433:
On 10 September 1833, the allies landed four miles from Abu Dhabi and encamped, ready to move on the town the next day. However, at sunrise they discovered they were surrounded by a large force of Bani Yas and
Manasir Bedouin. The invaders fled to their boats, but these were left high and dry by the tide and a rout followed, 45 men killed and 235 taken prisoner (and made to return to their homes in Abu Dhabi), while the Al Qasimi lost six boats and the Dubai contingent lost 60 of its 80 boats. Undeterred, Sultan allied with the Sheikhs of Lingeh and Ajman and once again sailed against Abu Dubai in November 1833. This expedition, failing to take Abu Dhabi by force of arms, blockaded the town.
452:
from 1835 onwards. These annual treaties lasted for eight months each but the third treaty, at the insistence of Sultan bin Saqr, was extended to a full year and subsequent treaties to 1882 were annual. At this point, it was proposed to extend the treaty to a duration of ten years and this, broadly, held (there are several instances of squabbling and jostling on the pearl banks). Subsequently, in May 1853, the
Sheikhs signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce, three of them signing as 'Chief' of their towns (Umm Al Qawain, Ajman and Dubai) and two, Saeed bin Tahnoon and Sultan bin Saqr signing as head of their tribes - Bani Yas and Al Qasimi respectively.
290:
491:
bin Sultan was killed in the fighting. With only ten men lost by the defenders of
Hamriyah (and some 60 dead among the besiegers), the British were brought in by Sultan to mediate. It had been Sultan's hope that the captain of the British ship 'Clive', Kemball, would enforce his writ over Hamriyah, but Kemball refused to attack Hamriyah on Sultan's behalf and instead negotiated a peace between which saw the Shwaihiyin removed from Hamriyah. In 1860, the headman of Hamriyah, Abdulrahman bin Saif, led a force in support of Sharjah against the rebellious communities of
170:
declared independence from his father and reduced the tax on pearl divers to bolster his support in the town. Sultan eventually agreed to accept tribute from
Sharjah in return for allowing Saqr to rule, but in December that year, Salih bin Saqr and a group loyal to him surprised Saqr bin Sultan in his sleep and took him prisoner. Escaping, he was allowed to resume his position in Sharjah by his father until 1846, when he was killed in a fight with
417:
against
Bahrain to blockade the town of Abu Dhabi. The blockade was lifted in June 1829 after peace-making efforts by the Sheikh of Lingeh, both parties being keen to take part in the annual pearling season. By 1831, however, Bedouin loyal to Abu Dhabi raided Ajman and Sultan joined with Ajman and declared war on Abu Dhabi. A brief peace was negotiated, but pearling boats from both sides were seized. In 1833, the
382:
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151:, his rule over Ras Al Khaimah ran from 1803โ1809, when he was deposed by order of the Saudi Amir and restored in 1820, going on to rule until his death in 1866 at the age of 85. He was Ruler of Sharjah from 1814โ1866, with a brief disruption to that rule in 1840 by his elder son Saqr. He was a signatory to various treaties with the British, starting with the
437:
against Dubai's supporters by land and the necessity to bring water and supplies from
Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah meant the blockading force also suffered. A short-lived peace was arranged, followed by a more enduring arrangement in 1834 under which Abu Dhabi agreed that the people of Dubai should be subjects of Sharjah.
378:. Early British records of 1830 note the fort was located "a little inland, mounting six pieces of cannon, together with some detached towers. In case of alarm from an enemy, it is stockaded round with date trees and wood sufficient for repelling the attack of Arabs although of little service against regular troops."
370:
Sheikh of Rams and Dhayah to
Sharjah and replacing him with the son of a former Sheikh and then placing his own son Muhammad as Wali over Ras Al Khaimah. Abdulla bin Rashid of Umm Al Quwain recognised Sultan's primacy at the time. Of the Northern Emirates, only Ajman considered itself independent. By
185:
of
Sharjah. However, Khalid bin Sultan, a son of Sultan's, disputed his rule and in 1859, Sharjah was divided between the two. Sultan was by now in his dotage and took no active role in the conflict over Sharjah, which was eventually settled when Khalid shot Mohammed and threw his body into a well in
490:
and
Sharjah. This provoked the first of what would be many rebellions by Hamriyah against Al Qasimi rule, which Sultan put down by besieging Hamriyah in May 1855 with a force of his own men as well as some 3,000 from Ajman and five artillery pieces. Hamriyah was defended by some 800 men and Abdullah
432:
Recalling
Sharjah's boats from the pearl banks (a highly unpopular move, taking place at the height of the season), Sultan embarked for Abu Dhabi with 22 boats carrying 520 men under himself and Hassan bin Rahmah and 80 boats carrying 700 men from the Al Bu Falasah and other secessionists of Dubai.
416:
Sultan rebuilt the town of Ras Al Khaimah, using the rubble of the old town to build the new. By 1828, the town was once again established as a settlement. Incensed by a coalition between his old foe the Sultan of Muscat and the Bani Yas of Abu Dhabi, Sultan used the opportunity of their expedition
308:
In 1813, an expedition by the Sultan of Muscat to Ras Al Khaimah with the objective of restoring Sultan bin Saqr failed. However, a further sally the next year saw Sultan once again installed as Ruler not of Ras Al Khaimah, but of Sharjah and Lingeh, the latter being his principle residence. Ras Al
274:
culminated in a demand, made by Husain bin Ali, that British ships pay tribute to the Qawasim. Alongside taking part in Saudi-led expeditions against other Gulf ports, the Qawasim were in conflict with the Persians as well as the Sultan of Muscat and still attacking British shipping. It was decided
451:
The war, the most enduring and damaging so far of any between the coastal communities of the Persian Gulf, prepared the ground for the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, commencing with a series of treaties negotiated by the British to cover a truce for the annual pearling season, which took effect
206:
force led to a number of attacks by Qawasim forces. In 1806, Sultan entered into a truce which led to a peace treaty with the British. This treaty, signed on 6 February 1806, called for the restitution of the 'Trimmer', a captured British ship, and bound the Qawasim to respect shipping flying the
436:
The blockade was effective: 30 Abu Dhabi boats were captured by the Al Qasimi, while a sharp engagement with Sultan's Dubai allies resulted in 10 dead on the Abu Dhabi side. A caravan of 50 camels carrying dates was captured and, while Abu Dhabi was reduced to dire straits by the blockade, moves
219:
followed the signing of the treaty, allowing Sultan to focus his energies against his old enemy the Sultan of Muscat. In May 1808 he took Khor Fakkan from Muscat. However, soon after this victory, Sultan was removed as head of the Qawasim by the Saudi Amir and then as Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah the
331:
Under Hassan, the Qawasim found themselves not only in conflict with Muscat, but increasingly with British shipping and a series of incidents led to a peace treaty being signed in 1814 which barely held. In 1819 the British embarked on a second Persian Gulf Campaign and this time sacked Ras Al
169:
or headmen of the emirates under his rule and so Ras Al Khaimah was effectively ruled by Mohammed bin Saqr, Sultan's brother, from 1823 until his death in 1845, while another brother, Salih bin Saqr, ruled Sharjah until 1838, when he was replaced with Sultan's son, Saqr. In 1840, however, Saqr
297:
The Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 commenced with the arrival of the British fleet off Ras Al Khaimah on 11 November 1809, bombarding the town the next day. After an abortive landing attempt took place on the 12 November, the British took
481:
A blood-feud broke out in Sharjah between members of the Huwalah and Shwaihiyin tribes in Sharjah and Sultan moved the Shwaihiyin, a body of recent immigrants to Sharjah who numbered some 500 fighting men, to
460:
Ending almost a century of on and off conflict with Muscat, Sultan Bin Saqr in 1850 agreed a compromise with the Sultan of Muscat in which Al Qasimi rule was agreed north of the line between Sharjah and
202:. A number of incidents took place involving British shipping, including the British appearing to support and be in co-operation with the Sultan. The Qawasim's aggressive reaction to the application of
55:
404:
penned a letter to Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British. He was praised as a pious and righteous ruler upon the
371:
1824, Sultan had installed a pliable client in Umm Al Quwain and obtained acknowledgement of his suzerainty from Ajman. He married into the Ruling family of Dubai in 1825.
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Sultan bin Saqr, the legitimate ruler of Ras Al Khaimah, still being in exile, the British did not attempt to secure a treaty following the 1809 expedition.
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Khaimah, removed Hassan bin Rahmah and then proceeded to bombard and destroy the fortifications and larger vessels of Jazirah Al Hamra, Umm Al Quwain,
359:
inland of Ras Al Khaimah as 'Sheikh of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah'. Hassan bin Rahmah had earlier signed the treaty as 'Sheikh of Khatt and Falaiha,
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and Luft before taking Khor Fakkan for the Sultan of Muscat and then proceeding to Rams, Jazirah Al Hamrah, Ajman and Sharjah.
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247:, today a suburb of Riyadh, in 1809, having been ordered to attend the Saudi ruler there. He escaped and travelled via
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or tax collector, for the Saudis in Trucial Oman. At the same time, the Saudis took the forts of
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Sultan bin Saqr became Sheikh of the Qawasim at a time when the tribe was at war with the
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British flag. In return, Qawasim ships were to enjoy unfettered access to Indian ports.
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Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi died in 1866 at the age of 85. He was succeeded by
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to mount an expedition to support the Sultan as well as to bring down the Qawasim.
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216:
199:
174:. He was replaced by Abdullah bin Sultan who was, however, killed in fighting with
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on the East coast, but excluding the rough, high land North of the line between
429:
and Sultan decided to use the opportunity to move against Abu Dhabi once again.
401:
390:
225:
175:
22:
198:, who had laid claim to sovereignty of the coastal communities of the Southern
181:
With the death of Abdullah, Sultan placed his grandson, Muhammed bin Saqr, as
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Ras Al Khaimah was sacked in by the British in the punitive 1809 expedition.
120:
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31:
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From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition
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From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition
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From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition
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Sultan moved quickly to assert his influence, removing the ageing
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Khaimah remained under the effective rule of the Saudi dependent,
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163:
A characteristic of Sultan's rule is that he placed relatives as
1023:
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243:
Sultan bin Saqr was held prisoner at the Al Saud capital of
155:
and culminating in the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853.
266:
An increase in attacks on British shipping in both the
711:
Islands and Maritime Boundaries of the Gulf 1798โ1960
101:
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79:
69:
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751:ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุฒุนู
ุงุก ุงูุตูู
ุงู ุฅูู ุงูุดูุฎ ุณูุทุงู ุจู ุตูุฑ ุงููุงุณู
ู
736:ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุฒุนู
ุงุก ุงูุตูู
ุงู ุฅูู ุงูุดูุฎ ุณูุทุงู ุจู ุตูุฑ ุงููุงุณู
ู
950:Sultan Bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1820โ1866) (2nd time)
638:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 643โ648.
593:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 636โ640.
578:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 758โ759.
560:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 756โ757.
421:section of the Bani Yas seceded to Dubai under
220:following year. Husain bin Ali, the Sheikh of
1035:
890:
786:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 692โ3.
8:
16:Sheikh of the al-Qawasim family (1781โ1866)
1042:
1028:
1020:
897:
883:
875:
867:. British Government, Bombay. p. 758.
768:. British Government, Bombay. p. 691.
698:. British Government, Bombay. p. 690.
683:. British Government, Bombay. p. 689.
668:. British Government, Bombay. p. 669.
653:. British Government, Bombay. p. 649.
623:. British Government, Bombay. p. 643.
608:. British Government, Bombay. p. 640.
37:
1186:Sheikhs of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah
1181:19th-century monarchs in the Middle East
486:, a town on the northern border between
288:
953:Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi 1866โ1867)
749:Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996).
734:Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996).
515:
920:Matar bin Butti Al Qasimi (1731โ1747)
777:
775:
713:. UK: Archive Editions. p. 544.
7:
569:
567:
941:Hasan bin `Ali Al Anezi (1809โ1814)
317:The 1819 expedition and 1820 treaty
119:(1781โ1866) was the Sheikh of the
14:
1176:Sheikhs of the Emirate of Sharjah
865:The Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
801:. London: Motivate. p. 288.
1154:
1008:
834:. London: Motivate. p. 82.
527:. London: Motivate. p. 83.
441:Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853
353:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
327:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
153:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
1:
1144:Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi
1136:Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi
969:Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi
784:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
766:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
696:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
681:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
666:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
651:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
636:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
621:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
606:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
591:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
576:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
558:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
323:Persian Gulf campaign of 1819
285:Persian Gulf campaign of 1809
279:Persian Gulf campaign of 1809
147:. Briefly a dependent of the
1120:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II
427:Maktoum bin Butti bin Sohail
374:Later in 1820, Sultan built
1088:Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi
993:Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi
957:Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi
917:Rahma Al Qasimi (1708โ1731)
504:Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi
393:to Sultan Saqr in the 1820s
259:, where he was received by
84:Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi
1222:
1112:Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi
1096:Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi
1064:Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi
987:Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi
981:Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi
963:Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi
945:Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi
924:Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi
830:Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005).
797:Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005).
523:Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005).
444:
355:on the 4 February 1820 at
320:
282:
20:
1152:
1128:Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi
1104:Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi
1080:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
1072:Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi
1058:
1006:
975:Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi
936:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
930:Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi
913:
423:Obeid bin Said bin Rashid
385:Part of the message from
186:the desert in late 1860.
117:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
74:Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi
45:
41:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
1206:19th-century Arab people
753:(in Arabic). p. ูขูฃ.
738:(in Arabic). p. ูกูง.
447:Perpetual Maritime Truce
215:Two years' peace in the
999:Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi
123:and ruled the towns of
938:(1803โ1809) (1st time)
863:Lorimer, John (1915).
764:Lorimer, John (1915).
694:Lorimer, John (1915).
679:Lorimer, John (1915).
664:Lorimer, John (1915).
649:Lorimer, John (1915).
634:Lorimer, John (1915).
619:Lorimer, John (1915).
604:Lorimer, John (1915).
589:Lorimer, John (1915).
574:Lorimer, John (1915).
556:Lorimer, John (1915).
394:
294:
263:, the Sultan of Oman.
139:; all within the then
709:Schofield, R (1990).
477:The Siege of Hamriyah
456:Agreement with Muscat
445:Further information:
384:
292:
363:of Ras Al Khaimah'.
145:United Arab Emirates
143:and now part of the
473:on the East coast.
228:was appointed head
149:first Saudi Kingdom
1201:House of Al Qasimi
412:War with Abu Dhabi
395:
351:Sultan signed the
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397:In the 1820s the
311:Hassan bin Rahmah
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56:Ruler of Sharjah
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399:Isaaq Sultan
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376:Sharjah Fort
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357:Falayah Fort
350:
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272:Indian Ocean
268:Persian Gulf
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200:Persian Gulf
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46:
30:
18:
1196:1866 deaths
1191:1781 births
1138:(1965โ1972)
1130:(1951โ1965)
1122:(1924โ1951)
1114:(1914โ1924)
1106:(1883โ1914)
1098:(1868โ1883)
1090:(1866โ1868)
1082:(1803โ1866)
1074:(1777โ1803)
1066:(1747โ1777)
995:(1948โ2010)
989:(1921โ1948)
977:(1900โ1914)
971:(1869โ1900)
965:(1868โ1869)
959:(1867โ1868)
947:(1814โ1820)
932:(1777โ1803)
926:(1747โ1777)
402:Farah Guled
391:Farah Guled
340:, Sharjah,
261:Saiyid Said
70:Predecessor
23:Arabic name
1170:Categories
1050:Rulers of
983:1914โ1921)
905:Rulers of
841:1860631673
808:1860631673
534:1860631673
510:References
463:Khor Kalba
425:alongside
238:Al Bithnah
190:Accession
178:in 1855.
108:Al Qasimi
80:Successor
65:1803โ1866
32:Al Qasimi
850:64689681
817:64689681
543:64689681
497:Abu Hail
484:Hamriyah
361:formerly
342:Abu Hail
270:and the
234:Fujairah
176:Hamriyah
21:In this
1052:Sharjah
389:Sultan
368:Wahhabi
245:Diriyah
204:British
125:Sharjah
121:Qawasim
115:Sheikh
27:surname
848:
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541:
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467:Sha'am
406:sunnah
344:, and
300:Lingeh
257:Muscat
226:Dhayah
48:Sheikh
25:, the
488:Ajman
471:Dibba
387:Isaaq
346:Dubai
338:Fasht
334:Ajman
253:Mokha
249:Yemen
230:wali,
211:Exile
166:walis
103:House
62:Reign
846:OCLC
836:ISBN
813:OCLC
803:ISBN
715:ISBN
539:OCLC
529:ISBN
495:and
493:Khan
325:and
251:and
224:and
222:Rams
183:wali
159:Rule
137:Rams
135:and
97:1866
94:Died
255:to
29:is
1172::
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35:.
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