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so hot that they vitrified and ran like molten glass, most of the brickwork lining of the tunnel was scorched but still serviceable. One of the photographs taken in the aftermath shows a rail tanker directly beneath shaft 9: it is crowned with a mass of vitrified slag from bricks in the shaft that had melted and dripped down.
508:
The last of the wagons was removed from the tunnel on 1 March 1985. Once
British Rail had replaced the track and electrical services, shored up the bases of vent shafts 8 and 9 and filled the two shafts with inert foam (all this took eight months), locals were allowed a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity
504:
The damage done by the fire was minimal. Approximately half a mile of track had to be replaced, as did all the electrical services and signalling. The biggest surprise was how well the brick lining had stood up to the fire. Although some bricks in the tunnel and in the blast relief shafts had become
439:
Left to itself, the fire burned as hot as it could. As the walls warmed up and the air temperature in the tunnel rose, all 10 tankers discharged petrol vapour from their pressure relief valves. Two tankers melted (at approximately 1,530 °C or 2,790 °F) and discharged their remaining loads.
500:
carried by the train, 275,000 litres (60,000 imp gal; 73,000 US gal) were rescued by the train crew when they drove the locomotive and the first three tankers to safety. A further 16,000 litres (3,500 imp gal; 4,200 US gal) of petrol were recovered after the
463:
Unable to get close enough to safely fight the fire directly, the fire brigades forced high-expansion foam into ventilation shafts far from the fire. This created blockages that starved the fire of oxygen. By mid-afternoon the next day, the inferno was no longer burning, though the fire was by no
443:
The fuel supply to the fire was so rich that some of the combustibles were unable to find oxygen inside the tunnel with which to burn; they were instead ejected from vent shafts 8 and 9 as fuel-rich gases that burst into flame when they encountered oxygen in the air outside. At the height of the
430:
However, at 9.40 a.m., the pressure in one of the heated tankers rose high enough to open its pressure relief valves. The vented vapour caught fire and blew flames onto the tunnel wall. The wall deflected the flames both ways along the tunnel, and the bricks in the tunnel wall began to
389:) derailed the fourth tanker, which caused the derailment of those behind. Only the locomotive and the first three tankers remained on the rails. One of the derailed tankers fell on its side and began to leak petrol into the tunnel. Vapour from the leaking petrol was probably ignited by the
435:
and melt in the flames. The BA crews from both brigades decided to evacuate. They managed to leave just before the first explosion rocked the tunnel. The firefighters were saved because blast relief shafts 8 and 9 acted as flame vents (a function their designer never envisaged).
464:
means knocked down. Petrol continued to leak from the derailed wagons through the tunnel drainage and ballast and the vapour sporadically reignited when it came into contact with the hot tunnel lining. Two hundred people were evacuated from their homes and workplaces in
418:
The train crew were persuaded to return to the train, where they uncoupled the three tankers still on the rails and used the locomotive to drive them out. Greater
Manchester fire brigade then loaded firefighting equipment onto track trolleys and sent a crew with
460:. In the cleanup operation afterwards, small globules of metal were found on the ground surrounding shaft 9; these had been melted from the tanker walls, swept up with the exhaust gases, and dropped out onto the grass around the top of the shaft.
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The brigades continued to fight the fire for another two days, until West
Yorkshire Fire Brigade issued the stop message just after 6:30 p.m. on Christmas Eve. Fire crews remained at the site until 7 January 1985.
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The gases are estimated to have flowed up these shafts at 50 metres per second (110 mph). Air at this speed is capable of blowing around heavy items: hot projectiles made from tunnel lining (rather like
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370:
At 05:50 on 20 December 1984, the train, carrying more than 1,000,000 litres (220,000 imp gal; 260,000 US gal) (835 tonnes or 822 long tons or 920 short tons) of four-star
415:
quickly attended the scene. Co-ordination between the brigades appears to have worked well, perhaps because they had both participated in an emergency exercise in the tunnel a month before.
325:
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The incident was one of a series of
British railway accidents during 1984, coming only days after the fatal collision between an express passenger train and a train of fuel oil tankers at
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to call for an inquiry into railway safety, in particular with respect to the conveyance of dangerous chemicals such as those involved in the accidents at Eccles and Summit Tunnel.
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The tunnel, which is 2,885 yards (2,638 m) in length, was built in 1840–41. Twelve of the fourteen construction shafts were left open to help vent smoke and steam from the
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to provide a water supply. At the same time, crews from West
Yorkshire fire brigade entered the tunnel and began fighting fires in the ballast at the north end of the train.
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1198:
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320:, Greater Manchester on 4 December. One day earlier on 3 December a train guard had been killed after a collision between a diesel multiple unit and parcels vans at
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was closed. Passenger trains between two stations were replaced by buses. Of the 1,100,000 litres (240,000 imp gal; 290,000 US gal) of
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fire was extinguished, and 809,000 litres (178,000 imp gal; 214,000 US gal) (670 tonnes or 660 long tons or 740 short tons) burnt.
378:, entered the tunnel on the Yorkshire (north) side traveling at 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). One-third of the way through the tunnel, a defective
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beneath the other track in the tunnel, so they left the train and ran the remaining mile to the south portal (where they knew there was a direct
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in
Todmorden, there is a small collection of photographs noting the fire, along with the statistics of the construction, and a quotation by
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2003:
788:
48:
589:"Report on the derailment and fire that occurred on 20th December 1984 at Summit Tunnel in the London Midland Region of British Railways"
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520:, the tunnel's builder, who said, "I stake my reputation and my head that the tunnel will never fail so as to injure any human life".
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2015:
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423:(BA) in to begin their firefighting operation at the south end of the train. They also lowered hose lines down one of the
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fire, pillars of flame approximately 150 metres (490 ft) high rose from the shaft outlets on the hillside above.
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also in
Manchester. This third serious railway accident in the North West of England in less than three weeks led the
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992:
Riley, N.; Lelland, A. (1995), "A review of incidents involving hazardous materials in road and rail tunnels",
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456:) were cast out over the hillside. These set much of the vegetation on fire, and caused the closure of the
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744:"Report on the Derailment and the fire that occurred on 20th December 1984 at Summit Tunnel"
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People walking through Summit Tunnel in August 1985, before the line was reopened to traffic
329:
310:
386:
269:
956:
Research report on the Summit Tunnel fire, Todmorden, West
Yorkshire on 20 December 1984
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974:
Duncan, S.D.; Wilson, W. (18–21 April 1988), "Summit Tunnel—post fire remedial works",
529:
449:
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153:
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145:
513:
219:
994:
Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Safety in Road and Rail Tunnels
1842:
815:
Nicholson-Lord, David (21 December 1984). "Homes evacuated as train explodes".
665:
533:
457:
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indicates railway accidents and incidents resulting in at least 20 fatalities
1063:
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to walk through the tunnel before train services resumed on 19 August 1985.
401:
284:
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375:
364:
345:
465:
453:
390:
875:
Davenport, Peter (1 March 1991). "On track to hail
Pennine navvies".
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371:
1010:
Stephen, Paul (30 March 2016), "Summit Tunnel: from fire to ice",
479:
432:
396:
The three train crew members could see fire spreading through the
272:
420:
379:
1211:
1081:
894:. No. 62058. London. 9 February 1985. col B-C, p. 3.
20:
616:, ed. (6 December 1984). "Train may have passed red signal".
16:
1984 railway disaster near Todmorden, West Yorkshire, England
2479:
indicates the deadliest railway accident in British history
967:
Summit Tunnel: A supplementary report on the vent shaft fire
710:. Enderby, Leicester: Promotional Reprint Co. p. 160.
828:
826:
936:
Lindley, J. (April 1997), "The Summit Tunnel incident",
642:, ed. (4 December 1984). "Guard dies in railway crash".
468:
in response. They were allowed back home the next day.
864:. No. 62019. London. 22 December 1984. p. 2.
2579:
Railway accidents and incidents in Greater Manchester
1239:
Railway accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom
949:, no. IR/L/FR/85/26, Health and Safety Executive
770:
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was held into the accident. The hearing was held in
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The train involved was the 01:40 freight train from
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976:Tunnelling'88: 5th International Symposium: Papers
753:. Department of Transport. 4 June 1986. p. 12
404:connection to the signalman) to raise the alarm.
789:"Remembering the Summit tunnel fire 30 years on"
860:"Rail disruption for weeks after tunnel fire".
666:"Granada News report on Summit Tunnel Disaster"
2564:Accidents and incidents involving British Rail
879:. No. 63954. London. col C-F, p. 11.
855:
853:
819:. No. 62018. London. col A-E, p. 28.
810:
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8:
2574:Railway accidents and incidents in Yorkshire
969:, West Yorkshire Fire Service, 8 August 1985
945:Jones, A. (1985), "The Summit Tunnel fire",
2569:December 1984 events in the United Kingdom
1230:
1216:
1208:
1156:Wembley Central rail crash, United Kingdom
1100:
1086:
1078:
115:
91:
82:
890:"Tanker train crew ran for their lives".
708:Railway disasters : cause and effect
536:. A report was published on 4 June 1985.
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
978:, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,
34:This article includes a list of general
2559:Building and structure fires in England
844:
832:
557:
701:
699:
275:caught fire while passing through the
1147:Polmont rail accident, United Kingdom
1036:, Rochdale Boroughwide Cultural Trust
787:Wilkinson, Damon (19 December 2014).
672:from the original on 21 December 2021
668:. LittleboroughLocal. 27 April 2015.
268:occurred on 20 December 1984, when a
7:
2519:1984 disasters in the United Kingdom
774:
730:
690:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
1183:Apennine Base Tunnel bombing, Italy
1174:Summit Tunnel fire, United Kingdom
1138:Morpeth derailment, United Kingdom
488:Due to the fire, the line between
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2539:1980s fires in the United Kingdom
1165:Eccles rail crash, United Kingdom
913:(4 ed.). London: Ian Allan.
2584:Oil spills in the United Kingdom
2489:
2484:
114:
107:
25:
1110:Railway accidents and incidents
600:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
409:Greater Manchester Fire Brigade
352:oil distribution terminal near
940:, no. 134, pp. 14–19
1:
2524:Train and rapid transit fires
1014:, Peterborough: Bauer Media,
646:. No. 62003. p. 2.
620:. No. 62005. p. 2.
326:Littleborough and Saddleworth
546:List of transportation fires
279:on the railway line between
210:Manchester and Leeds Railway
960:West Yorkshire Fire Service
413:West Yorkshire Fire Brigade
97:South portal, Summit Tunnel
2600:
911:Historic railway disasters
302:
2529:Railway accidents in 1984
2469:
2349:Victoria & Paddington
2120:King's Cross & Euston
1192:
1128:
909:Nock, O. S. (1987).
102:
90:
938:Loss Prevention Bulletin
313:that passed through it.
1873:Harrow & Wealdstone
1525:Parkgate & Rawmarsh
1199:1985 ►
1195:◄ 1983
794:Manchester Evening News
585:Department of Transport
55:more precise citations.
2514:Derailments in England
2171:Paisley Gilmour Street
706:Hall, Stanley (1992).
485:
2010:Knowle & Dorridge
1974:Severn Railway Bridge
1501:Birmingham New Street
1040:firewestyorkshire.com
1034:Summit Tunnel booklet
751:railwaysarchive.co.uk
640:Douglas-Home, Charles
614:Douglas-Home, Charles
483:
2554:Chimney effect fires
1564:Glasgow Queen Street
1064:53.6751°N 2.088261°W
363:47 125 and thirteen
182:53.6751°N 2.088261°W
2004:Coppenhall Junction
1888:Irk Valley Junction
1805:Manchester Victoria
1060: /
1042:, Report and photos
954:Karran, G. (1985),
512:At the Masons Arms
421:breathing apparatus
356:. It was formed by
229:Derailment and fire
178: /
2096:Audenshaw Junction
1930:Chapel-en-le-Frith
1924:Welwyn Garden City
1826:Penmanshiel Tunnel
1617:Welwyn Garden City
1069:53.6751; -2.088261
486:
425:ventilation shafts
289:Greater Manchester
266:Summit Tunnel fire
187:53.6751; -2.088261
86:Summit Tunnel fire
2501:
2500:
2445:Spa Road Junction
2314:Glasgow Bellgrove
1820:Stockport Viaduct
1676:Norton Fitzwarren
1576:Combe Down Tunnel
1442:St Bedes Junction
1205:
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518:George Stephenson
361:diesel locomotive
295:border, England.
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237:Defective bearing
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2132:Watford Junction
2114:Eltham Well Hall
2102:Sheerness-on-Sea
2040:Connington South
1900:Sutton Coldfield
1894:Watford Junction
1712:Catterick Bridge
1599:Leighton Buzzard
1260:Glasgow St Enoch
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330:Geoffrey Dickens
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2248:Wembley Central
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2459:(Oct 1999)
2320:West Ealing
2301:(Dec 1988)
2292:(Nov 1987)
2177:Invergowrie
2140:(Feb 1975)
2054:(Nov 1967)
1938:(Dec 1957)
1875:(Oct 1952)
1843:Penmaenmawr
1813:(Apr 1948)
1798:(Oct 1947)
1789:(Oct 1947)
1777:(July 1947)
1763:Potters Bar
1756:(Jan 1946)
1747:(Sep 1945)
1732:(Jan 1945)
1705:(Mar 1943)
1696:(Dec 1941)
1687:(Jan 1941)
1678:(Nov 1940)
1669:(Oct 1940)
1631:(Dec 1937)
1605:Raynes Park
1551:(Jun 1928)
1426:(May 1915)
1406:Burntisland
1341:Bournemouth
1310:(Dec 1906)
1295:(Jul 1906)
1274:(Jul 1905)
1241:, 1900–1999
1067: /
676:20 November
407:Crews from
311:locomotives
185: /
161:Coordinates
53:introducing
2544:1984 fires
2508:Categories
2453:(Jun 1999)
2447:(Jan 1999)
2441:(Sep 1997)
2435:(Feb 1997)
2429:(Nov 1996)
2423:(Aug 1996)
2417:(Mar 1996)
2411:(Jul 1995)
2405:(Jan 1995)
2399:(Oct 1994)
2393:(Jun 1994)
2387:(Jun 1994)
2381:(Sep 1993)
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2369:(Feb 1992)
2363:(Dec 1991)
2357:(Jul 1991)
2351:(Feb 1991)
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2339:(Aug 1990)
2322:(Aug 1989)
2316:(Mar 1989)
2310:(Mar 1989)
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2280:(Sep 1986)
2274:(Jul 1986)
2272:Lockington
2268:(Dec 1984)
2262:(Dec 1984)
2256:(Nov 1984)
2250:(Oct 1984)
2244:(Jul 1984)
2238:(Jun 1984)
2232:(Dec 1983)
2226:(Dec 1981)
2224:Seer Green
2220:(Dec 1981)
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2196:(Jan 1980)
2179:(Oct 1979)
2173:(Apr 1979)
2167:(Jul 1978)
2161:(Mar 1976)
2155:(Oct 1975)
2153:Green Park
2149:(Jun 1975)
2134:(Jan 1975)
2128:(Dec 1973)
2122:(Sep 1973)
2116:(Jun 1972)
2110:(May 1972)
2104:(Feb 1971)
2098:(May 1970)
2081:(May 1969)
2075:(Jan 1969)
2069:(Sep 1968)
2067:Castlecary
2063:(Jan 1968)
2048:(Jul 1967)
2042:(Mar 1967)
2036:(Feb 1967)
2030:(Jun 1965)
2024:(Jan 1965)
2022:Coton Hill
2018:(May 1964)
2012:(Aug 1963)
2006:(Dec 1962)
2000:(Jun 1962)
1994:(Jul 1961)
1988:(Feb 1961)
1982:(Feb 1961)
1976:(Oct 1960)
1970:(Jan 1960)
1953:(Aug 1958)
1951:Eastbourne
1947:(Jan 1958)
1932:(Feb 1957)
1926:(Jan 1957)
1920:(Dec 1955)
1914:(Dec 1955)
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1902:(Jan 1955)
1896:(Feb 1954)
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1869:(Sep 1951)
1863:(Aug 1951)
1857:(Jul 1951)
1855:Huntingdon
1851:(Mar 1951)
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1828:(Jun 1949)
1822:(Nov 1948)
1807:(Dec 1947)
1783:(Aug 1947)
1775:Polesworth
1771:(May 1947)
1765:(Feb 1946)
1745:Bourne End
1741:(Feb 1945)
1726:(Jun 1944)
1720:(Jan 1944)
1714:(Feb 1944)
1663:(Oct 1940)
1646:(May 1938)
1640:(Mar 1938)
1629:Castlecary
1625:(Apr 1937)
1619:(Jun 1935)
1613:(Sep 1934)
1607:(May 1933)
1601:(Mar 1931)
1595:(Jan 1930)
1578:(Nov 1929)
1572:(Oct 1928)
1566:(Oct 1928)
1560:(Jul 1928)
1549:Darlington
1545:(Aug 1927)
1539:(Feb 1927)
1533:(Feb 1927)
1527:(Nov 1926)
1521:(Nov 1924)
1515:(Feb 1923)
1509:(Dec 1922)
1503:(Nov 1921)
1497:(Jan 1921)
1491:(Aug 1920)
1474:(May 1919)
1468:(Jan 1918)
1462:(Sep 1917)
1456:(Jan 1917)
1450:(Feb 1916)
1444:(Dec 1915)
1438:(Aug 1915)
1420:(Jan 1915)
1414:(Jun 1914)
1412:Carrbridge
1408:(Apr 1914)
1402:(Sep 1913)
1396:(Feb 1913)
1390:(Sep 1912)
1384:(Jan 1911)
1382:Pontypridd
1378:(Dec 1910)
1372:(Jan 1910)
1366:(Jan 1910)
1349:(Mar 1909)
1343:(May 1908)
1337:(Oct 1907)
1335:Shrewsbury
1331:(Oct 1907)
1325:(Oct 1907)
1323:Birmingham
1319:(Sep 1907)
1304:(Sep 1906)
1289:(Dec 1905)
1283:(Sep 1905)
1268:(Feb 1904)
1262:(Jul 1903)
1256:(Jun 1900)
1052:53°40′30″N
929:References
920:0711017522
717:1856480496
598:. London:
534:Manchester
458:A6033 road
450:lava bombs
354:Warrington
350:Glazebrook
299:Background
242:Statistics
170:53°40′30″N
150:Lancashire
36:references
2482:1815–1899
2218:Ulleskelf
2034:Stechford
1986:Baschurch
1882:Stratford
1861:Newcastle
1849:Doncaster
1781:Doncaster
1754:Lichfield
1570:Charfield
1543:Sevenoaks
1537:Penistone
1448:Penistone
1347:Tonbridge
1293:Salisbury
1272:Hall Road
1055:2°05′18″W
1020:0953-4563
892:The Times
877:The Times
862:The Times
817:The Times
775:Nock 1987
731:Nock 1987
691:Nock 1987
652:0140-0460
644:The Times
626:0140-0460
618:The Times
494:Todmorden
476:Aftermath
402:telephone
322:Longsight
285:Todmorden
173:2°05′18″W
2451:Winsford
2439:Southall
2415:Stafford
2403:Ais Gill
2385:Greenock
2337:Stafford
2194:Dunmurry
2159:West Ham
2147:Nuneaton
2138:Moorgate
2028:Winsford
1936:Lewisham
1811:Winsford
1769:Grayrigg
1495:Abermule
1400:Ais Gill
1394:Chumhill
1302:Grantham
1266:Gomshall
757:20 April
670:Archived
540:See also
490:Rochdale
358:class 47
346:Teesside
216:Operator
142:Location
2421:Watford
2391:Morpeth
2373:Morpeth
2278:Colwich
2242:Polmont
2236:Morpeth
2212:Holborn
2165:Taunton
2079:Morpeth
1998:Lincoln
1796:Goswick
1611:Winwick
1513:Retford
1317:Newport
1197:
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1136:
1116: (
903:Sources
466:Walsden
454:volcano
452:from a
398:ballast
383:bearing
376:tankers
365:tankers
287:on the
198:Country
129:Details
49:improve
2433:Bexley
2397:Cowden
2355:Newton
2308:Purley
2260:Eccles
2206:Bushey
2200:Bushey
2126:Ealing
2073:Marden
2046:Thirsk
1980:Royton
1968:Settle
1912:Barnes
1906:Milton
1867:Weedon
1718:Ilford
1694:Eccles
1667:Balham
1519:Lytham
1436:Weedon
1418:Ilford
1281:Witham
1254:Slough
1179:Dec 23
1170:Dec 20
1161:Dec 4
1152:Oct 11
1143:Jul 30
1134:Jun 24
1018:
1000:
982:
917:
714:
650:
624:
498:petrol
372:petrol
318:Eccles
247:Trains
156:border
38:, but
2409:Largs
2330:1990s
2187:1980s
2089:1970s
2061:Hixon
1961:1960s
1918:Luton
1836:1950s
1724:Soham
1654:1940s
1586:1930s
1482:1920s
1454:Ratho
1357:1910s
1247:1900s
747:(PDF)
552:Notes
433:spall
273:train
234:Cause
1685:Bank
1329:Dore
1118:1984
1114:1984
1016:ISSN
998:ISBN
980:ISBN
915:ISBN
759:2017
712:ISBN
678:2015
648:ISSN
622:ISSN
492:and
411:and
380:axle
336:Fire
283:and
264:The
255:Crew
206:Line
134:Date
1112:in
348:to
328:MP
2510::
996:,
958:,
852:^
825:^
803:^
791:.
767:^
749:.
698:^
594:.
560:^
528:A
393:.
367:.
344:,
148:,
2477:§
2472:‡
2461:‡
2303:‡
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1940:‡
1877:‡
1815:‡
1800:‡
1791:‡
1758:‡
1749:‡
1734:‡
1707:‡
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1689:‡
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1671:‡
1633:‡
1553:‡
1431:§
1428:‡
1312:‡
1297:‡
1276:‡
1231:e
1224:t
1217:v
1120:)
1101:e
1094:t
1087:v
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680:.
654:.
628:.
602:.
385:(
291:/
258:3
250:1
152:/
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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