341:
alive in 1337, as he says Musa sent a delegation to Abu al-Hasan after his conquest of
Tlemcen in 1337. The time between the conquest of Tlemcen and arrival of Jata's delegation is too short to accommodate the reign lengths Ibn Khaldun attributes to Magha, Sulayman, and Qasa. It is possible that it was Maghan, rather than Musa, who sent the delegation in 1337, but this nonetheless leaves Sulayman's reign at least a year shorter than reported by Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun reports that Magha ruled for four years; if Musa died in 1337, this would place the beginning of Sulayman's reign in 1341, though it is possible that some of the four years attributed to Magha refer to him serving as viceroy during his father's hajj. Conrad and Hunwick have both listed 1341 as the beginning of Sulayman's reign.
301:, who had recently arrived in Mali. Two months later, during Ramadan, Ibn Battuta complained to Sulayman about the meagreness of the reception gift he had initially received from him, and Sulayman arranged for Ibn Battuta to receive lodgings and a gift of gold. While Ibn Battuta was in Mali, Sulayman imprisoned his principal wife Qasa and replaced her with one of his other wives, Banju. Unlike Qasa, Banju was not of royal blood. Facing criticism from his court, Sulayman accused Qasa of conspiring to overthrow him with an exiled member of the royal family named Jatil, who may have been Magha's son. Sulayman obtained a confession from one of Qasa's slaves, and his court pronounced a death sentence on Qasa, who sought sanctuary with the
158:
349:
The reigns of Musa and
Sulayman have been considered the apex of Malian power. Ibn Battuta remarked positively on the security of the Mali Empire during Sulayman's reign, noting that there was no need to worry about thieves. However, Sulayman's legacy has suffered from unfavorable comparisons to his
340:
According to Ibn
Khaldun, Sulayman reigned for 24 years. If Sulayman died in 1360, this would indicate he became mansa in approximately 1336, which is the year Delafosse and Niane regarded Sulayman's reign as beginning. However, this is contradicted by Ibn Khaldun's indication that Musa was still
266:
ruled as mansa for twenty-five years and was succeeded by his son Magha. Magha reigned for only four years and was succeeded by
Sulayman. The historian Nehemia Levtzion has suggested that, as the eldest male member of the ruling dynasty, Sulayman was Musa's rightful successor, but Musa passed him
323:
According to Ibn
Khaldun, a caravan bearing gifts sent by Mansa Jata soon after he took power arrived in Fez in December 1360 or January 1361. As at least nine months must have passed between Sulayman's death and Jata sending the caravan, in order to fit Qasa's reign, Sulayman's death must have
241:
Ibn
Battuta compared Sulayman unfavorably to his brother, regarding him as a miser in comparison to Musa's renowned generosity. Sulayman is regarded as the last great ruler of the Mali Empire, and his death and the ensuing civil war are considered to mark the end of Mali's golden age.
382:. Niane suggested that Sulayman built the Kamabolon after going on the hajj. However, Sulayman is not mentioned in Ibn Khaldun's list of mansas of Mali who went on the hajj, nor does Ibn Battuta mention Sulayman as having done so. Mansa Sama is likely to have been a local ruler of
226: 1359 and was succeeded by his son, also named Qasa, who would reign for only nine months. Soon after Sulayman's death, civil war broke out, and Magha's son Jata, who may have been part of the earlier conspiracy to overthrow Sulayman, seized power.
427:, which literally means "son of a paternal uncle", but he may have simply meant Jatil was a male-line relative of Sulayman. Levtzion suggests that this Jatil is likely to be the same as Mansa Jata, a son of Magha who seized power in 1360.
374:
to Mansa
Sulayman; he may have conflated Sulayman with his brother Musa, whose reign is associated with some building projects in Timbuktu, which had already existed for some time before being incorporated into the Mali Empire.
312:. Qasa reigned only nine months. Soon after Sulayman's death, civil war broke out, and Sulayman's great-nephew Jata, son of Magha—possibly the same as the Jatil who had conspired to overthrow Sulayman in 1352–1353—seized power.
350:
more renowned brother, and Ibn
Battuta described him as "a miserly king from whom no great donation is to be expected." The end of Sulayman's reign has been considered the beginning of the decline of the Mali Empire.
336:
regarded
Sulayman as having died at the beginning of 1360, but elsewhere, he and John F. P. Hopkins regarded Sulayman as having died in about 1358–1359. John Hunwick and David Conrad both used the 1360 date.
294:, which broke out in Europe and North Africa during Sulayman's reign, may have affected Sulayman's diplomatic policy, but it does not seem to have reached Mali itself until some time after 1352–1353.
363:, is one of the most valued primary sources for understanding the Mali Empire at its height, though doubts have been raised about its reliability as a firsthand account. The historian
308:
Sulayman continued to pursue diplomacy with the
Marinid Sultanate, and was preparing another delegation bearing gifts for the sultan when he died. He was succeeded by his son
286:
sultan, which he had sent in response to a delegation Musa had sent him following the Marinid conquest of Tlemcen in 1337. In 1348 or 1349, after the Marinid conquest of
1404:
320:
The dates of the beginning and end of Sulayman's reign are not precisely known, and the evidence provided by the available primary sources is contradictory.
436:
Different manuscript copies spell the name variously as Qasa, Qanba, Fanba, or Qanbata. Whether there is a connection to Sulayman's wife Qasa is unknown.
1326:
1569:
222:
that had been initiated by his brother. In 1352 or 1353, Sulayman accused his principal wife, Qasa, of conspiring to overthrow him. Sulayman died
1168:
1099:
1397:
297:
After Abu al-Hasan's death in 1351, Sulayman's court held a memorial feast for him in 1352, which was attended by the Moroccan explorer
1564:
1316:
1298:
1239:
378:
Niane identified Sulayman with Mansa Sama, a descendant of Sunjata said in oral tradition to have built the Kamabolon, a shrine in
275:
107:
78:
414:
Ibn Khaldun's description of these events is contradictory, so it is possible that it was actually Magha who received the gifts
232:, an explorer from the Marinid Sultanate, traveled to Mali in 1352 to visit Sulayman's court. His account of his travels, the
1390:
1179:
279:
942:
The Book of Examples and the Register of Subject and Predicate on the Days of the Arabs, the Persians and the Berbers
1253:
1364:
918:
364:
178:
1488:
1334:
1232:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents
268:
267:
over in favor of Magha. Levtzion further suggests that Sulayman may have deposed Magha, and Magha's son
1559:
329:
1278:
1270:
1215:
1199:
1145:
1078:
1039:
1533:
1523:
1312:
1294:
1235:
1207:
1164:
1137:
1095:
1070:
1031:
453:
762, which corresponds to approximately 11 December 1360–8 January 1361 in the Julian calendar
325:
219:
120:
1513:
1448:
1262:
1248:
1191:
1158:
1127:
1060:
1023:
450:
333:
1503:
1493:
1443:
938:
Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʼ wa-l-khabar fī ayyām al-ʻarab wa-ʼl-ʻajam wa-ʼl-barbar
169:
1052:
1463:
1428:
238:, provides the most detailed known firsthand account of the Mali Empire at its height.
1342:
Niane, D. T. (1984). "Mali and the second Mandingo expansion". In Niane, D. T. (ed.).
1553:
1483:
1433:
1413:
1374:
1282:
1149:
1082:
309:
200:
139:
126:
68:
29:
1453:
1438:
1227:
1119:
1538:
1417:
954:
933:
298:
291:
255:
229:
204:
33:
1528:
1508:
1468:
1266:
958:
354:
263:
251:
208:
157:
1211:
1203:
1141:
1074:
1035:
1498:
1382:
359:
353:
Ibn Battuta's visit to the Mali Empire during Sulayman's reign, recorded by
332:
regarded Sulayman's reign as having ended in 1358 or 1359. In a 1963 paper,
290:, Sulayman sent another delegation to Abu al-Hasan to congratulate him. The
234:
1160:
African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa
423:
Ibn Battuta describes the relationship Jatil has to Sulayman with the term
1132:
1120:"Recognizing plague epidemics in the archaeological record of West Africa"
1065:
1473:
1458:
371:
287:
212:
58:
1219:
1113:(in French). Vol. II. L'Histoire. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.
383:
379:
283:
278:. Soon after his accession to the throne, Sulayman received gifts from
259:
134:
1274:
1043:
1012:"The Age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in Succession and Chronology"
1011:
1518:
1357:
636:
634:
462:
A year in the Islamic calendar is slightly shorter than a solar year.
302:
1195:
405:
means "queen" and as such was presumably a title, not her given name
1027:
367:
also wrote his account of the Mali Empire during Sulayman's reign.
446:
156:
149:
709:
707:
682:
680:
585:
583:
1251:(1963), "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali",
1386:
218:
As mansa, Sulayman continued the diplomatic relations with the
1118:
Gallagher, Daphne E.; Dueppen, Stephen A. (24 December 2018).
797:
795:
793:
514:
512:
207:
during the middle of the 14th century. He was the brother of
995:
1346:. General history of Africa. Vol. 4. pp. 117–171.
896:
894:
736:
734:
667:
665:
663:
661:
1092:
Empires of medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
1053:"Reflections on plague in African history (14th–19th c.)"
963:
Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār
1180:""Mande Kaba," the Capital of Mali: A Recent Invention?"
1016:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
780:
778:
386:
who lived some time after the fall of the Mali Empire.
1307:
Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F. P., eds. (2000) ,
1094:. Great empires of the past. New York: Chelsea House.
543:
541:
539:
274:
Sulayman's principal wife and co-ruler was his cousin
370:
Leo Africanus incorrectly attributed the founding of
753:
751:
749:
558:
556:
183:
328:regarded Sulayman's reign as having ended in 1359.
145:
133:
119:
100:
89:
85:
74:
64:
54:
39:
28:
23:
1124:Afriques. Débats, Méthodes et Terrains d'Histoire
1057:Afriques. Débats, Méthodes et Terrains d'Histoire
1344:Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
574:
967:
947:
927:
885:
861:
713:
686:
652:
640:
613:
589:
1327:"Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age"
1309:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
1398:
996:"Calendar Converter for Near East Historians"
8:
1405:
1391:
1383:
1351:
20:
1163:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1131:
1064:
740:
849:
825:
698:
671:
518:
503:
491:
979:
801:
484:
395:
784:
562:
1311:, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press,
900:
873:
769:
757:
725:
625:
601:
547:
7:
923:Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar
837:
813:
530:
1051:Chouin, Gérard (24 December 2018).
324:occurred no later than early 1360.
173:
161:The Mali Empire in Sulayman's time
14:
1570:14th-century monarchs in Africa
305:. Qasa's fate is not recorded.
1325:Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1959).
1:
250:Sulayman was the grandson of
223:
194:
93:
47:
43:
575:Gallagher & Dueppen 2018
190:
1333:(in French). Archived from
1109:Delafosse, Maurice (1912).
1010:Bell, Nawal Morcos (1972).
968:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
948:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
928:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
886:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
862:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
714:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
687:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
653:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
641:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
614:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
590:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
184:
1586:
1289:Levtzion, Nehemia (1973),
1254:Journal of African History
1178:Green, Kathryn L. (1991).
1157:Gomez, Michael A. (2018).
271:may have fled into exile.
1565:Mansas of the Mali Empire
1424:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1267:10.1017/s002185370000428x
1090:Conrad, David C. (2010).
211:and succeeded Musa's son
1365:Mansa of the Mali Empire
471:22 or 27 Ramadan 737 AH
445:The caravan arrived in
1291:Ancient Ghana and Mali
162:
108:Qasa, wife of Sulayman
79:Qasa, wife of Sulayman
1331:Recherches Africaines
1133:10.4000/afriques.2198
1066:10.4000/afriques.2228
994:Beers, T. S. (2018).
262:. Sulayman's brother
160:
127:Qasa, son of Sulayman
69:Qasa, son of Sulayman
330:Djibril Tamsir Niane
81:(until 1352 or 1353)
1293:, London: Methuen,
840:, pp. 226–227.
804:, pp. 279–280.
643:, pp. 341–342.
533:, pp. 225–226.
1111:Haut-Sénégal Niger
903:, p. 129–130.
521:, p. 348–349.
506:, pp. 66, 68.
163:
1547:
1546:
1381:
1380:
1372:Succeeded by
1249:Levtzion, Nehemia
1234:, Leiden: Brill,
1184:History in Africa
1170:978-0-691-17742-7
1101:978-1-60413-164-2
701:, pp. 67–68.
326:Maurice Delafosse
254:, brother of the
220:Marinid Sultanate
182:
155:
154:
1577:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1355:Preceded by
1352:
1347:
1338:
1321:
1303:
1285:
1244:
1228:Hunwick, John O.
1223:
1174:
1153:
1135:
1114:
1105:
1086:
1068:
1047:
1006:
1004:
1002:
978:, translated in
977:
975:Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān
966:, translated in
965:
946:. Translated in
945:
926:, translated in
925:
904:
898:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
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847:
841:
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829:
823:
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443:
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428:
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406:
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360:Tuhfat an-Nuzzar
334:Nehemia Levtzion
235:Tuhfat an-Nuzzar
225:
198:
196:
192:
187:
177:
175:
95:
49:
45:
21:
1585:
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1550:
1549:
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1543:
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1411:
1377:
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1360:
1350:
1341:
1337:on 19 May 2007.
1324:
1319:
1306:
1301:
1288:
1247:
1242:
1226:
1196:10.2307/3172058
1177:
1171:
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1102:
1089:
1050:
1009:
1000:
998:
993:
989:
984:
972:
953:
932:
917:
913:
911:Primary sources
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907:
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872:
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19:
12:
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5:
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1486:
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1466:
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1446:
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1370:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1322:
1317:
1304:
1299:
1286:
1261:(3): 341–353,
1245:
1240:
1224:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1087:
1048:
1028:10.2307/217515
1022:(2): 221–234.
1007:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:
970:
951:
930:
914:
912:
909:
906:
905:
890:
888:, p. 261.
878:
876:, p. 151.
866:
864:, p. 296.
854:
842:
830:
828:, p. 350.
818:
816:, p. 225.
806:
789:
774:
772:, p. 151.
762:
745:
743:, p. 192.
741:Delafosse 1912
730:
718:
716:, p. 342.
703:
691:
689:, p. 335.
676:
674:, p. 349.
657:
655:, p. 424.
645:
630:
628:, p. 149.
618:
616:, p. 294.
606:
604:, p. 147.
594:
592:, p. 289.
579:
567:
552:
550:, p. 145.
535:
523:
508:
496:
494:, p. 347.
483:
482:
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477:
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473:
464:
455:
438:
429:
416:
407:
394:
393:
391:
388:
346:
343:
317:
314:
247:
244:
185:Mansā Sulaymān
166:Mansa Sulayman
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152:
147:
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131:
130:
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117:
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1489:Mari Djata II
1487:
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1318:1-55876-241-8
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1300:0-8419-0431-6
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1241:90-04-11207-3
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1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
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1021:
1017:
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1008:
997:
992:
991:
987:Other sources
986:
981:
976:
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969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
943:
939:
935:
931:
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897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
867:
863:
858:
855:
852:, p. 68.
851:
850:Levtzion 1973
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
827:
826:Levtzion 1963
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
796:
794:
790:
787:, p. 52.
786:
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766:
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752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
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719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:Levtzion 1973
695:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:Levtzion 1963
668:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
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18:Mansa of Mali
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1335:the original
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46: 1340–
15:
1560:1360 deaths
1539:Mama Maghan
1418:Mali Empire
1190:: 127–135.
955:Ibn Battuta
934:Ibn Khaldun
785:Conrad 2010
563:Chouin 2018
299:Ibn Battuta
292:Black Death
258:'s founder
256:Mali Empire
230:Ibn Battuta
205:Mali Empire
174:منسا سليمان
55:Predecessor
1554:Categories
1529:Mahmud III
1509:Maghan III
1369:1341–1360
959:Ibn Juzayy
901:Green 1991
874:Gomez 2018
770:Niane 1984
758:Niane 1959
726:Beers 2018
626:Gomez 2018
602:Gomez 2018
548:Gomez 2018
479:References
355:Ibn Juzayy
215:as mansa.
209:Mansa Musa
197: 1359
96: 1359
50: 1359
1534:Mahmud IV
1524:Mahmud II
1499:Maghan II
1283:162413528
1212:0361-5413
1204:1558-2744
1150:133847044
1142:2108-6796
1083:165847208
1075:2108-6796
1036:0361-7882
973:al-Sadi,
838:Bell 1972
814:Bell 1972
531:Bell 1972
390:Footnotes
246:Biography
179:romanized
65:Successor
1514:Musa III
1479:Sulayman
1474:Maghan I
1464:Muhammad
1449:Abu Bakr
1429:Sundiata
1230:(1999),
1001:18 March
919:Al-Umari
372:Timbuktu
365:Al-Umari
288:Ifriqiya
252:Abu Bakr
146:Religion
75:Co-ruler
24:Sulayman
1504:Sandaki
1494:Musa II
1444:Khalifa
1416:of the
1220:3172058
425:ibn amm
384:Kangaba
380:Kangaba
357:in the
284:Marinid
260:Sunjata
203:of the
193:
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135:Dynasty
101:Spouses
59:Magha I
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1279:S2CID
1271:JSTOR
1216:JSTOR
1200:eISSN
1146:S2CID
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1079:S2CID
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1040:JSTOR
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940:[
447:Ṣafar
316:Dates
213:Magha
201:mansa
150:Islam
140:Keita
121:Issue
112:Banju
40:Reign
30:Mansa
1439:Wati
1313:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1208:ISSN
1165:ISBN
1138:ISSN
1096:ISBN
1071:ISSN
1032:ISSN
1003:2022
403:Qasa
310:Qasa
276:Qasa
269:Jata
264:Musa
90:Died
34:Mali
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