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249:, etc. Though they could be legally jailed or executed by most armies a century ago, the experience of World War II influenced nations occupied by foreign forces to change the law to protect this group. Many of the post-war victors, such as France, Poland, and the USSR, had the experience of resistance fighters being summarily executed by the
317:(SD, Security Service). The order, which was issued in secret, made it clear that failure to carry out such orders by any commander or officer would be considered to be an act of negligence punishable under German military law. This was in fact the second "Commando Order", the first being issued by Generalfeldmarschall
344:
of 1949, irregular forces are entitled to prisoner of war status if they are commanded by a person responsible for the subordinates, have a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, carry arms openly, and conduct their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war. If they do not
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may be declared in emergencies such as invasions or insurrections, and in such a case constitutionally protected rights would be suspended. Depending on a state's interpretation of martial law, this may allow police or military forces to decide and carry out punishments that include death on its own
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That would not include killing a suspect who is directly endangering another's life, which is always legal for police, but executing a suspect under one's control as a punishment. Proving that a summary execution fell under the legal exception would be exceptionally difficult, as one would have to
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encountered by German forces in Europe and Africa should be killed immediately without trial, even in proper uniforms or if they attempted to surrender. Any commando or small group of commandos or a similar unit, agents and
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not in proper uniforms who fell into the hands of the German military forces by some means other than direct combat (through the police in occupied territories, for instance) were to be handed over immediately to the
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No sentence shall be passed and no penalty shall be executed on a person found guilty of an offence except pursuant to a conviction pronounced by a court offering the essential guarantees of independence and
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would be the competent judge needed to determine guilt and declare a sentence of death. However, there are certain exceptions to this rule in emergencies and warfare where summary execution is legal.
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503:... under which parachutists who were taken prisoner not in connection with battle actions were to be transferred to the Gestapo by whom they were, in fact, killed.
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show why a judgment and sentence of death absolutely needed to be meted out on the spot. Hence, such extraordinary acts are almost always seen as illegal violations of
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and other special forces who were caught deep behind enemy lines would be protected as POWs, rather than summarily executed as Hitler decreed through his 1942
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of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of
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may not be accorded POW status, but that definition has broadened to cover more classes of combatants over time. In the past, summary execution of
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have been performed and considered legal under existing international law. Francs-tireurs (a term originating in the
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353:") and punished as criminals in a military jurisdiction, which may include summary execution.
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during World War II. However, if soldiers remove their disguises and put on proper insignia
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if captured. That distinction was settled by a military tribunal in the postwar trial of
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in such an operation, they are considered legal combatants and must be treated as
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is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a
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on July 21, 1942, stipulating that parachutists should be handed over to the
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citizens, in order to restore lawful authority or for other vital reasons.
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68:. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a
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if they were captured. The war also influenced them to make sure that
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Execution immediately after being accused of a crime, without trial
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The Law of Armed
Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
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Second
Protocol of the Geneva Conventions (1977), Article 6.2
329:, the Commando Order was found to be a direct breach of the
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Polish people being executed by a German firing squad in
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Soldiers who are wearing uniforms of the opposing army
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meet all of those conditions, they may be considered
427:The Martens clause and the laws of armed conflict.
99:organizations and are frequently associated with
364:ruse in the past, including both German and US
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173:from history, protect the rights of captured
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87:Summary executions have been practiced by
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84:, by killing the surrendering opponents.
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280:The execution of 56 Polish citizens in
300:on October 18, 1942, stating that all
325:. Shortly after World War II, at the
209:Exceptions to prisoners-of-war status
60:In civil and military jurisprudence,
7:
439:#317, @ pp 125ā134. Seen 2010-06-30.
76:, but the term usually denotes the
515:Gary D. Solis (15 February 2010).
25:
296:The Commando Order was issued by
1040:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1750:Extrajudicial killings by type
548:Arbitrary arrest and detention
340:According to Article 4 of the
1:
830:Capital punishment by country
501:, British National Archives,
639:Targeted killings by country
553:Encounter killings by police
349:(in the original sense of "
290:German occupation of Poland
171:customary international law
161:Major treaties such as the
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521:Cambridge University Press
463:USGPO Translation of order
425:Ticehurst R (1997-04-30).
370:before the start of combat
191:Second Additional Protocol
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578:License to kill (concept)
466:, UK: UWE, archived from
396:Within a state's policy,
358:after the start of combat
233:) are enemy civilians or
213:However, some classes of
985:Central African Republic
558:Extrajudicial punishment
179:irregular enemy soldiers
374:prisoners of war (POWs)
342:Third Geneva Convention
930:Bosnia and Herzegovina
573:Genocide justification
481:"The Commando Order",
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74:drumhead court-martial
72:, as in the case of a
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1600:SĆ£o TomĆ© and PrĆncipe
1490:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1470:Republic of the Congo
593:Right to a fair trial
563:Extrajudicial killing
484:History learning site
279:
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126:The Third of May 1808
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115:Military jurisdiction
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1665:United Arab Emirates
568:Forced disappearance
135:Dos de Mayo Uprising
1740:Human rights abuses
1635:Trinidad and Tobago
588:Retributive justice
386:Battle of the Bulge
231:Franco-Prussian War
66:free and fair trial
1745:Capital punishment
1735:War crimes by type
432:2007-04-15 at the
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105:counter-insurgency
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530:978-0-5218-7088-7
392:Under martial law
351:illegal combatant
315:Sicherheitsdienst
185:of enemy states.
167:Hague Conventions
151:military tribunal
101:guerrilla warfare
78:summary execution
62:summary execution
16:(Redirected from
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35:Nguyį»
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784:United States
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188:
184:
181:, along with
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
121:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
54:Tet Offensive
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1690:Vatican City
1650:Turkmenistan
1550:South Africa
1525:Sierra Leone
1505:Saudi Arabia
955:Burkina Faso
749:South Africa
516:
510:
502:
498:
493:
483:
476:
468:the original
462:
456:
444:
436:
421:
407:human rights
403:
395:
369:
357:
355:
346:
339:
298:Adolf Hitler
295:
212:
196:
160:
147:military law
144:
124:
97:paramilitary
86:
77:
61:
59:
1590:Switzerland
1560:South Sudan
1555:South Korea
1450:Philippines
1410:North Korea
1395:New Zealand
1390:Netherlands
1215:Ivory Coast
1070:El Salvador
840:Afghanistan
739:Philippines
649:Afghanistan
398:martial law
331:laws of war
52:during the
1760:Euphemisms
1755:Law of war
1729:Categories
1685:Uzbekistan
1610:Tajikistan
1520:Seychelles
1500:San Marino
1365:Mozambique
1355:Montenegro
1325:Mauritania
1300:Madagascar
1295:Luxembourg
1250:Kyrgyzstan
1235:Kazakhstan
1055:East Timor
1015:Costa Rica
980:Cape Verde
900:Bangladesh
885:Azerbaijan
759:Tajikistan
719:Mozambique
659:Bangladesh
499:CAB/129/28
437:Int Rev RC
413:References
380:, who led
362:false flag
335:war crimes
247:insurgents
239:guerrillas
215:combatants
82:no quarter
37:summarily
1695:Venezuela
1570:Sri Lanka
1530:Singapore
1330:Mauritius
1290:Lithuania
1185:Indonesia
1150:Guatemala
875:Australia
865:Argentina
789:Venezuela
654:Australia
598:Vigilante
310:saboteurs
305:commandos
288:, during
255:commandos
243:partisans
183:civilians
109:terrorism
42:Viet Cong
1715:Zimbabwe
1620:Thailand
1615:Tanzania
1580:Suriname
1540:Slovenia
1535:Slovakia
1460:Portugal
1440:Paraguay
1430:Pakistan
1350:Mongolia
1310:Malaysia
1095:Ethiopia
1090:Eswatini
1050:Djibouti
1005:Colombia
970:Cameroon
965:Cambodia
950:Bulgaria
935:Botswana
764:Thailand
729:Pakistan
684:Ethiopia
583:Lynching
542:See also
430:Archived
201:ā
93:military
56:in 1968.
44:Captain
39:executes
1700:Vietnam
1680:Uruguay
1660:Ukraine
1640:Tunisia
1545:Somalia
1510:Senegal
1475:Romania
1405:Nigeria
1375:Namibia
1370:Myanmar
1360:Morocco
1340:Moldova
1275:Liberia
1270:Lesotho
1265:Lebanon
1220:Jamaica
1200:Ireland
1175:Iceland
1170:Hungary
1145:Grenada
1130:Germany
1125:Georgia
1105:Finland
1085:Estonia
1080:Eritrea
1060:Ecuador
1045:Denmark
1020:Croatia
1010:Comoros
960:Burundi
925:Bolivia
910:Belgium
905:Belarus
895:Bahrain
890:Bahamas
880:Austria
870:Armenia
855:Andorra
850:Algeria
845:Albania
774:Ukraine
724:Nigeria
664:Belarus
323:Gestapo
284:, near
282:Bochnia
235:militia
219:pirates
175:regular
1710:Zambia
1655:Uganda
1645:Turkey
1605:Taiwan
1585:Sweden
1515:Serbia
1485:Rwanda
1480:Russia
1455:Poland
1420:Norway
1345:Monaco
1335:Mexico
1305:Malawi
1260:Latvia
1245:Kuwait
1230:Jordan
1205:Israel
1165:Guyana
1155:Guinea
1140:Greece
1120:Gambia
1110:France
1030:Cyprus
975:Canada
945:Brunei
940:Brazil
920:Bhutan
860:Angola
769:Turkey
744:Russia
714:Mexico
704:Israel
669:Brazil
527:
302:Allied
286:KrakĆ³w
270:KĆ³rnik
225:, and
169:, and
145:Under
139:Madrid
95:, and
89:police
50:Saigon
1705:Yemen
1630:Tonga
1595:Syria
1575:Sudan
1565:Spain
1495:Samoa
1465:Qatar
1400:Niger
1385:Nepal
1380:Nauru
1320:Malta
1280:Libya
1240:Kenya
1225:Japan
1210:Italy
1180:India
1135:Ghana
1115:Gabon
1065:Egypt
1000:China
995:Chile
915:Benin
754:Spain
709:Kenya
689:India
679:Egypt
674:Chile
223:spies
1625:Togo
1445:Peru
1425:Oman
1315:Mali
1255:Laos
1195:Iraq
1190:Iran
1100:Fiji
1025:Cuba
990:Chad
699:Iraq
694:Iran
525:ISBN
487:, UK
251:Axis
177:and
165:and
137:in
129:by
48:in
1731::
519:.
409:.
388:.
337:.
261:.
245:,
241:,
221:,
107:,
103:,
91:,
822:e
815:t
808:v
631:e
624:t
617:v
533:.
451:.
141:.
20:)
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