468: 464: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:Indo-European 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 376: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 244:Roman emperor 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 197: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134:Julius Caesar 130: 128: 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 37: 32: 19: 5263: 4727:Anglo-Saxons 4717:Adrabaecampi 4700:Bucinobantes 4442:Architecture 4325: 4318: 4284: 4266:Edward James 4261: 4249: 4244: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4109: 4099: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4052: 4017: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3979: 3974: 3962:. Retrieved 3957: 3953: 3940: 3927: 3917: 3906:. Retrieved 3902:the original 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3792: 3783: 3770: 3761: 3758:"Dio's Rome" 3748: 3739: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3712:pages 194–5. 3708: 3687: 3677: 3656:(1): 58–59. 3653: 3649: 3641: 3632: 3622: 3606: 3595:. Retrieved 3591:"Section 43" 3572: 3555: 3537:. Retrieved 3530: 3523: 3512:. Retrieved 3505: 3498: 3490: 3481: 3470:. Retrieved 3459: 3450: 3444: 3433:. Retrieved 3429:the original 3419: 3408:. Retrieved 3404:"Section 42" 3398: 3387:. Retrieved 3383:"Section 41" 3377: 3366:. Retrieved 3362:"Strab. 7.1" 3356: 3347: 3341: 3330:. Retrieved 3308: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3260: 3250: 3239:. Retrieved 3235:"Strab. 7.1" 3229: 3218:. Retrieved 3208: 3200: 3195: 3177: 3168: 3153: 3134: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3094:the original 3089: 3071:the original 3066: 3053: 3030: 3016:. Retrieved 3009:the original 3004: 2979: 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2951: 2942: 2930:. Retrieved 2924: 2915: 2903:. Retrieved 2897: 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2870: 2867:"Marcomanni" 2861: 2842: 2836: 2824:. Retrieved 2818: 2815:"Maroboduus" 2809: 2800: 2793:. Retrieved 2774: 2752: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2682:Rö runestone 2677: 2667: 2611: 2590:Nicene faith 2544: 2524:, Adoric of 2499: 2475: 2434: 2424: 2420: 2406: 2353:Theodoric II 2345:Tarraconense 2327: 2324:, and later 2321: 2268: 2262: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2222: 2179: 2176:, 410–500 AD 2123: 2112: 2082: 2059: 2003: 1983: 1956: 1933: 1916: 1904:Flavia Solva 1877: 1843: 1809: 1790: 1757: 1731: 1708: 1706: 1699: 1692:, Suebi and 1684: 1666: 1643: 1627: 1618: 1591: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1509: 1505:Upper German 1486: 1394: 1390:Suebian knot 1387: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1345: 1338: 1295: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1228: 1207: 1169: 1153:Askibourgian 1110: 1091: 1082: 1008:Baenochaemae 976: 965: 949: 930: 925: 920: 897: 881: 853:Adrabaecampi 835: 788: 732:Swabian Alps 723: 721: 682: 651:Kulturkreise 650: 627:Upper German 623: 618: 616: 583: 569: 560: 556: 530: 525: 499: 476:Suebian knot 458: 427: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 394: 386: 380: 344: 334: 311: 261:and overran 248: 222:, while the 213: 198: 183: 164: 158: 131: 116: 59: 55: 51: 47: 45: 5167:Nahanarvali 5090:Hilleviones 5003:Frisiavones 4871:Cananefates 4861:Burgundians 4772:Banochaemae 4622:Anglo-Saxon 4573:Anglo-Saxon 4539:Anglo-Saxon 4522:Anglo-Saxon 4505:Anglo-Saxon 3860:55, 28, 6–7 3854:Cassius Dio 3852:2, 109, 5; 3691:Section 38. 3636:Section 46. 3610:Section 44. 3575:Section 40. 3558:Section 39. 3466:"Geography" 3451:Geographica 2795:January 26, 2705:Þiðrekssaga 2678:Swabaharjaz 2674:Proto-Norse 2449:Hermenegild 2357:Burgundians 2341:Theodoric I 2140:kingdom in 2134:Ostrogothic 1999:Schwabengau 1680:river Albis 1645:Cassius Dio 1634:pile bridge 1302:Scandinavia 1289:, then the 1006:), but the 869:Luna forest 851:, then the 849:Parmaecampi 717:Cassius Dio 604:Burgundians 353:regions of 146:Gallic Wars 144:during the 5462:Categories 5386:Vinoviloth 5174:Marcomanni 5157:Helveconae 5135:Heaðobards 5105:Istvaeones 5095:Ingaevones 5080:Hermunduri 5048:Ostrogoths 5038:Greuthungi 4916:Chattuarii 4742:Angrivarii 4737:Ampsivarii 4705:Lentienses 4534:Literature 4424:Viking Age 4050:, such as: 4010:Portuguese 3908:2014-05-01 3898:"chapt 16" 3626:Section 45 3597:2014-05-01 3539:2014-05-01 3514:2014-05-01 3472:2014-05-01 3435:2014-05-01 3425:"Chapt 22" 3410:2014-05-01 3389:2014-05-01 3368:2014-05-01 3332:2014-05-01 3241:2014-05-01 3220:2014-05-01 3045:; compare 3040:0786422483 3018:2007-10-11 2894:"Alamanni" 2739:References 2658:, Portugal 2656:Conimbriga 2630:Christian 2601:Reccared I 2572:historian 2331:. In 448, 2194:Portuguese 2148:Settlement 2138:Visigothic 2030:Marcomanni 2022:Ostrogoths 1991:Sigebert I 1979:Radagaisus 1884:Sarmatians 1831:Marcomanni 1827:Langobardi 1793:Germanicus 1719:Marcomanni 1715:Maroboduus 1598:Marcomanni 1578:Ariovistus 1350:Baltic Sea 1346:geographic 1271:Baltic Sea 1254:Baltic Sea 1184:Helveconae 1031:Langobardi 972:Langobardi 968:Hermunduri 941:Langobardi 823:Sarmatians 815:Marcomanni 799:Hermunduri 744:Marcomanni 713:Tectosages 699:in modern 580:Ingaevones 576:Istvaeones 518:Hermunduri 514:Marcomanni 442:Sabellians 307:Ostrogoths 291:Longobards 287:Ostrogoths 171:Maroboduus 142:Ariovistus 92:Hermunduri 84:Marcomanni 42:in purple. 5483:Irminones 5478:Foederati 5381:Vidivarii 5376:Victohali 5366:Vangiones 5299:Thuringii 5204:Nuithones 5100:Irminones 5063:Visigoths 5053:Thervingi 5013:Gambrivii 4966:Dulgubnii 4961:Dauciones 4911:Chasuarii 4851:Brondings 4777:Bastarnae 4767:Baiuvarii 4747:Armalausi 4710:Raetovari 4644:Languages 4612:Symbology 4472:Folklore 4467:Festivals 4324:Orosius' 4317:, in the 4219:, Sweden. 4032:Gomesende 4006:Os Búrios 3960:: 115–124 3725:, p. 784. 3670:246879432 3531:Geography 3506:Geography 3023:(Text in 2921:"Ricimer" 2744:Citations 2700:Sváfaland 2555:Theodemar 2490:Remismund 2480:until an 2437:Leovigild 2385:Remismund 2365:Chilperic 2294:Lusitania 2269:foederati 2265:Visigoths 2130:Lusitania 2126:Gallaecia 2119:Britannia 2114:foederati 2089:Gallaecia 2074:Gerontius 2056:Migration 1892:Carnuntum 1888:Vindobona 1839:Illyricum 1668:Suetonius 1606:Vangiones 1493:Irminones 1409:Naharvali 1330:Dauciones 1240:Teutonari 1196:Naharvali 1137:Lugi Buri 1133:Pannonian 1016:Marobodus 1004:Thuringii 996:Calucones 952:Allemanni 865:Racatriae 772:Mugilones 748:Marobodus 724:Geography 679:, Germany 677:Ladenburg 635:Thuringia 588:Bastarnae 478:hairstyle 421:Sanskrit 377:Etymology 363:Thuringia 341:Thuringii 194:Vespasian 127:Irminones 125:with the 117:Although 108:Bavarians 80:Roman era 40:Irminones 5447:Category 5354:Hasdingi 5339:Usipetes 5319:Tubantes 5304:Toxandri 5284:Tencteri 5259:Suarines 5244:Sicambri 5239:Semnones 5219:Reudigni 5189:Mattiaci 5179:Marsacii 5130:Lombards 5120:Lacringi 5115:Juthungi 4946:Corconti 4931:Cherusci 4906:Charudes 4886:Chaedini 4856:Bructeri 4841:Bateinoi 4812:Eburones 4807:Condrusi 4802:Caeroesi 4797:Atuatuci 4732:Ambrones 4695:Brisgavi 4690:Alemanni 4568:Paganism 4457:Clothing 4452:Calendar 4399:Germania 4222:Archived 4036:Gondomar 4024:Mondariz 3707:(1992), 3623:Germania 3573:Germania 3556:Germania 3464:Strabo. 3449:Strabo. 3307:(1911). 3201:Germania 3199:Tacitus 3176:(1912). 3108:"s(w)e-" 3106:(2000). 2959:June 22, 2948:"Swabia" 2932:June 22, 2905:June 22, 2878:June 22, 2826:June 22, 2772:(eds.). 2760:(2012). 2712:See also 2690:Valkyrie 2578:Chararic 2570:Frankish 2559:Arianism 2467:Religion 2389:Arianism 2381:Hispania 2377:Majorian 2369:Pyrenees 2314:Gallaeci 2310:Hermeric 2302:Zaragoza 2275:and the 2233:parishes 2225:language 2142:Hispania 2109:Honorius 2105:Portugal 2101:Asturias 2095:(modern 2093:Hispania 2080:in 409. 2066:Pyrenees 2062:Hermeric 2018:Hunimund 2006:Pannonia 1987:Frankish 1952:Juthungi 1948:Schwaben 1936:Alemanni 1912:Adriatic 1908:Aquileia 1896:Pannonia 1854:Catualda 1823:Semnones 1815:Cherusci 1811:Arminius 1805:Tiberius 1797:Cherusci 1760:Cherusci 1734:Tiberius 1694:Sicambri 1690:Cherusci 1676:Sugambri 1602:Tribocci 1520:Bavarian 1433:Germanic 1423:Language 1397:Semnones 1378:Cherusci 1310:Chaedini 1287:Farodini 1244:Teutones 1216:Burgundi 1165:Visburgi 1141:Corconti 1113:Marsigni 1066:Nuitones 1042:Reudigni 1024:Juthungi 983:Semnones 970:and the 962:The Elbe 956:Schwaben 937:Sugambri 914:and the 912:Cherusci 904:Usipetes 900:Tencteri 883:Jordanes 845:Helvetii 780:Semnones 703:and the 701:Schwaben 697:Helvetii 572:Germania 565:Cherusci 549:Tencteri 522:Semnones 454:Semnones 438:Samnites 417:Italian 409:(Polish 346:Germania 326:de facto 324:was its 283:Hunimund 267:Hispania 255:Hermeric 226:ravaged 224:Alamanni 220:Juthungi 186:Italicus 179:Arminius 166:Germania 161:Augustus 104:Alamanni 100:Lombards 96:Semnones 74:and the 60:Suebians 5371:Varisci 5359:Silingi 5349:Vandals 5324:Tulingi 5314:Triboci 5309:Treveri 5289:Teutons 5279:Taifals 5254:Sitones 5194:Nemetes 5152:Helisii 5125:Lemovii 5043:Gutones 4976:Firaesi 4971:Favonae 4951:Cugerni 4941:Cobandi 4896:Chamavi 4891:Chaemae 4881:Casuari 4876:Caritni 4846:Betasii 4817:Paemani 4752:Auiones 4617:Warfare 4595:Scripts 4563:Numbers 4387:History 4053:laverca 3954:CuPAUAM 3486:Schütte 3047:Suiones 3025:Swedish 2802:Caesar. 2762:"Suebi" 2640:Galicia 2636:Quiroga 2632:Chi Rho 2586:leprosy 2530:Ourense 2510:Ariamir 2461:Malaric 2373:Astorga 2361:Gundioc 2349:Rechiar 2337:Rechiar 2333:Rechila 2318:Rechila 2290:Seville 2281:Asdingi 2277:Silingi 2243:, i.e. 2202:Orosius 2182:Idacius 2162:Galicia 2097:Galicia 2078:Maximus 2024:in the 1910:on the 1900:Noricum 1862:Ravenna 1858:Noricum 1742:Illyria 1727:Bohemia 1710:Annales 1707:In the 1657:Dacians 1614:Sedusii 1610:Nemetes 1594:Harudes 1586:Sequani 1582:Arverni 1510:Modern 1417:Suiones 1401:Nerthus 1318:Firaesi 1314:Favonae 1306:Sitones 1298:Suiones 1283:Lemovii 1232:Vandili 1204:Sorbian 1192:Helisii 1172:Sudetes 1157:Sidones 1149:Vistula 1129:Gaulish 1102:Silesia 1094:Silingi 1062:Suarini 1058:Eudoses 1046:Aviones 1012:Bohemia 992:Silingi 933:Ptolemy 888:Gepidia 877:Varisti 811:Naristi 807:Rhaetia 790:Tacitus 768:Butones 631:Bavaria 625:modern 596:Silingi 592:Vandals 533:Tacitus 446:Sabines 430:Suiones 359:Bavaria 337:Bavarii 322:Ricimer 316:of the 314:decline 299:Herules 275:Galicia 236:Chrocus 214:By the 211:Italy. 209:invaded 175:Bohemia 119:Tacitus 72:Germany 18:Suebian 5391:Warini 5344:Vagoth 5329:Tungri 5294:Thelir 5274:Swedes 5269:Sunici 5234:Saxons 5229:Rugini 5162:Manimi 5147:Diduni 5085:Heruli 5023:Gepids 5008:Frisii 4986:Franks 4936:Cimbri 4926:Chauci 4921:Chatti 4834:Nervii 4829:Morini 4787:Belgae 4782:Batavi 4757:Avarpi 4722:Angles 4682:Groups 4632:Viking 4578:Gothic 4556:Gothic 4462:Family 4272: 4264:. ed. 4082:trigar 4067:britar 4028:Baltar 3964:2 July 3922:(2001) 3668: 3272: 3186: 3141: 3083:"*se-" 3037: 2849: 2786: 2718:Swabia 2615:relics 2526:Idanha 2457:Audeca 2453:Eboric 2326:Vitus 2306:Lleida 2298:Betica 2286:Mérida 2245:Sueves 2241:Suegos 2237:Suevos 2210:Cávado 2192:, the 2186:oppida 1944:Swabia 1852:under 1835:Drusus 1738:revolt 1686:Florus 1526:, the 1522:, the 1514:, and 1479: 1477: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1374:Chatti 1341:Aestii 1334:Levoni 1326:Gautae 1291:Sidini 1281:, and 1248:Avarni 1208:Solawa 1188:Manimi 1161:Cotini 1121:Gotini 1115:, and 1106:Batini 1077:Saxons 1073:Chauci 1054:Varini 1050:Anglii 1038:Nertha 945:Angili 922:Strabo 873:Sudini 857:Baemoi 841:desert 813:, the 776:Sibini 774:, the 770:, the 766:, the 752:Coldui 691:, the 689:Danube 685:Celtic 639:Alsace 612:Varini 602:, and 584:genera 578:, and 561:gentes 545:Chatti 541:Strabo 510:Chatti 461:Celtic 434:Swedes 413:Latin 387:swēbaz 355:Swabia 351:German 303:Gepids 295:Danube 154:Danube 150:Gallic 98:, and 5468:Suebi 5264:Suebi 5249:Sciri 5224:Rugii 5214:Quadi 5199:Njars 5184:Marsi 5142:Lugii 5110:Jutes 5075:Harii 5070:Gutes 5028:Goths 5018:Geats 4956:Danes 4901:Chali 4822:Segni 4762:Baemi 4605:Runes 4590:Rings 4583:Norse 4551:Names 4544:Norse 4527:Norse 4510:Norse 4215:, at 4072:lobio 4062:brasa 4040:Samos 3950:(PDF) 3666:S2CID 3097:(PDF) 3086:(PDF) 3012:(PDF) 3001:(PDF) 2764:. 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