420:
533:
318:
consented to Prime
Minister Rai Magre (var. Uddaka), who was also her cousin, burning his own daughter and son-in-law Muhammad, son of a fellow minister Sahaka, on charges of conspiring against Sikandar. Magre went on to poison Haybat, Sikandar's younger brother and even Sahaka. Sikandar, sensing a possible usurpation of the throne by Magre, chose to exert himself as the ruler c. 1391.
786:
infidels and polytheists. The family members of the elders and leading persons of this land, especially their womenfolk, do not do anything without the permission of the infidels and permission of astrologers. In fact, in all activities of daily life like eating, drinking, sleeping, rising from sleep, travel and rest, astronomers and polytheists have a role to play."
525:—considered to be the finest example of Indo-Saracenic archirecture in Kashmir—, and two other mosques at Bijbehara and Bavan. The two-storied Bavan mosque was enclosed by a garden and doubled as Sikandar's spring-resort. Sikandar also commissioned a new burial ground—Mazar-i-Salatin, on the bank of Jhelum near
488:
disagrees about such proposed absence of religious motivation, in part, given the differential rituals of destruction undertaken by Hindu and Muslim kings with the latter rendering sites inoperable for long passages of time by massive pollution or outright conversion. Slaje however concludes that the
785:
The biographer of the Nūrbakshī shaykh, Mir Shams-al Din Iraqi who visited
Kashmir in 1487 CE, wrote: "Such atheistic and idolatrous practices continue to be observed in the houses of scholars, theologians and leading personalities of this land (Kashmir). They observe all the festivals and feasts of
338:
and ordered
Sikandar to pay tribute. Despite Sikandar's meek acceptance fearing a military fallout, the order was eventually waived by Timur himself upon being judged to be way above Sikandar's financial capacity. While the two did not meet, they shared a mutual admiration and Timur gifted a pair of
569:
Sikandar was married to at-least three women: Mera; an unnamed daughter of Pala Deo; and, Sobha about whom
Jonaraja does not provide any details. He had at least five sons—Firuz (adopted by Sobha; sent alongside Hamadani, in his return journey to Iran), Shadi Khan (adopted by Sobha), Mir Khan (from
481:
and, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were essentially an attempt to secure political legitimacy by asserting state power over
Brahmans and gaining access to wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions. J. L. Bhan notes the sole extant example of sculpture (see below) from Sikandar's reign to
330:
under the command of Rai Magre, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Soon after this victory, Magre instigated a rebellion and assassinated Sobha's (Sikandar's first wife) brother before turning against
Sikandar with his proteges. The rebellion was ably suppressed with aid from Laddaraja's men
308:
borrowed from Sufism and local cults to attack core tenets of
Brahminism and likely, serviced conversion to Islam among the lower strata of society. By Sikandar's time, a considerable section of the populace had already adopted Islam. Nonetheless, the Kings continued to actively patronage Hinduism:
1650:
While medieval Muslim hagiographic and historical accounts may have exaggerated
Sikander's destruction of non-Muslim religious sites in a classical representation of religious piety, the tendency of some writers in the twentieth century CE to shield the Sultan from these iconoclastic activities is
597:
Despite these reverses, the
Islamisation of elite politics meant very few caste groups other than Brahmans took the opportunity of re-conversion and a largely irreversible change set-in in post-Sikandar Kashmir. The Hindus receded into relative political unimportance, with Pandit nobles being last
547:
drafted a commentary on a Firazi text and also wrote epistles, Sayyid
Muhammad Khawari wrote a commentary on Lum'at ul-I'tiqaad as well as another work (Khwar Nameh) of unknown genre, and Muhammad Baihaqi composed poems eulogizing Sikandar. The first stone sculpture of Kashmir—a four-armed Brahma,
407:
Sikandar commenced the destruction of Hindu and Buddhist shrines till, in the words of Jonaraja, no idol remained, even in the privacy of peoples' homes. Jonaraja mentions temples at Martand (Sun God), Vijayesvara (Shiva), Cakradhara (Vishnu), Suresvari (unknown), Varaha (Vishnu), and Tripuresvara
757:
To Jonaraja (as in the case of Kalhana), Kashmir was an "ethical space" dictated by karma. The tyrants always met unhappy deaths, if not assassinated. However, Jonaraja is careful to assert that the God of Death was angered not at him but at Suhabhatta; he had to merely atone for the sins of his
317:
Sikandar was the great-grandson of Shah Mir; he was the eldest child of Qutubu'd-Din and Queen Sura (var. Subhata), and was born sometime around 1380. Because he was a minor at the time of his father's death—9 August 1389—, his mother had to act as a regent for a while. During her regency, Sura
346:
and Sahibhanga) after he refused to recognize Sikandar's suzerainty. Sikandar went on to marry Firuz's daughter Mera whilst giving away one of his daughters from Sobha for marriage to Firuz. Another successful campaign was mounted against Pala Deo (var. Billadeva), the Rajah of Jammu, after he
589:
Under Ali Shah's regime, Suhabhatta became the Prime Minister and the de facto ruler; Jonaraja claims that persecution increased manifold with forced conversions becoming commonplace, Hindu customs being banned, and Brahmans being prohibited to leave the territory despite being forced into
493:
under Islamic influence; Jonaraja explicitly mocks Hamadani's rejection of hereditary caste hierarchies. Mohammed Ishaq Khan emphasizes on the centrality of caste in understanding Jonaraja's reception of Shah Miri — he notes that even Hindu figures like Lal Ded had found no place in the
476:
i, a work that was commissioned by Sikandar's successor, who wished to bring back the Brahminical elite into the royal fold and establish Sanskrit as an integral part of a Sultanate that strove to be cosmopolitan. According to Zutshi and Salomon, Sikandar's policies were guided by
594:; Hindu artists were provided with state-patronage, temples were rebuilt, Brahmans-in-exile were brought back, taxes reduced, and neo-Muslims were allowed to convert back. Tohfatu'l-Ahbab, writing in the 16th century, blamed the poor state of Islam in the valley on Zain.
297: ; Shah Mir himself was the first to settle in Kashmir. He began to serve in the royal court of the fledgling Deva Dynasty and before long, became the prime-minister of Suhadeva. Soon, he leveraged a power-vacuum in the wake of a crippling Mongol raid to help
451:, Sikandar's zeal behind the Islamisation of society is attributable to Mir Muhammad Hamadani — an orthodox Sufi preacher — who advocated the creation of a monolithic society based on Islam as the common denominator to the extent of prohibiting any maintenance of
439:. In contrast to Jonaraja, who mentions Sikandar's successor (Ali Shah) as having initiated forced conversions for the first time, Hasan Ali notes of forced conversions under Sikandar's tenure; he is stated to have massacred all those who had refused to convert.
1714:"Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter"
1241:"Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter"
457:
shrines. In particular, a Brahman neo-convert — Suhabhatta (var. Suhaka Bhatt and Saifuddin) who served as Sikandar's counsel — was accused of instigating the King into " delight day and night in demolishing the sculptures of the gods." Notably, in
658:
This episode presents one of the few episodes where Jonaraja's account can be corroborated by Persian sources. Jonaraja had held Timur to have gifted the elephants out of fearing Sikandar, despite being powerful enough to have had Delhi razed to
560:
Sikandar is believed to have had a puritanical temperament, and abstained from wine, festivities, and music — in tune with the laws decreed for his subjects. Among his closest confidants were Suhabhatta, Sankara (chief physician), and Laddaraja.
668:
Among them the most prominent were: Sayyid Hasan Shirazi, appointed as the Qazi of Kashmir; Sayyid Jalaluddin, a saint from Bukhara; and Baba Haji Adham, a logician from Balkh. Baharistan-i-shahi provides detailed information about these
383:
was established to provide monetary stipends and alms to the needy, pilgrims, travelers, physicians, scholars and other deserving people. Sharia was enacted into local law — music, dance, gambling, and intoxicants were prohibited.
250:'s Rajatarangini. One manuscript of his work—edited between 1561 and 1588 by an anonymous person using information from other sources—emends certain portions of the text in the margins; he is conventionally called
748:
Hasan gets these details wrong: he was not an expert in Sanskrit and had to mostly depend upon Dutt's error-ridden translation, which in the opinion of Slaje, " completely unsuitable for purposes of research."
739:
Hasan speculates that Shobha might be the unnamed daughter of Pala Deo that is, SIkandar had two wives. It is likely implausible since Sikandar had bequeathed one of Shobha's (adopted) daughter to Deo!
509:
scholars completely reject the narratives of persecution and accuse the Brahman chroniclers of wanton bias and myth-making, stemming from their personal jealousy at losing socio-economic dominance.
577:, in April 1413. After his death, Sikandar's eldest son Mir was anointed as the Sultan, having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Two years later, Mir was succeeded by Shadi Khan, who adopted the name
1464:
614:
Jonaraja notes Shah Mir to be the grandson of one Kuru Shah. He had (apparently) received a divine premonition from Mahadevi about Kashmir being the rightful territory of his lineage.
351:
was installed as a vassal and Sikandar again entered into a matrimonial alliance with his daughter whilst giving away another of his daughters from Sobha for marriage to Pala Deo.
1591:
269:, were written relatively later and drew from recensions of Rajatarangini(s) but they provide considerable additional information. These were later used by authors starting from
304:
The Shah Mirs actively patronaged Islam (esp. Sufism) and led to the formation of a new social order that chipped away at Brahminic Hinduism. A contemporary Shaivite mystic
359:
The overall economic condition was decent. Jonaraja remarks that the Goddess of Fortune found an abode in Sikandar — "the pleasure of welfare elude verbal description." A
331:
without even resorting to warfare and Magre was imprisoned, whence he committed suicide. Palas —probably, a Persian tribe— who aided Magre were brutally suppressed too.
379:
and installed in positions of authority. Land holdings were allotted to vast sections of society including scholars, religious figureheads and the poor. The office of
712:) to Shibu'd-Din's Kashmir in the wake of Timurid invasions. Ali Hamadani is believed to have played the most significant role in the propagation of Islam in Kashmir.
570:
Mira), Shahi Khan (from Mira), and Muhammad Khan (from Mira)—, and at least two daughters (both adopted by Sobha). Sobha is understood to have been likely infertile.
281:
to colonial historians and Kashmiri Pandits, with different ideological proclivities, to produce varying strands of histories suiting different sociopolitical goals.
469:
1778:
1667:
1024:
649:
but dispersed after mistaking herds of cattle on the other bank of Jhelum as Sikandar's cavalry. Magre was chased by Sikandar himself and caught at Vitastapura.
1502:
1039:
627:
et al., who were more proactive to the cause of Islam. All of these figures continue to remain influential among both Hindus and Muslims of modern Kashmir.
776:
Jonaraja—ever true to casting Kashmir as an ethical space—remarks that Mera's god-gifted purpose laid in saving Kashmir from Sikandar's depredations.
301:, a Buddhist from Ladakh, usurp the throne and after his death, waged a successful war against widow Kota Rani to claim the kingdom for himself.
598:
prominent in the court of Hasan Shah, Zain's grandson. Nonetheless, Hinduism flourished among the masses even a century after Sikandar's death.
1566:
1476:
1422:
1099:
1088:
Slaje, Walter (2019). "What Does it Mean to Smash an Idol? Iconoclasm in Medieval Kashmir as Reflected by Contemporaneous Sanskrit Sources".
1059:
890:
645:
Magre's soldiers had gathered at Vallamatha (unknown - doubtful whether any of the recensions preserved the name) for a scheduled faceoff at
1829:
1824:
144:
122:
1008:
489:
fierce opposition of Hindus to Muslim rulers, including Sikandar, primarily stemmed from their aversion to the slow disintegration of
1643:
1611:
1514:
1393:
413:
1651:
not historically correct, especially given the evidence from the period coming from writers of different religious backgrounds.
472:
and others reject the idea only religious motives lay behind Sikandar's actions and call for a nuanced contextual reading of
416:, and a neighbouring Maha Shri Temple. Pseud. J notes of a colossal statue of Buddha being razed and melted to produce coins.
462:, both Sikandar and Suhabhatta play equal roles, with particular significance accorded to Sikandar's religious conviction.
1819:
1814:
1809:
623:
Ded was critical of untouchability, idol-worship etc. She will in turn influence equally influential Sufi Rshis like
1293:"INCOMPATIBLE OUTSIDERS OR BELIEVERS OF A DARŚANA?: REPRESENTATIONS OF MUSLIMS BY THREE BRAHMANS OF ŠĀHMĪRID KAŠMĪR"
1544:
1834:
1003:. Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 7. Germany. pp. 28–29, 36, 155–173, 185–189, 201–203, 213–215.
270:
578:
243:
590:
unemployment. A regime of tolerance was however re-introduced under Zain-ul-Abidin, with Suhabhatta dead from
682:
of silver. Jonaraja snarks at those Brahmins who left their "superior class" in lieu of some material gains.
427:, razed by Sikandar. The extensive damage seen in the photo (1868) is also a product of several earthquakes.
242:(lit. Flow of Succession of Kings) by Jonaraja. Jonaraja was the Brahmin court-poet of Sikandar's successor
536:
522:
506:
278:
1356:
521:
was constructed by Sikandar and his royal palace was established at the town center. He constructed the
490:
1503:"Garden of Solomon : Landscape and Sacred Pasts in Kashmir's Sixteenth-Century Persian Narratives"
400:
which note that Sikandar cleansed Kashmir of all heretics and infidels. Sikandar is epithetized as ''
1411:"A Glimpse into the Happy Valley's Unhappy Past: Violence and Brahmin Warfare in Pre-Mughal Kashmir"
721:
Hamadani went on to marry Suhabhatta's daughter after the death of his first wife (Bibi Taj Khatun).
548:
argued to be one of the finest in the history of the subcontinent—was sculpted by son of a Buddhist
1130:
219:
87:
1779:"This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead"
1668:"This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead"
1444:
1051:
1000:
Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459) From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn
1741:
1572:
1312:
1268:
1216:
1154:
1018:
465:
424:
258:
1636:
The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th –18th Century)
1040:"A Literary Paradise : The Tarikh Tradition in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Kashmir"
392:
Jonaraja argues that Sikandar's rule terminated Kashmir's long-standing tolerant culture. So do
262:
1507:
Kashmir's Contested Pasts : Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination
419:
1733:
1639:
1607:
1562:
1510:
1472:
1418:
1389:
1304:
1260:
1208:
1146:
1095:
1055:
1004:
886:
532:
223:
207:
190:
139:
117:
59:
1725:
1599:
1554:
1381:
1252:
1200:
1047:
499:
432:
290:
274:
266:
227:
211:
175:
1695:
Translation and History: The Development of a Kashmiri Textual Tradition from ca. 1000-1500
815:
Translation and History: The Development of a Kashmiri Textual Tradition from ca. 1000-1500
1410:
624:
348:
1044:
Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination
373:
were endowed to shrines and numerous Sufi preachers from Central Asia were provided with
1592:"Historical earthquakes in Srinagar, Kashmir: Clues from the Shiva Temple at Pandrethan"
342:
C. 1400, a successful war was waged against Firuz, the Hindu Shahi ruler of Ohind (var.
876:
343:
31:
1803:
1576:
1220:
574:
360:
294:
239:
97:
1590:
Bilham, Roger; Bali, Bikram Singh; Bhat, M. Ismail; Hough, Susan (1 October 2010).
591:
485:
1415:
Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir
1091:
Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir
910:
880:
435:
All Brahmins unwilling to cede their hereditary caste privileges were taxed with
363:
was installed; oppressive taxes were abolished while free schools and hospitals (
309:
Alaud'din had commissioned a Hindu Matha and Qutubu'd-Din had held royal yajnas.
1373:
526:
478:
409:
339:
male and female elephants to Sikandar. Sikandar was ecstatic on receiving them.
335:
305:
185:
1204:
17:
1729:
1603:
1558:
1548:
1465:"Embedded Mystics: Writing Lal Ded and Nund Rishi into the Kashmiri Landscape"
1256:
709:
573:
Sikandar is claimed to have met a prolonged and painful death, seemingly from
408:(unknown) to have been destroyed by Sikandar. Hasan Ali adds three temples at
74:
1737:
1308:
1264:
1212:
1188:
1150:
1693:
813:
705:
695:
of all these dead men weighed three ass-loads, when taken for incineration.
1385:
543:
Numerous scholars arrived from Central Asia in his court: Sayiid Ahmad of
518:
135:
113:
1745:
1713:
1316:
1292:
1272:
1240:
1158:
1134:
1545:"Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rājataraṅgiṇī Authors"
646:
544:
404:", the "idol-breaker." Hasan Ali provides the most detailed narrative.
298:
247:
170:
1766:. Vol. 1. Delhi, India: Readworthy Publications. pp. 68–69.
1764:
Kashmir Sculptures: An Iconographical Study of Brāhmanical Sculptures
692:
327:
1189:"The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)"
1089:
998:
1550:
Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia
531:
453:
436:
418:
375:
1094:. Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13. pp. 30–40.
369:
1417:. Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13. p. 5.
704:
Son of the famed Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (1314-1384) of the
1471:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–264,
767:
A chronogram in Tarikh-i Hassan reports the year as 1417.
730:
The architect was one Khwaja Sadru'd-Din from Khorasan.
482:
challenge simplistic notions of religious persecution.
334:
In December 1398, Timur had camped on the banks of the
915:. South Asia Institute, University of Texas at Austin.
289:
The Shah Miri dynasty likely descended from Kohistani
529:
locale in downtown Srinagar—for the royals and elite.
1358:
Baharistan-i-shahi: A chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir
238:The only contemporaneous source that exists is the
181:
169:
155:
129:
107:
103:
93:
83:
73:
65:
57:
41:
214:: سلطان سکندر شاہ مِیرِی ), also by his sobriquet
1463:Accardi, Dean (2017), Zutshi, Chitralekha (ed.),
431:Afterwards, Sikandar's focus fell on abolishing
273:, the first chronicler from outside Kashmir and
1378:Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative
1193:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
1135:"Conversions to Islam in the Valley of Kashmir"
251:
230:who ruled from 1389 until his death in 1413.
8:
708:who had migrated from Huttalàn (present-day
912:Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History
27:Seventh sultan of Kashmir (r. 1389–1413 CE)
1469:Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation
1023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
257:Extant Persian sources, including
38:
1052:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.003.0003
222:Sikandar the Iconoclast) was the seventh
1712:Salomon, Richard; Slaje, Walter (2016).
1239:Salomon, Richard; Slaje, Walter (2016).
1777:Zutshi, Chitralekha (24 October 2017).
1757:
1755:
1666:Zutshi, Chitralekha (24 October 2017).
1350:
1348:
1346:
799:
607:
502:corpus of history, until recent times.
254:(and the work, Ps-JRT) in scholarship.
1707:
1705:
1661:
1659:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1496:
1494:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1016:
152:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
7:
1187:Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (1 June 1986).
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
904:
902:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
807:
805:
803:
326:Except for a successful invasion of
1038:Zutshi, Chitralekha (7 July 2014).
552:in 1409 and dedicated to Sikandar.
1638:. Routledge. pp. 58–60, 118.
1443:Witzel, Michael (September 1991).
25:
246:and was commissioned to continue
1553:. De Gruyter. pp. 128–160.
1543:Slaje, Walter (19 August 2019).
1634:Hamadani, Hakim Sameer (2021).
885:. Aakar Books. pp. 59–95.
539:. Built in 1394 CE by Sikandar.
279:independent Persian chroniclers
1361:. Kolkata: Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd.
367:) were opened for public use.
210::سلطان سِکَندَر شَاہ مِیرِی,
1:
1692:Obrock, Luther James (2015).
1372:Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (2017).
1297:Rivista degli studi orientali
812:Obrock, Luther James (2015).
565:Issues, death, and succession
34:, the Afghan Sultan of Delhi.
1501:Zutshi, Chitralekha (2014).
1380:. London: SAGE. p. 32.
1830:15th-century Indian Muslims
1825:14th-century Indian Muslims
1509:. Oxford University Press.
1046:. Oxford University Press.
447:Upon a literary reading of
412:, the Tarapitha temples at
1851:
1762:Bhan, Jawahar Lal (2010).
1355:Pandit, Kashinath (1991).
1205:10.1177/001946468602300203
50:Sikandar the Idol Breaker
29:
1730:10.1163/15728536-05903009
1559:10.1515/9783110631685-006
1257:10.1163/15728536-05903009
882:Kashmīr Under the Sultāns
204:Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri
160:
151:
46:
523:Jamia Masjid at Srinagar
443:Motivations and analysis
30:Not to be confused with
1446:The Brahmins of Kashmir
1291:Ogura, Satoshi (2015).
1139:Central Asiatic Journal
678:The tax was set at two
267:Tarikh-i-Kashmir corpus
1698:(Thesis). UC Berkeley.
1409:Slaje, Walter (2019).
997:Slaje, Walter (2014).
909:Slaje, Walter (2004).
818:(Thesis). UC Berkeley.
540:
428:
347:refused to pay taxes;
1604:10.1130/2010.2471(10)
1386:10.4135/9789353280253
636:Named as Khunjyaraja.
535:
422:
388:Suppression of Hindus
1718:Indo-Iranian Journal
1245:Indo-Iranian Journal
513:Art and architecture
1820:15th-century deaths
1815:14th-century births
1596:Ancient Earthquakes
313:Birth and Ascension
1810:Sultans of Kashmir
541:
470:Richard G. Salomon
466:Chitralekha Zutshi
460:Baharistan-i-shahi
429:
425:Martand Sun Temple
394:Baharistan-i-shahi
322:Military campaigns
259:Baharistan-i-shahi
216:Sikandar Butshikan
202:, better known as
161:Sikandar Shah Miri
48:Sultan of Kashmir
1568:978-3-11-063168-5
1478:978-1-107-18197-7
1424:978-3-86977-199-1
1101:978-3-86977-199-1
1061:978-0-19-945067-1
892:978-81-87879-49-7
224:Sultan of Kashmir
197:
196:
165:
164:
145:Jammu and Kashmir
140:Kashmir Sultanate
123:Jammu and Kashmir
118:Kashmir Sultanate
60:Sultan of Kashmir
16:(Redirected from
1842:
1835:Shah Mir dynasty
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1540:
1521:
1520:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1321:
1320:
1303:(1/4): 179–211.
1288:
1277:
1276:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1184:
1163:
1162:
1127:
1106:
1105:
1085:
1066:
1065:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1014:
994:
917:
916:
906:
897:
896:
873:
820:
819:
809:
787:
783:
777:
774:
768:
765:
759:
755:
749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
702:
696:
689:
683:
676:
670:
666:
660:
656:
650:
643:
637:
634:
628:
621:
615:
612:
517:The locality of
496:Rajatarangini(s)
398:Tohfatu'l-Ahbab,
275:Nizamuddin Ahmad
253:
228:Shah Mir dynasty
226:and a member of
176:Shah Mir dynasty
153:
88:Qutbu'd-Din Shah
39:
21:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1614:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1517:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1324:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1186:
1185:
1166:
1129:
1128:
1109:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1069:
1062:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1015:
1011:
996:
995:
920:
908:
907:
900:
893:
877:Hasan, Mohibbul
875:
874:
823:
811:
810:
801:
796:
791:
790:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
762:
756:
752:
747:
743:
738:
734:
729:
725:
720:
716:
706:Kubrawiya order
703:
699:
690:
686:
677:
673:
667:
663:
657:
653:
644:
640:
635:
631:
622:
618:
613:
609:
604:
587:
567:
558:
515:
445:
390:
381:Shaikhu'l-Islam
357:
349:Jasrath Khokhar
324:
315:
287:
263:Tohfatu'l-Ahbab
236:
188:
142:
134:
120:
112:
51:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sultan Sikandar
15:
12:
11:
5:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1769:
1751:
1724:(4): 393–401.
1701:
1684:
1655:
1644:
1619:
1612:
1582:
1567:
1522:
1515:
1490:
1477:
1455:
1430:
1423:
1401:
1394:
1364:
1322:
1278:
1251:(4): 393–401.
1226:
1199:(2): 187–205.
1164:
1107:
1100:
1067:
1060:
1030:
1010:978-3869770888
1009:
918:
898:
891:
821:
798:
797:
795:
792:
789:
788:
778:
769:
760:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
697:
684:
671:
661:
651:
638:
629:
616:
606:
605:
603:
600:
586:
583:
579:Zain-ul-Abidin
566:
563:
557:
554:
514:
511:
444:
441:
389:
386:
356:
353:
323:
320:
314:
311:
286:
283:
244:Zain-ul-Abidin
235:
232:
195:
194:
183:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
149:
148:
131:
127:
126:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
55:
54:
44:
43:
32:Sikandar Lodhi
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1847:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:9781032189611
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:9780813724713
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:9780199450671
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1395:9789386062802
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:(1/2): 3–18.
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
919:
914:
913:
905:
903:
899:
894:
888:
884:
883:
878:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
822:
817:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
793:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
711:
707:
701:
698:
694:
688:
685:
681:
675:
672:
665:
662:
655:
652:
648:
642:
639:
633:
630:
626:
620:
617:
611:
608:
601:
599:
595:
593:
584:
582:
580:
576:
575:elephantiasis
571:
564:
562:
556:Personal life
555:
553:
551:
546:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
492:
491:caste society
487:
483:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
456:
455:
450:
449:Rajatarangini
442:
440:
438:
434:
433:caste system.
426:
423:Ruins of the
421:
417:
415:
414:Iskander Pora
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
387:
385:
382:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:welfare state
354:
352:
350:
345:
344:Udabhandapura
340:
337:
332:
329:
321:
319:
312:
310:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
249:
245:
241:
240:Rajatarangini
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
159:
154:
150:
146:
143:(present-day
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
121:(present-day
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
56:
53:
45:
42:Sikandar Shah
40:
37:
33:
19:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:
1763:
1721:
1717:
1694:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1649:
1635:
1595:
1585:
1549:
1506:
1482:, retrieved
1468:
1458:
1445:
1414:
1404:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1300:
1296:
1248:
1244:
1196:
1192:
1142:
1138:
1090:
1043:
1033:
999:
911:
881:
814:
781:
772:
763:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
700:
687:
679:
674:
664:
654:
641:
632:
619:
610:
596:
592:tuberculosis
588:
572:
568:
559:
549:
542:
537:Jamia Masjid
516:
504:
495:
486:Walter Slaje
484:
474:Rajatarangin
473:
464:
459:
452:
448:
446:
430:
406:
401:
397:
393:
391:
380:
374:
368:
365:Daru'l-Shifa
364:
358:
341:
333:
325:
316:
303:
288:
265:(anon.) and
256:
237:
215:
203:
199:
198:
69:1389–1413 CE
47:
36:
1131:AHMAD, AZIZ
527:Zaina Kadal
507:revisionist
479:realpolitik
410:Parihaspore
355:Sociopolity
336:Indus river
295:Swat Valley
186:Sunni Islam
84:Predecessor
1804:Categories
1788:1 February
1677:1 February
1484:3 February
794:References
710:Tajikistan
550:Sanghapati
498:and other
285:Background
75:Coronation
1783:Scroll.in
1738:0019-7246
1672:Scroll.in
1577:204477165
1309:0392-4866
1265:0019-7246
1221:144039616
1213:0019-4646
1151:0008-9192
1019:cite book
402:butshikan
271:Abul Fazl
261:(anon.),
252:Pseud. J.
94:Successor
1746:26546259
1374:"Malice"
1317:24754113
1273:26546259
1159:41927246
1133:(1979).
879:(2005).
758:subject.
669:figures.
519:Nowhatta
208:Kashmiri
200:Shingara
182:Religion
136:Srinagar
114:Srinagar
98:Ali Shah
693:zunnars
647:Pampore
545:Isfahan
505:Fringe
306:Lal Ded
299:Rinchan
248:Kalhana
234:Sources
212:Persian
171:Dynasty
1744:
1736:
1642:
1610:
1575:
1565:
1513:
1475:
1421:
1392:
1315:
1307:
1271:
1263:
1219:
1211:
1157:
1149:
1098:
1058:
1007:
889:
659:ashes!
585:Legacy
500:Pandit
376:jagirs
328:Ladakh
1742:JSTOR
1573:S2CID
1450:(PDF)
1313:JSTOR
1269:JSTOR
1217:S2CID
1155:JSTOR
602:Notes
454:kafir
437:Jizya
370:Waqfs
293:from
291:Dards
191:Shafi
156:Names
66:Reign
1790:2021
1734:ISSN
1679:2021
1640:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1486:2021
1473:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1305:ISSN
1261:ISSN
1209:ISSN
1147:ISSN
1096:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1025:link
1005:ISBN
887:ISBN
691:The
680:pals
625:Nund
396:and
220:lit.
133:1413
130:Died
111:1353
108:Born
79:1389
58:7th
52:Shah
1726:doi
1600:doi
1555:doi
1382:doi
1253:doi
1201:doi
1048:doi
277:to
1806::
1781:.
1754:^
1740:.
1732:.
1722:59
1720:.
1716:.
1704:^
1670:.
1658:^
1648:.
1622:^
1606:.
1598:.
1594:.
1571:.
1561:.
1547:.
1525:^
1505:.
1493:^
1467:,
1433:^
1413:.
1388:.
1376:.
1325:^
1311:.
1301:88
1299:.
1295:.
1281:^
1267:.
1259:.
1249:59
1247:.
1243:.
1229:^
1215:.
1207:.
1197:23
1195:.
1191:.
1167:^
1153:.
1143:23
1141:.
1137:.
1110:^
1070:^
1054:.
1042:.
1021:}}
1017:{{
921:^
901:^
824:^
802:^
581:.
468:,
138:,
116:,
1792:.
1748:.
1728::
1681:.
1616:.
1602::
1579:.
1557::
1519:.
1452:.
1427:.
1398:.
1384::
1319:.
1275:.
1255::
1223:.
1203::
1161:.
1104:.
1064:.
1050::
1027:)
1013:.
895:.
218:(
206:(
193:)
189:(
147:)
125:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.