33:
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Atsuhiko TERADA; Jin IWATSUKI, Shuichi ISHIKURA, Hiroki NOGUCHI, Shinji KUBO, Hiroyuki OKUDA, Seiji KASAHARA, Nobuyuki TANAKA, Hiroyuki OTA, Kaoru ONUKI and
Ryutaro HINO, "Development of Hydrogen Production Technology by Thermochemical Water Splitting IS Process Pilot Test Plan", Journal of Nuclear
591:
The S–I cycle involves operations with corrosive chemicals at temperatures up to about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). The selection of materials with sufficient corrosion resistance under the process conditions is of key importance to the economic viability of this process. The materials suggested
571:) to produce industrial scale quantities of hydrogen. (The Japanese refer to the cycle as the IS cycle.) Plans have been made to test larger-scale automated systems for hydrogen production. Under an International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (INERI) agreement, the French
774:
Wonga, B.; Buckingham, R. T.; Brown, L. C.; Russ, B. E.; Besenbruch, G. E.; Kaiparambil, A.; Santhanakrishnan, R.; Roy, Ajit (2007). "Construction materials development in sulfur–iodine thermochemical water-splitting process for hydrogen production".
834:
Paul M. Mathias and Lloyd C. Brown "Thermodynamics of the Sulfur-Iodine Cycle for
Thermochemical Hydrogen Production", presented at the 68 th Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan 23 March 2003.
620:), and others. Recent research on scaled prototyping suggests that new tantalum surface technologies may be a technically and economically feasible way to make larger scale installations.
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At the proposed temperature range advanced thermal power plants can achieve efficiencies (electric output per heat input) in excess of 50% somewhat negating the efficiency advantage
804:
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Corrosive reagents used as intermediaries (iodine, sulfur dioxide, hydriodic acid, sulfuric acid); therefore, advanced materials needed for construction of process apparatus
693:
Besenbruch, G. 1982. General Atomic sulfur iodine thermochemical water-splitting process. Proceedings of the
American Chemical Society, Div. Pet. Chem., 27(1):48-53.
649:
596:, ceramics, polymers, and coatings. Some materials suggested include tantalum alloys, niobium alloys, noble metals, high-silicon steels, several nickel-based
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T. Drake, B. E. Russ, L. Brown, G. Besenbruch, "Tantalum
Applications For Use In Scale Sulfur-Iodine Experiments", AIChE 2007 Fall Annual Meeting, 566a.
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Unable to use non-thermal or low-grade thermal energy sources such as hydropower, wind power or most currently available geothermal power
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in the 1970s. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has conducted successful experiments with the S–I cycle in the Helium cooled
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In case of leakage corrosive and somewhat toxic substances are released to the environment – among them volatile iodine and
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Very high temperatures required (at least 850 °C (1,560 °F)) – unachievable or difficult to achieve with current
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892:
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Nuclear heat for hydrogen production: Coupling a very high/high temperature reactor to a hydrogen production plant. 2009
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compounds are recovered and reused, hence the consideration of the process as a cycle. This S–I process is a chemical
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reaction 1. The difference between the heat entering and leaving the cycle exits the cycle in the form of the
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the required high temperatures make the benefits compared to direct utilization of heat questionable
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459:, and hybrid (e.g., solar-fossil) sources of heat – if high enough temperatures can be achieved
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are jointly developing the sulfur-iodine process. Additional research is taking place at the
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67:. All other chemicals are recycled. The S–I process requires an efficient source of heat.
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Completely closed system without byproducts or effluents (besides hydrogen and oxygen)
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but requires heat from combustion, nuclear reactions, or solar heat concentrators.
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Paul
Pickard, Sulfur-Iodine Thermochemical Cycle 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program Review
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in 1998, JAEA have the aspiration of using further nuclear very high-temperature
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The sulfur-iodine cycle has been proposed as a way to supply hydrogen for a
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chemical reactions 2 and 3, and heat exits the cycle in the low-temperature
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JAEA’S VHTR FOR HYDROGEN AND ELECTRICITY COGENERATION : GTHTR300C
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Significant further development required to be feasible on large scale
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https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2FGCR-Int%2FNHDDELDER.pdf
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Status report 101 – Gas
Turbine High Temperature Reactor (GTHTR300C)
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The three reactions combined to produce hydrogen are the following:
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include the following classes: refractory metals, reactive metals,
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Science and
Technology, Vol.44, No.3, p. 477–482 (2007).
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All fluid (liquids, gases) process, therefore well suited for
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must be separated from the oxygen byproduct by condensation.
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Use of the modular helium reactor for hydrogen production
59:
whose net reactant is water and whose net products are
482:(~70-80% efficiency) using electricity derived from a
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More developed than competing thermochemical processes
486:(~30-60% efficiency) combining to ~21-48% efficiency
704:"HTTR High Temperature engineering Test Reactor"
468:from relatively small scale to huge applications
27:Thermochemical process used to produce hydrogen
8:
413:. Heat enters the cycle in high-temperature
381:, and the hydrogen product remains as a gas.
36:Schematic diagram of the sulfur–iodine cycle
777:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
650:Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle
686:
373:Iodine and any accompanying water or SO
858:Hydrogen: Our Future made with Nuclear
455:Suitable for application with solar,
276:or liquid/liquid gravitic separation.
7:
872:World Nuclear Association Symposium
25:
559:, a reactor which reached first
55:The S–I cycle consists of three
471:No need for expensive or toxic
789:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.06.058
583:, in Canada, Korea and Italy.
551:The S–I cycle was invented at
535:If hydrogen is to be used for
74:
1:
665:High-temperature electrolysis
557:High Temperature Test Reactor
324:(830 °C (1,530 °F))
263:(120 °C (250 °F)) (
577:Sandia National Laboratories
272:The HI is then separated by
44:(S–I cycle) is a three-step
368:(450 °C (840 °F))
909:
729:Progress in Nuclear Energy
512:pressurized water reactors
425:of the hydrogen produced.
581:Idaho National Laboratory
807:14 February 2006 at the
636:like current methods of
516:concentrated solar power
632:. It does not require
630:hydrogen-based economy
575:, General Atomics and
565:generation IV reactors
37:
675:Zinc–zinc oxide cycle
655:Copper–chlorine cycle
480:electrolysis of water
449:predicted (about 50%)
441:continuous production
35:
478:More efficient than
46:thermochemical cycle
893:Hydrogen production
660:Hybrid sulfur cycle
484:thermal power plant
71:Process description
42:sulfur–iodine cycle
18:Sulfur-iodine cycle
888:Chemical reactions
802:Saramet info sheet
587:Material challenge
447:thermal efficiency
423:heat of combustion
57:chemical reactions
38:
706:. Httr.jaea.go.jp
386:Net reaction: 2 H
377:are separated by
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429:Characteristics
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708:. Retrieved
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634:hydrocarbons
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537:process heat
498:cogeneration
475:or additives
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379:condensation
274:distillation
221:
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41:
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29:
862:MPR Profile
598:superalloys
594:superalloys
561:criticality
415:endothermic
411:heat engine
199:Reaction 2
882:Categories
829:References
710:23 January
500:is desired
490:Waste heat
434:Advantages
419:exothermic
130:Reaction 1
681:Footnotes
473:catalysts
150:Separate
864:issue 9)
805:Archived
644:See also
547:Research
466:Scalable
180:Separate
61:hydrogen
48:used to
602:mullite
457:nuclear
390:O → 2 H
407:iodine
403:sulfur
350:+ heat
295:+ heat
244:- heat
65:oxygen
874:2003)
845:(PDF)
837:(PDF)
445:High
346:2 HI
236:+ 2 H
860:(in
712:2014
569:VHTR
405:and
401:The
309:+ 2
232:+ SO
174:2 HI
63:and
40:The
785:doi
612:(Si
573:CEA
514:or
496:if
394:+ O
255:+ H
140:+ H
95:½ O
884::
781:32
779:.
727:.
604:,
600:,
361:+
337:SO
317:+
304:SO
302:2
287:SO
281:2
259:SO
253:HI
251:2
240:O
190:SO
169:↑
136:SO
116:↑
52:.
870:(
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839:.
791:.
787::
714:.
618:4
616:N
614:3
567:(
396:2
392:2
388:2
375:2
365:2
363:H
359:2
357:I
353:→
339:4
335:2
331:2
321:2
319:O
315:O
313:2
311:H
306:2
298:→
289:4
285:2
283:H
267:)
261:4
257:2
247:→
238:2
234:2
229:2
227:I
213:2
211:H
204:↓
196:→
192:4
188:2
186:H
183:→
177:←
160:↓
155:↑
147:←
144:O
142:2
138:2
133:←
127:→
123:2
121:I
107:↓
97:2
86:O
84:2
82:H
20:)
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