Suebi - Knowledge (XXG)

2614:

the opinion of some historians, Chararic is nothing more than an error on the part of Gregory of Tours and never existed. If, as Gregory relates, Martin of Dumio died about the year 580 and had been bishop for about thirty years, then the conversion of Chararic must have occurred around 550 at the latest. Finally, Ferreiro believes the conversion of the Suebi was progressive and stepwise and that Chararic's public conversion was only followed by the lifting of a ban on Catholic synods in the reign of his successor, which would have been Ariamir; Thoedemir was responsible for beginning a persecution of the Arians in his kingdom to root out their heresy.

1717:, a tribal name that had already been distinct from the Suebi in Caesar's time. (As discussed above, it is not sure which Suebi were the Suebi of Caesar, but at least they were distinguished from the Marcomanni.) However, Maroboduus was also described as Suebian, and his association with the Marcomanni more specifically comes after the Langobards and Semnones were specifically said to have left his kingdom, having previously been under his rule. At some point in this period the Marcomanni had come to be settled in the forested regions once inhabited by the 2621: 484: 1361: 2645: 1424: 668: 2252: 1218: 1632:, which though considered a marvel, was dismantled after only eighteen days. The Suebi abandoned their towns closest to the Romans, retreated to the forest and assembled an army. Caesar moved back across the bridge and broke it down, stating that he had achieved his objective of warning the Suebi. They in turn supposedly stopped harassing the Ubii. The Ubii were later resettled on the west bank of the Rhine, in Roman territory. 5439: 463: 1923: 1780: 1552: 31: 2044: 2508:. Of the eight assistant bishops, just one bears a Suebic name: Hildemir. While the Catholicism of Ariamir is not in doubt, that he was the first Chalcedonian monarch of the Suebi since Rechiar has been contested on the grounds that his Catholicism is not explicitly stated. He was, however, the first Suebic monarch to hold a Catholic synod, and when the 2396: 825: 2149: 1380:...they do not till the soil or even store up food, but live in small huts that are merely temporary structures; and they live for the most part off their flocks, as the Nomads do, so that, in imitation of the Nomads, they load their household belongings on their wagons and with their beasts turn whithersoever they think best. 2447:, engaging in military action against king Leovigild, although Miro was defeated in Seville when trying to break on through the blockade on the Catholic prince. As a result, he was forced to recognize Leovigild as friend and protector, for him and for his successors, dying back home just some months later. His son, king 2379:. Nevertheless, the Suebi became free of Roman control forever after Majorian was assassinated two years later. The Suebic kingdom was confined in the northwest in Gallaecia and northern Lusitania where political division and civil war arose among several pretenders to the royal throne. After years of turmoil, 2613:

of Saint Martin and that Theodemir was converted later through the preaching of Martin of Dumio. Dahn equated Chararic with Theodemir, even saying that the latter was the name he took upon baptism. It has also been suggested that Theodemir and Ariamir were the same person and the son of Chararic. In

1487:, the Suebi are generally agreed to have spoken one or more Germanic languages. Tacitus refers to Suebian languages, implying there was more than one by the end of the first century. In particular, the Suebi are associated with the concept of an "Elbe Germanic" group of early dialects spoken by the 981:

are described by Tacitus as "the oldest and noblest of the Suebi", and, like the Suebi described by Caesar, they have 100 cantons. Tacitus says that "the vastness of their community makes them regard themselves as the head of the Suevic race". According to Ptolemy the "Suevi Semnones" live upon the

2608:

Most scholars have attempted to meld these stories. It has been alleged that Chararic and Theodemir must have been successors of Ariamir, since Ariamir was the first Suebic monarch to lift the ban on Catholic synods; Isidore therefore gets the chronology wrong. Reinhart suggested that Chararic was

2599:

stated in its minutes that also "an infinite number of Suebi have converted", together with the Goths, which implies that the earlier conversion was either superficial or partial. In the same council, four bishops from Gallaecia abjured of their Arianism. And so, the Suebic conversion is ascribed,

620:

The modern term "Elbe Germanic" similarly covers a large grouping of Germanic peoples that at least overlaps with the classical terms "Suevi" and "Irminones". However, this term was developed mainly as an attempt to define the ancient peoples who must have spoken the Germanic dialects that led to

1356:

Caesar noted that rather than grain crops, they spent time on animal husbandry and hunting. They wore animal skins, bathed in rivers, consumed milk and meat products, and prohibited wine, allowing trade only to dispose of their booty and otherwise they had no goods to export. They had no private

1194:. (Tacitus does not mention the language of the Lugii.) As mentioned above, Ptolemy categorizes the Buri amongst the Lugii, and concerning the Lugii north of the mountains, he named two large groups, the Lougoi Omanoi and the Lougoi Didounoi, who live between the "Suevus" river (probably the 144:. Unlike Strabo and Tacitus who wrote later, he described them as a single people, distinct from the Marcomanni, within the larger Germanic category, who he saw as a growing threat to Gaul and Italy in the first century BC, as they had been moving southwards aggressively, at the expense of 970:. But he mentions these are there because of recent defeats at Roman hands which had forced them over the river. (Tacitus mentions that the Hermunduri were later welcomed on to the Roman border at the Danube.) In any case he says that the area near the Elbe itself is held by the Suebi. 886:, which was further south, in Pannonia, modern Hungary, and east of the Danube. In general, as discussed below, the Danubian Suebi, along with the neighbours such as the Vandals, apparently moved southwards into Roman territories, both south and east of the Danube, during this period. 649:

or "culture-groups" whose dialects developed in the southern German area from the first century BC through to the fourth century AD. Apart from his own linguistic work with modern dialects, he also referred to the archaeological and literary analysis of Germanic tribes done earlier by

2459:, were defeated and the Suebic kingdom was incorporated into the Visigothic one as its sixth province. The Suebi were respected in their properties and freedom, and continued to dwell in Gallaecia, finally merging with the rest of the local population during the early Middle Ages. 1980:

Other Suebi apparently remained in or near to the original homeland areas near the Elbe and the modern Czech Republic, occasionally still being referred to by this term. Another group of Suebi, the so-called "northern Suebi" were described as a part of the Saxons in 569 under the

1348:, including within it tribes not identified as Suebi or even Germanic. On the other hand, Tacitus does clearly consider there to be not only a Suebian region, but also Suebian languages, and Suebian customs, which all contribute to making a specific tribe more or less "Suebian". 2279:

Vandals, and later, the Suebi, to expand south and east. After the departure of the Vandals for Africa in 429 Roman authority in the peninsula was reasserted for 10 years except in northwest where the Suevi were confined. In its heyday Suebic Gallaecia extended as far south as

943:", extending as far north as the middle Elbe, also to the east of the position reported in other sources. It has been speculated that Ptolemy may have been confused by his sources, or else that this position of the Langobardi represented a particular moment in history. 1628:, who had worked out an alliance with Caesar, were complaining of being harassed by the Suebi, and the Tencteri and Usipetes, already forced from their homes, tried to cross the Rhine and enter Gaul by force. Caesar bridged the Rhine, the first known to do so, with a 2797:

Suebi, an elusive term, applied by Tacitus (1) in his Germania to an extensive group of German peoples living east of the Elbe and including the Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Semnones, and others, but used rather more narrowly by other Roman writers, beginning with

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writes that in the early 4th century the Vandals had moved to the north of the Danube, but with the Marcomanni still to their west, and the Hermunduri still to their north. A possible sign of confusion in this comment is that he equates the area in question to later

931:(c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), in a fairly extensive account of Greater Germany, makes several unusual mentions of Suebi between the Rhine and the Elbe. He describes their position as stretching out in a band from the Elbe, all the way to the northern Rhine, near the 547:, constitute a single nation. They actually occupy more than half of Germania, and are divided into a number of distinct tribes under distinct names, though all generally are called Suebi". Although no classical authors explicitly call the Chatti Suevic, 4017:

Medieval Galician records show more than 1500 different Germanic names in use for over 70% of the local population. Also, in Galicia, Northern and Central Portugal, there are more than 5.000 toponyms (villages and towns) based on personal Germanic names

1339:

on the eastern shore of the "Suevic Sea" (Baltic), "whose rites and fashions and style of dress are those of the Suevi, while their language is more like the British." After giving this account, Tacitus says: "Here Suebia ends." Therefore, for Tacitus

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Caesar defeated Ariovistus in battle, forcing him to escape across the Rhine. When news of this spread, the fresh Suebian forces turned back in some panic, which led local tribes on the Rhine to take advantage of the situation and attack them.

2117:, the kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia became the first of the sub-Roman kingdoms to be formed in the disintegrating territory of the Western Roman Empire. Suebic Gallaecia was the first kingdom separated from the Roman Empire to mint coins. 1913:

In the third century Jordanes claims that the Marcomanni paid tribute to the Goths, and that the princes of the Quadi were enslaved. The Vandals, who had moved south towards Pannonia, were apparently still sometimes able to defend themselves.

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as part of their war against the Aedui. He had already been recognized as a king by the Roman senate. Ariovistus forbade the Romans from entering into Gaul. Caesar on the other hand saw himself and Rome as an ally and defender of the Aedui.

778:, a large tribe of the Suevi themselves". Some of these tribes were "inside the forest" and some "outside of it". Tacitus confirms the name "Boiemum", saying it was a survival marking the old traditional population of the place, the Celtic 1692:

formed an alliance by crucifying twenty Roman centurions, but that Drusus defeated them, confiscated their plunder and sold them into slavery. Presumably only the war party was sold, as the Suebi continue to appear in the ancient sources.

2200:, at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands or serving as bodyguards of the locals. Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the 914:, and separated from the Cherusci by a deep forest called the Silva Bacenis. He also describes the Marcomanni as a tribe distinct from the Suebi, and also active within the same alliance. But he does not describe where they were living. 1678:" (Elbe). He must have meant the temporary military success of Drusus, as it is unlikely the Rhine was cleared of Germans. Elsewhere he identifies the settlers as 40,000 prisoners of war, only a fraction of the yearly draft of militia. 2028:

probably made up one significant part of these Suebi, who lived in at least two distinct areas. Later, the Lombards, a Suebic group long known on the Elbe, came to dominate the Pannonian region before successfully invading Italy.

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These Burgundians who according to Ptolemy lived between the Baltic sea Germans and the Lugii, stretching between the Suevus and Vistula rivers, were described by Pliny the Elder (as opposed to Tacitus) as being not Suevic but

1762:

and thereafter "... the empire ... was checked on the banks of the Rhine." While elements of the Suevi may have been involved, this was an alliance mainly made up of non-Suebic tribes from northwestern Germany, the Cherusci,

1700:", which implies but still does not overtly state that he had subdued the Suebi. "In a word, there was such peace in Germany that the inhabitants seemed changed ... and the very climate milder and softer than it used to be." 1079:

Note that while various errors and confusions are possible, Ptolemy places the Angles and Langobardi west of the Elbe, where they may indeed have been present at some points in time, given that the Suebi were often mobile.

1491:, entering Germany from the east, and originating on the Baltic. In late classical times, these dialects, by now situated to the south of the Elbe, and stretching across the Danube into the Roman empire, experienced the 1357:

ownership of land and were not permitted to stay resident in one place for more than one year. They were divided into 100 cantons, each of which had to provide and support 1000 armed men for the constant pursuit of war.

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Tacitus' modern editor Arthur J. Pomeroy concludes "it is clear that there is no monolithic 'Suebic' group, but a series of tribes who may share some customs (for instance, warrior burials) but also vary considerably."

1281:. These three Germanic tribes share a tradition of having kings, and also similar arms – round shields and short swords. Ptolemy says that east of the Saxons, from the "Chalusus" river to the "Suevian" river are the 788:

describes a series of very powerful Suebian states in his own time, running along the north of the Danube which was the frontier with Rome, and stretching into the lands where the Elbe originates in the modern day

1230:, amongst whom he also included the Goths, and the Varini, both being people living north of them near the Baltic coast. Pliny's "Vandili" are generally thought to be speakers of what modern linguists refer to as 3917:

Geschichte der Goten. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, C.H. Beck, 1. Aufl. (München 1979), 2. Aufl. (1980), unter dem Titel: Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. 4. Aufl.

1612:, and Suevi". While Caesar was preparing for conflict, a new force of Suebi was led to the Rhine by two brothers, Nasuas and Cimberius, forcing Caesar to rush in order to try to avoid the joining of forces. 1296:, "powerful in ships" are, according to Tacitus, Germans with the Suevic (Baltic) sea on one side and an "almost motionless" sea on the other more remote side. Modern commentators believe this refers to 563:. Whether or not the Chatti were ever considered Suevi, both Tacitus and Strabo distinguish the two partly because the Chatti were more settled in one territory, whereas Suevi remained less settled. 245:

By the late 4th century AD, the Middle Danubian frontier inhabited by the Quadi and Marcomanni received large numbers of Gothic and other eastern peoples escaping disturbances associated with the

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way of living in Northern regions is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of

1799:. All eight legions and supporting units of Gauls were required in order to accomplish this. Germanicus' zeal led finally to his being replaced (17 AD) by his cousin Drusus, Tiberius' son, as 962:

Strabo does not say much about the Suebi east of the Elbe, saying that this region was still unknown to Romans, but mentions that a part of the Suebi live there, naming only specifically the

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Mutually incompatible accounts of the conversion of the Suebi to Orthodox Catholic Trinitarian Christianity of the First and Second Ecumenical Councils are presented in the primary records:

1860:

where he remained the rest of his life. He died in 37 AD. After his expulsion the leadership of the Marcomanni was contested by their Suebic neighbours and allies, the Hermunduri and Quadi.

924:) as having come to dominate Germany between the Rhine and Elbe, with the exception of the Rhine valley, on the frontier with the Roman empire, and the "coastal" regions north of the Rhine. 3058: 1696:

Florus's report of the peace brought to Germany by Drusus is glowing but premature. He built "more than five hundred forts" and two bridges guarded by fleets. "He opened a way through the

1767:, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, and Sicambri. The kingdom of the Marcomanni and their allies stayed out of the conflict and when Maroboduus was sent the head of the defeated Roman leader 871:

and then the Marcomanni living in the Gambreta forest. North of them, but south of the Sudetes mountains (which are not likely to be the same as the modern ones of that name) are the

1388:", which "distinguishes the freeman from the slave"; or in other words served as a badge of social rank. The same passage points out that chiefs "use an even more elaborate style". 654:

In terms of these proposed ancient dialects, the Vandals, Goths and Burgundians are generally referred to as members of the Eastern Germanic group, distinct from the Elbe Germanic.

3943:"Elementos foráneos en las necrópolis tardorromanas de Beiral (Ponte de Lima, Portugal) y Vigo (Pontevedra, España): de nuevo la cuestión del siglo V d. C. en la Península Ibérica" 570:

were apparently not always consistent and clear, especially in the case of mobile groups such as the Suevi. Whereas Tacitus reported three main kinds of German peoples, Irminones,

1713:, who is described as king of the Suevians. This is the first mention of any permanent king of the Suebi. However, Maroboduus was in most sources referred to as the king of the 4096: 1029:

live a bit further from Rome's borders, in "scanty numbers" but "surrounded by a host of most powerful tribes" and kept safe "by daring the perils of war" according to Tacitus.

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and Germanic tribes and was increasingly coming under pressure from Germanic groups led by the Suebi. As described later by Tacitus, what is today southern Germany between the

452:, known to classical authors as one of the largest Suebian groups, also seem to have a name with this same meaning, but recorded with a different pronunciation by the Romans. 1771:, he sent it on to Rome for burial. Within his own alliance were various Suebic peoples, Hermunduri, Quadi, Semnones, Lugii, Zumi, Butones, Mugilones, Sibini and Langobards. 2443:, made a peace treaty with Leovigild in what seemed to be the beginning of a new period of stability. Yet, in 583 Miro supported the rebellion of the Catholic Gothic prince 3674:

Beitrage zum Verstandnis der Germania des Tacitus, Teil II: Bericht uber die Kolloquien der Kommission fur die Altertumskunde Nord- und Mitteleuropas im Jahre 1986 und 1987

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up to the "Viadua" river, and after these the "Rugiclei" up to the Vistula river (probably referring to the "Rugii" of Tacitus). He does not specify if these are Suevi.

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The resulting battle was indecisive but Maroboduus withdrew to Bohemia and sent for assistance to Tiberius. He was refused on the grounds that he had not moved to help

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Tacitus names seven tribes who live "next" after the Langobardi, "fenced in by rivers or forests" stretching "into the remoter regions of Germany". These all worshiped

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wrote that the Suebi, who dwelt across the Rhine, were called Celts. This may follow a Greek tradition of labelling all barbarian people north of the Alps as Celtic.

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to their south in the stretch between these rivers. These Silingi appear in later history as a branch of the Vandals, and were therefore likely to be speakers of

2140:, it reached a relative stability and prosperity—and even expanded military southwards—despite the occasional quarrels with the neighbouring Visigothic kingdom. 1530:

itself, are also at least partly derived from the dialects spoken by the Suebi. (The only non-Suebian name among the major groups of Upper Germanic dialects is

1170:) where the Marsigni and Buri lived, in the area of modern southwest Poland, Tacitus reported a multitude of tribes, the most widespread name of which was the 1643:(c. 150 – 235 AD) wrote the history of Rome for a Greek audience. He reported that, shortly before 29 BC, the Suebi crossed the Rhine, only to be defeated by 726:

and the south of Germania north of the Danube. He describes a chain of mountains north of the Danube that is like a lower extension of the Alps, possibly the

994:. To the southeast further up the upper Elbe he places not the Hermunduri mentioned by other authors (who had possibly moved westwards and become Ptolemy's " 1817:

while the other Germans fought for freedom, and of being the only king among the Germans. The two groups "turned their arms against each other." The Suebic

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thought it best to follow his predecessor's policy of limiting the empire. Germanicus certainly would have involved the Suebi, with unpredictable results.

4349: 1938:, east of the Rhine and south of the Main. The Alamanni were sometimes simply referred to as Suebi by contemporaries, and the region came to be known as 1368:

Strabo describes the Suebi and people from their part of the world as highly mobile and nomadic, unlike more settled and agricultural tribes such as the

906:, from the east, forcing them from their homes. While emphasizing their warlike nature he writes as if they had a settled homeland somewhere between the 3230: 3065:. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED), Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, Leiden University. pp. 882–884. Archived from 3027:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites: Second Edition

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was recognized as the sole king of the Suebi, bringing forth a politic of friendship with the Visigoths, and favoring the conversion of his people to

5396: 2488:, in 466 converted them and established a lasting Arian church which dominated the people until the conversion to Trinitarian Catholicism the 560s. 3357: 3155: 5414: 3066: 1088:

It is already mentioned above that stretching between the Elbe and the Oder, the classical authors place the Suebic Semnones. Ptolemy places the

4300: 3209: 1674:"submitted to him and were taken into Gaul and settled in lands near the Rhine" while the other Germani were pushed "to the farther side of the 2644: 939:" are the Suevi located closest to the Rhine, far to the east of where most sources report them. To the east of the Langobardi, are the "Suevi 835:

the geographer did not always state which tribes were Suebi, but along the northern bank of the Danube, from west to east and starting at the "

602:, an area that Tacitus treated as Suebic. That the Vandals might be a separate type of Germanic people, corresponding to the modern concept of 3138: 2846: 2080: 1946:, a name derived from the Suebi. One specific group in the region in the 3rd century, sometimes distinguished from the Alamanni, were the 3893: 3420: 1728:

Augustus planned in 6 AD to destroy the kingdom of Maroboduus, which he considered to be too dangerous for the Romans. The later emperor

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to so many Germanic tribes that it appeared as if, in the first centuries AD, that native name would replace the foreign name "Germans".

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were sent in 416 by the emperor Honorius to fight the Germanic invaders in Hispania, but they were re-settled in 417 by the Romans as

954:, which had previously been controlled by the Romans. They competed in this region with Burgundians who had arrived from further east. 4246: 2723: 2224: 1834: 1791:, the son of Drusus, in charge of the forces of the Rhine and he, after dealing with a mutiny among his troops, proceeded against the 754:), taking over an area called "Boihaemum". This king "took the rulership and acquired, in addition to the peoples aforementioned, the 2690: 1246:. Further east again, between the Burgundians and the coastal Rugiclei were the "Aelvaeones" (presumably the Helveconae of Tacitus). 125:, a grouping of Germanic peoples who claimed ancestral connections. Tacitus mentions Suebian languages, and a geographical "Suevia". 4495: 4269: 3269: 3183: 2783: 527:

While Caesar treated them as one Germanic tribe within an alliance, albeit the largest and most warlike one, later authors, such as

2948: 2921: 2894: 2867: 2815: 2584:. Through the relics and intercession of Saint Martin the son was healed; Chararic and the entire royal household converted to the 1930:

In 259/60, one or more groups of Suebi appear to have been the main element in the formation of a new tribal alliance known as the

2415:, in order to increase the number of dioceses within his kingdom. Its acts have been preserved through a medieval resume known as 1107:

According to Tacitus, around the north of the Danubian Marcomanni and Quadi, "dwelling in forests and on mountain-tops", live the

1100:. Further south on the Elbe are the Baenochaemae and between them and the Askibourgian mountains Ptolemy names a tribe called the 4457: 3089: 1163:. There is then the Orcynian (Hercyian) forest, which Ptolemy defines with relatively restricted boundaries, and then the Quadi. 309: 5468: 5419: 4627: 3700: 2769: 2371:. Rechiar was executed after being captured by his brother-in-law, the Visigothic king Theodoric II. In 459, the Roman emperor 5409: 4677: 4482: 4342: 3621: 3586: 3399: 3378: 3034: 1749: 165:, east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, pushing towards the Elbe. After suffering a major defeat to the Romans in 9 BC, 4217: 2060:, probably coming from the Alemanni, the Quadi, or both, worked their way into the south of France, eventually crossing the 4276: 448:, indicating the possibility of a prior more extended and common Indo-European ethnic name, "our own people". Notably, the 3461: 1644: 1238:

and the "Viruni" (presumably the Varini of Tacitus), and further east, between the coastal Farodini and the Suebi are the

2993: 4558: 3797: 3775: 2069: 470:, Czech Republic, dating to the 2nd century A.D. The cauldron is decorated by four cast heads of Germanic men wearing a 398: 824: 365:, especially the Upper-German dialects predominant in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, which experienced the 5424: 4437: 3129:(2003). "The etymology of Welsh chwith and the semantics and morphology of PIE *k(w)sweibh-". In Russell, Paul (ed.). 2718: 1492: 642: 211: 2113:

and permitted to settle under their own autonomous governance. Contemporaneously with the self-governing province of

1067:

At the mouth of the Elbe (and in the Danish peninsula), the classical authors do not place any Suevi, but rather the

4038:< Samanos "Congregated", near a hundred Saa/Sá < *Sala "house, palace"...); and some lexical influence on the 1740:, and the need for troops there, forced Tiberius to conclude a treaty with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king. 4585: 3321: 1759: 2024:

in 469. The Suebian coalition lost the battle, and Hunimund appear to have migrated towards southern Germany. The

324:

ruler. The Lombards, with many Danubian peoples both Suebian and eastern, later settled Italy and established the

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Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes – und Volkskunde

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clashed with the interests of the Visigoths, and a large army of Roman federates (Visigoths under the command of

2220: 1841: 1768: 1624:

Also reported within Caesar's accounts of the Gallic wars, the Suebi posed another threat in 55 BC. The Germanic

1456: 4662: 4647: 4462: 4447: 4261: 2550: 2321: 1437: 1115:, who "in their language and manner of life, resemble the Suevi". (Living partly subject to the Quadi are the 2312:, the local and partially romanized rural population, and, weary of fighting, abdicated in favour of his son 4777: 4667: 4657: 4652: 4472: 4452: 4409: 3169: 2775: 2592: 2509: 2360: 1476: 425: 378: 325: 4034:< *villa *Gunþumari...); and several toponyms not based on personal names, mainly in Galicia (Malburgo, 1151:

mountains. Between these mountains and the Quadi he adds several tribes, from north to south these are the

117:

specified that the Suebian group was not an old tribal group itself, the Suebian peoples are associated by

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The Suebic kingdom of Gallaecia (green), c. 550, (with borders of the former Roman provinces of Hispania)

185: 4477: 4367: 2412: 2201: 1954: 1733: 1496: 1112: 483: 362: 285:, one of the peoples of eastern origin who had been allies of the Huns. In the sixth century the Suevic 254: 235: 133: 3029:. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 363, 364. 1882:, against the Roman Empire. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between 711:

had once lived. All of these peoples had for the most part moved by the time of Tacitus. Nevertheless,

3928: 2451:, confirmed the friendship with Leovigild, but he was deposed just a year later by his brother-in-law 2185: 1360: 1010:, and somehow derived from the older placename mentioned by Strabo and Tacitus as the capital of King 169:

became king of a Suevian kingdom which was established within the protective mountains and forests of

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was held, and the Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo converted officially from Arianism to Catholicism, king

2169: 2038: 1830: 1667: 920:

wrote that the Suebi "excel all the others in power and numbers." He describes Suebic peoples (Greek

638: 313: 266: 200: 181: 3987:"anyone wanting to leave or to depart, uses these barbarians as mercenaries, servers or defenders", 1874:

In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confederation with other peoples including the

5404: 4617: 4043: 4005: 2073: 1120: 995: 2516:, a Catholic himself, in 572, of the twelve assistant bishops five bears Suebic names: Remisol of 1684:(c. 74 AD – c. 130 AD), gives a more detailed view of the operations of 9 BC. He reports that the 5478: 5473: 4787: 4639: 4578: 4467: 4399: 4375: 4031: 3661: 2546: 2513: 2209: 2104: 1666:(c. 69 AD – after 122 AD), gives the Suebi brief mention in connection with their defeat against 1523: 1519: 1484: 1483:

While there is debate possible about whether all tribes identified by Romans as Germanic spoke a

1446: 1428: 1400: 1036:, or Mother Earth, whose sacred grove was on an island in the Ocean (presumably the Baltic Sea): 1022:, who fought the Romans in the 3rd century, and were associated with the Alamanni, were Semnones. 386: 3481: 2604:, who puts their conversion alongside that of the Goths, occurring under Reccared I in 587–589. 2504:—which met on 1 May 561—state explicitly that the synod was held at the orders of a king named 2435:, made his first attack on the Suebi. Between 572 and 574, Leovigild invaded the valley of the 1235: 860: 767: 4563: 4414: 4389: 4265: 4039: 3897: 3424: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3179: 3134: 3030: 2842: 2779: 2700: 2541: 2481: 2440: 2335:

who had converted to Roman Catholicism c. 447. Soon, he married a daughter of the Gothic king

2189: 2153: 2114: 2065: 1576:

in 58 BC who had been settled for some time in Gaul already, at the invitation of the Gaulish

1515: 1514:

more broadly, are therefore "assumed to have evolved at least in part" from Suebian. However,

1282: 1199: 1160: 982:

Elbe and stretch as far east as a river apparently named after them, the Suevus, probably the

394: 1609: 1152: 763: 4986: 4358: 3653: 3020: 2976:

Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch

2761: 2631: 2601: 2569: 2281: 1869: 1814: 1795:

and their allies, breaking their power finally at the battle of Idistavisus, a plain on the

1764: 1705: 1697: 1565: 1511: 1423: 1329: 1286: 1231: 1015: 868: 832: 771: 723: 704: 667: 456: 204: 107: 59: 35: 4135: 2251: 1852:, a Marcomannian exile, bought off the nobles and seized the palace. Maroboduus escaped to 4595: 4573: 4517: 4487: 4371: 4221: 4023: 3942: 3300: 3126: 3099: 3072: 2665: 2635: 2577: 2558: 2213: 2157: 2092: 2021: 2009: 1655:

in a gladiatorial display at Rome celebrating the consecration of the Julian hero-shrine.

1648: 1527: 1384:

Notable in classical sources, the Suebi can be identified by their hair style called the "

1217: 867:

which has iron mines, and which is south of the Quadi. North of the Adrabaecampi, are the

759: 735: 651: 548: 532: 274: 196: 118: 4139:

Gloriosissimo ac tranquillissimo et insigni catholicae fidei praedito pietate Mironi regi

2677: 2205: 1262:(III.3.31) beyond the Danish isles are "the farthest people of Germania, the Hermiones". 946:

As discussed below, in the third century a large group of Suebi, also referred to as the

466:

Mušov Cauldron, a Roman bronze cauldron found in 1988 in a Germanic chieftain's grave in

4301:

Identity and Interaction: the Suevi and the Hispano-Romans, University of Virginia, 2007

4294: 5463: 5269: 5053: 4717: 4404: 3485: 3054: 2765: 2521: 2473: 2408: 2368: 2197: 1942:– a name which survives to this day. People in this region of Germany are still called 1935: 1535: 1507: 1255: 836: 790: 731: 227: 71: 38:

reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Suebian peoples in red, and other

4310: 2455:, giving Leovigild an excuse to attack the kingdom. In 585 AD, first Audeca and later 1709:

of Tacitus, it is mentioned that after the defeat of 9 BC the Romans made peace with

1563:

Julius Caesar (100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) describes the Suebi in his firsthand account,

1300:. Closely bordering on the Suiones and closely resembling them, are the tribes of the 512:. Some commentators believe that Caesar's Suebi were the later Chatti or possibly the 424:

The etymological sources list the following ethnic names as being from the same root:

152:. In particular, Caesar saw the Suebians as the most warlike of the Germanic peoples. 5457: 5130: 5028: 4991: 4951: 4817: 4546: 4505: 3665: 2971: 1990: 1466: 1093: 603: 445: 239: 129: 691:, and the Rhine had been deserted by the departure of two large Celtic nations, the 4722: 4712: 4695: 4512: 3753: 2972:""Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen" 2585: 2533: 2348: 1899: 1500: 1385: 1148: 1003: 894:

Caesar describes the Suebi as pressing the German tribes of the Rhine, such as the

848: 727: 688: 622: 471: 462: 30: 4297:

is the main source for the history of the Suebi in Galicia and Portugal up to 468.

2810: 1953:

A large group of Suebi, whose origins are unclear, breached the Roman frontier by

1922: 230:. The Alamanni continued exerting pressure on Gaul, while the Alamannic chieftain 4305: 4206: 1651:, celebrated a triumph in 29 BC. Shortly after, they turn up fighting a group of 148:

tribes, and establishing a Germanic presence in the immediate areas north of the

5204: 5162: 5085: 4998: 4866: 4856: 4767: 4551: 4035: 3849: 3749: 2669: 2580:, promised to accept the beliefs of the saint if only his son would be cured of 2484:, sent by the Visigothic king Theodoric II at the request of the Suebic unifier 2444: 2352: 2336: 2043: 1994: 1640: 1629: 1556: 1297: 864: 844: 712: 599: 141: 2916: 5381: 5169: 5152: 5100: 5090: 5075: 5043: 5033: 4911: 4861: 4737: 4732: 4700: 4419: 4319: 3657: 3103: 3004: 2862: 2651: 2596: 2129: 2025: 2017: 1986: 1974: 1879: 1826: 1825:

rebelled against their king and went over to the Cherusci. Left with only the

1822: 1788: 1714: 1593: 1573: 1345: 1266: 1179: 1128: 1026: 967: 963: 936: 818: 810: 794: 739: 708: 575: 571: 559:

or "tribes" including not only the Suebi, but also the Hermunduri, Chatti and

513: 509: 437: 302: 286: 282: 166: 137: 87: 79: 361:

respectively. Suebian languages are thought to be a main source of the later

5376: 5371: 5361: 5294: 5199: 5095: 5058: 5048: 5008: 4961: 4956: 4906: 4846: 4772: 4762: 4742: 4705: 4690: 4027: 3793: 3771: 2889: 2485: 2432: 2380: 2289: 2260: 2223:, few traces were left of their Germanic tongue, but for some words and for 2164: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2109: 2084: 1887: 1883: 1779: 1663: 1601: 1488: 1404: 1325: 1191: 1132: 1011: 999: 991: 947: 743: 672: 630: 583: 358: 336: 270: 189: 122: 103: 75: 39: 3110:. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 1969:. It is thought that this group probably contained a significant amount of 1551: 2943: 1555:

Marble bust of Julius Caesar, first century C.E.; recent discovery on the

5349: 5334: 5314: 5299: 5279: 5254: 5239: 5234: 5214: 5184: 5174: 5125: 5115: 5110: 4941: 4926: 4901: 4881: 4851: 4841: 4836: 4807: 4802: 4792: 4727: 4685: 4394: 4019: 3760:. Translated by Herbert Baldwin Foster. pp. Book 51 sections 21, 22. 3003:. Institutet för språk och folkminnen, Sweden. p. 16. Archived from 2978:, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99 2685: 2681: 2554: 2477: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2137: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2061: 2057: 2013: 2001: 1947: 1943: 1931: 1907: 1903: 1891: 1849: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1792: 1755: 1732:

commanded twelve legions to attack the Marcomanni, but the outbreak of a

1729: 1689: 1685: 1671: 1597: 1392: 1373: 1305: 1239: 1211: 1136: 1108: 1101: 1061: 1037: 1019: 978: 951: 932: 907: 899: 895: 878: 840: 775: 707:. In addition, near the Hercynian forest Caesar believed that the Celtic 696: 692: 567: 560: 544: 517: 467: 449: 433: 341: 321: 278: 262: 250: 219: 215: 174: 161: 156: 99: 95: 91: 3176:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 194, note on line 22 of Widsith. 2196:

and former capital of Roman Gallaecia, became the capital of the Suebi.

1813:

and allies, now had a free hand. He accused Maroboduus of hiding in the

17: 5366: 5354: 5344: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5284: 5274: 5249: 5189: 5147: 5120: 5038: 4971: 4966: 4946: 4936: 4891: 4886: 4876: 4871: 4812: 4797: 4747: 3042: 2627: 2581: 2525: 2505: 2456: 2395: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2328: 2313: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2181: 2177: 2176:

The Germanic invaders and immigrants settled mainly in rural areas, as

1977:. This group later invaded Spain and became rulers of Roman Gaellicia. 1926:

Alemanni expansion and Roman-Alemannic battle sites, 3rd to 5th century

1895: 1857: 1853: 1737: 1722: 1605: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1412: 1396: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1293: 1278: 1227: 1187: 1167: 1144: 1124: 1097: 1089: 1057: 1053: 1041: 1007: 987: 928: 883: 872: 806: 802: 785: 738:. In Book VII (1.3) Strabo specifically mentions as Suevic peoples the 626: 591: 587: 528: 441: 354: 346: 332: 317: 294: 277:

there was also a short-lived Kingdom of the Suebi on the Danube, under

231: 170: 114: 67: 2304:

after taking the Roman capital, Mérida, in 439. The previous year 438

590:). The Vandals were tribes east of the Elbe, including the well-known 524:

more broadly, "to cover a large number of tribes in central Germany".

5386: 5339: 5324: 5289: 5264: 5229: 5224: 5157: 5142: 5080: 5018: 5003: 4981: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4829: 4824: 4782: 4752: 3815: 2713: 2610: 2565: 2452: 2448: 2301: 2293: 2228: 1982: 1939: 1710: 1681: 1369: 1336: 1243: 1183: 1156: 1116: 1072: 1068: 1049: 1045: 1033: 940: 917: 852: 747: 684: 634: 607: 540: 536: 505: 487:

Roman bronze statuette of a Suebian captive. First to 3rd century AD.

429: 350: 298: 290: 214:, new Suebian groups had emerged, and Italy was invaded again by the 149: 610:

are named as Vandilic by Pliny, and specifically Suebic by Tacitus.

289:

moved from the Elbe to become one of the major powers of the Middle

4327: 2668:

and in early Scandinavian sources. The earliest attestation is the

2184:..." and the "Barbarians, govern over the provinces". According to 1569:, as the "largest and the most warlike nation of all the Germans". 875:, who are probably the same as Tacitus' "Naristi" mentioned above. 253:, together with other Danubian groups including Alans and Vandals, 199:

in the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni, perhaps under pressure from

5244: 5219: 5209: 5194: 5137: 5105: 5070: 5065: 5023: 5013: 4896: 4757: 4600: 4004:, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in 3974:"the barbarians, detesting their swords, turn them into ploughs", 2728: 2517: 2436: 2394: 2268: 2250: 2193: 2163: 2148: 2147: 2000:

Further south, a group of Suebi established a kingdom in parts of

1970: 1962: 1958: 1921: 1875: 1845: 1796: 1778: 1652: 1550: 1422: 1408: 1359: 1321: 1317: 1274: 1270: 1216: 1195: 1175: 1171: 823: 814: 755: 751: 680: 666: 595: 501: 482: 461: 145: 83: 2439:, pushing the Suebi west and northwards. In 575 the Suebic king, 2316:, who proved to be a notable general, defeating first Andevotus, 1234:. Between the coastal Saxons and inland Suebi, Ptolemy names the 397:, giving the meaning "one's own" people, in turn from an earlier 5329: 4976: 4052: 2529: 2005: 1966: 1718: 1675: 1625: 1395:

in a sacred grove and the murder of slaves used in the rites of

1207: 1140: 983: 911: 903: 856: 798: 779: 700: 606:, is a possibility that Tacitus also noted, but for example the 497: 258: 246: 223: 63: 4331: 2068:

which was no longer under Imperial rule since the rebellion of

1829:

and Herminius' uncle, who had defected, Maroboduus appealed to

1407:

dresses as a woman and that tribe also worships in groves. The

2128:

was established in 410 and lasted until 584. Smaller than the

1844:. Drusus encouraged the Germans to finish him off. A force of 293:, in competition with the dynasties from the east such as the 2411:

heresy. Eight years after, in 569, king Theodemir called the

2375:

defeated the Suebi, briefly restoring Roman rule in northern

1364:

Captive with Suebian knot National Museum of Romanian History

1006:(whose name appears to be somehow related to the modern name 555:

that the Irminones were a large grouping of related Germanic

1950:, which a monument found in Augsburg refers to as Semnones. 78:

they included many peoples with their own names such as the

1131:, and are therefore not Germans.) Ptolemy also places the " 3023:); for an alternative meaning, as "free, independent" see 2572:, on the other hand, an otherwise unknown sovereign named 1965:(31 December 406), thus launching an invasion of northern 1934:

who came to occupy the Roman frontier region known as the

1572:

Caesar confronted a large army led by a Suevic King named

1391:

Tacitus mentions the sacrifice of humans practiced by the

817:. The Quadi are on the edge of greater Suebia, having the 2275:

Vandals. The absence of competition permitted first, the

1910:

sea. The war lasted until Marcus Aurelius' death in 180.

679:

In the time of Caesar, southern Germany had a mixture of

613:

At one time, classical ethnography had applied the name

3097:(German language text); the etymology in English is in 1997:

or Suebengau existed at least until the 12th century.

1890:, penetrated along the border between the provinces of 566:

The definitions of the greater ethnic groupings within

159:

the first emperor, Rome made aggressive campaigns into

4256:"The Conversion of the Spanish Suevi to Catholicism." 2367:

into Hispania, and defeated the Suebi near modern-day

2180:

clearly stated: "The Hispanic, spread over cities and

1415:

own fleets of rowing vessels with prows at both ends.

1304:. Ptolemy describes Scandinavia as being inhabited by 1104:(Βατεινοὶ), apparently north and/or east of the Elbe. 718:

Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD), in Book IV (6.9) of his

641:

and German speaking Switzerland. This was proposed by

3831: 3829: 3289:. Bern, München: A. Franke Verlag, Leo Lehnen Verlag. 973:

From Tacitus and Ptolemy we can derive more details:

4097:

Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum

4085:"guts (of fish)" < protogermanic *magōn "stomach" 2472:

The Suebi remained mostly pagan, and their subjects

1902:, and could be stopped only shortly before reaching 1588:

The forces Caesar faced in battle were composed of "

5395: 4676: 4638: 4428: 4382: 4070:"vine gallery" < protogermanic *laubjōn "leaves" 3782:. Bill Thayer in LacusCurtius. pp. section 21. 3730:

Book IV, sections 1–3, and 19; Book VI, section 10.

2227:, adopted by most of the Gallaeci. In Galicia four 1973:, moving out of their homeland under pressure from 1427:Proposed theory on the distribution of the primary 1332:in the middle. He does not describe them as Suebi. 1221:

Suebi Captive Representation in Roman bronze figure

3804:. Bill Thayer in LacusCurtius. pp. section 9. 3344:Delphi Complete Works of Cassius Dio (Illustrated) 2343:, still a Roman province. By 456 the campaigns of 1139:. These mountains, stretching from near the upper 508:, and he distinguished them from their allies the 504:, in the position where later writers mention the 4239:"Braga and Tours: Some Observations on Gregory's 4065:"to break" < protogermanic *breutan "to break" 4060:"torch; ember" < protogermanic *blasōn "torch" 1096:dialects. Their name is associated with medieval 273:. With the breaking up of Hunnic power after the 4080:"to urge" < protogermanic *þreunhan "to urge" 3644:Pomeroy, Arthur J. (1994). "Tacitus' Germania". 2553:brought about the conversion of his people from 2204:. They settled in the region between the rivers 1534:, but this is on the transitional frontier with 1166:Beyond this mountain range (probably the modern 1075:to the east, and in the "neck" of the peninsula. 746:had moved into the same Hercynian forest as the 173:. The Suevians did not join the alliance led by 3316: 3314: 3178:Republished in 2006 by Kissinger Publishing as 1344:"Suebia" comprises the entire periphery of the 1254:Tacitus called the Baltic sea the Suebian sea. 1135:" in mountains, along with a tribe called the 828:Suebi Germanic with nodus found in Apt, France 188:provided support to the Flavian faction under 4343: 4277:"Reconsideration of the history of the Suevi" 4157: 4155: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 3547: 3545: 3174:Widseth: a Study in Old English Heroic Legend 3156:"Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities" 793:. Going from west to east the first were the 539:, specified that the Suevi "do not, like the 27:Historical ethnic grouping of Germanic tribes 8: 3133:. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications. 2267:in Aquitania after completely defeating the 1961:, at about the same time as the Vandals and 801:and stretching across the Danube into Roman 4374:origin primarily identified as speakers of 4311:Minutes of the Councils of Braga and Toledo 3695: 3693: 3075:text); locate by searching the page number. 2987: 2985: 444:, and, according to one of the hypotheses, 4350: 4336: 4328: 3260:. Harvard University Press. 1999. p. 3063:Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 2407:, which dealt with the old problem of the 98:. New groupings formed later, such as the 4315:Collectio Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis 4264:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. 3614: 3612: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3562: 3560: 1431:dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1: 851:, and then a "large people" known as the 455:Alternatively, it may be borrowed from a 2431:In 570 the Arian king of the Visigoths, 2403:In 561 king Ariamir called the catholic 2083:, they settled in the Roman province of 2042: 29: 5415:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4281:Revue belge de pholologie et d'histoire 3199:Section 8, translation by H. Mattingly. 3086:Indogermanisches Wörterbuch: 3. Auflage 3025:Room, Adrian (2006). "Swabia, Sweden". 2745: 2616: 2219:As the Suebi quickly adopted the local 1837:, and was given only a pretext of aid. 1014:after he settled his Marcomanni in the 950:, moved up to the Rhine bank in modern 345:gave their names to the still-existing 4322:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII 4055:" < protogermanic *laiwarikō "lark" 2664:The name of the Suebi also appears in 1123:, who Tacitus says speak respectively 234:played an important role in elevating 4075:"elf" < protogermanic *albaz "elf" 3705:Old English and its Closest Relatives 2698:also appears in this poem and in the 2600:not to a Suebe, but to a Visigoth by 2492:Conversion to Orthodox Trinitarianism 2339:, and began a wave of attacks on the 2288:, capitals of the Roman provinces of 2103:), where, swearing fealty to Emperor 2004:, which appears in records after the 1856:and the Romans offered him refuge in 1526:spoken by the Lombards of Italy, and 1210:river) and the Vistula, south of the 990:, and then, again upon the Elbe, the 782:, though the population had changed. 128:The Suevians were first mentioned by 7: 3131:Yr Hen Iaith: Studies in Early Welsh 2684:, whose name means "Suebian", was a 2152:Road sign at the village of Suevos, 1670:in 9 BC. He says that the Suebi and 496:Caesar placed the Suebi east of the 110:were simply referred to as Suebian. 4213:Institutet för språk och folkminnen 2331:died, leaving the crown to his son 1335:Tacitus describes the non-Germanic 1159:(possibly Tacitus' Gotini) and the 722:also associates the Suebi with the 578:, Pliny specifically adds two more 249:. In 406 AD, Suebian tribes led by 4247:Journal of Early Christian Studies 3896:. Romansonline.com. Archived from 3672:Neumann, Gunter; Henning Seemann. 3423:. Romansonline.com. Archived from 3342:Dio, Cassius (19 September 2014). 3001:Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn 2724:Germanic personal names in Galicia 2680:and in the place name Svogerslev. 2296:, while their expeditions reached 2255:Suebic sword. Conimbriga, Portugal 1783:Roman limes and modern boundaries. 855:(whose name appears to recall the 671:Suebi ceramics. Lobdengau-Museum, 265:. They eventually established the 34:The approximate positions of some 25: 4134:St. Martin on Braga wrote in his 3487:Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe 2837:Tacitus, Publius (25 June 2009). 1758:annihilated three legions at the 1547:Ariovistus and the Suebi in 58 BC 1538:, as is neighboring Thuringian.) 1071:to the west of the Elbe, and the 797:, living near the sources of the 658:Tribes names in classical sources 551:(23 AD – 79 AD), reported in his 377:Etymologists trace the name from 5438: 5437: 4258:Visigothic Spain: New Approaches 3719:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 2643: 2619: 2557:with the help of the missionary 2512:was held at the request of king 2243:, after old Suebic settlements. 2047:Suebic migrations across Europe. 1499:, and in its most extreme form, 1018:). A monument confirms that the 5420:Christianization of Scandinavia 3802:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars 3780:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars 3112:Some related English words are 3108:Appendix I: Indo-European Roots 2771:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 2650:Suebic and Roman fibullae from 2630:on a 5th-century marble table, 2216:(Lands of the Buri), Portugal. 1754:After the death of Drusus, the 1411:fight at night dyed black. The 5410:Christianization of the Franks 4483:Continental Germanic mythology 4306:Medieval Galician anthroponomy 3449:. Book IV Chapter 3 Section 4. 2949:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2922:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2895:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2868:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2816:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2688:who appears in the eddic poem 1787:Subsequently, Augustus placed 1750:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 1292:In the sea, the states of the 986:. South of them he places the 863:. North of the Baemoi, is the 369:some time after about 600 AD. 1: 3941:López Quiroga, Jorge (2001). 3088:. p. 188. Archived from 2974:, in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), 2225:their personal and land names 1659:The victory of Drusus in 9 BC 1620:Caesar and the Suebi in 55 BC 1265:North of the Lugii, near the 520:. Later authors use the term 428:(whence also the name of the 421:, each meaning "one's own"). 308:During the last years of the 4250:. 3 (1995), p. 195–210. 4241:De virtutibus sancti Martini 3989:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 3976:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 3794:Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius 3772:Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius 3750:Dio, Lucius Claudius Cassius 3114:sibling, sister, swain, self 2609:converted first through the 2308:ratified the peace with the 2033:Suevian Kingdom of Gallaecia 2008:were defeated in 454 at the 625:dialects spoken in Austria, 385:based on the Proto-Germanic 281:. They were defeated by the 66:river region in what is now 5425:Christianization of Iceland 4283:, 35 (1957), p. 19–45. 3846:Compendium of Roman History 3717:Waldman & Mason, 2006, 3285:Maurer, Friedrich (1952) . 2719:Dukes of Swabia family tree 2676:("Suebian warrior") on the 2324:magister utriusque militiae 2231:and six villages are named 2099:, and the northern half of 1493:High German consonant shift 1399:practiced by the tribes of 839:" formerly occupied by the 663:Northern bank of the Danube 212:Crisis of the Third Century 180:In 69 AD the Suebian kings 5495: 2754:Drinkwater, John Frederick 2036: 1867: 1760:Battle of Teutoburg Forest 1747: 1647:who, along with the young 1403:. The chief priest of the 393:found in the third-person 106:, and two kingdoms in the 5433: 4365: 4295:The Chronicle of Hydatius 4220:October 14, 2013, at the 4000:Domingos Maria da Silva, 3658:10.1017/S0009840X00290446 3305:Die Herkunft der Germanen 2691:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar 2549:states that a king named 2391:Last years of the kingdom 1143:to the headwaters of the 136:led by the Germanic king 4663:North Germanic languages 4648:Germanic parent language 4209:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon 4207:Peterson, Lena. (2002). 4030:< *villa *Gumesenþi; 4022:< *villa *Mundarici; 3820:Epitome of Roman History 3077:Köbler, Gerhard (2000). 2841:. Penguin. p. 125. 2132:kingdom of Italy or the 2107:, they were accepted as 1352:Cultural characteristics 1260:Description of the World 58:) were a large group of 4668:West Germanic languages 4658:East Germanic languages 4653:Proto-Germanic language 4473:Proto-Germanic folklore 4410:Romano-Germanic culture 4026:< *villa *Baldarii; 3883:Book II sections 62–63. 3874:Book II sections 44–46. 3678:A German-language text. 3670:A review in English of 3464:. Penelope.uchicago.edu 2776:Oxford University Press 2593:Third Council of Toledo 2510:Second Council of Braga 2427:Defeat by the Visigoths 2212:, in the area known as 1636:Rhine crossing of 29 BC 730:, and further east the 500:apparently near modern 326:Kingdom of the Lombards 132:in connection with the 5469:Early Germanic peoples 4136:Formula Vitae Honestae 4094:Isidorus Hispalensis, 3816:Florus, Lucius Annaeus 3798:"The Life of Tiberius" 3776:"The Life of Augustus" 3739:Book IV sections 4–19. 2502:First Council of Braga 2468:Conversion to Arianism 2405:First Council of Braga 2400: 2256: 2173: 2161: 2120:The Suebic kingdom in 2048: 1927: 1784: 1560: 1532:High Franconian German 1528:standard "High German" 1480: 1382: 1365: 1222: 829: 734:, possibly the modern 703:further east near the 676: 488: 475: 367:Second consonant shift 316:, the Suebian general 43: 4478:Anglo-Saxon mythology 4368:Ethnolinguistic group 4275:Reynolds, Robert L., 3931:on the "Donausueben". 3844:Velleius Paterculus, 3822:. Book II section 30. 3210:"Book IV section XIV" 2970:Harm, Volker (2013), 2764:; Spawforth, Antony; 2413:First Council of Lugo 2398: 2254: 2168:Golden coin from the 2167: 2151: 2046: 1925: 1782: 1557:Island of Pantelleria 1554: 1497:High German languages 1426: 1378: 1363: 1269:, Tacitus places the 1220: 1174:. These included the 890:Approaching the Rhine 859:again), and then the 827: 758:(a large tribe), the 670: 645:as one of five major 486: 465: 459:word for "vagabond". 363:High German languages 236:Constantine the Great 33: 3646:The Classical Review 3307:. Leipzig: Kabitsch. 2417:Parrochiale Suevorum 2318:Romanae militiae dux 2170:Kingdom of the Suebi 2079:Passing through the 2039:Kingdom of the Suebi 1989:in areas of today's 1744:Roman defeat in 9 AD 1668:Nero Claudius Drusus 1495:that defines modern 1457:Weser–Rhine Germanic 314:Western Roman Empire 267:Kingdom of the Suebi 201:East Germanic tribes 155:During the reign of 62:originally from the 5405:Gothic Christianity 4237:Ferreiro, Alberto. 4044:Portuguese language 3865:Book II section 16. 3835:Book II section 26. 3589:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3531:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3506:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3402:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3381:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3360:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3324:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3233:. Perseus.tufts.edu 3212:. Perseus.tufts.edu 2500:The minutes of the 2087:, in north-western 2016:fought against the 1993:. An area known as 492:More than one tribe 195:Under the reign of 4788:Germani cisrhenani 4496:Funerary practices 4400:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4376:Germanic languages 4109:Ferreiro, 199 n11. 3346:. Delphi Classics. 2576:, having heard of 2547:Isidore of Seville 2421:Divisio Theodemiri 2401: 2355:directed by kings 2257: 2174: 2162: 2049: 1955:crossing the Rhine 1928: 1833:, now governor of 1785: 1725:, under his rule. 1561: 1524:Lombardic language 1520:Thuringian dialect 1481: 1447:North Sea Germanic 1401:Schleswig-Holstein 1366: 1328:in the south, and 1223: 830: 821:to the southeast. 677: 489: 476: 44: 5451: 5450: 4623:Gothic and Vandal 4415:Germanic Iron Age 4390:Nordic Bronze Age 4372:Northern European 4149:Ferreiro, 198 n8. 4040:Galician language 3758:Project Gutenberg 3252:"Germanic Tribes" 3140:978-1-891271-10-6 2848:978-0-140-44964-8 2762:Hornblower, Simon 2591:By 589, when the 2564:According to the 2542:Historia Suevorum 2480:missionary named 2066:Iberian Peninsula 2064:and entering the 2056:Suebi under king 1775:Aftermath of 9 AD 1542:Historical events 1485:Germanic language 998:", and the later 742:, who under King 639:Baden-Württemberg 586:and the Vandili ( 395:reflexive pronoun 255:crossed the Rhine 16:(Redirected from 5486: 5441: 5440: 5397:Christianization 4987:Ripuarian Franks 4359:Germanic peoples 4352: 4345: 4338: 4329: 4224: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4092: 4086: 4015: 4009: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3929:Friedrich Lotter 3925: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3697: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3572: 3566: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3301:Kossinna, Gustaf 3297: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3177: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3127:Schrijver, Peter 3123: 3117: 3111: 3100:Watkins, Calvert 3096: 3094: 3083: 3070: 3059:"Root/Lemma se-" 3051: 3045: 3040: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3009: 2998: 2992:Peterson, Lena. 2989: 2980: 2979: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2750: 2647: 2623: 2602:John of Biclarum 2570:Gregory of Tours 2186:Dan Stanislawski 1918:Migration period 1898:, laid waste to 1870:Marcomannic Wars 1864:Marcomannic wars 1815:Hercynian Forest 1809:, leader of the 1721:, in and around 1698:Hercynian Forest 1566:De Bello Gallico 1512:Alemannic German 1474: 1464: 1454: 1444: 1435: 1271:Gothones (Goths) 1232:Eastern Germanic 1084:East of the Elbe 1016:Hercynian forest 833:Claudius Ptolemy 805:. Next came the 724:Hercynian Forest 705:Hercynian forest 643:Friedrich Maurer 582:or "kinds", the 407:swe, swój, swoi, 339:who remained in 226:and settled the 203:to their north, 134:invasion of Gaul 108:Migration Period 60:Germanic peoples 36:Germanic peoples 21: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5429: 5391: 4672: 4634: 4596:Gothic alphabet 4488:Norse mythology 4424: 4378: 4361: 4356: 4291: 4286: 4254:Thompson, E. A. 4233: 4231:General sources 4228: 4227: 4222:Wayback Machine 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4047: 4016: 4012: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3701:Robinson, Orrin 3699: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3671: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3575: 3567: 3558: 3550: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3170:Chambers, R. W. 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3098: 3092: 3081: 3076: 3073:German language 3055:Pokorny, Julius 3053: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3024: 3013: 3011: 3007: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2766:Eidinow, Esther 2752: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2710: 2666:Norse mythology 2662: 2660:Norse mythology 2655: 2648: 2639: 2624: 2578:Martin of Tours 2559:Martin of Dumio 2494: 2470: 2465: 2429: 2393: 2249: 2214:Terras de Bouro 2146: 2054: 2041: 2035: 2022:battle of Bolia 2010:Battle of Nedao 1920: 1878:, Vandals, and 1872: 1866: 1777: 1752: 1746: 1661: 1649:Octavian Caesar 1638: 1622: 1549: 1544: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1460: 1459:, or Istvaeonic 1452: 1450: 1449:, or Ingvaeonic 1442: 1440: 1433: 1421: 1354: 1252: 1147:, he calls the 1086: 960: 927:The geographer 892: 843:, he names the 813:, and then the 774:, and also the 736:Bohemian forest 665: 660: 652:Gustaf Kossinna 553:Natural History 549:Pliny the Elder 533:Pliny the Elder 494: 481: 375: 275:Battle of Nedao 197:Marcus Aurelius 119:Pliny the Elder 74:. In the early 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5054:Thracian Goths 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Roman Iron Age 4402: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4317: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4290: 4289:External links 4287: 4285: 4284: 4273: 4251: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4199: 4197:Ferreiro, 207. 4190: 4181: 4179:Ferreiro, 199. 4172: 4163: 4151: 4142: 4127: 4111: 4102: 4087: 4010: 3993: 3980: 3967: 3933: 3920: 3910: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3837: 3825: 3807: 3785: 3763: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3710: 3689: 3680: 3648:. New Series. 3634: 3625: 3608: 3599: 3573: 3556: 3541: 3516: 3491: 3474: 3452: 3437: 3412: 3391: 3370: 3349: 3334: 3322:"Tac. Ger. 28" 3310: 3292: 3277: 3270: 3257:Late Antiquity 3243: 3222: 3201: 3188: 3161: 3146: 3139: 3118: 3095:on 2007-10-25. 3069:on 2011-08-09. 3046: 3035: 2981: 2962: 2935: 2908: 2881: 2854: 2847: 2829: 2802: 2784: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2694:. The kingdom 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2640: 2625: 2618: 2606: 2605: 2589: 2562: 2537: 2524:, Wittimer of 2493: 2490: 2474:Priscillianist 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2428: 2425: 2409:Priscillianism 2392: 2389: 2363:) crossed the 2248: 2245: 2145: 2142: 2081:Basque country 2053: 2050: 2037:Main article: 2034: 2031: 1936:Agri Decumates 1919: 1916: 1868:Main article: 1865: 1862: 1776: 1773: 1748:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1660: 1657: 1645:Gaius Carrinas 1637: 1634: 1621: 1618: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1536:Central German 1508:Swabian German 1471: 1469:, or Irminonic 1461: 1451: 1441: 1438:North Germanic 1432: 1420: 1417: 1353: 1350: 1320:in the north, 1256:Pomponius Mela 1251: 1248: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1065: 1030: 1023: 959: 956: 891: 888: 791:Czech Republic 750:(possibly the 732:Gabreta Forest 664: 661: 659: 656: 493: 490: 480: 479:Classification 477: 379:Proto-Germanic 374: 371: 331:The Alamanni, 228:Agri Decumates 72:Czech Republic 50:(also spelled 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5491: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5029:Crimean Goths 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4992:Salian Franks 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4430:Early culture 4427: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4270:0-19-822543-1 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4188:Thompson, 88. 4185: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4170:Thompson, 87. 4167: 4164: 4161:Thompson, 83. 4158: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4125:Thompson, 86. 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3991:, VII, 41, 4. 3990: 3984: 3981: 3978:, VII, 41, 6. 3977: 3971: 3968: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3900:on 2014-05-02 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854:Roman History 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3517: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3427:on 2013-11-05 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3271:9780674511736 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184:1-4254-9551-6 3181: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3154:Peck (1898). 3150: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3010:on 2011-05-18 3006: 3002: 2995: 2994:"Swābaharjaz" 2988: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2839:The Histories 2833: 2830: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2787: 2785:9780191735257 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2532:and Anila of 2531: 2528:, Nitigis of 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2247:Establishment 2246: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2124:and northern 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012:. Their king 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991:Saxony-Anhalt 1988: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957:, perhaps at 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1477:East Germanic 1468: 1467:Elbe Germanic 1458: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316:in the east, 1315: 1311: 1308:in the west, 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1258:wrote in his 1257: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1242:and then the 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:East Germanic 1091: 1083: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:Teuriochaemai 993: 989: 985: 980: 976: 975: 974: 971: 969: 965: 957: 955: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 935:. The "Suevi 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 889: 887: 885: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 674: 669: 662: 657: 655: 653: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 618: 616: 611: 609: 605: 604:East Germanic 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 491: 485: 478: 473: 469: 464: 460: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399:Indo-European 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 372: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 240:Roman emperor 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 193: 191: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:Julius Caesar 126: 124: 120: 116: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 37: 32: 19: 5259: 4723:Anglo-Saxons 4713:Adrabaecampi 4696:Bucinobantes 4438:Architecture 4321: 4314: 4280: 4262:Edward James 4257: 4245: 4240: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4105: 4095: 4090: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4048: 4013: 4001: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3975: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3953: 3949: 3936: 3923: 3913: 3902:. Retrieved 3898:the original 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3853: 3845: 3840: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3788: 3779: 3766: 3757: 3754:"Dio's Rome" 3744: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3713: 3708:pages 194–5. 3704: 3683: 3673: 3652:(1): 58–59. 3649: 3645: 3637: 3628: 3618: 3602: 3591:. Retrieved 3587:"Section 43" 3568: 3551: 3533:. Retrieved 3526: 3519: 3508:. Retrieved 3501: 3494: 3486: 3477: 3466:. Retrieved 3455: 3446: 3440: 3429:. Retrieved 3425:the original 3415: 3404:. Retrieved 3400:"Section 42" 3394: 3383:. Retrieved 3379:"Section 41" 3373: 3362:. Retrieved 3358:"Strab. 7.1" 3352: 3343: 3337: 3326:. Retrieved 3304: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3256: 3246: 3235:. Retrieved 3231:"Strab. 7.1" 3225: 3214:. Retrieved 3204: 3196: 3191: 3173: 3164: 3149: 3130: 3121: 3113: 3107: 3090:the original 3085: 3067:the original 3062: 3049: 3026: 3012:. Retrieved 3005:the original 3000: 2975: 2965: 2953:. Retrieved 2947: 2938: 2926:. Retrieved 2920: 2911: 2899:. Retrieved 2893: 2884: 2872:. Retrieved 2866: 2863:"Marcomanni" 2857: 2838: 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2814: 2811:"Maroboduus" 2805: 2796: 2789:. Retrieved 2770: 2748: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2678:Rö runestone 2673: 2663: 2607: 2586:Nicene faith 2540: 2520:, Adoric of 2495: 2471: 2430: 2420: 2416: 2402: 2349:Theodoric II 2341:Tarraconense 2323: 2320:, and later 2317: 2264: 2258: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2218: 2175: 2172:, 410–500 AD 2119: 2108: 2078: 2055: 1999: 1979: 1952: 1929: 1912: 1900:Flavia Solva 1873: 1839: 1805: 1786: 1753: 1727: 1704: 1702: 1695: 1688:, Suebi and 1680: 1662: 1639: 1623: 1614: 1587: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1505: 1501:Upper German 1482: 1390: 1386:Suebian knot 1383: 1379: 1367: 1355: 1341: 1334: 1291: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1224: 1203: 1165: 1149:Askibourgian 1106: 1087: 1078: 1004:Baenochaemae 972: 961: 945: 926: 921: 916: 893: 877: 849:Adrabaecampi 831: 784: 728:Swabian Alps 719: 717: 678: 647:Kulturkreise 646: 623:Upper German 619: 614: 612: 579: 565: 556: 552: 526: 521: 495: 472:Suebian knot 454: 423: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 390: 382: 376: 340: 330: 307: 257:and overran 244: 218:, while the 209: 194: 179: 160: 154: 127: 112: 55: 51: 47: 45: 5163:Nahanarvali 5086:Hilleviones 4999:Frisiavones 4867:Cananefates 4857:Burgundians 4768:Banochaemae 4618:Anglo-Saxon 4569:Anglo-Saxon 4535:Anglo-Saxon 4518:Anglo-Saxon 4501:Anglo-Saxon 3856:55, 28, 6–7 3850:Cassius Dio 3848:2, 109, 5; 3687:Section 38. 3632:Section 46. 3606:Section 44. 3571:Section 40. 3554:Section 39. 3462:"Geography" 3447:Geographica 2791:January 26, 2701:Þiðrekssaga 2674:Swabaharjaz 2670:Proto-Norse 2445:Hermenegild 2353:Burgundians 2337:Theodoric I 2136:kingdom in 2130:Ostrogothic 1995:Schwabengau 1676:river Albis 1641:Cassius Dio 1630:pile bridge 1298:Scandinavia 1285:, then the 1002:), but the 865:Luna forest 847:, then the 845:Parmaecampi 713:Cassius Dio 600:Burgundians 349:regions of 142:Gallic Wars 140:during the 5458:Categories 5382:Vinoviloth 5170:Marcomanni 5153:Helveconae 5131:Heaðobards 5101:Istvaeones 5091:Ingaevones 5076:Hermunduri 5044:Ostrogoths 5034:Greuthungi 4912:Chattuarii 4738:Angrivarii 4733:Ampsivarii 4701:Lentienses 4530:Literature 4420:Viking Age 4046:, such as: 4006:Portuguese 3904:2014-05-01 3894:"chapt 16" 3622:Section 45 3593:2014-05-01 3535:2014-05-01 3510:2014-05-01 3468:2014-05-01 3431:2014-05-01 3421:"Chapt 22" 3406:2014-05-01 3385:2014-05-01 3364:2014-05-01 3328:2014-05-01 3237:2014-05-01 3216:2014-05-01 3041:; compare 3036:0786422483 3014:2007-10-11 2890:"Alamanni" 2735:References 2654:, Portugal 2652:Conimbriga 2626:Christian 2597:Reccared I 2568:historian 2327:. In 448, 2190:Portuguese 2144:Settlement 2134:Visigothic 2026:Marcomanni 2018:Ostrogoths 1987:Sigebert I 1975:Radagaisus 1880:Sarmatians 1827:Marcomanni 1823:Langobardi 1789:Germanicus 1715:Marcomanni 1711:Maroboduus 1594:Marcomanni 1574:Ariovistus 1346:Baltic Sea 1342:geographic 1267:Baltic Sea 1250:Baltic Sea 1180:Helveconae 1027:Langobardi 968:Langobardi 964:Hermunduri 937:Langobardi 819:Sarmatians 811:Marcomanni 795:Hermunduri 740:Marcomanni 709:Tectosages 695:in modern 576:Ingaevones 572:Istvaeones 514:Hermunduri 510:Marcomanni 438:Sabellians 303:Ostrogoths 287:Longobards 283:Ostrogoths 167:Maroboduus 138:Ariovistus 88:Hermunduri 80:Marcomanni 42:in purple. 5479:Irminones 5474:Foederati 5377:Vidivarii 5372:Victohali 5362:Vangiones 5295:Thuringii 5200:Nuithones 5096:Irminones 5059:Visigoths 5049:Thervingi 5009:Gambrivii 4962:Dulgubnii 4957:Dauciones 4907:Chasuarii 4847:Brondings 4773:Bastarnae 4763:Baiuvarii 4743:Armalausi 4706:Raetovari 4640:Languages 4608:Symbology 4468:Folklore 4463:Festivals 4320:Orosius' 4313:, in the 4215:, Sweden. 4028:Gomesende 4002:Os Búrios 3956:: 115–124 3721:, p. 784. 3666:246879432 3527:Geography 3502:Geography 3019:(Text in 2917:"Ricimer" 2740:Citations 2696:Sváfaland 2551:Theodemar 2486:Remismund 2476:until an 2433:Leovigild 2381:Remismund 2361:Chilperic 2290:Lusitania 2265:foederati 2261:Visigoths 2126:Lusitania 2122:Gallaecia 2115:Britannia 2110:foederati 2085:Gallaecia 2070:Gerontius 2052:Migration 1888:Carnuntum 1884:Vindobona 1835:Illyricum 1664:Suetonius 1602:Vangiones 1489:Irminones 1405:Naharvali 1326:Dauciones 1236:Teutonari 1192:Naharvali 1133:Lugi Buri 1129:Pannonian 1012:Marobodus 1000:Thuringii 992:Calucones 948:Allemanni 861:Racatriae 768:Mugilones 744:Marobodus 720:Geography 675:, Germany 673:Ladenburg 631:Thuringia 584:Bastarnae 474:hairstyle 417:Sanskrit 373:Etymology 359:Thuringia 337:Thuringii 190:Vespasian 123:Irminones 121:with the 113:Although 104:Bavarians 76:Roman era 40:Irminones 5443:Category 5350:Hasdingi 5335:Usipetes 5315:Tubantes 5300:Toxandri 5280:Tencteri 5255:Suarines 5240:Sicambri 5235:Semnones 5215:Reudigni 5185:Mattiaci 5175:Marsacii 5126:Lombards 5116:Lacringi 5111:Juthungi 4942:Corconti 4927:Cherusci 4902:Charudes 4882:Chaedini 4852:Bructeri 4837:Bateinoi 4808:Eburones 4803:Condrusi 4798:Caeroesi 4793:Atuatuci 4728:Ambrones 4691:Brisgavi 4686:Alemanni 4564:Paganism 4453:Clothing 4448:Calendar 4395:Germania 4218:Archived 4032:Gondomar 4020:Mondariz 3703:(1992), 3619:Germania 3569:Germania 3552:Germania 3460:Strabo. 3445:Strabo. 3303:(1911). 3197:Germania 3195:Tacitus 3172:(1912). 3104:"s(w)e-" 3102:(2000). 2955:June 22, 2944:"Swabia" 2928:June 22, 2901:June 22, 2874:June 22, 2822:June 22, 2768:(eds.). 2756:(2012). 2708:See also 2686:Valkyrie 2574:Chararic 2566:Frankish 2555:Arianism 2463:Religion 2385:Arianism 2377:Hispania 2373:Majorian 2365:Pyrenees 2310:Gallaeci 2306:Hermeric 2298:Zaragoza 2271:and the 2229:parishes 2221:language 2138:Hispania 2105:Honorius 2101:Portugal 2097:Asturias 2091:(modern 2089:Hispania 2076:in 409. 2062:Pyrenees 2058:Hermeric 2014:Hunimund 2002:Pannonia 1983:Frankish 1948:Juthungi 1944:Schwaben 1932:Alemanni 1908:Adriatic 1904:Aquileia 1892:Pannonia 1850:Catualda 1819:Semnones 1811:Cherusci 1807:Arminius 1801:Tiberius 1793:Cherusci 1756:Cherusci 1730:Tiberius 1690:Sicambri 1686:Cherusci 1672:Sugambri 1598:Tribocci 1516:Bavarian 1429:Germanic 1419:Language 1393:Semnones 1374:Cherusci 1306:Chaedini 1283:Farodini 1240:Teutones 1212:Burgundi 1161:Visburgi 1137:Corconti 1109:Marsigni 1062:Nuitones 1038:Reudigni 1020:Juthungi 979:Semnones 966:and the 958:The Elbe 952:Schwaben 933:Sugambri 910:and the 908:Cherusci 900:Usipetes 896:Tencteri 879:Jordanes 841:Helvetii 776:Semnones 699:and the 697:Schwaben 693:Helvetii 568:Germania 561:Cherusci 545:Tencteri 518:Semnones 450:Semnones 434:Samnites 413:Italian 405:(Polish 342:Germania 322:de facto 320:was its 279:Hunimund 263:Hispania 251:Hermeric 222:ravaged 220:Alamanni 216:Juthungi 182:Italicus 175:Arminius 162:Germania 157:Augustus 100:Alamanni 96:Lombards 92:Semnones 70:and the 56:Suebians 18:Suebians 5367:Varisci 5355:Silingi 5345:Vandals 5320:Tulingi 5310:Triboci 5305:Treveri 5285:Teutons 5275:Taifals 5250:Sitones 5190:Nemetes 5148:Helisii 5121:Lemovii 5039:Gutones 4972:Firaesi 4967:Favonae 4947:Cugerni 4937:Cobandi 4892:Chamavi 4887:Chaemae 4877:Casuari 4872:Caritni 4842:Betasii 4813:Paemani 4748:Auiones 4613:Warfare 4591:Scripts 4559:Numbers 4383:History 4049:laverca 3950:CuPAUAM 3482:Schütte 3043:Suiones 3021:Swedish 2798:Caesar. 2758:"Suebi" 2636:Galicia 2632:Quiroga 2628:Chi Rho 2582:leprosy 2526:Ourense 2506:Ariamir 2457:Malaric 2369:Astorga 2357:Gundioc 2345:Rechiar 2333:Rechiar 2329:Rechila 2314:Rechila 2286:Seville 2277:Asdingi 2273:Silingi 2239:, i.e. 2198:Orosius 2178:Idacius 2158:Galicia 2093:Galicia 2074:Maximus 2020:in the 1906:on the 1896:Noricum 1858:Ravenna 1854:Noricum 1738:Illyria 1723:Bohemia 1706:Annales 1703:In the 1653:Dacians 1610:Sedusii 1606:Nemetes 1590:Harudes 1582:Sequani 1578:Arverni 1506:Modern 1413:Suiones 1397:Nerthus 1314:Firaesi 1310:Favonae 1302:Sitones 1294:Suiones 1279:Lemovii 1228:Vandili 1200:Sorbian 1188:Helisii 1168:Sudetes 1153:Sidones 1145:Vistula 1125:Gaulish 1098:Silesia 1090:Silingi 1058:Suarini 1054:Eudoses 1042:Aviones 1008:Bohemia 988:Silingi 929:Ptolemy 884:Gepidia 873:Varisti 807:Naristi 803:Rhaetia 786:Tacitus 764:Butones 627:Bavaria 621:modern 592:Silingi 588:Vandals 529:Tacitus 442:Sabines 426:Suiones 355:Bavaria 333:Bavarii 318:Ricimer 312:of the 310:decline 295:Herules 271:Galicia 232:Chrocus 210:By the 207:Italy. 205:invaded 171:Bohemia 115:Tacitus 68:Germany 5387:Warini 5340:Vagoth 5325:Tungri 5290:Thelir 5270:Swedes 5265:Sunici 5230:Saxons 5225:Rugini 5158:Manimi 5143:Diduni 5081:Heruli 5019:Gepids 5004:Frisii 4982:Franks 4932:Cimbri 4922:Chauci 4917:Chatti 4830:Nervii 4825:Morini 4783:Belgae 4778:Batavi 4753:Avarpi 4718:Angles 4678:Groups 4628:Viking 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351:Swabia 347:German 299:Gepids 291:Danube 150:Danube 146:Gallic 94:, and 5464:Suebi 5260:Suebi 5245:Sciri 5220:Rugii 5210:Quadi 5195:Njars 5180:Marsi 5138:Lugii 5106:Jutes 5071:Harii 5066:Gutes 5024:Goths 5014:Geats 4952:Danes 4897:Chali 4818:Segni 4758:Baemi 4601:Runes 4586:Rings 4579:Norse 4547:Names 4540:Norse 4523:Norse 4506:Norse 4211:, at 4068:lobio 4058:brasa 4036:Samos 3946:(PDF) 3662:S2CID 3093:(PDF) 3082:(PDF) 3008:(PDF) 2997:(PDF) 2760:. 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