47:
461:
591:
549:
520:, since there is no data in the record of concubines, although documents recording the birth of her first son acknowledge her presence in 1521. Her significance was established with her marriage to Süleyman after the death of his mother, when she became the first actual wife of a sultan in more than two hundred years. Since all concubines were slaves, Roxelana also became the first concubine to be freed from slavery. The new title of
3574:
3598:
3562:
3610:
2452:
3586:
587:
economic stagnation and corruption while also leaving powerful and long-lasting symbols of the sultanate's power and benevolence. While the creation of public works was always an obligation of the sultanate, sultanas such as Süleyman's mother and consort undertook projects that were larger and more lavish than any woman before them - and most men as well.
452:
into the palace proper. During the reign of Süleyman the
Magnificent, it became clear that the expansion of the empire had reached its limit, with borders stretching thousands of miles in nearly every direction. The sultan could no longer afford to go on extended military campaigns, especially after
419:
During the fourteenth century, the agency of women in government began to shrink. This was the age of
Ottoman expansion where most sultans elected to "lead from the horse", moving around with a court of advisors, viziers, and religious leaders as the army conquered new lands. Ottoman policy from the
586:
The most enduring accomplishments of many of the wives and mothers of the sultans were their large public works projects, usually in the form of mosques, schools and monuments. The construction and maintenance of these projects provided crucial economic liquidity during a period otherwise marked by
563:
ruled both during their sons' periods in power, and during the interregnums. Their prominence was not accepted by everyone. Despite their direct connection to the sultans, the valide sultans often faced opposition from the viziers, as well as from public opinion. Where their male predecessors had
582:
brought crowds of mourners onto the streets, including the sultan himself, who was normally expected to isolate himself in the palace during the funeral of a family member. On this occasion coins and food were distributed to the funeral attendees as a tribute to the sultana's generous and caring
679:
complained about the valide's involvement in government affairs, especially in appointments and dismissals. In 1640, a
Venetian ambassador tried to send a letter to the valide through the grand vizier who refused to transmit it, claiming that she was a mere slave without power of her own. Such
680:
opposition implies that the valide sultan held a great deal of authority which the vizier resented. Many contemporary foreign ambassadors reported that those wanting to do business with the
Ottoman Empire needed to approach the sultan's mother before anyone else.
383:
During this time, haseki and valide sultans often held political and social influence, which allowed them to influence the daily running of the empire and undertake philanthropic works as well as to request the construction of buildings such as the large
653:
in 1651–1656, having won a struggle with his grandmother, Kösem Sultan to take on the role. She also contributed to the empire's defense, spending large amounts of money on the reconstruction and fortification of key military strongholds. When her son
380:. Many of them were of slave origin, as was expected during the sultanate, since the traditional idea of marriage was considered inappropriate for the sultan, who was not expected to have any personal allegiances beyond his governmental role.
539:
for feeding the poor. She died in 1558 in
Istanbul, after the deaths of her eldest and youngest sons. Nearly five hundred years after her death, the claim of Russian heritage was removed from her tomb in January 2019.
674:
Although this was a time when imperial women held unprecedented power, they were not without opponents. In 1582, a grand vizier openly expressed his anger at a valide sultan's presence in the council. In 1599, the
564:
won favour with the public through military conquest and charisma, female leaders had to rely on imperial ceremonies and the construction of monuments and public works. Such public works, known as
658:
returned from a successful military campaign, Turhan arranged a royal procession to retrace his warpath, and share in the glory of his victory. She was responsible for the construction of the
3454:
471:
In addition, Süleyman's reign marked the absorption of the imperial harem into the palace and political sphere as he became the first sultan to be officially married to a woman named
308:
509:. Roxelana was mistakenly assumed to be of Russian descent, probably because of a mistranslation of her name, and European visitors treated her as Russian. Her ancestry was actually
1428:
2002:
436:. This had the effect of keeping all the women with connections to the higher levels of government away from anywhere where they could hold meaningful power. The practice of
46:
571:
Weddings were a common cause for celebration and an opportunity for imperial princesses to display their wealth and power while also promoting charity. As the daughter of
448:
The situation began to change at the beginning of the 16th century with the concurrence of two significant events: the end of
Ottoman expansion, and the absorption of the
1872:
638:, in 1648–1651. As valide sultan and regent of the two sultans, Kösem wielded unparalleled political power and influenced the empire's foreign and domestic policies.
2580:
1391:
1298:
177:
483:
who produced his heirs, with each concubine producing just one son then following him to the province they were assigned to lead instead of remaining in
Istanbul.
3117:
524:(interpreted by Europeans as "Empress Consort") created for her continued to be given to some of the favorite consorts (wives or concubines) of later sultans.
3280:
2659:
2114:
1455:
778:
1902:
2201:
301:
1465:
440:—in which an ascendant sultan would execute all his brothers to secure his throne—made the wives and mothers of princes even more dependent on their men.
3253:
2654:
2007:
480:
2305:
1802:
1475:
203:
575:
was about to be married to a prominent admiral, she gave newly minted coins to all the onlookers, some making off with a whole skirt-full of wealth.
527:
Hürrem engaged in philanthropy, particularly in the building of communal spaces where subjects could spend time. The most prominent of these was the
3051:
2270:
1539:
756:
730:
2440:
1611:
1450:
861:
805:
1271:
3543:
2685:
2632:
2354:
2146:
2134:
2051:
1733:
1606:
1470:
939:
853:
294:
24:
2265:
1559:
1259:
1245:
894:
346:
2563:
1743:
1718:
1687:
1362:
943:
857:
275:
125:
931:
801:
568:
or works of piety, were often constructed extravagantly in the name of the sultana, as had been the tradition for imperial
Islamic women.
3010:
2725:
2551:
1529:
1350:
1291:
817:
99:
3501:
3041:
3031:
2399:
2359:
2333:
2287:
2028:
1775:
1423:
935:
927:
253:
3046:
2993:
2931:
2619:
2602:
1657:
1574:
1564:
1408:
1235:
1034:
827:
237:
219:
2065:
3479:
3164:
2963:
2887:
2675:
1997:
3159:
2607:
2295:
2260:
2166:
2124:
1418:
335:
245:
161:
3602:
3301:
2998:
2953:
2867:
2845:
2758:
2119:
1945:
1886:
1492:
1284:
54:
1460:
845:
2418:
3390:
3107:
2828:
2392:
2338:
2188:
2178:
1672:
1315:
982:
959:
33:
1956:
3474:
3169:
2800:
2780:
1738:
1487:
3636:
3429:
3056:
3036:
2958:
2882:
2627:
2433:
2364:
2328:
2310:
2277:
2248:
1763:
559:
In the first half of the 17th century, six sultans, several of whom were children, took the throne. As a result, some
3152:
3127:
3005:
2855:
2692:
2680:
2546:
2023:
1328:
261:
63:
3330:
2968:
2948:
2595:
1413:
229:
3528:
3194:
2892:
2821:
2590:
2171:
1930:
1919:
1401:
765:
721:
357:
326:
578:
The death of a sultan's consort or mother could inspire even greater extravagance. For example, the death of
2877:
2850:
2795:
2790:
2642:
2637:
2406:
1912:
1755:
1080:
Peirce, Leslie (1988). "Shifting
Boundaries: Images of Ottoman Royal Women in the 16th and 17th Centuries".
3380:
3385:
3325:
3313:
3206:
3063:
2556:
2479:
2426:
2226:
1980:
1581:
1367:
1343:
1168:"Reference to Roxelana's Russian origin removed from label near her tomb in Istanbul at Ukraine's request"
517:
460:
454:
449:
283:
86:
2072:
955:
3533:
3318:
3308:
3275:
3015:
2838:
1987:
1702:
1497:
528:
385:
590:
2082:
3469:
3464:
3449:
3395:
3340:
3224:
3083:
3068:
2916:
2833:
2647:
2211:
2196:
1940:
1697:
659:
420:
fifteenth century onwards was to send young princes and their mothers to provincial governorships in
389:
369:
1372:
135:
3345:
3296:
3229:
3179:
3078:
2988:
2936:
2749:
2730:
2516:
1935:
1338:
746:
738:
502:
78:
3561:
951:
416:
play an active role in public policy and affairs, despite the resistance of other male officials.
3590:
3516:
3459:
3439:
3352:
3241:
3184:
2980:
2902:
2568:
2489:
2484:
2243:
1502:
1379:
1104:
151:
1768:
742:
676:
548:
505:
and wife of Süleyman the
Magnificent, who became known as Hürrem Sultan after her conversion to
1240:
Kathernie Nouri Hughes "The Mapmaker's Daughter" The Confessions of Nurbanu Sultan, 1525–1583.
3614:
3523:
3486:
3372:
3357:
3174:
3112:
3099:
3073:
2941:
2872:
2816:
2735:
2528:
2503:
2464:
2374:
2216:
1569:
1255:
1241:
1231:
1030:
726:
3444:
3412:
3234:
3189:
3132:
2785:
2708:
2523:
2233:
1992:
1790:
1596:
1323:
1134:
614:. Historians credit her with persuading him to spare the life of his younger half-brother,
513:. Her Turkish name Hürrem meant "Laughing One", or "Joyful" in testament to her character.
3641:
3578:
3511:
3491:
3422:
3417:
3362:
3335:
3246:
3219:
2897:
2862:
2238:
2092:
2033:
1795:
1554:
73:
908:
773:
607:
552:
3434:
3214:
3137:
2770:
2538:
2499:
2320:
2300:
2253:
1307:
865:
809:
789:
619:
350:
187:
38:
1167:
531:
in Istanbul, built in the 1530s, which included a women's medical centre, a school, a
3630:
3566:
3506:
3407:
3147:
3142:
2775:
2720:
2511:
2221:
2161:
1975:
1858:
1646:
1633:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1138:
969:
876:
769:
708:
646:
579:
560:
498:
409:
377:
373:
365:
1692:
663:
397:
3538:
3496:
3122:
2573:
2107:
2077:
1967:
1807:
1785:
1384:
1333:
536:
279:
1125:
Yermolenko, Galina (April 2005). "Roxolana: "The Greatest Empresse of the East"".
408:
This period was novel for the Ottoman Empire but not without precedent since the
3402:
2713:
1907:
1616:
1482:
413:
356:
This phenomenon took place from roughly 1534 to 1683, beginning in the reign of
2156:
1780:
1623:
889:
849:
510:
479:. Before the Sultanate of Women, the sultan did not marry but kept a harem of
437:
990:, Fatma Sultan (disputed), Beyhan Sultan (disputed), Atike Sultan (disputed)
2151:
1924:
1851:
1834:
1628:
987:
898:
840:
813:
655:
650:
635:
627:
615:
572:
1507:
345:) was a period when some consorts, mothers, sisters and grandmother of the
3268:
3258:
2585:
2102:
1950:
1707:
1682:
1396:
947:
796:
734:
631:
618:, thus putting an end to the centuries-old practice of fratricide in the
492:
472:
433:
361:
195:
1108:
2097:
2087:
1867:
1841:
1522:
1517:
921:
623:
611:
421:
3263:
2456:
2451:
2369:
1846:
1829:
1677:
1211:
The Imperial Harem: Gender and Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1520-1656
649:
governed the Ottoman Empire as regent during the minority of her son
532:
465:
429:
425:
1213:. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Information Service. p. 106.
547:
506:
459:
1276:
1863:
2422:
1280:
1252:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1193:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1154:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1095:
Lewis, Bernard (1962). "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline".
340:
1082:
Critical Matrix: Princeton Working Papers in Women's Studies
626:
died in 1617, she was instrumental in the enthronement of
368:. These women were either the consorts - either wives or
464:
A painting of Roxelana Hürrem Sultan by a follower of
1156:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 58.
412:
rulers, the predecessors to the Ottomans, often let
3371:
3289:
3205:
3098:
3024:
2979:
2924:
2915:
2809:
2757:
2748:
2701:
2668:
2618:
2537:
2498:
2472:
2463:
2347:
2319:
2286:
2187:
2133:
2050:
2016:
1966:
1894:
1885:
1822:
1754:
1716:
1655:
1644:
1547:
1538:
1439:
1314:
630:and become regent during the minority of her son,
555:was the highest-ranking woman in Ottoman history.
1029:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. pp. 305–306.
2434:
1292:
302:
8:
353:exerted extraordinary political influence.
3368:
2921:
2754:
2469:
2441:
2427:
2419:
2139:
1891:
1652:
1544:
1443:
1299:
1285:
1277:
1272:Channel 4 History | The sultanate of women
309:
295:
18:
598:constructed in the name of Hürrem Sultan.
516:Scholars are unsure when she arrived the
376:, or the mothers of the Sultan, known as
1052:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
687:
589:
1004:
610:was the most trusted advisor of Sultan
32:
21:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
7:
3597:
3585:
1204:
1202:
1120:
1118:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
330:
1254:. Oxford University Press (1993).
684:Powerful sultanas during the period
1724:(reform and constitutional period)
14:
1612:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1575:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1230:. Akşit Kültür Turizm Yayınları.
852:, Şehzade Mahmud, Şehzade Selim,
634:, in 1623-1632 and her grandson,
392:, also known as the Yeni Mosque (
3608:
3596:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3560:
2964:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
2450:
1607:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1228:The Mystery of the Ottoman Harem
1139:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x
372:- of the Sultan, referred to as
45:
3609:
1688:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1027:Encyclopedia of World Biography
1429:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1:
974:
913:
897:, Hatice Sultan, Şah Sultan,
881:
832:
713:
364:and ending with the death of
3455:Intangible cultural heritage
2801:Southeastern Anatolia Region
2633:Proclamation of the republic
594:Ayasofya Hamamı, one of the
501:was Roxelana, victim of the
341:
16:Period in the Ottoman Empire
2726:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
1873:Vassal and tributary states
772:, and wife of Grand Vizier
487:Roxelana, the Hürrem Sultan
178:Decline & Modernization
3658:
2557:Conquest of Constantinople
1195:. Oxford University Press.
490:
388:complex and the prominent
262:Abolition of the Caliphate
254:Abolition of the Sultanate
191:(late 18th and early 19th)
3556:
3064:The constitutional system
2596:Second Constitutional Era
2581:Decline and modernization
2387:
2142:
1446:
1392:Decline and modernization
1025:Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2017).
3047:Ministry of the Interior
3032:Administrative divisions
2591:First Constitutional Era
1920:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1456:Foreign Affairs Ministry
358:Suleiman the Magnificent
2994:Parliamentary elections
2796:Eastern Anatolia Region
2791:Central Anatolia Region
2473:Ancient and Middle Ages
1913:Agha of the Janissaries
1560:List of Ottoman sultans
1209:Peirce, Leslie (1988).
1191:Peirce, Leslie (1993).
1152:Peirce, Leslie (1993).
781:, Sultanzade Osman Bey
3165:Science and technology
2999:Presidential elections
2480:Prehistory of Anatolia
2115:Science and technology
1565:Roman succession claim
599:
556:
544:Political significance
468:
450:Ottoman Imperial Harem
230:2nd Constitutional Era
204:1st Constitutional Era
87:Fall of Constantinople
3160:Free trade agreements
3042:Intelligence Services
2839:North Anatolian Fault
1988:Dragoman of the Fleet
1703:Dragoman of the Porte
1493:Armenian Constitution
1380:Stagnation and reform
1050:Lambton, Ann (1988).
764:The only daughter of
593:
551:
529:Haseki Sultan Complex
491:Further information:
463:
404:Historical precedents
360:with his marriage to
3544:World heritage sites
3069:Turkish Armed Forces
2954:Constitutional Court
2868:Flora and vegetation
2846:Environmental issues
2834:East Anatolian Fault
2781:Mediterranean Region
1708:Outer Palace Service
1624:Inner Palace Service
390:Valide Sultan Mosque
386:Haseki Sultan Mosque
3113:Banking and Finance
2731:History of Anatolia
2628:War of Independence
2620:Republic of Türkiye
2517:Battle of Manzikert
1903:Classic period army
1744:Chamber of Deputies
1719:Imperial Government
779:Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan
503:Crimean slave trade
453:the failure of the
3637:Sultanate of Women
3170:Telecommunications
2959:Court of Cassation
2660:Multi-party period
2569:Ottoman Old Regime
2490:Byzantine Anatolia
2485:Classical Anatolia
1530:Translation Office
1414:2nd Constitutional
1402:1st Constitutional
1356:Sultanate of Women
1250:Leslie P. Peirce.
600:
557:
469:
342:Kadınlar saltanatı
323:Sultanate of Women
110:Sultanate of Women
3624:
3623:
3552:
3551:
3094:
3093:
3037:Foreign relations
3011:Political parties
2911:
2910:
2744:
2743:
2736:History of Thrace
2638:Atatürk's reforms
2529:Anatolian beyliks
2416:
2415:
2383:
2382:
2375:Star and crescent
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
1881:
1880:
1818:
1817:
1570:Ottoman Caliphate
1451:Foreign relations
1260:978-0-19-508677-5
1246:978-1-88-328570-8
997:
996:
964:2 September 1651
475:, later known as
339:
319:
318:
249:(1918–1922)
241:(1914–1918)
233:(1908–1920)
223:(1908–1922)
207:(1876–1878)
199:(1839–1876)
181:(1789–1908)
165:(1718–1730)
155:(1703–1789)
139:(1656–1703)
129:(1566–1703)
113:(1533–1656)
103:(1453–1566)
82:(1402–1413)
67:(1299–1453)
3649:
3612:
3611:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3575:
3564:
3369:
3254:Cities and towns
3235:Turkish language
3190:Turkish Airlines
3006:Electoral system
2969:Council of State
2922:
2856:Waste management
2786:Black Sea Region
2764:
2755:
2709:Turkic migration
2655:One-party period
2524:Sultanate of Rum
2470:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2147:Social structure
2140:
1993:Imperial Arsenal
1892:
1726:
1665:
1663:(classic period)
1658:Imperial Council
1653:
1545:
1444:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1172:Interfax-Ukraine
1164:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1022:
979:
976:
956:Şehzade Süleyman
940:Gevherhan Sultan
918:
915:
886:
883:
837:
834:
822:7 December 1583
806:Gevherhan Sultan
784:25 January 1578
747:Şehzade Cihangir
739:Şehzade Abdullah
718:
715:
688:
481:slave concubines
344:
334:
332:
311:
304:
297:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
224:
208:
200:
192:
182:
166:
156:
140:
130:
114:
104:
83:
68:
49:
19:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3548:
3367:
3363:Women in Turkey
3331:Law enforcement
3285:
3281:Life expectancy
3247:Islam in Turkey
3201:
3090:
3052:National Police
3020:
2975:
2907:
2898:Turkish Riviera
2805:
2762:
2761:
2740:
2697:
2664:
2643:Language reform
2614:
2533:
2494:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2417:
2412:
2379:
2343:
2315:
2282:
2183:
2172:Ottoman Turkish
2129:
2038:
2012:
1962:
1957:Modernized army
1941:Sekban-i Djedid
1877:
1814:
1769:Shaykh al-Islām
1750:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1555:Ottoman dynasty
1534:
1435:
1310:
1305:
1268:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1097:Islamic Studies
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1006:
1002:
977:
916:
884:
862:Mihrimah Sultan
835:
757:Mihrimah Sultan
743:Şehzade Bayezid
731:Mihrimah Sultan
716:
686:
677:Shaykh al-Islām
672:
662:(Yeni Cami) at
644:
605:
546:
495:
489:
455:Siege of Vienna
446:
406:
327:Ottoman Turkish
315:
270:
269:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
225:
222:
212:
211:
206:
198:
190:
183:
180:
170:
169:
164:
157:
154:
144:
143:
138:
131:
128:
118:
117:
112:
105:
102:
92:
91:
81:
74:Beylik of Osman
69:
66:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:Radio stations
3477:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Turkish people
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3180:Transportation
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:National parks
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:Climate change
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Marmara Region
2767:
2765:
2763:(west to east)
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2676:Constitutional
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2564:Transformation
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2539:Ottoman Empire
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Nizam-i Djedid
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1859:Mutasarrifates
1856:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Reis ül-Küttab
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:Palace Schools
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1582:Imperial Harem
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1551:
1549:
1548:House of Osman
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1368:Decline thesis
1363:Transformation
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:Constantinople
1341:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:Ottoman Empire
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:External links
1264:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1238:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1183:
1159:
1144:
1114:
1087:
1057:
1042:
1035:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
993:4 August 1683
991:
985:
980:
972:
966:
965:
962:
944:Hanzade Sultan
928:Şehzade Mehmed
924:
919:
911:
905:
904:
901:
895:Şehzade Mahmud
892:
887:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:Fahriye Sultan
846:Hümaşah Sultan
843:
838:
830:
824:
823:
820:
810:Ismihan Sultan
799:
794:
792:
790:Nurbanu Sultan
786:
785:
782:
776:
762:
759:
753:
752:
751:15 April 1558
749:
727:Şehzade Mehmed
724:
719:
711:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
685:
682:
671:
668:
643:
640:
620:Ottoman Empire
604:
601:
561:valide sultans
545:
542:
518:imperial harem
488:
485:
445:
442:
405:
402:
378:valide sultans
374:haseki sultans
351:Ottoman Empire
331:قادينلر سلطنتى
317:
316:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
288:
287:
276:Historiography
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
226:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
193:
188:Nizam-i Djedid
184:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
158:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
132:
126:Transformation
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
106:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
76:
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
39:Ottoman Empire
30:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3654:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Air pollution
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Aegean Region
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Turkification
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:Classical Age
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:Seljuk Empire
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Ottoman court
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Naval battles
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:Kapudan Pasha
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:Reform period
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Haseki sultan
1590:
1588:
1587:Valide sultan
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
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522:Haseki Sultan
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3450:Illumination
3386:Architecture
3314:Human rights
3302:Universities
3220:Ethnic Kurds
3207:Demographics
3118:Construction
2405:
2400:Bibliography
2398:
2391:
2360:Coat of arms
2334:Christianity
2288:Demographics
2271:of Armenians
2212:Illumination
2197:Architecture
2078:Central bank
2029:Conscription
1955:
1946:Mansure Army
1929:
1901:
1808:Hakham Bashi
1776:Christianity
1723:
1673:Grand Vizier
1662:
1514:Civil codes
1488:Constitution
1355:
1334:Ghaza thesis
1251:
1227:
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1175:. Retrieved
1171:
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1127:Muslim World
1126:
1103:(1): 71–87.
1100:
1096:
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1081:
1051:
1045:
1026:
936:Fatma Sultan
909:Kösem Sultan
864:(disputed),
858:Fatma Sultan
818:Fatma Sultan
774:Rüstem Pasha
673:
645:
608:Kösem Sultan
606:
603:Kösem Sultan
595:
585:
577:
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558:
553:Kösem Sultan
537:soup kitchen
526:
521:
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322:
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246:Partitioning
196:Tanzimat Era
109:
3603:WikiProject
3534:Video games
3326:Individuals
3319:LGBT rights
3309:Health care
3276:Immigration
3057:Gendarmerie
3016:Referendums
2932:Legislative
2829:Earthquakes
2714:Oghuz Turks
2603:Dissolution
2227:Shadow play
2073:Agriculture
2066:Reformation
2062:Enlargement
1908:Janissaries
1617:Kizlar Agha
1602:Hanımefendi
1597:Kadınefendi
1409:Dissolution
1339:Interregnum
978: 1627
932:Ayşe Sultan
917: 1589
903:after 1623
885: 1570
871:After 1619
868:(disputed)
854:Ayşe Sultan
836: 1550
717: 1504
660:Yeni Mosque
444:Early years
414:noble women
238:World War I
220:Dissolution
136:Köprülü Era
79:Interregnum
3631:Categories
3475:Newspapers
3460:Literature
3440:Folk dance
3341:Corruption
3225:Minorities
3153:Renewables
3108:Automotive
2917:Government
2648:Secularism
2244:Literature
2157:Ottomanism
1852:Sanjakbeys
1835:Beylerbeys
1823:Provincial
1540:Government
1503:Family law
1221:Literature
1177:2019-03-01
1133:(2): 234.
890:Mehmed III
850:Mehmed III
802:Şah Sultan
766:Suleiman I
722:Suleiman I
670:Opposition
497:The first
438:fratricide
370:concubines
152:Old Regime
3529:TV series
3487:Miniature
3430:Festivals
3346:Terrorism
3297:Education
3230:Languages
3074:Air Force
2989:Elections
2937:Executive
2883:Mountains
2750:Geography
2669:Overviews
2608:Partition
2574:Tulip era
2296:Armenians
2261:Education
2217:Miniature
2167:Languages
2152:Devshirme
2125:Transport
1925:Timariots
1791:Bulgarian
1683:Kazaskers
1645:Central (
1629:Kapi Agha
1498:Electoral
1424:Abolition
1419:Partition
988:Mehmed IV
983:Ibrahim I
960:Ibrahim I
926:At least
899:Mustafa I
841:Murad III
814:Murad III
700:Children
656:Mehmed IV
651:Mehmed IV
636:Mehmed IV
628:Mustafa I
573:Murad III
511:Ruthenian
394:Yeni Cami
336:romanized
162:Tulip Era
3579:Category
3517:Football
3502:Painting
3445:Folklore
3353:Marriage
3259:Istanbul
3242:Religion
3195:Railways
3185:Aviation
3123:Currency
2981:Politics
2949:Judicial
2925:Branches
2903:Wildlife
2693:Military
2681:Economic
2586:Tanzimat
2407:Category
2321:Religion
2234:Clothing
2120:Taxation
2083:Currency
2024:Aviation
1998:Admirals
1951:Hamidieh
1887:Military
1868:Kadiluks
1842:Vilayets
1796:Armenian
1734:Assembly
1471:Treaties
1440:Politics
1397:Tanzimat
1109:20832621
948:Murad IV
797:Selim II
735:Selim II
697:Husband
632:Murad IV
622:. After
583:nature.
535:, and a
493:Roxelana
473:Roxelana
434:Anatolia
55:Timeline
25:a series
23:Part of
3615:Outline
3591:Commons
3524:Theater
3507:Pottery
3423:Ottoman
3418:Cuisine
3396:Ottoman
3373:Culture
3358:Poverty
3290:Society
3175:Tourism
3128:Defense
3100:Economy
2942:Cabinet
2873:Geology
2817:Climate
2759:Regions
2686:Ottoman
2504:Beyliks
2500:Seljuks
2465:History
2393:Outline
2348:Symbols
2339:Judaism
2266:Schools
2239:Cuisine
2202:Mosques
2189:Culture
2179:Slavery
2135:Society
2098:Sultani
2059:By era
2052:Economy
2034:Weapons
1847:Sanjaks
1830:Eyalets
1803:Judaism
1756:Millets
1693:Nişancı
1678:Viziers
1523:Halakha
1518:Mecelle
1461:Safavid
1373:Köprülü
1316:History
922:Ahmed I
664:Eminönü
616:Mustafa
612:Ahmed I
422:Trabzon
398:Eminönü
349:of the
347:sultans
338::
284:Decline
34:History
3642:Reigns
3567:Portal
3512:Sports
3413:Cinema
3408:Carpet
3391:Seljuk
3381:Anthem
3264:Ankara
3133:Energy
3025:Topics
2893:Rivers
2810:Topics
2702:Topics
2457:Turkey
2370:Tughra
2355:Anthem
2301:Greeks
2254:Poetry
1739:Senate
1508:Düstur
1258:
1244:
1234:
1107:
1033:
958:, and
745:, and
703:Death
596:hayrat
566:hayrat
533:mosque
466:Titian
430:Amasya
426:Manisa
410:Seljuk
396:), at
265:(1924)
257:(1922)
36:of the
27:on the
3497:Names
3492:Music
3465:Media
3336:Crime
3269:İzmir
2878:Lakes
2863:Fauna
2329:Islam
2311:Women
2278:Media
2249:Prose
2222:Music
2103:Kuruş
2017:Other
2008:Ships
1864:Kazas
1786:Ullah
1764:Islam
1647:Porte
1385:Tulip
1105:JSTOR
1000:Notes
761:1522
694:Born
691:Name
624:Ahmed
507:Islam
280:Ghaza
3539:Wine
3435:Flag
3138:Coal
3084:Navy
3079:Land
2547:Rise
2502:and
2365:Flag
2306:Jews
2208:Art
2108:Lira
2093:Para
2088:Akçe
1981:List
1968:Navy
1895:Army
1476:Wars
1329:Rise
1256:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1031:ISBN
768:and
428:and
321:The
64:Rise
3403:Art
3148:Oil
3143:Gas
1781:Rūm
1483:Law
1135:doi
432:in
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3470:TV
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