1342:
1327:
1214:
1441:
269:
new, larger buildings. The mass production of steel was the main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s. By assembling a framework of steel girders, architects and builders could create tall, slender buildings with a strong and relatively lightweight steel skeleton. The rest of the building elements—walls, floors, ceilings, and windows—were suspended from the skeleton, which carried the weight. This new way of constructing buildings, so-called "column-frame" construction, pushed them up rather than out. The steel weight-bearing frame allowed not just taller buildings, but permitted much larger windows, which meant more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became thinner, which created more usable (and rentable) floor space.
716:
Wright continued to call
Sullivan "lieber Meister" ("beloved Master") for the rest of his life. After decades of estrangement, Wright would again become close to the now-destitute Sullivan in the early 1920s, the time when Roark first comes under the likewise impoverished Cameron's tutelage in the novel. Wright, however, was now in his fifties. Nevertheless, both the young Roark and middle-aged Wright had in common at that time that they both faced a decade of struggle ahead. After the triumphs earlier in his career, Wright came increasingly to be viewed as a has-been, until he experienced a renaissance in the latter half of the 1930s with such projects as
1186:
1411:
1312:
951:. Yet a look at these buildings clearly reveals that Sullivan's muse had not abandoned him. When the director of a bank that was considering hiring him asked Sullivan why they should engage him at a cost higher than the bids received for a conventional Neo-Classic styled building from other architects, Sullivan is reported to have replied, "A thousand architects could design those buildings. Only I can design this one." He got the job. Today these commissions are collectively referred to as Sullivan's "Jewel Boxes". All still stand.
1429:
376:, visibly divided into three "zones" of design: a plain, wide-windowed base for the ground-level shops; the main office block, with vertical ribbons of masonry rising unimpeded across nine upper floors to emphasize the building's height; and an ornamented cornice perforated by round windows at the roof level, where the building's mechanical units (such as the elevator motors) were housed. The cornice is covered by Sullivan's trademark Art Nouveau vines and each ground-floor entrance is topped by a semi-circular arch.
1200:
1297:
276:(not designed by Sullivan) straddles this remarkable moment of transition: the northern half of the building, finished in 1891, is of load-bearing construction, while the southern half, finished only two years later, is of column-frame construction. While experiments in this new technology were taking place in many cities, Chicago was the crucial laboratory. Industrial capital and civic pride drove a surge of new construction throughout the city's downtown in the wake of the 1871 fire.
249:
280:
embracing the changes that came with the steel frame, creating a grammar of form for the high rise (base, shaft, and cornice), simplifying the appearance of the building by breaking away from historical styles, using his own intricate floral designs, in vertical bands, to draw the eye upward and to emphasize the vertical form of the building, and relating the shape of the building to its specific purpose. All this was revolutionary, appealingly honest, and commercially successful.
2806:
574:, who organized protests against the demolition of architecturally significant buildings. Nickel and others sometimes rescued decorative elements from condemned buildings, sneaking in during demolition. Nickel died inside Sullivan's Stock Exchange building while trying to retrieve some elements, when a floor above him collapsed. Nickel had compiled extensive research on Adler and Sullivan and their many architectural commissions, which he intended to publish in book form.
1240:
1269:
1255:
1354:
346:, and ranging from organic forms, such as vines and ivy, to more geometric designs and interlace, inspired by his Irish design heritage. Terra cotta is lighter and easier to work with than stone masonry. Sullivan used it in his architecture because it had a malleability that was appropriate for his ornament. Probably the most famous example of ornament used by Sullivan is the writhing green ironwork that covers the entrance canopies of the
51:
334:, later would be taken by influential designers to imply that decorative elements, which architects call "ornament", were superfluous in modern buildings, but Sullivan neither thought nor designed along such dogmatic lines during the peak of his career and this credo never put one concept above another. While his buildings could be spare and crisp in their principal masses, he often punctuated their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush
1283:
1086:
3103:
780:
486:
405:
3127:
2661:
935:
216:(1886–90, opened in stages) in Chicago, an extraordinary mixed-use building that included not only a 4,200-seat theater, but also a hotel and an office building with a 17-story tower and commercial storefronts at the ground level of the building, fronting Congress and Wabash Avenues. After 1889 the firm became known for their office buildings, particularly the 1891
3222:
3580:
3115:
621:, he set about creating a nonprofit to save the building, and was successful in doing so. Another advocate both of Sullivan buildings and of Wright structures was Jack Randall, who led an effort to save the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri at a very critical time. He relocated his family to Buffalo, New York to save Sullivan's Guaranty Building and
586:
695:(first published in 1936, and unrelated to architecture) that she was intimately familiar with his life and career. The term "the Fountainhead," which appears nowhere in Rand's novel proper, is found twice (as "the fountainhead" and later as "the fountain head") in Sullivan's autobiography, both times used metaphorically.
1466:
440:, who was working in the office at that time, Adler borrowed money to try to keep employees on the payroll. By 1894, however, in the face of continuing financial distress with no relief in sight, Adler and Sullivan dissolved their partnership. The Guaranty Building was considered the last major project of the firm.
1523:, which he wrote at the end of his life, at a time when professional failure and alcohol may have clouded his judgment, that he had been named Louis Henri after his grandfather Henri List (see footnote below). The latter spelling was in turn enshrined by the designers of his funerary monument (see picture in text).
1396:
1226:
268:
The development of cheap, versatile steel in the second half of the nineteenth century changed those rules. America was in the midst of rapid social and economic growth that made for great opportunities in architectural design. A much more urbanized society was forming and the society called out for
502:
Sullivan's legacy is contradictory. Some consider him the first modernist. His forward-looking designs clearly anticipate some issues and solutions of
Modernism; however, his embrace of ornament makes his contribution distinct from the Modern Movement that coalesced in the 1920s and became known as
424:
were vocal about their displeasure with each other. Sullivan later claimed (1922) that the fair set the course of
American architecture back "for half a century from its date, if not longer." His was the only building to receive extensive recognition outside America, receiving three medals from the
379:
Because
Sullivan's remarkable accomplishments in design and construction occurred at such a critical time in architectural history, he often has been described as the "father" of the American skyscraper. But many architects had been building skyscrapers before or as contemporaries of Sullivan; they
287:
It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human, and all things super-human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function.
715:
The young Wright, by contrast, was
Sullivan's protégé for seven years, beginning in 1887, when Sullivan was at the height of his fame and power. The two architects would sever their ties in 1894 due to Sullivan's angry reaction to Wright's moonlighting in breach of his contract with Sullivan, but
706:
The major difference between novel and real life was in the chronology of
Cameron's relation with his protégé Howard Roark, the novel's hero, who eventually goes on to redeem his vision. That Roark's uncompromising individualism and his innovative organic style in architecture were drawn from the
443:
By both temperament and connections, Adler had been the one who brought in new business to the partnership, and following the rupture
Sullivan received few large commissions after the Carson Pirie Scott Department Store. He went into a twenty-year-long financial and emotional decline, beset by a
652:
Interpretive Center in
Buffalo, on the first floor of the building now owned and occupied by the law firm Hodgson Russ, LLP, opened in 2017. The exhibit space was financed by Hodgson Russ, LLP, and co-designed by Flynn Battaglia Architects and Hadley Exhibits. It features a scale model of the
279:
The technical limits of weight-bearing masonry had imposed formal as well as structural constraints; suddenly, those constraints were gone. None of the historical precedents needed to be applied and this new freedom resulted in a technical and stylistic crisis of sorts. Sullivan addressed it by
577:
After Nickel's death, in 1972 the
Richard Nickel Committee was formed, to arrange for completion of his book, which was published in 2010. The book features all 256 commissions of Adler and Sullivan. The extensive archive of photographs and research that underpinned the book was donated to the
698:
The fictional
Cameron is, like Sullivan – whose physical description he matches – a great innovative skyscraper pioneer late in the nineteenth century who dies impoverished and embittered in the mid-1920s. Cameron's rapid decline is explicitly attributed to the wave of classical Greco-Roman
264:
Prior to the late nineteenth century, the weight of a multi-story building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls. The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower sections of the building; since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such
1341:
1326:
1382:
150:
with her parents and two siblings, Jenny, b. 1836, and Jules, b. 1841) and an Irish-born father, Patrick Sullivan. Both had immigrated to the United States in the late 1840s. He learned that he could both graduate from high school a year early and bypass the first two years at the
597:(1907–1991), of Crombie Taylor Associates. After working in Chicago, where he had headed the famous "Institute of Design", later known as the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), in the 1950s and early 1960s, he had moved to Southern California. He led the effort to save the
711:
is clear from Rand's journal notes, her correspondence, and various contemporary accounts. In the novel, however, the 23-year-old Roark, a generation younger than the real-life Wright, becomes Cameron's protégé in the early 1920s, when Sullivan was long in decline.
1368:
1213:
1440:
578:
Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago. More than 1,300 photographs may be viewed on their website and more than 15,000 photographs are part of the collection at The Art Institute of Chicago. As finally published, the book,
297:
538:
After his death Sullivan was referred to as a bold architect: "Boldly he challenged the whole theory of copying and imitating, and the catchword of "precedent," declaring that architecture was naturally a living and creative art."
798:, St. Louis (1892), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (shown at right), is considered a major American architectural triumph, a model for ecclesiastical architecture, a "masterpiece", and has been called "the
1519:(Elizabeth Sifton Books, New York City, 1986), his birth certificate read Henry Louis Sullivan, although he was called Louis Henry. Sullivan helped propagate confusion over his middle name as well by announcing, in his book
946:
By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, Sullivan's star was well on the descent and, for the remainder of his life, his output consisted primarily of a series of small bank and commercial buildings in the
357:
Such ornaments, often executed by the talented younger draftsmen in Sullivan's employ, eventually would become Sullivan's trademark; to students of architecture, they are instantly recognizable as his signature.
616:
When he read an article about the planned demolition in Clinton, he uprooted his family from their home in southern California and moved them to Iowa. With the vision of a destination neighborhood comparable to
644:
in St. Louis has a large collection of Sullivan ornamentation on display, including a cornice from the demolished Chicago Stock Exchange, 29 feet long on one side, 13 feet on another, and nine feet high.
361:
Another signature element of Sullivan's work is the massive, semi-circular arch. Sullivan employed such arches throughout his career—in shaping entrances, in framing windows, or as interior design.
444:
shortage of commissions, chronic financial problems, and alcoholism. He obtained a few commissions for small-town Midwestern banks (see below), wrote books, and in 1922 appeared as a critic of
3309:
380:
were designed as an expression of new technology. Chicago was replete with extraordinary designers and builders in the late years of the nineteenth century, including Sullivan's partner,
3652:
570:, Sullivan's works fell into disfavor, and many were demolished. In the 1970s, growing public concern for these buildings finally resulted in many being saved. The most vocal voice was
3617:
2413:
2845:
1025:
104:(September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism." He was an influential architect of the
2957:
912:
3657:
1930:
3502:
253:
128:
who considered that structure and function in architecture should be the sole determinants of form. In 1944, Sullivan was the second architect to posthumously receive the
474:
He died in a Chicago hotel room on April 14, 1924. He left a wife, Mary Azona Hattabaugh, from whom he was separated. A modest headstone marks his final resting spot in
3642:
3076:
1490:
2933:
1359:
1015:
1410:
2645:
3682:
3192:
1185:
412:
In 1890, Sullivan was one of the ten U.S. architects, five from the east and five from the west, chosen to build a major structure for the "White City", the
2204:
2154:
155:
by passing a series of examinations. Entering MIT at the age of sixteen, Sullivan studied architecture there briefly. After one year of study, he moved to
3672:
3353:
879:
849:(also known as the Charnley–Persky House Museum Foundation and the National Headquarters of the Society of Architectural Historians), Chicago (1891–1892)
170:
dried up much of Furness's work, and he was forced to let Sullivan go. Sullivan moved to Chicago in 1873 to take part in the building boom following the
2296:
3687:
3627:
3622:
2877:
2793:
2330:"1875 Coliseum/ 1878 Hamlin's Theatre/ 1880 Grand Opera House / 1912 George M. Cohan's Grand Opera /House / 1926 Four Cohans / 1942 RKO Grand Theatre"
1288:
885:
637:
551:
416:, held in Chicago in 1893. Sullivan's massive Transportation Building and huge arched "Golden Door" stood out as the only building not of the current
347:
237:
3365:
2688:
3496:
3472:
3164:
190:. Johnston & Edleman were commissioned for the design of the Moody Tabernacle, and tasked Sullivan with the design of the interior decorative
152:
657:. The center's exhibits were donated to Preservation Buffalo Niagara. The center, the only museum dedicated to Sullivan, is open to the public.
265:"load-bearing" walls could sustain, tall designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the building's height.
3321:
507:". Sullivan's built work expresses the appeal of his incredible designs: the vertical bands on the Wainwright Building, the burst of welcoming
396:(both in Chicago), are cited by many as the originators of skyscraper aesthetics of bearing wall and column-frame construction, respectively.
3210:
2925:
2514:
2345:
1887:
1746:
1574:
1387:
955:
939:
811:
365:
1948:
2417:
2624:
700:
1353:
3520:
3490:
1311:
198:
hired Sullivan. A year later, Sullivan became a partner in Adler's firm. This marked the beginning of Sullivan's most productive years.
204:
initially achieved fame as theater architects. While most of their theaters were in Chicago, their fame won commissions as far west as
3647:
3285:
3252:
504:
393:
2329:
3602:
3106:
2025:
This is the total mention by Rand; she does not bother to tell the reader that Sullivan was an architect or anything else about him.
1914:
1859:
995:
733:
3478:
1428:
1934:
1395:
3637:
3437:
3383:
1446:
866:
527:, Colorado (built across the street from Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House), his style is unique. A visit to the preserved
468:
456:
2281:
2013:"My view of what a good autobiography should be is contained in the title that Louis H. Sullivan gave to the story of his life:
1239:
1199:
3667:
3632:
1974:
1479:
1332:
1126:
413:
31:
228:) Building and theater (1890) in Chicago. Other buildings often noted include the Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894), the
3677:
3377:
2885:
2769:
1722:
1613:
1296:
1282:
649:
511:
ironwork on the corner entrance of the Carson Pirie Scott store, the (lost) terra cotta griffins and porthole windows on the
229:
2598:
and Ernst Wasmuth Verlag (Germany); distributed by Rizzoli International (U.S.), Wasmuth (Germany), Mardaga (France), 1990.
3662:
3449:
3401:
3371:
3130:
2619:
1736:
1268:
1225:
678:
was similar to the real-life Sullivan was noted, if only in passing, by at least one journalist contemporary to the book.
455:
In 1922, Sullivan was paid $ 100 a month to write an autobiography in installments to be published in the journal for the
105:
1381:
1254:
3567:
3514:
2720:
2681:
2634:
1770:
1231:
1108:
from the Stock Exchange was removed intact prior to the building being demolished and subsequently, was restored in the
1090:
760:
532:
432:
Like all American architects, Adler and Sullivan suffered a precipitous decline in their practice with the onset of the
213:
2785:
3258:
3157:
2620:
Book: "The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan" by Richard Nickel, Aaron Siskind, John Vinci and Ward Miller
2453:
1649:
This reference illustrates Sullivan's adoption of the "Henri" spelling of his middle name towards the end of his life.
1049:
2917:
1416:
985:
1949:"The City Museum in Saint Louis will do anything—even risk eternal damnation—to build its Louis Sullivan collection"
2639:
1515:
The spelling of Sullivan's middle name (whether Henry or Henri) has caused confusion. According to Robert Twombly,
373:
1671:
3508:
3443:
3118:
3008:
2984:
1072:
330:– that is, it must be "solid, useful, beautiful." This credo, which placed the demands of practical use equal to
225:
2151:
3583:
3484:
3240:
2893:
2595:
1109:
948:
721:
547:
2361:
2170:
482:
and Lake View neighborhood. Later, a monument was erected in Sullivan's honor, a few feet from his headstone.
2466:
Engelbrecht, Lloyd C., "Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House: City Status for a New Town in the Rockies",
888:, (originally known as the Schlesinger & Mayer Store, now known as "Sullivan Center") Chicago (1899–1904)
460:
186:
for a year. He returned to Chicago and began work for the firm of Joseph S. Johnston & John Edelman as a
3557:
3547:
3542:
3182:
3000:
2821:
2737:
2674:
1642:
1401:
1274:
1260:
1132:
1009:
862:
766:
516:
417:
312:
183:
117:
2625:
Atlantic.com slideshow, "The Architecture of Louis Sullivan," with photographs by Richard Nickel and others
3347:
3150:
3016:
2837:
2777:
2761:
2337:
1245:
1161:
896:
795:
626:
528:
351:
175:
2264:
1367:
3085:
392:. Root was one of the builders of the Monadnock Building (see above). That and another Root design, the
305:
121:
2909:
855:
831:
Springer Block (later Bay State Building and Burnham Building) and Kranz Buildings, Chicago (1885–1887)
523:, and the occasional tribute to Sullivan such as Schmidt, Garden & Martin's First National Bank in
2190:
1063:
Washington Elementary School, Marengo, Illinois, Adler & Sullivan, 1883, demolished by early 1990s
558:. Fragments of Sullivan buildings also are held in many fine art and design museums around the world.
248:
3612:
3607:
3359:
3246:
3204:
2941:
2869:
2853:
2829:
1373:
1167:
1036:
975:
965:
873:
846:
654:
610:
543:
520:
2387:
1904:
1800:
Abbott, J. (2000). "Louis Sullivan, Architectural Modernism, and the Creation of Democratic Space".
594:
3431:
3043:
2745:
2712:
1546:
1450:
1205:
1029:
959:
772:
750:
741:
606:
555:
221:
217:
2244:
420:
style, and with the only multicolored facade in the entire White City. Sullivan and fair director
3425:
3395:
3297:
3198:
2965:
2901:
2728:
2556:
2491:
2208:
1817:
1303:
1140:
1112:
in 1977; the entryway arch (seen at right) stands outside on the northeast corner of the AIC site
1066:
969:
922:
916:
902:
754:
708:
622:
618:
598:
490:
475:
389:
273:
212:, Washington (unbuilt). The culminating project of this phase of the firm's history was the 1889
201:
171:
109:
3275:
605:
from demolition. Taylor, acting as an aesthetic consultant, had worked on the renovation of the
1545:
Chambers Biographical Dictionary. London: Chambers Harrap, 2007. s.v. "Sullivan, Louis Henry,"
3303:
2949:
2861:
2510:
2341:
1910:
1883:
1855:
1742:
1570:
1191:
1146:
1136:
1005:
815:
805:
685:
only some 50 lines directly referring to Sullivan, it is clear from her mention of Sullivan's
512:
369:
257:
233:
187:
865:), 65–69 Bleecker Street, New York City (1898). Sullivan's only building in New York, with a
3455:
3413:
3264:
2483:
2253:
2223:
2201:
1809:
1595:
1471:
892:
674:
535:, is proof of the immediate and visceral power of the ornament that he used so selectively.
524:
205:
2805:
1173:
George Harvey House, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1888 destroyed by fire November 4, 2006
1155:
Thirty-Ninth Street Passenger Station, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1886, demolished 1934
519:, Sullivan's only work in New York City. Except for some designs by his longtime draftsman
368:, which he designed while partnered with Adler. Completed in 1895, this office building in
50:
3419:
3407:
3389:
3291:
3024:
2753:
2285:
2158:
2000:
1056:
as lead architect and Sullivan as assistant; later remodeled and reconstructed in 1926 by
791:
783:
633:
479:
321:
167:
182:
building. After less than a year with Jenney, Sullivan moved to Paris and studied at the
112:, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the
1089:
Entrance from Sullivan's 1893 Chicago Stock Exchange building, saved and reinstalled at
632:
A collection of architectural ornaments designed by Sullivan is on permanent display at
3068:
2992:
1875:
1420:
1085:
1078:
989:
703:, just as Sullivan in his autobiography attributed his own downfall to the same event.
571:
421:
385:
339:
129:
125:
113:
2642:– digital photographs of ornaments with historic photographs of the original buildings
2297:"Why a Minnesota bank building ranks among the nation’s most significant architecture"
1129:, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1893–94, an exposition building built to last a year
493:, Chicago, Illinois - note the alternative spelling of his middle name on the memorial
3596:
3173:
3050:
2278:
1821:
1563:
1317:
1057:
1053:
906:
691:
629:
from possible demolition. His efforts were successful in both St. Louis and Buffalo.
602:
567:
449:
433:
381:
195:
160:
779:
120:, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture." The phrase "
3552:
2629:
2301:
1484:
1105:
1019:
999:
979:
717:
640:. The St. Louis Art Museum also has Sullivan architectural elements displayed. The
445:
437:
316:
156:
1621:
2504:
2171:"Wainwright Tomb - St. Louis, Missouri - American Guide Series on Waymarking.com"
1707:. New York City: Press of the American institute of Architects, Inc. p. 325.
1692:. New York City: Press of the American institute of Architects, Inc. p. 108.
3537:
3315:
1906:
The Chicago Auditorium Building - Adler and Sullivan's Architecture and the City
1599:
641:
508:
485:
404:
343:
335:
179:
1852:
They All Fall Down - Richard Nickel's Struggle to Save American's Architecture
1813:
1647:
Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2009 (reprint of 1924 edition), p. 31.
1461:
582:, was authored by Richard Nickel, Aaron Siskind, John Vinci, and Ward Miller.
331:
142:
1658:
1152:
Third McVickers Theater, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1883? demolished 1922
1149:(later Garrick Theater), Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, demolished 1961
542:
Original drawings and other archival materials from Sullivan are held by the
17:
2606:
1097:
Chicago Stock Exchange Building, Adler & Sullivan, 1893, demolished 1972
934:
799:
2548:, Press of the American institute of Architects, Inc., New York City, 1924.
408:
Ornamentation on the World's Fair Transportation Building, Chicago, 1893–94
296:
3221:
2655:
2091:
2075:
2050:
1170:, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887, destroyed by fire October 24, 2006
669:
2566:
Ed. Robert Twombly, Chicago University Press, Chicago & London, 1988
1164:, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, destroyed by fire January 6, 2006
585:
2443:
Columbian Gallery – A Portfolio of Photographs of the World's Fair
2266:
St. Louis' Historic Cemeteries Offer Final Rest for the Rich and Famous
209:
2495:
2474:
Gebhard, David (May 1960). "Louis Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie".
1565:
Three American Architects: Richardson, Sullivan, and Wright, 1865-1915
1158:
Standard Club, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887–88, demolished 1931
2004:
magazine; September 2, 1946; reply by editor to reader's letter, p.22
147:
67:
2651:
1909:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 318, 398, 411.
1719:
Distant Corner: Seattle Architects and the Legacy of H.H. Richardson
2487:
2205:"On the Road: St. Louis: The River Runs by It, History Through It"
1590:
Dewidar, Khaled (2017). "Violet Le Duc theories of Architecture".
933:
840:
James H. Walker Warehouse & Company Store, Chicago (1886–1889)
778:
484:
403:
308:" would become one of the prevailing tenets of modern architects.
295:
2666:
2646:
Louis Sullivan "The tall office building artistically considered"
808:, St. Louis (1893; street-level ornament heavily altered in 1924)
689:(1924) in her 25th-anniversary introduction to her earlier novel
319:
architect, engineer, and author, who first asserted in his book,
3142:
2537:
Nickel, Richard; Siskind, Aaron; Vinci, John; and Miller, Ward.
1738:
Louis Sullivan as He Lived: The Shaping of American Architecture
1547:
http://www.credoreference.com/entry/chambbd/sullivan_louis_henry
3146:
2670:
2630:
Article on fragments of Adler and Sullivan Buildings in Chicago
2585:
The Art Institute of Chicago: The Stock Exchange Trading Room,
2191:
Historic Americal Buildings Survey, MO-1637A, Wainwright Tomb.
2152:
Architectural Plans for Wainwright tomb, The Steedman Exhibit.
2569:
Thomas, George E.; Cohen, Jeffrey A.; and Lewis, Michael J.;
364:
All of these elements are found in Sullivan's widely admired
194:
stencils (stencil technique applied on dry plaster). In 1879
3220:
653:
building by David J. Carli, Professor of Engineering at the
802:
of St. Louis." The family name appears nowhere on the tomb.
124:" is attributed to him, although the idea was theorised by
593:
Another champion of Sullivan's legacy was the architect
2252:
Lapham Maryland: University Press of America, 1988, at
1039:(1919–1920), a remodeling of an existing bank building
834:
Selz, Schwab & Company Factory, Chicago (1886–1887)
467:
began its publication in the June 1922 Journal for the
326:, that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of
178:, the architect often credited with erecting the first
2506:
Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, and the skyscraper
1837:
The Story of Architecture: from Rameses to Rockefeller
869:
curtain wall expressing the steel structure behind it.
232:(also known as the Prudential Building) of 1895–96 in
2648:– Transcribed from Lippincott's Magazine (March 1896)
2592:
Louis H. Sullivan: A System of Architectural Ornament
2573:, Princeton Architectural Press, New York City, 1991.
1534:
Father of Skyscrapers: A Biography of Louis Sullivan.
589:
Detail of the ornamentation of the Van Allen Building
463:, who advised he "plot out the material by periods."
2541:, Richard Nickel Committee, Chicago, Illinois, 2010.
2532:
Louis Sullivan – Prophet of Modern Architecture
2362:"OFFICIALS AT ODDS OVER FUTURE OF HISTORIC BUILDING"
1975:"Visitors now welcome at landmark Guaranty Building"
1569:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. xv.
925:, Chicago (final commission 1922; front façade only)
459:. Sullivan worked on the series with Journal editor
3530:
3465:
3331:
3274:
3231:
3180:
3060:
3035:
2976:
2813:
2704:
880:
Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory
550:and by the drawings and archives department in the
91:
75:
60:
41:
2534:, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. New York City, 1963.
2476:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1882:. Chicago: Richard Nickel Committee. p. 428.
1672:"The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered"
1562:
1122:Troescher Building, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1978
837:Hebrew Manual Training School, Chicago (1889–1890)
2539:The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan
2250:Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies
1878:; Aaron Siskind; John Vinci; Ward Miller (2010).
1347:Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral, interior
668:That the fictional character of Henry Cameron in
580:The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan
471:and upon its conclusion was published as a book.
146:Andrienne List (who had emigrated to Boston from
3077:Tall: The American Skyscraper and Louis Sullivan
2635:"Sullivan's Banks" documentary by Heinz Emigholz
2470:, College Art Association of America, June 1985.
2318:, Elisabeth Sifton Books, New York, 1986 p. 458
1491:Tall: The American Skyscraper and Louis Sullivan
1069:, Pueblo, Colorado, 1890, destroyed by fire 1922
3653:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
1880:The Complete Architecture of Adler and Sullivan
1717:Jeffrey Karl Ochsner and Dennis Alan Andersen,
2580:, Elizabeth Sifton Books, New York City, 1986.
1854:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 90.
852:Albert Sullivan Residence, Chicago (1891–1892)
843:Warehouse for E. W. Blatchford, Chicago (1889)
699:revivalism in architecture in the wake of the
3158:
2934:People's Federal Savings and Loan Association
2682:
1360:People's Federal Savings and Loan Association
1081:, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1891, demolished 1965
1016:People's Federal Savings and Loan Association
300:Sullivan in 1919, painting by Frank A. Werner
8:
3658:Modernist architects from the United States
3618:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
2126:. Duell Sloan & Pearce. pp. 71–76.
2111:. Duell Sloan & Pearce. pp. 66–67.
1135:, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, destroyed in
1119:Zion Temple, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1954
30:For other people named Louis Sullivan, see
3193:St. Peter's Episcopal Church of Germantown
3165:
3151:
3143:
2689:
2675:
2667:
2334:Downtown Chicago's Historic Movie Theatres
140:Sullivan was born to a Swiss-born mother,
49:
38:
3310:St. Michael's Episcopal Church, Birdsboro
2794:Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building
638:Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
552:Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library
2445:, The Werner Company, Chicago, IL, 1894.
1931:"Sullivan Collection in Lovejoy Library"
1084:
858:, second remodeling, Chicago (1890–1891)
584:
247:
240:by Sullivan on State Street in Chicago.
3643:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
2578:Louis Sullivan – His Life and Work
2571:Frank Furness – The Complete Works
2039:. Dover Publications. pp. 20, 213.
1839:. New York: Halycon House. p. 242.
1508:
1333:Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral
1181:
1052:, 1880 remodel and reconstruction with
252:Prudential Building, also known as the
3322:First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia
3126:
2023:. New American Library. pp. xiii.
938:A portion of the western elevation of
824:Buildings 1887–1922 by Louis Sullivan:
681:Although Rand's journal notes contain
655:State University of New York at Alfred
3211:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
2553:Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings
2503:Hoffmann, Donald (January 13, 1998).
827:(256 total commissions and projects)
342:decorations, usually cast in iron or
153:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
141:
7:
3683:English High School of Boston alumni
3579:
3114:
1618:The American Institute of Architects
1133:Louis Sullivan and Charnley Cottages
769:, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago (1890)
2587:The Art Institute of Chicago, 1977.
311:Sullivan attributed the concept to
238:Carson Pirie Scott Department Store
3479:Provident Life & Trust Company
3390:University of Pennsylvania Library
2926:National Farmer's Bank of Owatonna
2450:The Chicago School of Architecture
2141:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 14–15.
1536:Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
1517:Louis Sullivan – His Life and Work
1388:National Farmer's Bank of Owatonna
1143:also claimed credit for the design
427:Union Centrale des Arts Decoratifs
25:
3673:Western Association of Architects
2564:Louis Sullivan: The Public Papers
2316:Louis Sullivan: His life and work
2097:New York: Dutton, 1995. Section 3
996:Home Building Association Company
792:Charlotte Dickson Wainwright Tomb
734:Category:Louis Sullivan buildings
701:1893 World's Columbian Exposition
3688:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
3628:American people of Swiss descent
3623:American people of Irish descent
3578:
3125:
3113:
3102:
3101:
2958:St. Paul United Methodist Church
2846:Farmers and Merchants Union Bank
2804:
2659:
2463:, Horizon Press, Inc., NY, 1960.
2057:. Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 34–35.
1775:American Institute of Architects
1464:
1447:Farmers and Merchants Union Bank
1439:
1427:
1409:
1394:
1380:
1366:
1352:
1340:
1325:
1310:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1238:
1224:
1212:
1198:
1184:
913:St. Paul United Methodist Church
814:(formerly Prudential Building),
660:
469:American Institute of Architects
457:American Institute of Architects
244:Sullivan and the steel high-rise
2878:Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral
2778:Chicago Stock Exchange Building
1741:. New York: Horizon Press Inc.
1594:. British University in Egypt.
1480:American Prize for Architecture
283:In 1896, Louis Sullivan wrote:
32:Louis Sullivan (disambiguation)
2886:Home Building Association Bank
2770:Prudential (Guaranty) Building
2509:. Courier Dover Publications.
2392:Stories, Structures, and Songs
2019:Rand, Ayn (2009) . "Forward".
1771:"The Autobiography of an Idea"
1723:University of Washington Press
515:, and the white angels of the
159:and took a job with architect
1:
3568:Wilson Brothers & Company
3503:B&O Station, Philadelphia
3444:Girard Trust Company Building
3438:St. Luke's Church, Kensington
3335:
1769:Sullivan, Louis (June 1922).
1676:Lippincott's Monthly Magazine
1614:"Gold Medal Award Recipients"
3402:Princeton Club, Philadelphia
3332:Furness, Evans & Company
2721:Auditorium Building, Chicago
2603:Louis H. Sullivan: The Banks
2559:, Inc., New York City, 1979.
2546:The Autobiography of an Idea
2122:Wright, Frank Lloyd (1949).
2107:Wright, Frank Lloyd (1949).
2063:The Autobiography of an Idea
2035:Sullivan, Louis H. (2009) .
2015:The Autobiography of an Idea
1127:World's Columbian Exposition
1091:The Art Institute of Chicago
942:, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)
533:The Art Institute of Chicago
465:The Autobiography of an Idea
414:World's Columbian Exposition
328:firmitas, utilitas, venustas
3497:B&O Station, Pittsburgh
2658:(public domain audiobooks)
2640:Louis H. Sullivan Ornaments
2454:University of Chicago Press
2061:Sullivan, Louis H. (1924).
1600:10.13140/RG.2.2.36647.04006
1561:O'Gorman, James F. (1991).
1532:Kaufman, Mervyn D. (1969).
1219:Wainwright Building cornice
874:Gage Brothers & Company
3704:
3515:Jersey City Ferry Terminal
3027:(1887–2006, A&S)
3019:(1891–2006, A&S)
3011:(1891–1961, A&S)
2705:Adler & Sullivan works
2461:Louis Sullivan as He Lived
2284:December 13, 2009, at the
1835:Whitaker, Charles (1934).
1050:Grand Opera House, Chicago
1026:Farmers and Merchants Bank
731:
566:During the postwar era of
29:
3648:Chicago school architects
3576:
3509:Buckingham Valley station
3366:Brooke Mansion, Birdsboro
3218:
3096:
2985:New Orleans Union Station
2802:
1814:10.1007/s12108-000-1005-0
1735:Connely, Willard (1960).
1645:Autobiography of an Idea.
1125:Transportation Building,
1073:New Orleans Union Station
489:Monument for Sullivan in
448:'s winning entry for the
48:
3603:Louis Sullivan buildings
3548:G. W. & W. D. Hewitt
3241:Centennial National Bank
3232:Frank Furness, Architect
2918:Merchants' National Bank
2596:Art Institute of Chicago
2328:Konrad Schiecke (2011).
2080:The Journals of Ayn Rand
2037:Autobiography of an Idea
1903:Siry, Joseph M. (2002).
1802:The American Sociologist
1705:Autobiography of an Idea
1703:Sullivan, Louis (1924).
1690:Autobiography of an Idea
1688:Sullivan, Louis (1924).
1661:at www.prairiestyles.com
1521:Autobiography of an Idea
1417:Merchants' National Bank
1289:Carson Pirie Scott store
1110:Art Institute of Chicago
986:Merchants' National Bank
886:Carson Pirie Scott store
722:Johnson Wax Headquarters
687:Autobiography of an Idea
548:Art Institute of Chicago
400:Later career and decline
348:Carson Pirie Scott store
224:and the Schiller (later
116:. Along with Wright and
3638:Architects from Chicago
3558:William Lightfoot Price
3001:Louis Sullivan Bungalow
2786:Bayard–Condict Building
2738:Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb
2652:Works by Louis Sullivan
2338:McFarland & Company
2243:Chase, Theodore. (ed.)
2095:The Letters of Ayn Rand
1850:Cahan, Richard (1994).
1550:(subscription required)
1402:Harold C. Bradley House
1275:Bayard-Condict Building
1075:, 1892, demolished 1954
863:Bayard-Condict Building
767:Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb
740:Buildings 1887–1895 by
661:Sullivan in Ayn Rand's
461:Charles Harris Whitaker
313:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
174:of 1871. He worked for
118:Henry Hobson Richardson
86:Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
3668:Architects from Boston
3633:Art Nouveau architects
3384:Williamson Free School
3348:Lotta Crabtree Cottage
3225:
3199:Trinity Church, Oxford
3017:Pilgrim Baptist Church
2838:Pilgrim Baptist Church
2762:Bellefontaine Cemetery
2601:Weingarden, Lauren S.
2590:Weingarden, Lauren S.
2157:July 20, 2011, at the
2082:Plume, 1999. Section 5
1246:Chicago Stock Exchange
1162:Pilgrim Baptist Church
1093:
956:National Farmer's Bank
943:
940:National Farmer's Bank
897:Greeneville, Tennessee
861:Bayard Building, (now
796:Bellefontaine Cemetery
787:
590:
531:trading floor, now at
529:Chicago Stock Exchange
494:
409:
301:
294:
261:
176:William LeBaron Jenney
3678:Skyscraper architects
3224:
3086:Form follows function
2388:"Louis Sullivan More"
1721:(Seattle and London:
1088:
1060:; demolished May 1962
1035:First National Bank,
937:
882:, Chicago (1900–1903)
876:, Chicago (1898–1900)
782:
588:
544:Ryerson & Burnham
488:
407:
306:Form follows function
299:
292:(italics in original)
285:
251:
136:Early life and career
122:form follows function
70:, Massachusetts, U.S.
3663:Organic architecture
3521:Broad Street Station
3466:Demolished buildings
3360:Water Street station
3292:Gravers Lane station
3247:Emlen Physick Estate
3205:Thomas Hockley House
3044:Adler & Sullivan
2942:Peoples Savings Bank
2854:Gage Group Buildings
2605:. Cambridge, Mass.:
2456:, Chicago, IL, 1964.
2420:on February 22, 2012
2124:Genius and Mobocracy
2109:Genius and Mobocracy
1937:on October 27, 2013.
1374:Peoples Savings Bank
1192:Union Trust Building
1168:Wirt Dexter Building
1037:Manistique, Michigan
976:Henry Adams Building
966:Peoples Savings Bank
847:James Charnley House
806:Union Trust Building
742:Adler & Sullivan
611:Roosevelt University
521:George Grant Elmslie
513:Union Trust building
429:the following year.
394:Masonic Temple Tower
236:, and the 1899–1904
184:École des Beaux-Arts
102:Louis Henry Sullivan
43:Louis Henry Sullivan
3432:Merion Cricket Club
3276:Furness & Evans
3259:Wallingford station
2746:Wainwright Building
2713:Martin Ryerson Tomb
2368:. December 28, 1988
2222:Abeln, Mark Scott.
2139:Fallingwater Rising
2065:. pp. 324–327.
1643:Sullivan, Louis H.
1451:Columbus, Wisconsin
1232:Auditorium Building
1206:Wainwright Building
872:Commercial Loft of
773:Wainwright Building
761:Auditorium Building
751:Martin Ryerson Tomb
627:Darwin Martin House
607:Auditorium Building
556:Columbia University
505:International Style
218:Wainwright Building
214:Auditorium Building
3450:Wilmington Station
3426:Horace Jayne House
3396:The Baldwin School
3298:Mount Airy station
3226:
3003:(1890s–2005)
2966:Van Allen Building
2910:McVicker's Theater
2902:Krause Music Store
2729:Auditorium Theatre
2557:Dover Publications
2459:Connely, Willard,
2340:. pp. 50–56.
2209:The New York Times
1981:. January 26, 2017
1434:Krause Music Store
1304:Van Allen Building
1141:Frank Lloyd Wright
1094:
1067:Pueblo Opera House
1032:, Wisconsin (1919)
962:, Minnesota (1908)
944:
923:Krause Music Store
917:Cedar Rapids, Iowa
903:Van Allen Building
867:glazed terra cotta
856:McVicker's Theater
788:
775:, St. Louis (1890)
755:Graceland Cemetery
709:Frank Lloyd Wright
623:Frank Lloyd Wright
619:Oak Park, Illinois
599:Van Allen Building
591:
495:
491:Graceland Cemetery
476:Graceland Cemetery
410:
390:John Wellborn Root
302:
274:Monadnock Building
262:
202:Adler and Sullivan
172:Great Chicago Fire
168:Depression of 1873
110:Frank Lloyd Wright
27:American architect
3590:
3589:
3531:Associated people
3304:Undine Barge Club
3279:(1881–1886)
3234:(1875–1881)
3186:(1871–1875)
3140:
3139:
2995:(1891–1965)
2987:(1892–1954)
2950:Purdue State Bank
2894:Jewelers Building
2576:Twombly, Robert,
2562:Sullivan, Louis,
2551:Sullivan, Louis,
2544:Sullivan, Louis,
2516:978-0-486-40209-3
2448:Condit, Carl W.,
2347:978-0-7864-8865-0
2314:Twombly. Robert,
2224:"Two by Sullivan"
2137:Toker, Franklin.
1889:978-0-9660273-2-7
1748:978-1-258-15389-2
1725:, 2003), 287-288.
1670:Sullivan, Louis.
1624:on March 13, 2016
1576:978-0-226-62071-8
1147:Schiller Building
1137:Hurricane Katrina
1006:Purdue State Bank
891:Virginia Hall of
812:Guaranty Building
728:Selected projects
707:life and work of
650:Guaranty Building
546:Libraries in the
370:Buffalo, New York
366:Guaranty Building
324:(On architecture)
254:Guaranty Building
234:Buffalo, New York
230:Guaranty Building
99:
98:
64:September 3, 1856
16:(Redirected from
3695:
3582:
3581:
3485:Sedgwick station
3456:Zurbrugg Mansion
3414:New Hope station
3340:
3337:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3053:
3046:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2808:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2530:Morrison, Hugh,
2527:
2525:
2523:
2499:
2468:The Art Bulletin
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:. Archived from
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:. April 13, 2013
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2305:, June 15, 2022.
2294:
2288:
2279:Tusculum College
2276:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2254:Internet Archive
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2212:(April 16, 1999)
2202:Apple, R. W. Jr.
2199:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2055:The Fountainhead
2047:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1979:The Buffalo News
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1933:. Archived from
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1732:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1620:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1474:
1472:Biography portal
1469:
1468:
1467:
1443:
1431:
1413:
1398:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1285:
1271:
1257:
1242:
1228:
1216:
1202:
1188:
1012:, Indiana (1914)
893:Tusculum College
763:, Chicago (1889)
757:, Chicago (1887)
675:The Fountainhead
663:The Fountainhead
290:This is the law.
260:, New York, 1894
206:Pueblo, Colorado
145:
82:
53:
39:
21:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3572:
3526:
3461:
3420:Wycombe station
3408:Lahaska station
3338:
3333:
3327:
3278:
3270:
3233:
3227:
3216:
3185:
3176:
3171:
3141:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3031:
3025:Dexter Building
3023:
3015:
3009:Garrick Theater
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2809:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2754:Wainwright Tomb
2752:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2700:
2695:
2660:
2616:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2473:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2366:Chicago Tribune
2360:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2286:Wayback Machine
2277:
2273:
2263:
2259:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:Wayback Machine
2150:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1876:Nickel, Richard
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1046:
932:
784:Wainwright Tomb
736:
730:
666:
634:Lovejoy Library
564:
517:Bayard Building
500:
436:. According to
402:
322:De architectura
246:
138:
87:
84:
80:
71:
65:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:Louis Sullivan
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3181:Furness &
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3069:Prairie School
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2977:Lost buildings
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2870:Adams Building
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2830:Charnley House
2826:
2817:
2815:
2814:Sullivan works
2811:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:Louis Sullivan
2696:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2614:External links
2612:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2515:
2500:
2488:10.2307/988008
2471:
2464:
2457:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2405:
2379:
2353:
2346:
2320:
2307:
2289:
2271:
2257:
2236:
2214:
2194:
2183:
2162:
2144:
2129:
2114:
2099:
2084:
2068:
2042:
2027:
2006:
1992:
1966:
1955:. May 30, 2018
1953:Chicago Reader
1940:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1867:
1860:
1842:
1827:
1792:
1761:
1747:
1727:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1663:
1659:Louis Sullivan
1651:
1635:
1605:
1582:
1575:
1553:
1538:
1525:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1421:Grinnell, Iowa
1415:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1045:
1044:Lost buildings
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1010:West Lafayette
1003:
993:
990:Grinnell, Iowa
983:
973:
963:
931:
928:
927:
926:
920:
910:
900:
889:
883:
877:
870:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
820:
819:
809:
803:
777:
776:
770:
764:
758:
729:
726:
672:'s 1943 novel
665:
659:
613:) in Chicago.
595:Crombie Taylor
572:Richard Nickel
563:
560:
499:
496:
422:Daniel Burnham
401:
398:
386:Daniel Burnham
340:Celtic Revival
245:
242:
137:
134:
130:AIA Gold Medal
126:Viollet le Duc
114:Prairie School
108:, a mentor to
106:Chicago School
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
83:(aged 67)
79:April 14, 1924
77:
73:
72:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3700:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3585:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:Solomon House
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3174:Frank Furness
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3123:
3120:
3111:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3051:Dankmar Adler
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Halsted House
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Bradley House
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:Vinci, John,
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2021:We the Living
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1959:September 15,
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1916:0-226-76133-9
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:0-471-14426-6
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:Gage Building
1313:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:Andrew Rebori
1055:
1054:Dankmar Adler
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:, Ohio (1914)
1001:
997:
994:
991:
987:
984:
981:
977:
974:
972:, Iowa (1912)
971:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
950:
941:
936:
929:
924:
921:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:Clinton, Iowa
904:
901:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
828:
826:
825:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
793:
790:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
743:
735:
727:
725:
723:
719:
713:
710:
704:
702:
696:
694:
693:
692:We the Living
688:
684:
679:
677:
676:
671:
664:
658:
656:
651:
646:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:Clinton, Iowa
600:
596:
587:
583:
581:
575:
573:
569:
568:urban renewal
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
497:
492:
487:
483:
481:
478:in Chicago's
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
452:competition.
451:
450:Tribune Tower
447:
441:
439:
435:
434:Panic of 1893
430:
428:
425:French-based
423:
419:
415:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
384:, as well as
383:
382:Dankmar Adler
377:
375:
374:Palazzo style
371:
367:
362:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
323:
318:
314:
309:
307:
298:
293:
291:
284:
281:
277:
275:
270:
266:
259:
255:
250:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
196:Dankmar Adler
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
161:Frank Furness
158:
154:
149:
144:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
94:
90:
78:
74:
69:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Sullivanesque
3562:
3553:Daniel Pabst
3334:(1886–
3075:
3036:Affiliations
2697:
2602:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2505:
2482:(2): 62–68.
2479:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2449:
2442:
2437:Bibliography
2436:
2435:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2333:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2302:PBS NewsHour
2300:
2292:
2274:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2217:
2207:
2197:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2165:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1935:the original
1925:
1905:
1898:
1879:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1808:(1): 62–85.
1805:
1801:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1778:
1774:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1737:
1730:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1678:(March 1896)
1675:
1666:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1617:
1608:
1592:ResearchGate
1591:
1585:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1485:Richard Bock
1106:trading room
1020:Sidney, Ohio
980:Algona, Iowa
970:Cedar Rapids
945:
823:
822:
821:
739:
738:
737:
718:Fallingwater
714:
705:
697:
690:
686:
682:
680:
673:
667:
662:
647:
631:
615:
592:
579:
576:
565:
562:Preservation
541:
537:
501:
473:
464:
454:
446:Raymond Hood
442:
438:Charles Bebb
431:
426:
411:
378:
363:
360:
356:
352:State Street
327:
320:
310:
303:
289:
286:
282:
278:
271:
267:
263:
200:
192:fresco secco
191:
165:
157:Philadelphia
139:
101:
100:
81:(1924-04-14)
36:
3613:1924 deaths
3608:1856 births
3543:John Fraser
3538:Allen Evans
3473:Lindenshade
3339: 1931
3316:Hockley Row
2993:Dooly Block
2424:October 28,
2229:October 28,
2176:October 28,
1785:January 22,
1754:January 19,
1404:, Wisconsin
1079:Dooly Block
786:, St. Louis
642:City Museum
509:Art Nouveau
344:terra cotta
336:Art Nouveau
180:steel frame
3597:Categories
1985:August 31,
1498:References
1335:, exterior
1320:(on right)
1261:Getty Tomb
732:See also:
418:Beaux-Arts
372:is in the
332:aesthetics
272:Chicago's
92:Occupation
3131:Wikiquote
2607:MIT Press
2522:March 27,
2246:Markers V
2092:Rand, Ayn
2076:Rand, Ayn
2051:Rand, Ayn
1822:144344744
1628:March 12,
800:Taj Mahal
350:on south
222:St. Louis
188:draftsman
95:Architect
3378:Idlewild
3286:Dolobran
3265:Knowlton
3253:Fairview
3107:Category
2656:LibriVox
2398:July 13,
2372:July 13,
2282:Archived
2155:Archived
2053:(1943).
1781:(6): 178
1458:See also
1248:Building
1030:Columbus
960:Owatonna
720:and the
670:Ayn Rand
3584:Commons
3491:Pencoyd
3372:Ormonde
3119:Commons
2609:, 1987.
1178:Gallery
949:Midwest
816:Buffalo
683:in toto
258:Buffalo
226:Garrick
210:Seattle
55:c. 1895
3523:(1893)
3517:(1892)
3511:(1891)
3505:(1888)
3499:(1887)
3493:(1884)
3487:(1882)
3481:(1879)
3475:(1873)
3458:(1910)
3452:(1908)
3446:(1907)
3440:(1904)
3434:(1897)
3428:(1895)
3422:(1891)
3416:(1891)
3410:(1891)
3404:(1891)
3398:(1891)
3392:(1891)
3386:(1890)
3380:(1890)
3374:(1888)
3368:(1888)
3362:(1887)
3356:(1887)
3350:(1886)
3324:(1886)
3318:(1886)
3312:(1885)
3306:(1883)
3300:(1882)
3294:(1882)
3288:(1881)
3267:(1881)
3261:(1880)
3255:(1880)
3249:(1879)
3243:(1876)
3213:(1876)
3207:(1875)
3201:(1875)
3195:(1873)
3183:Hewitt
2968:(1913)
2960:(1914)
2952:(1914)
2944:(1911)
2936:(1917)
2928:(1908)
2920:(1914)
2912:(1891)
2904:(1922)
2896:(1882)
2888:(1914)
2880:(1903)
2872:(1913)
2864:(1883)
2856:(1898)
2848:(1919)
2840:(1890)
2832:(1892)
2824:(1909)
2796:(1899)
2788:(1899)
2780:(1894)
2772:(1894)
2764:(1892)
2756:(1892)
2748:(1890)
2740:(1890)
2723:(1889)
2715:(1897)
2513:
2496:988008
2494:
2414:"Home"
2344:
1913:
1886:
1858:
1820:
1745:
1573:
1022:(1918)
1000:Newark
992:(1914)
982:(1913)
919:(1910)
909:(1914)
899:(1901)
818:(1894)
525:Pueblo
498:Legacy
480:Uptown
315:, the
208:, and
148:Geneva
68:Boston
3061:Other
2492:JSTOR
1818:S2CID
1503:Notes
930:Banks
609:(now
503:the "
317:Roman
2524:2011
2511:ISBN
2426:2016
2400:2023
2374:2023
2342:ISBN
2231:2016
2178:2016
2001:Life
1987:2017
1961:2020
1911:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1787:2024
1756:2024
1743:ISBN
1630:2016
1571:ISBN
1302:The
1104:The
648:The
388:and
166:The
76:Died
61:Born
2654:at
2484:doi
2017:."
1810:doi
1596:doi
636:at
625:'s
601:in
554:at
338:or
220:in
143:née
3599::
3336:c.
2594:.
2555:,
2490:.
2480:19
2478:.
2452:,
2390:.
2364:.
2336:.
2332:.
2299:,
2078:.
2059:;
1977:.
1951:.
1816:.
1806:31
1804:.
1779:10
1777:.
1773:.
1674:,
1616:.
1449:,
1419:,
1139:;
1028:,
1018:,
1008:,
998:,
988:,
978:,
968:,
958:,
915:,
905:,
895:,
794:,
753:,
724:.
354:.
256:,
163:.
132:.
3341:)
3166:e
3159:t
3152:v
3088:"
3084:"
2690:e
2683:t
2676:v
2526:.
2498:.
2486::
2428:.
2402:.
2376:.
2350:.
2268:.
2233:.
2180:.
1989:.
1963:.
1919:.
1892:.
1864:.
1824:.
1812::
1789:.
1758:.
1632:.
1602:.
1598::
1579:.
744::
304:"
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
