Sumner Welles - Knowledge (XXG)

719:, representing the delegation of the University of Havana. Machado believed the U.S. would help him survive politically. Welles promised the opponents of Machado's government a change of government and participation in the subsequent administration, if they joined the mediation process and supported an orderly transfer of power. One crucial step was persuading Machado to issue an amnesty for political prisoners so that the opposition leaders could appear in public. Machado soon lost faith in Welles and denounced U.S. interference as a colonialist adventure. Welles' mediation process conferred political legitimacy on sectors of the opposition that participated and allowed the U.S. to assess their viability as long-term political allies. Unable to influence Machado, Welles met with Rafael Guas Inclan, president of the Chamber of Representatives, at the home of newspaper publisher 1020:

pressure on the President to eliminate the causes." Despite the "personal fondness" of the President and his wife for Welles, he continued, the President sided with Hull because supporting a subordinate would promote revolts in other government agencies, Hull was politically connected and popular with Congress, and the Senate, he was told, would not support Welles for Secretary of State or any other office. Krock added a cryptic explanation: "Other incidents arising made the disagreements between the two men even more personal. It was those which aroused the Senate to opposition to Mr. Welles that was reported to the President."

669: 33: 3363: 1233:, a scandal magazine, published a report of the 1940 Pullman incident and linked it to his resignation from the State Department, along with additional instances of inappropriate sexual behavior or drunkenness. Welles had explained the 1940 incident to his family as nothing more than drunken conversation with the train staff. His son Benjamin Welles wrote of the incident in his father's biography as drunken advances to several porters at about 4 a.m. that were rejected and then reported to government and railway officials. 856: 1271: 610: 3416: 349: 1251: 742: 1073:, he sketched his views of the postwar world, including American participation in a world organization with military capability. He also proposed the creation of regional organizations. He also called on the President to express his opinions and help shape public opinion, praising him at length as "rightly regarded throughout the world as the paladin of the forces of liberal democracy" without once mentioning Hull. 4272: 1105: 1042:, "where he held to diplomatically correct silence", speculation continued for another month without official word from the White House or the State Department. Observers continued to focus on the Hull–Welles relationship and believed that Hull forced the President to choose between them to end "departmental cleavage". Others read the situation politically and blamed FDR's "appeasement of 3406: 1322: 1089:

are breaking into life throughout the earth, and in particular in the vast regions of Africa, of the Near East, and of the Far East. Must not these forces, unless they are to be permitted to start new and devastating inundations, be canalized through the channels of liberty into the great stream of constructive and cooperative human endeavor?

2528:. US GPO. December 1948. pp. 1380–1381 (Robert E. Stripling), 1381–1385 (William Wheeler), 1385–1386 (Keith B. Lewis), 1386–1391 (Sumner Welles), 1391–1399 (John Peurifoy), 1399–1429 (Isaac Don Levine), 1429–1449 (Julian Wadleigh), 1449–1451 (Courtney E. Owens), 1451–1467 (Nathan L. Levine), 1467–1474 (Marion Bachrach). Archived from 1398:, the cornerstone of the United Nations. In mid–World War II, at FDR's direction, he drafted the original UN Charter. And during and after the war, he threw his support behind a national homeland for the Jews: Israel. The Good Neighbor policy and the Atlantic Charter are largely memories. The United Nations and Israel endure. 894:

Sumner Welles is one of the very few career men ever to become Under Secretary of State, and as matters now stand may eventually become Secretary....Grave, saintly Mr. Hull, never an expert at paper-shuffling, has long left the actual administration of the Department to his chief aide, Sumner Welles.

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to establish two independent states within an economic union and policed by a United Nations force. He criticized American officials whose obsession with the Soviets required submission to Arab and oil interests. Enforcing the decision of the United Nations was his overarching concern because it was

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contained two-and-a-half drawers of files, including information about "an undersecretary of state who had committed a homosexual act.") Roosevelt was embittered by the attack on his friend, believing they were ruining a good man, but he was obliged to accept Welles's resignation in 1943. Roosevelt

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Can the peaceful, the stable, and the free world for which we hope be created if it is envisioned from the outset as half slave and half free?—if hundreds of millions of human beings are told that they are destined to remain indefinitely under alien subjection? New and powerful nationalistic forces

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in South America, an opponent of those who would do business with Fascists on the basis of expediency, a known and respected advocate of U.S. cooperation in international affairs. The U.S. still awaits a clarification of its foreign policy and the forced resignation of Sumner Welles made an already

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profile described him while he joined the foreign service: "Tall, slender, blond, and always correctly tailored, he concealed a natural shyness under an appearance of dignified firmness. Although intolerant of inefficiency, he brought to bear unusual tact and a self-imposed patience." He secured an

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as the new Under-Secretary of State. He accepted Welles' resignation with regret and explained that Welles was prompted to leave government service because of "his wife's poor health". Welles' letter of resignation was not made public as was customary and one report concluded, "The facts of this

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supporting the annexations as "faked." In April 1942, he wrote that the annexation was "not only indefensible from every moral standpoint, but likewise extraordinarily stupid." He believed any concession on the Baltic issue would set a precedent that would lead to additional border struggles in

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sent Welles to act as mediator between disputing parties in Honduras. The country had lacked a legitimate government since the election of 1923 failed to produce a majority for any candidate and the legislature had failed to exercise its power to appoint a new president. Negotiations managed by

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summarized the reaction of the press: "Its endorsement of Sumner Welles was surprisingly widespread, its condemnation of Franklin Roosevelt and Cordell Hull surprisingly severe." It also described the resignation's impact: "In dropping Sumner Welles had dropped the chief architect of the US's

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said that opinion in Washington saw Welles's departure as an attempt to end factionalism in the State Department: "The long-existing struggle disorganized the department, bred Hull and Welles factions among its officials, confused those having business with the department and finally produced

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The declaration was a source of contention during the subsequent alliance between the Americans, the British, and the Soviets, but Welles persistently defended the declaration. In a discussion with the media, he asserted that the Soviets had maneuvered to give "an odor of legality to acts of

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Welles was forced out of government service by Secretary Hull after his enemies began to spread word of a 1943 incident in which he had propositioned two male railroad porters for sex. Returning to private life, he continued to write books on foreign relations and became an advisor to media

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In March 1922, Welles briefly resigned from the State Department. He was unsympathetic to the view held by American diplomacy that military might was meant to protect the overseas interests of U.S. business. Hughes brought him back the next year as a special commissioner to the

578:. His particular assignment was to oversee the withdrawal of U.S. forces and to negotiate protection for overseas investors in the Dominican Republic's debt. Welles remained in that post for three years and his work was accomplished after his departure in a 1924 treaty. 895:

And Cordell Hull may choose not to retire. But even if Welles never becomes Secretary, he will still hold his present power: through Presidential choice, his own ability, background and natural stamina, he is the chief administrative officer of U.S. foreign policy.

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Sumner Welles made four major contributions to the Roosevelt era. He conceived and carried out the Good Neighbor policy, arguably the all-time, high-water mark in U.S.–Latin American relations. With Roosevelt, Churchill and Alexander Cadogan, he wrote the

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reported "a flare-up of long-smoldering hates and jealousies in the State Department". After Welles was forced out of office, journalists noted that two men who shared "aims and goals" were at odds because of a "clash of temperament and ambitions".

758:, in November 1938, the British government offered to give the major part of its quota of 65,000 British citizens eligible for emigration to the United States to Jews fleeing Hitler. Under-Secretary Welles opposed this idea, as he later recounted: 1046:". Without confirming his resignation or speaking on the record, Welles indicated he would accept any new assignment the President proposed. Finally, on September 26, 1943, the President announced the resignation of Welles and the appointment of 710:

His instructions were to mediate "in any form most suitable" an end to the Cuban situation. Welles promised Machado a new commercial treaty to relieve economic distress if Machado reached a political settlement with his opponents, Colonel Dr.

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I reminded the Ambassador that the President stated there was no intention on the part of his government to increase the quota for German nationals. I added that it was my strong impression that the responsible leaders among

413:. He was later promoted to Under Secretary of State, in which role he continued to be active in Latin American issues, but also expanded into European affairs as World War II began in Europe in 1939. In 1940, he issued the 4031: 590:, who promised to appoint a cabinet representing all factions and to schedule a presidential election as soon as possible in which he would not be a candidate. Negotiations ended with the signing of an agreement aboard the 3372: 2783:, September 10, 2010, accessed November 8, 2010. The building was leased to the Canadian Women's Army Corps. The Cosmos Club purchased the building from Mrs. Welles' estate in 1950. She left Welles $ 200,000 in her will. 425:

once the U.S. entered the war in 1941. Welles used American power and his senior position to intrude into the domestic affairs of other countries, especially choosing leaders who supported American policies. After the

4156: 700: 775:, one of the "responsible" Jewish leaders sent Roosevelt a memorandum telling him that an "increase of quotas is wholly inadvisable. It will merely produce a 'Jewish problem' in the countries increasing the quota." 698: 1354:

and built on a 245-acre property in 1929. He entertained foreign dignitaries and diplomats there and hosted informal meetings of senior officials. FDR used the site as an occasional escape from the city as well.

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In August 1943, reports that Welles had resigned as Under-Secretary of State circulated for more than a week. The press reported it as fact on August 24, despite the lack of an official announcement. Writing in

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to Poland and to extend Germany's eastern border to include German-speaking populations farther east. Then, he suggested dividing Germany into three states, all of which would be included in a new European

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of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Welles condemned those actions and refused to recognize the legitimacy of Soviet rule in those countries. More than 50 countries later followed the U.S. in this position.

699: 387:'s ideas about how American principles could reorder the international system based on liberal democracy, free-trade capitalism, international law, a league of nations, and an end to colonialism. 3394: 723:, and requested that he initiate impeachment proceedings against the president. When Guas harshly rebuffed him, Welles then negoiotiated an end to his presidency, with support from General 642:

described the work as "a ponderous, lifeless, two-volume work which was technically a history of Santo Domingo, actually a careful indictment of U.S. foreign policy in the Hemisphere".

1144: 1417: 930: 1335:, in upstate New York. Until World War II, the Welles' lived on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., in the landmark Townsend Mansion, which later became the home of the 3777: 3502: 4066: 798:

on March 7) and England to receive and discuss German peacemaking proposals. Hitler feared that the purpose of his visits was to drive a wedge between Germany and Italy.

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and he emphasized the need for consultation on economic issues to "cushion the shock of the dislocation of inter-American commerce arising from the war" in Europe.

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In 1937, FDR promoted Welles to Under Secretary, and the Senate promptly confirmed the appointment. Indicative of ongoing rivalries within the State Department,

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Welles occasionally gained public notice for his art dealings. In 1925, for example, he sold a collection of Japanese screens that had been on exhibit at the

1208:(IPR), an organization that fostered the study of the Far East and the Pacific, was a communist front. Welles was a member of the American branch of the IPR. 3207: 2520: 1413: 2759:, and her mother, Mary Scott Townsend, one of Washington's social leaders, known for her elegant entertaining who had hired the New York architectural firm 364:(October 14, 1892 – September 24, 1961) was an American government official and diplomat. He was a major foreign policy adviser to President 4206: 2859: 3572: 394:

distrusted Welles because of his divorce, and dismissed him from the foreign service. Welles left public service for some years, and wrote a book on the

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The U.S. still awaits a clarification of its foreign policy and the forced resignation of Sumner Welles made an already murky issue even more obscure.

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Coolidge, however, disapproved of Welles' 1925 marriage to Mathilde Scott Townsend, who had only recently divorced the President's friend, Senator

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summarized its thesis: "we should keep in our own back yard and stop claiming rights for ourselves that we denied to other sovereign States".

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In April 1933, FDR appointed Welles Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs, but when a revolution in Cuba against President

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Welles spent the bulk of his time a few miles outside of Washington in the Maryland countryside at a 49-room "country cottage" known as

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On June 27, 1925, Welles married Mathilde Scott Townsend (1885–1949), "a noted international beauty" whose portrait had been painted by

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Historic District. Richard had died shortly after the house was completed, but she continued to live there until her death in 1931.

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to guide the organization of the "Sumner Welles Peace Forum," a series of four radio broadcasts providing expert commentary on the

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presented Welles with a citation that praised his "courageous championing of the cause of Israel among the nations of the world."

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would not release the file on Welles, Brewster threatened to initiate a senatorial investigation into the incident. (In 1995,

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Welles specialized in Latin American diplomatic affairs and served several posts in Washington and in the field. President

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Continuing his career-long focus on Latin America, he said that "if we are to achieve our own security every nation of the

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Rendezvous with destiny: how Franklin D. Roosevelt and five extraordinary men took America into the war and into the world

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for Europe was noted even as he declined to comment on charges made by McCarthy about communists in the State Department.

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must also obtain the same ample measure of assurance as ourselves in the world of the future." He also foresaw the end to

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in May 1933. His mission was to negotiate a settlement so that the U.S. could avoid intervening as U.S. law, namely the

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In 1923, Slater obtained a divorce from Welles in Paris "on grounds of abandonment and refusal to live with his wife".

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The Tacoma Times (Tacoma, Wash.), 19 March 1940. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.

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from 1797 to 1799. Although the two men were occasionally mistaken for cousins, Welles was no relation to director

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an opportunity to establish the organization's role on the international stage that no other interest could trump.

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left its government divided and uncertain, he became instead the President's special envoy to Cuba. He arrived in

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On January 8, 1952, Welles married Harriette Appleton Post, a childhood friend (and a granddaughter of architect

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that met in Panama in September 1939. He said the conference had been planned in earlier hemispheric meetings in

727:, Colonels Julio Sanguily, Rafael del Castillo, and Erasmo Delgado after threatening U.S. intervention under the 189: 4004: 3535: 4076: 3992: 3836: 3507: 1175: 1152: 369: 2913: 2211: 2195: 1625:"Benjamin Wells Dies of Pneumonia; Father of Assistant Secretary of State Was Descendant of Colonial Settlers" 1282:

On April 14, 1915, Sumner Welles married Esther "Hope" Slater of Boston, the sister of a Harvard roommate, in

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In February and March 1940 Welles visited Vatican City, Italy, Germany, and France; (he visited President

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profile described Welles in 1941: "Tall and erect, never without his cane,... he has enough dignity to be

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Welles was a closeted bisexual. In September 1940, Welles accompanied Roosevelt to the funeral of former

474:. His family was wealthy and was connected to the era's most prominent families. He was a grandnephew of 4161: 4136: 4081: 4041: 3282: 3177: 2736: 1624: 1351: 1295: 924: 521:. In March 1905 at the age of 12 Welles served as a page at Franklin D. Roosevelt's wedding to Eleanor. 506: 405:

for Latin American Affairs. Welles became heavily involved in negotiations that removed Cuban president

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where he studied "economics, Iberian literature and culture", and graduated after three years in 1914.

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After graduating from Harvard, Welles followed the advice of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and joined the

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Welles made his first public appearance following his resignation in October 1943. Speaking to the

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When Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, he put Welles in charge of Latin American affairs as

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and... enough influence in this critical era to make his ideas, principles, and dreams count."

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from Pennsylvania's 27th district. Her father, Richard H. Townsend, was the President of the

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The Descendants of Governor Thomas Welles of Connecticut, 1590–1658, and His Wife, Alice Tomes

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wrote that President Roosevelt believed that Bullitt had bribed the porters to entrap Welles.

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in 1878. His sister was Emily Frances Welles (1889–1962), who married Harry Pelham Robbins.

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Welles became a prominent commentator and author on foreign affairs. In 1945, he joined the

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Born in New York City to a wealthy, well-connected political family, Welles graduated from

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The Welles family was also connected to the Roosevelts. A cousin of Sumner Welles married

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Sumner Welles Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Part 1

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by Alberto Anile and Marcus Perryman. Indiana University Press (September 25, 2013),

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at the advice of Franklin Roosevelt, who was a family friend. Welles was excited by

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Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government – Part Two

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Sumner Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for a New World Order, 1937–1943

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Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class

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Kapcia, A., "The Siege of the Hotel Nacional, Cuba, 1933: A Reassessment" in

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Roosevelt was always close to Welles and made him the central figure in the

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In a 1942 memorandum describing his conversations with British Ambassador

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1939 hand signed issued passport by under Secretary of State Sumner Welles

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and proved to be a minor point of contention among the Soviets and their

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Bertram D. Hulen, "U.S. Lashes Soviet for Baltic Seizure", July 24, 1940

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He remained always in the public eye. For example, his departure on the

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Welles from April 23 to 28 produced an interim government under General

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Welles soon became a specialist in Latin American affairs. He served in

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in Massachusetts, where he remained for six years. There he roomed with

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The banana wars: United States intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934

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Caught between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow

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Caught between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow

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car porters. Cordell Hull dispatched his confidant, former Ambassador

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1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series

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Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles

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The street adjacent to the current Embassy of the United States in

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would be the first to urge that no change in the present quota for

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Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, v 5

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Lewis Wood, "Capital Convinced Welles Resigned", August 26, 1943

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In 1944, Welles lent his name to a fundraising campaign by the

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Rafael Guas Inclan to Antonio Rafael de la Cova, Feb. 22, 1975

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was stoned to death for refusing to surrender his vineyard to

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of Rhode Island. He promptly ended Welles' diplomatic career.

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appointed him to head the Division of Latin American Affairs.

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Welles speaking in a newsreel report on the Panama conference

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Benjamin Sumner Welles was born in New York City, the son of

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The biography written by his son Benjamin Welles concludes:

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Franklin Roosevelt's Foreign Policy and the Welles Mission

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He served as an unofficial adviser to Dominican President

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assessed Welles' role within Hull's Department of State:

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Cuban football players who defected to the United States

2010:"Welles for Loans to Latin Americas", September 28, 1939 1931:(Miami: Ediciones Universal, 2005) and Luis E. Aguilar, 1686:

Foreign Relations: Diplomat's Diplomat", August 11, 1941

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at Union Station, Washington, D.C., on November 10, 1938

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His Final Battle: The Last Months of Franklin Roosevelt

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Harold B. Hinton, "Welles: Our Man of the Hour in Cuba"

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Welles headed the American delegation to the 21-nation

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Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century

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in 1949 while vacationing in Switzerland with Welles.

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as part of its investigation into allegations between

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and the restructuring of the Cuban army high command.

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Dagger in the Heart: American Policy Failures in Cuba

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became the home of a "huge collection of Americana."

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Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic, 1844–1924

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Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist – A Biography

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He sold his estate outside Washington in 1952, when

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Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic, 1844–1924

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Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist: A Biography

2914:"Remarks at the Dedication of Sumner Welles Street" 2747:, from 1910 to 1925. She was the granddaughter of 2275:

Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist: A Biography

1243: 343: 326: 309: 301: 207: 196: 179: 158: 153: 137: 125: 117: 96: 84: 72: 62: 43: 23: 4067:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations 3097:primary documents based on O'Sullivan's book, 2007 2618: 806:On July 23, 1940, following the principles of the 466:, a leading Senator from Massachusetts during the 372:from 1936 to 1943, during Roosevelt's presidency. 3854:1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft 3558:United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations 3551:Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana) 2981:Secret City: The Hidden History of Gay Washington 2946:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), v. 23. 2307:"Cabinet: Help Wanted (Male)", September 27, 1943 2291:Arthur Krock, "Welles Has Quit, Washington Hears" 2242:(New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2004), 50–52 3962:Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 2850:, September 30, 1961, accessed November 10, 2010 2731:Mathilde had been married as her first husband, 2098:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory 2039:"Foreign Relations: Peace Moves", March 18, 1940 1834:, September 15, 1924, accessed November 10, 2010 818:of August 23, 1939, Germany agreed to allow the 2201:, September 27, 1943, accessed November 9, 2010 2199:, "Abroad: The Changes in the State Department" 1084:as a guiding principle of the new world order: 1023: 910:The clash became more public in mid-1943, when 4229:United Nations Security Council Resolution 144 3503:Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement 3493:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance 2816:"Franklin Roosevelt"; photo of Oxon Hill, 1960 2795:Nathania A. Branch Miles, Jane Taylor Thomas, 2763:to build the Townsend Mansion, located in the 2722:, February 15, 1925, accessed November 8, 2010 2706:, September 8, 1951, accessed November 8, 2010 2510:, November 18, 1948, accessed November 8, 2010 1818:, April 21, 1924, accessed November 10, 2010; 3388: 3201: 2607:, October 25, 1959, accessed November 8, 2010 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1521:"Welles, Sumner (14 Oct. 1892–24 Sept. 1961)" 1097:to bring Jewish refugees from the Balkans to 672:Welles, holding hat at left, greeting Cuba's 8: 3016:(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007, 2834:, January 9, 1952, accessed November 8, 2010 2801:, Images of America Series (Charleston, CA: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2293:, August 25, 1943, accessed November 9, 2010 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1749:, August 20, 1933, accessed November 8, 2010 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1589:in Groton, Massachusetts and graduated from 1514: 1512: 1451:An Intelligent American's Guide to the Peace 1373:He died on September 24, 1961, at age 68 in 1181:On December 7, 1948, Welles appeared before 4207:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 2575:, April 14, 1950, accessed November 8, 2010 2492:Crane Brinton, "Sumner Welles on Palestine" 2478:, April 22, 1945, accessed November 8, 2010 1886:United States, Department of State (1948). 1855:, August 9, 1949, accessed November 8, 2010 1844: 1842: 1840: 1824:"Foreign News: Revolutions", April 28, 1924 1772:, August 3, 1941, accessed November 8, 2010 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1599:"Miss Emily Welles a Bride", April 23, 1908 1431:, Latvia was named after Sumner Welles (as 1147:, which wrote the founding document of the 113:April 24, 1933 – December 13, 1933 3805:Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents 3395: 3381: 3373: 3208: 3194: 3186: 3117: 2967:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 2781:George W. Oakes, "Washington Walking Tour" 2494:, June 13, 1948, accessed November 8, 2010 2340: 2338: 2153:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 69. 1921:Cuba 1933: Students, Yankees, and Soldiers 486:, a colonial Governor of Connecticut, and 58:May 21, 1937 – September 30, 1943 31: 20: 3580:United States Military Government in Cuba 3483:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934) 3473:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903) 3452:United States Interests Section in Havana 2916:. U.S. Department of State. June 28, 2012 2704:"Mrs. Ester Slater Dies in Florida at 59" 2679: 2677: 2675: 1951:, May 31, 1937, accessed November 9, 2010 1935:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1972). 1476:Seven Major Decisions That Shaped History 4361:United States Under Secretaries of State 4311:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba 4057:Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba 3447:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba 3437:Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States 3217:United States Under Secretaries of State 2963:Hoopes, Townsend and Brinkley, Douglas, 2720:"Welles's Collection of Screens on Sale" 2591:, May 5, 1950, accessed November 8, 2010 2083:John Hiden, Vahur Made, David J. Smith, 1290:and granddaughter of the Boston painter 835:aggression for purposes of the record." 4356:United States Foreign Service personnel 2960:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). 2791: 2789: 2085:The Baltic Question during the Cold War 1508: 1466:(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946) 1197:), he suffered a serious heart attack. 442:organizations. He was a target of the 409:from power and replaced him with rival 288: 3904:Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 3842:Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage 3778:Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings 3168:United States Under Secretary of State 2621:Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist 2605:"Civil War Exhibit is Set for Capital" 2589:"Sumner Welles Off for Stay in Europe" 1796:Honduras: Portrait of a Captive Nation 1240: 960:, a Roosevelt critic; and to Senators 886:on August 11, 1941, and in that issue 482:Mrs. Astor". Among his ancestors were 444:House Un-American Activities Committee 419:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states 263: 230: 46:United States Under Secretary of State 4346:People from Bernardsville, New Jersey 4331:LGBT ambassadors of the United States 4276:Category:Cuba–United States relations 4097:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil 3079:(New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1959) 3072:, 2nd ed. (Havana: Cuban Press, 1935) 3065:(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968) 2848:"Memorial Service is Held for Welles" 2653:Bohlen, Celestine (January 4, 2002). 2413:"Sumner Welles Honored, "May 26, 1944 2100:(Rowman & Littlefield, 1990), 47 1963:Heroes, Antiheroes, and the Holocaust 1304:, later his father's biographer, and 1051:situation remained obscure tonight." 1003:particularly blamed Bullitt; his son 628:Welles then retired to his estate at 259: 7: 3656:Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front 3457:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs 3442:Embassy of the United States, Havana 2984:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 2178:"Foreign Relations: A House Divided" 1853:"Mrs. Welles Dies; Statesman's Wife" 1519:Devine, Michael J. (February 2000). 1472:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1948) 4062:Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus 3768:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino 2745:Vice President of the United States 2468:Harvard University Press: A History 2330:"One More Scalp", September 6, 1943 1770:James B. Reston, "Acting Secretary" 1255:Presentation by Benjamin Welles on 903:, much to the chagrin of secretary 505:, half-brother of future President 476:Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor 411:Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada 4072:Cuban American National Foundation 3730:United States embargo against Cuba 3086:(New York: Harper & Row, 1971) 1794:Nancy Peckenham and Annie Street, 1785:, ch. 9: Crisis in Honduras, 1923" 438:, who became the enemy of Welles. 14: 4341:LGBT people from Washington, D.C. 4336:LGBT people from New York (state) 4306:20th-century American LGBT people 3725:United States invasion of Grenada 3432:Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C. 3056:Journal of Latin American Studies 2901:"Sumner Welles Papers, 1909–1989" 1933:Cuba 1933: Prologue to Revolution 1925:La Gran Mentira 4 Septiembre 1933 396:history of the Dominican Republic 4271: 4270: 3930:Cuban Assets Control Regulations 3414: 3404: 3361: 3136:United States Ambassador to Cuba 2965:FDR and the Creation of the U.N. 1249: 1061:murky issue even more obscure." 802:Soviet occupation of the Baltics 347: 234: 3788:Trans World Airlines Flight 106 3590:Cuban Pacification Medal (Army) 2625:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 2558:. Knopf. pp. 274, 303–304. 1816:"Foreign News: Honduran Strife" 1412:Welles' papers are held by the 1168:United Nations General Assembly 605:Years out of government service 284: 255: 226: 4351:Politicians from New York City 4321:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery 3568:Army of Cuban Occupation Medal 3084:Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom 2870:Benjamin Welles, 1998, p. 375. 2832:"Sumner Welles Weds Mrs. Post" 2277:(NY: St. Martin's Press, 1997) 2004:, accessed November 11, 2010; 1996:, accessed November 11, 2010; 1917:Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom 1826:, accessed November 10, 2010; 1585:Welles' father studied at the 1545:O'Sullivan (2008), pp. xii–xvi 1206:Institute of Pacific Relations 847:eastern Poland and elsewhere. 1: 4371:American bisexual politicians 4025:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 3952:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act 3798:Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 3746:Cubana de Aviación Flight 493 2753:U.S. House of Representatives 1491:(reprint: Arno Press, 1972), 1447:(Harper & Brothers, 1944) 1418:Franklin D. Roosevelt Library 1141:American Broadcasting Company 861:Secretary of State, 1933–1944 658:presidential election of 1932 16:American diplomat (1892–1961) 4107:Fair Play for Cuba Committee 3411:Cuba–United States relations 3010:O'Sullivan, Christopher D., 2757:Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad 2399:, accessed November 10, 2010 2383:, accessed November 10, 2010 2012:, accessed November 11, 2010 1965:. Jerusalem & New York: 1949:"The Cabinet: Double Upping" 1832:"Foreign News: Revolt Ends?" 1688:, accessed November 10, 2010 1327:second wife of Sumner Welles 1204:repeatedly charged that the 1136:sold half a million copies. 403:Assistant Secretary of State 98:United States Ambassador to 4202:State Sponsors of Terrorism 4182:Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame 3720:Jamaican political conflict 3661:Cuban Revolutionary Council 2944:American National Biography 2903:, accessed November 8, 2010 2690:, accessed November 8, 2010 2476:"People Who Read and Write" 2457:, accessed November 8, 2010 2415:, accessed November 8, 2010 2367:, accessed November 9, 2010 2351:, accessed November 9, 2010 2332:, accessed November 9, 2010 2309:, accessed November 9, 2010 2137:, accessed November 8, 2010 2121:, accessed November 9, 2010 2104:, accessed November 9, 2010 2074:, accessed November 9, 2010 2058:, accessed November 9, 2010 2041:, accessed November 8, 2010 1704:, accessed November 8, 2010 1601:, accessed November 8, 2010 1563:O'Sullivan (2008), p. xiii. 1119:The same year, he authored 1038:While Welles vacationed in 503:James "Rosy" Roosevelt, Jr. 4387: 4112:Friends of Democratic Cuba 3899:American fugitives in Cuba 3793:Southern Airways Flight 49 1316:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1071:Foreign Policy Association 994:that file cabinets behind 922: 771:be made...The influential 460:Benjamin Sumner Welles Jr. 4316:Bisexual male politicians 4267: 4020:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base 3940:Wet feet, dry feet policy 3585:Second Occupation of Cuba 3359: 3223: 3174: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3142: 3133: 3125: 3120: 2617:Welles, Benjamin (1997). 2554:Weinstein, Allen (1978). 1478:(New York: Harper 1951), 1375:Bernardsville, New Jersey 1248: 1158:In 1948, Welles authored 355: 190:Bernardsville, New Jersey 149: 106: 51: 39: 30: 4132:Radio y Televisión Martí 4077:Cuban dissident movement 3993:Cuban migration to Miami 3837:1994 Cuban rafter crisis 3508:Tripartite Accord (1988) 2978:Kirchick, James (2022). 2441:Hoopes and Brinkley, 129 2147:Joseph Lelyveld (2017). 1961:Morrison, David (1999). 1554:O'Sullivan (2008), p. 5. 1176:American Jewish Congress 1153:Harvard University Press 1145:San Francisco Conference 613:Miss Mathilde Townsend, 581:In 1924, U.S. President 379:in 1914. He entered the 370:Under Secretary of State 203:, Washington, D.C., U.S. 4258:638 Ways to Kill Castro 4197:Third Border Initiative 4167:NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) 3077:Cuba, Island of Paradox 2743:(1744–1814), the fifth 2688:No title, June 29, 1925 2508:"Sumner Welles Honored" 2255:. C-SPAN. July 10, 1995 1610:Donna H. Siemiatkoski, 1405:, who made the phrase " 1364:New York Stock Exchange 1202:Senator Joseph McCarthy 816:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 781:Pan American conference 274:Harriette Appleton Post 245:Mathilde Scott Townsend 4326:Harvard College alumni 4047:Brothers to the Rescue 2749:William Lawrence Scott 2573:"Letters to the Times" 2212:"Spheres of Influence" 2135:Cover, August 11, 1941 2096:Edward Moore Bennett, 1967:Gefen Publishing House 1400: 1328: 1284:Webster, Massachusetts 1279: 1116: 1091: 1027: 897: 862: 777: 754:In the week following 746: 707: 677: 618: 362:Benjamin Sumner Welles 163:Benjamin Sumner Welles 132:Harry Frank Guggenheim 4366:American bisexual men 4162:Filibuster (military) 4137:US-Cuba Democracy PAC 4082:Cuban Liberty Council 4042:Antonio Maceo Brigade 3283:Edward Stettinius Jr. 3268:William R. Castle Jr. 3178:Edward Stettinius Jr. 3058:v. 34 (2002), 283–309 2737:Elbridge Thomas Gerry 2196:Anne O'Hare McCormick 1929:La Revolucion de 1933 1655:Orson Welles in Italy 1614:(Gateway Press, 1990) 1445:The Time for Decision 1391: 1352:Jules Henri de Sibour 1324: 1296:foreign correspondent 1273: 1174:Later that year, the 1134:The Time for Decision 1121:The Time for Decision 1107: 1086: 925:Pullman porter affair 892: 858: 760: 744: 713:Cosme de la Torriente 703: 671: 612: 507:Franklin D. Roosevelt 446:during the post-war " 366:Franklin D. Roosevelt 121:Franklin D. Roosevelt 91:Edward Stettinius Jr. 67:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4212:Luis Posada Carriles 4005:Cuban–American lobby 3998:Havana on the Hudson 3935:Cuban Adjustment Act 3756:Cuban Missile Crisis 3715:Operation Northwoods 3681:Bay of Pigs Monument 3646:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3536:Spanish–American War 3488:Good Neighbor policy 2949:Fullilove, Michael. 2761:Carrère and Hastings 1464:Where Are We Heading 1381:in Washington, D.C. 1350:designed for him by 1339:. Mathilde died of 1095:United Jewish Appeal 1058:Good Neighbor Policy 1048:Edward R. Stettinius 931:Speaker of the House 568:Charles Evans Hughes 538:U.S. Foreign Service 262:; died 216:Esther "Hope" Slater 3957:Cuban Democracy Act 3815:Garcia-Mir v. Meese 3751:Matthew Edward Duke 3693:Operation Peter Pan 3624:La Coubre explosion 3343:Nicholas Katzenbach 3313:Walter Bedell Smith 3129:Harry F. Guggenheim 3075:Phillips, R. Hart, 3068:Phillips, R. Hart, 2956:Gellman, Irwin F., 2938:Devine, Michael J. 2899:National Archives: 2535:on January 23, 2017 1636:. December 27, 1935 1422:Hyde Park, New York 1379:Rock Creek Cemetery 1333:John Singer Sargent 1318:for several years. 1292:William Morris Hunt 1033:, September 6, 1943 938:Huntsville, Alabama 934:William B. Bankhead 876:He appeared on the 736:Robert Walton Moore 692:of 1901, required. 630:Oxon Hill, Maryland 615:John Singer Sargent 336:government official 201:Rock Creek Cemetery 175:New York City, U.S. 4224:Cuba–OAS relations 4192:Straits of Florida 4172:Silver certificate 4147:Venceremos Brigade 4087:CubaOne Foundation 3703:Operation Mongoose 3686:Bay of Pigs Museum 3676:José Antonio Llama 3607:Sugar Intervention 3563:The Paquete Habana 3518:JetBlue Flight 387 3478:Hay-Quesada Treaty 3318:Herbert Hoover Jr. 3153:Political offices 3033:Welles, Benjamin, 2888:"It Is What It Is" 2880:The New York Times 2844:The New York Times 2828:The New York Times 2803:Arcadia Publishing 2777:The New York Times 2733:Peter Goelet Gerry 2716:The New York Times 2700:The New York Times 2684:The New York Times 2659:The New York Times 2601:The New York Times 2585:The New York Times 2569:The New York Times 2504:The New York Times 2488:The New York Times 2472:The New York Times 2453:, April 21, 1945, 2409:The New York Times 2393:The New York Times 2377:The New York Times 2361:The New York Times 2345:The New York Times 2287:The New York Times 2217:The New York Times 2190:The New York Times 2180:, August 23, 1943. 2068:The New York Times 2006:The New York Times 1998:The New York Times 1990:The New York Times 1849:The New York Times 1766:The New York Times 1743:The New York Times 1633:The New York Times 1595:The New York Times 1591:Harvard University 1433:Samnera Velsa iela 1377:. He is buried in 1362:, designer of the 1329: 1325:Mathilde Townsend, 1301:The New York Times 1280: 1259:, January 26, 1998 1187:Whittaker Chambers 1117: 1078:Western Hemisphere 1044:Southern Democrats 1013:The New York Times 863: 812:Welles Declaration 747: 717:Manuel Dorta-Duque 708: 706:September 18, 1939 678: 636:appeared in 1928. 619: 576:Dominican Republic 565:Secretary of State 415:Welles Declaration 183:September 24, 1961 4283: 4282: 4177:Troika of tyranny 3978:Americans in Cuba 3820:Cuban boat people 3783:Pan Am Flight 281 3370: 3369: 3348:Elliot Richardson 3328:C. Douglas Dillon 3308:David K. E. Bruce 3238:Henry P. Fletcher 3184: 3183: 3175:Succeeded by 3146:Jefferson Caffery 3143:Succeeded by 3121:Diplomatic posts 2424:Brian W. Blouet, 2273:Benjamin Welles, 2232:Global Strategist 2230:Benjamin Welles, 1783:Global Strategist 1781:Benjamin Welles, 1700:, April 26, 1943 1574:Global Strategist 1572:Benjamin Welles, 1414:National Archives 1403:Winston Churchill 1274:Welles home, the 1268: 1267: 1040:Bar Harbor, Maine 1005:Elliott Roosevelt 966:Burton K. Wheeler 701: 674:Fulgencio Batista 532:Diplomatic career 519:Eleanor Roosevelt 517:, the brother of 359: 358: 144:Jefferson Caffery 4378: 4274: 4273: 4127:Radio Free Dixie 3947:Helms–Burton Act 3920:Teller Amendment 3666:Operation Ortsac 3614:Cuban Revolution 3541:Ostend Manifesto 3425:Diplomatic posts 3419: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3353:John N. Irwin II 3323:Christian Herter 3298:Robert A. Lovett 3273:William Phillips 3263:Joseph P. Cotton 3243:William Phillips 3210: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3161:William Phillips 3158:Preceded by 3126:Preceded by 3118: 3026:Role, J. Simon. 3003: 2953:(Penguin, 2013). 2940:"Welles, Sumner" 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2890:, March 5, 2006, 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2841: 2835: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2793: 2784: 2774: 2768: 2729: 2723: 2713: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2681: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2624: 2614: 2608: 2598: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2455:available online 2448: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2432:, 2001), 130–131 2422: 2416: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2374: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2342: 2333: 2323: 2310: 2300: 2294: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2144: 2138: 2128: 2122: 2119:available online 2113:Dennis J. Dunn, 2111: 2105: 2102:available online 2094: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2065: 2059: 2056:available online 2050:Dennis J. Dunn, 2048: 2042: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2013: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1958: 1952: 1942: 1936: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1877: 1862: 1856: 1846: 1835: 1809: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1763: 1750: 1740: 1705: 1702:available online 1695: 1689: 1679: 1666: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1629: 1621: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1516: 1470:We Need Not Fail 1453:(Dryden, 1945), 1396:Atlantic Charter 1276:Townsend Mansion 1253: 1252: 1241: 1160:We Need Not Fail 1034: 901:State Department 871:Viceroy of India 824:occupy and annex 808:Stimson Doctrine 702: 524:Welles attended 417:which condemned 351: 292: 290: 286: 267: 265: 261: 257: 238: 236: 232: 228: 186: 173:October 14, 1892 172: 170: 154:Personal details 140: 128: 111: 101: 87: 79:William Phillips 75: 56: 35: 21: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4263: 3983:Cuban Americans 3966: 3925:Platt Amendment 3908: 3894:Havana syndrome 3810:Mariel boatlift 3734: 3602:Negro Rebellion 3524: 3461: 3420: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3371: 3366: 3357: 3258:J. Reuben Clark 3219: 3214: 3180: 3171: 3163: 3148: 3139: 3131: 3105: 3093: 3091:Primary sources 3070:Cuban Side Show 3051: 2992: 2977: 2935: 2933:Further reading 2930: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2842: 2838: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2809: 2794: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2730: 2726: 2714: 2710: 2698: 2694: 2682: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2502: 2498: 2486: 2482: 2465: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2423: 2419: 2407: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2375: 2371: 2359: 2355: 2343: 2336: 2324: 2313: 2301: 2297: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2229: 2225: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2188: 2184: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2129: 2125: 2112: 2108: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2066: 2062: 2049: 2045: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2016: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1969:. p. 128. 1960: 1959: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1864:In the Bible's 1863: 1859: 1847: 1838: 1810: 1806: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1764: 1753: 1741: 1708: 1696: 1692: 1680: 1669: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1441: 1387: 1348:Oxon Hill Manor 1326: 1278:, taken in 2010 1250: 1244:External videos 1239: 1222:Oxon Hill Manor 1200:In April 1950, 1195:Laurence Duggan 1114: 1067: 1036: 1029: 996:J. Edgar Hoover 974:J. Edgar Hoover 946:William Bullitt 927: 921: 860: 853: 804: 752: 729:Platt Amendment 725:Alberto Herrera 721:Alfredo Hornedo 705: 695: 690:Platt Amendment 682:Gerardo Machado 666: 651:Horacio Vásquez 607: 597:in the port of 583:Calvin Coolidge 557: 534: 526:Harvard College 488:Increase Sumner 456: 407:Gerardo Machado 392:Calvin Coolidge 381:Foreign Service 377:Harvard College 339: 322: 317:Benjamin Welles 297: 294: 282: 278: 275: 269: 253: 249: 246: 240: 237: 1923) 224: 220: 217: 188: 184: 174: 168: 166: 165: 164: 138: 126: 112: 107: 99: 85: 73: 57: 52: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Boquerón, Cuba 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4142:Varela Project 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4010:Guantánamo Bay 4007: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3874:Carlos Alvarez 3871: 3866: 3864:Elián González 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3333:Chester Bowles 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3253:Robert E. Olds 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3104: 3103:External links 3101: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3082:Thomas, Hugh, 3080: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3031: 3024: 3008: 2991:978-1627792325 2990: 2975: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2905: 2892: 2884:William Safire 2872: 2863: 2852: 2836: 2820: 2807: 2785: 2769: 2741:Elbridge Gerry 2724: 2708: 2692: 2671: 2642: 2635: 2609: 2593: 2577: 2561: 2546: 2512: 2496: 2480: 2459: 2443: 2434: 2430:Reaktion Books 2417: 2401: 2385: 2369: 2353: 2334: 2311: 2295: 2279: 2266: 2253:"Hoover's FBI" 2244: 2223: 2203: 2182: 2166: 2160:978-0345806598 2159: 2139: 2123: 2106: 2089: 2076: 2060: 2043: 2025: 2014: 1982: 1975: 1953: 1937: 1904: 1893: 1878: 1866:Books of Kings 1857: 1836: 1804: 1787: 1774: 1751: 1706: 1690: 1667: 1647: 1616: 1603: 1578: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1486: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1448: 1440: 1437: 1386: 1383: 1360:George B. Post 1266: 1265: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1149:United Nations 1066: 1063: 1022: 962:Styles Bridges 920: 917: 867:New York Times 852: 849: 803: 800: 751: 748: 665: 662: 606: 603: 556: 553: 547:assignment to 543:New York Times 533: 530: 515:Hall Roosevelt 490:, Governor of 472:Reconstruction 464:Charles Sumner 455: 452: 428:fall of France 423:Western allies 385:Woodrow Wilson 368:and served as 357: 356: 353: 352: 345: 341: 340: 338: 337: 334: 330: 328: 324: 323: 321: 320: 313: 311: 307: 306: 303: 299: 298: 296: 295: 280: 276: 273: 272: 270: 251: 247: 244: 243: 241: 222: 218: 215: 214: 211: 209: 205: 204: 198: 194: 193: 187:(aged 68) 181: 177: 176: 162: 160: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 129: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 104: 103: 94: 93: 88: 82: 81: 76: 70: 69: 64: 60: 59: 49: 48: 41: 40: 37: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4383: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4244:The Cuba Wars 4241: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4217:Orlando Bosch 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3988:Little Havana 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3884:Kendall Myers 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3832:Regan v. Wald 3830: 3828: 3827:Sandy Pollack 3825: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3773:Zemel v. Rusk 3771: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3364: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3303:James E. Webb 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278:Sumner Welles 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061:Lazo, Mario, 3060: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:0-312-17440-3 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3022:0-231-14258-7 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2973:0-300-08553-2 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765:Dupont Circle 2762: 2758: 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In the 594:Milwaukee 468:Civil War 448:red scare 344:Signature 118:President 109:In office 63:President 54:In office 44:11th 4251:Balseros 4152:ZunZuneo 4052:Balseros 4037:Alpha 66 4015:Timeline 2259:July 11, 1531:March 9, 333:Diplomat 319:(father) 302:Children 4122:Omega 7 3971:Related 3005:Excerpt 2556:Perjury 1665:, p. 26 1416:at the 968:. When 942:Pullman 599:Amapala 293: 281: 277: 268: 252: 248: 239: 223: 219: 208:Spouses 3708:JMWAVE 3113:Part 2 3041: 3030:(2007) 3020: 2998: 2988: 2971: 2860:dc.gov 2633: 2157: 1973: 1870:Naboth 1661: 1495: 1482: 1457: 1385:Legacy 1263:C-SPAN 1113:expose 982:C-SPAN 686:Havana 617:, 1907 310:Parent 287: 258: 229: 192:, U.S. 3140:1933 2814:UPI: 2627:370–1 2533:(PDF) 2526:(PDF) 1628:(PDF) 1439:Works 980:told 954:Maine 878:cover 549:Tokyo 291:) 283:( 279: 266:) 254:( 250: 225:( 221: 3111:and 3049:Cuba 3039:ISBN 3018:ISBN 2996:OCLC 2986:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2922:2017 2666:2017 2631:ISBN 2541:2018 2326:Time 2303:Time 2261:2020 2174:Time 2155:ISBN 2131:TIME 2087:, 39 2034:TIME 1971:ISBN 1945:Time 1911:See 1874:Ahab 1828:Time 1820:Time 1812:Time 1698:Life 1682:Time 1659:ISBN 1642:2018 1533:2017 1493:ISBN 1480:OCLC 1455:OCLC 1429:Riga 1298:for 1189:and 1183:HCUA 1053:Time 1031:Time 964:and 912:Time 888:Time 883:Time 789:Lima 787:and 664:Cuba 639:Time 592:USS 540:. 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