545:
728:
445:
595:, thus further adding to environmental pressures on endangered species. Climate-based movement of tigers northwards may lead to increased conflict with people. From 1987 to 1997, Sumatran tigers reportedly killed 146 people and at least 870 livestock. In West Sumatra, Riau, and Aceh, a total of 128 incidents were reported; 265 tigers were killed and 97 captured in response, and 35 more tigers were killed from 1998 to 2002. From 2007 to 2010, the tigers caused the death of 9 humans and 25 further tigers were killed.
206:
40:
572:, and forests on gentle slopes disappeared faster than forests on steep slopes. Most forest conversions resulted from agricultural development, leading to predictions that by 2010, 70% of the park will be in agriculture. Camera-trap data indicated avoidance of forest boundaries by tigers. Classification of forest into core and peripheral forest based on mammal distribution suggests that by 2010, core forest area for tigers will be fragmented and reduced to 20% of the remaining forest.
364:
61:
654:
781:
584:, which ultimately leads to forest fires. The majority of the tigers found in the park were relocated to its center where conservation efforts are focused, but issues in the lowland hill forests of the outskirts remain. While being a highly suitable tiger habitat, these areas are also heavily targeted by logging efforts, which substantially contributes to declines in local tiger numbers.
633:
603:
seaports in seven
Sumatran provinces; 33 of 326 retail outlets offered tiger parts like skins, canines, bones, and whiskers. Tiger bones fetched the highest average price of US$ 116 per kg, followed by canines. There is evidence that tiger parts are smuggled out of Indonesia. In July 2005, over 140 kg (310 lb) of tiger bones and 24 skulls were confiscated in
704:. Indonesia's struggle with conservation has caused an upsurge in political momentum to protect and conserve wildlife and biodiversity. In 2009, Indonesia's president committed to substantially reduce deforestation, and policies across the nation requiring spatial plans that would be environmentally sustainable at national, provincial, and district levels.
687:
to ensure the long-term viability of wild
Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for the management of wild populations. By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lampung Province, of which only 15 were intact
379:
specimens. It is darker in fur colour and has broader stripes than the Javan tiger. Stripes tend to dissolve into spots near their ends, and on the back, flanks and hind legs are lines of small, dark spots between the regular stripes. The frequency of stripes is higher than in other subspecies. Males
707:
Between 2005 and 2015, about US$ 210 million have been invested into tiger law-enforcement activities that support forest ranger patrols, as well as the implementations of front-line law-enforcement activities by the Global Tiger
Recovery Plan, which aims to double the number of wild tigers by 2020.
335:
border about 12,000–6,000 years ago. In agreement with this evolutionary history, the
Sumatran tiger is genetically isolated from all living mainland tigers, which form a distinct group closely related to each other. The isolation of the Sumatran tiger from mainland tiger populations is supported by
911:
Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;
688:
enough to contain tigers. In the framework of the STP, a community-based conservation programme was initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the park to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions.
467:
even if these are available. Within natural forest areas, they tend to use areas with higher elevation, lower annual rainfall, farther from the forest edge, and closer to forest centres. They prefer forest with dense understory cover and steep slope, and they strongly avoid forest areas with high
383:
The
Sumatran tiger is one of the smallest tigers. Males measure between the pegs 2.2 to 2.55 m (7 ft 3 in to 8 ft 4 in) in head-to-body length, with the greatest skull length of 295 to 335 mm (11.6 to 13.2 in) and weigh 100 to 140 kg (220 to 310 lb).
602:
and their parts sold throughout most of northern
Sumatra. Numbers for all of Sumatra are likely to be higher. Farmers killed many of the tigers to prevent livestock losses. They sold them to gold and souvenir shops, and pharmacies. In 2006, wildlife markets were surveyed in 28 cities and nine
476:
are scarce. The availability of adequate vegetation cover at the ground level serves as an environmental condition fundamentally needed by tigers regardless of the location. Without adequate understory cover, tigers are even more vulnerable to persecution by humans. Human disturbance-related
567:
within Bukit
Barisan Selatan National Park averaged 2% per year. A total of 661 km (255 sq mi) of forest disappeared inside the park, and 318 km (123 sq mi) were lost in a 10-km buffer, eliminating forest outside the park. Lowland forest disappeared faster than
699:
for the conservation of
Sumatran tigers and other endangered species. The program includes conserving Sumatran tigers and other endangered species in the wild, efforts to reduce conflicts between tigers and humans, and rehabilitating Sumatran tigers and reintroducing them to their
259:
of 34 tigers support the hypothesis that
Sumatran tigers are diagnostically distinct from mainland subspecies. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognizes the living and extinct tiger populations in Indonesia as
419:
In 1978, the
Sumatran tiger population was estimated at 1,000 individuals, based on responses to a questionnaire survey. In 1985, a total of 26 protected areas across Sumatra containing about 800 tigers were identified. In 1992, an estimated 400–500 tigers lived in five
618:
being removed for a patrol effort similar to previous years. Evidence is scarce and misunderstood on whether the strategies implemented to diminish poaching are succeeding despite the investment of millions of dollars annually into conservation strategies.
579:
in its outer regions. Drivers are an unsustainable demand for natural resources created by a human population with the highest rate of growth in Indonesia, and a government initiative to increase tree-crop plantations and high-intensity commercial
1755:
415:
Sumatran tigers prefer lowland and hill forests, where up to three tigers live in an area of 100 km (39 sq mi). They use non-forest habitats and human-dominated landscapes at the fringes of protected areas to a lesser degree.
384:
Females weigh 75 to 110 kg (165 to 243 lb) and measure 2.15 to 2.30 m (7 ft 1 in to 7 ft 7 in) in length between the pegs with a greatest length of skull of 263 to 294 mm (10.4 to 11.6 in).
544:
2082:
Bhagabati, Nirmal K.; Ricketts, T.; Sulistyawan, T. B. S.; Conte, M.; Ennaanay, D.; Hadian, O.; McKenzie, E.; Olwero, N.; Rosenthal, A. (2014). "Ecosystem services reinforce Sumatran tiger conservation in land use plans".
432:
in central Sumatra comprised 165–190 individuals, which is more than anywhere else on the island. The park has the highest tiger occupancy rate of Sumatra's protected areas, with 83% of the park showing signs of tigers.
1796:
719:
An interview survey among 600 consumers revealed that most were willing to pay consistently more for a "tiger-friendly" produced good if this product would be conducive to Sumatran tiger conservation.
683:
In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and around the
412:. It is present in 27 habitat patches larger than 250 km (97 sq mi), which cover 140,226 km (54,142 sq mi). About a third of these patches are inside protected areas.
2302:
1994:
Franklin, N.; Bastoni; Sriyanto; Siswomartono, D.; Manansang, J.; Tilson, R. (1999). "Last of the Indonesian tigers: a cause for optimism". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.).
1558:
Griffiths, M. (1994). "Population density of Sumatran tigers in Gunung Leuser National Park". In Tilson, R. L.; Soemarna, K.; Ramono, W. S.; Lusli, S.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Seal, U. S. (eds.).
1099:
Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825 - 1830. Mammalia
497:
documented a trend of increasing tiger density from 0.90 individuals per 100 km (39 sq mi) in 2005 to 1.70 individuals per 100 km (39 sq mi) in 2008.
692:
468:
human influence in the forms of encroachment and settlement. In acacia plantations, they tend to use areas closer to water and prefer areas with older plants, more
2267:
1365:
O’Brien, T. G.; Kinnard, M. F. & Wibisono, H. T. (2003). "Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape".
1562:. Apple Valley: Indonesian Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. pp. 93–102.
2479:
2525:
1725:
Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. (2015).
913:
2068:
2294:
2414:
2325:
477:
variables negatively affect tiger occupancy and habitat use. Variables with strong impacts include settlement and encroachment within forest areas,
765:, head tilting and falling that resolved when they were two years old. The cause for this disorder is most likely their close genetic relation and
327:
is consistent with the hypothesis that Sumatran tigers became isolated from other tiger populations after a rise in sea level that occurred at the
2440:
2330:
2298:
2034:
Nyhus, P.; Sumianto; Tilson, R. (1999). "The tiger-human dimension in southeast Sumatra". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.).
934:
Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Smith, J. L. D.; O’Brien, S. J. & Luo, S.-J. (2018).
428:. At that time, the largest population unit comprised 110–180 individuals in Gunung Leuser National Park. As of 2011, the tiger population in
1697:
1533:
Santiapillai, C. & Ramono, W. S. (1987). "Tiger numbers and habitat evaluation in Indonesia". In Tilson, R. L. & Seal, U. S. (eds.).
1313:
1236:
500:
In the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, nine prey species larger than 1 kg (2.2 lb) of body weight were identified including
1319:
421:
397:
2530:
2152:
2043:
2003:
984:
2520:
1201:
1943:
1297:
2471:
1763:
1542:
2445:
727:
914:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"
1097:. In von Siebold, F.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H.; de Haan, W.; Nakazawa, K.; Tanaka, S.; Kuroda, N.; Okada, Y. (eds.).
2118:
Linkie, M.; Martyr, D. J.; Harihar, A.; Risdianto, D.; Nugraha, R. T.; Maryati; Leader-Williams, N.; Wong, W.-M. (2015).
371:
The Sumatran tiger was described based on two zoological specimens that differed in skull size and striping pattern from
732:
592:
429:
425:
351:. The relatively high genetic variability and the phylogenetic distinctiveness of the Sumatran tiger indicates that the
2379:
2314:
2466:
876:
405:
1820:
Linkie, M.; Martyr, D. J.; Holden, J.; Yanuar, A.; Hartana, A. T.; Sugardjito, J. & Leader-Williams, N. (2003).
2286:
2271:
1305:
709:
2484:
2321:
1040:
883:
869:
614:
In 2013–2014, Kerinci Seblat National Park experienced an upsurge in poaching, with the highest annual number of
307:
from Sumatra. The skull and pelage pattern of tiger specimens from Java and Sumatra do not differ significantly.
60:
2120:"Safeguarding Sumatran tigers: evaluating effectiveness of law enforcement patrols and local informant networks"
444:
205:
2060:
684:
588:
494:
225:
183:
1218:
1639:"Tigers Need Cover: Multi-Scale Occupancy Study of the Big Cat in Sumatran Forest and Plantation Landscapes"
282:
2341:
1575:"Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assessment of Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests"
800:
296:
2203:
Wheelhouse, J.L.; Hulst, F.; Beatty, J.A.; Hogg, C.J.; Child, G.; Wade, C.M. & Barrs, V.R. (2015).
1934:
1822:"Habitat Destruction and Poaching Threaten the Sumatran Tiger in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra"
2401:
2092:
1866:
1772:
1650:
1588:
1470:
1374:
1154:
1059:
1003:
947:
312:
1535:
Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species
1095:"Aperçu général et spécifique sur les mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les iles qui en dépendent"
1094:
575:
Sumatra's largest tiger population in Kerinci Seblat National Park is threatened by a high rate of
304:
1116:
39:
1882:
1788:
1637:
Sunarto; Kelly, M. J.; Parakkasi, K.; Klenzendorf, S.; Septayuda, E. & Kurniawan, H. (2012).
1390:
1278:
1075:
837:
521:
505:
262:
256:
55:
2021:
Sumatran Tiger Project Report No. 17 & 18: July − December 1999. Grant number 1998-0093-059
363:
2388:
2238:
2039:
1999:
1678:
1616:
1538:
1496:
1436:
1309:
1232:
1197:
965:
830:
815:
750:
525:
509:
490:
473:
337:
2228:
2220:
2183:
2131:
2100:
1974:
1913:
1874:
1833:
1780:
1703:
1668:
1658:
1606:
1596:
1486:
1478:
1428:
1382:
1268:
1189:
1162:
1067:
1011:
955:
786:
677:
401:
2458:
1459:"Sumatran tiger survival threatened by deforestation despite increasing densities in parks"
1337:
1019:
936:"Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers"
548:
People with a trapped tiger in Soepajang, Bovenlanden Padang on Sumatra's west coast, 1895.
2535:
2492:
1754:
Kinnaird, M. F.; Sanderson, E. W.; O'Brien, T. G.; Wibisono, H. & Woolmer, G. (2003).
701:
569:
278:
166:
48:
1855:"Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance"
2096:
1870:
1776:
1654:
1592:
1474:
1378:
1158:
1063:
1007:
951:
2233:
2204:
1673:
1638:
1611:
1574:
1491:
1458:
1193:
1071:
825:
557:
529:
345:
252:
1958:
1573:
Wibisono, H. T.; Linkie, M.; Guillera-Arroita, G.; Smith, J. A. & Sunarto (2011).
2514:
2453:
1886:
1854:
1821:
1784:
1735:
1726:
1702:(PhD dissertation). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
1432:
1181:
847:
820:
810:
713:
696:
639:
576:
513:
409:
392:
The Sumatran tiger persists in small and fragmented populations across Sumatra, from
238:
1792:
1394:
1079:
1045:): Mitochondrial sequences, nuclear inserts, systematics, and conservation genetics"
2393:
805:
372:
1756:"Deforestation trends in a tropical landscape and implications for forest mammals"
2104:
1663:
1601:
1166:
1015:
489:
revealed an extremely low abundance of potential prey and a low tiger density in
436:
Sumatra's total tiger population was estimated at 618 ± 290 individuals in 2017.
2427:
2373:
852:
743:
564:
533:
501:
482:
469:
456:
449:
376:
328:
246:
142:
2224:
1482:
653:
2331:
Indonesia races to catch tiger alive as villagers threaten to ‘kill the beast’
2188:
2171:
1979:
1918:
1901:
1878:
1838:
1699:
Ecology and restoration of Sumatran tigers in forest and plantation landscapes
1386:
1141:
Mazák, J. H. & Groves, C. P. (2006). "A taxonomic revision of the tigers (
960:
935:
842:
776:
766:
758:
747:
660:
632:
615:
517:
242:
122:
17:
2364:
563:
Tigers need large contiguous forest blocks to thrive. Between 1985 and 1999,
2310:
2136:
2119:
762:
643:
455:
Sumatran tigers strongly prefer uncultivated forests and make little use of
393:
352:
341:
230:
112:
72:
2285:. International Union for Conservation of Nature/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
2242:
1682:
1620:
1500:
1440:
969:
2170:
Bateman, I. J.; Fisher, B.; Fitzherbert, E.; Glew, D.; Naidoo, R. (2010).
2497:
2358:
1579:
1039:
Cracraft, J.; Feinstein, J.; Vaughn, J. & Helm-Bychowski, K. (1998).
739:
599:
556:
plantations and planting of acacia plantations, prey-base depletion, and
553:
472:, and thicker subcanopy cover. Tiger records in oil palm plantations and
464:
380:
have a prominent ruff, which is especially marked in the Sumatran tiger.
332:
152:
92:
2278:
2259:
742:
and management plan, with 50 of them housed in 14 zoos in Australia and
738:
As of 2013, about 375 captive Sumatran tigers were listed in the global
2419:
1707:
1282:
1231:(Second ed.). London, Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 35–51.
664:
608:
581:
478:
234:
132:
2432:
1963:) poaching cases in and around Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra"
754:
604:
460:
348:
102:
82:
2335:
1711:
1514:
Borner, M. (1978). "Status and conservation of the Sumatran tiger".
1351:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 55–65.
1273:
1256:
1217:
Luo, S.-J.; Johnson, W. E.; Smith, J. L. D.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010).
1412:
2036:
Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes
1996:
Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes
1902:"The Illegal Market in Tiger Parts in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia"
1302:
Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes
1298:"Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues"
795:
746:. All of them were offspring of 15 founders. Fourteen cubs showed
726:
543:
443:
362:
300:
2172:"Tigers, markets and palm oil: market potential for conservation"
2406:
486:
286:
2339:
1226:
Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics and Conservation of
355:
between island and mainland populations was highly restricted.
324:
2205:"Congenital vestibular disease in captive Sumatran tigers (
2038:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–145.
1998:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–147.
1188:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 53–84.
315:
for the living and extinct tiger populations in Indonesia.
1300:. In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.).
481:, and the intensity of maintenance in acacia plantations.
1560:
Sumatran Tiger Populations and Habitat Viability Analysis
1457:
Luskin, M. S.; Albert, W. R. & Tobler, M. W. (2017).
1182:"What is a tiger? Biogeography, morphology, and taxonomy"
2023:. Jakarta: Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Steering Committee.
1957:
Rifaie, F.; Sugardjito, J. & Fitriana, Y.S. (2015).
404:
to 3,200 m (10,500 ft) in mountain forests of
1959:"Spatial point pattern analysis of the Sumatran tiger (
708:
In November 2016, Batu Nanggar Sanctuary was opened in
552:
Major threats include habitat loss due to expansion of
1349:
Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan
336:
multiple unique characters, including two diagnostic
2348:
2153:"Sumatran tigers need more sanctuaries: Government"
1101:. Lugduni Batavorum: Arnz et Socius. pp. 1–59.
237:. It is the only surviving tiger population in the
54:
32:
1537:. New Jersey: Noyes Publications. pp. 85–91.
1147:Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
493:areas. Repeated sampling in the newly established
695:and Safari Park established cooperation with the
1452:
1450:
367:Resting Sumatran tiger in Lok Kawi Wildlife Park
1406:
1404:
912:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017).
598:In 1997, an estimated 53 tigers were killed by
2268:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1632:
1630:
1219:"What is a tiger? Genetics and phylogeography"
1034:
1032:
1967:Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
1360:
1358:
1331:
1329:
1180:Kitchener, A. C. & Yamaguchi, N. (2010).
1121:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
8:
1250:
1248:
1110:
1108:
2295:"Sumatran Tiger Trust Conservation Program"
1936:Tiger trade revisited in Sumatra, Indonesia
1859:Environment, Development and Sustainability
1411:Wibisono, H. T. & Pusarini, W. (2010).
1184:. In Tilson, R. & Nyhus, P. J. (eds.).
1136:
1134:
906:
904:
902:
587:The expansion of plantations is increasing
2336:
204:
38:
29:
2232:
2187:
2135:
1978:
1917:
1837:
1672:
1662:
1610:
1600:
1490:
1272:
983:Mazák, J. H. & Groves, C. P. (2006).
959:
2326:National Zoological Park (United States)
340:nucleotide sites, ten mitochondrial DNA
2299:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
1853:Germer, J. & Sauerborn, J. (2008).
898:
716:for conservation of Sumatran wildlife.
2151:Gunawan, A. & Afrizal, J. (2016).
1224:. In Tilson, R.; Nyhus, P. J. (eds.).
680:. Hunting is prohibited in Indonesia.
1900:Plowden, C. & Bowles, D. (1997).
1336:Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996).
985:"A taxonomic revision of the tigers (
7:
2059:Boediwardhana, Wahyoe (2012-12-15).
299:in 1929, who described a skin and a
2526:Critically endangered fauna of Asia
2324:(338 lb (153 kg)) at the
1736:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1417:): A review of conservation status"
560:primarily for the domestic market.
398:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
213:Distribution of the Sumatran tiger
27:Tiger subspecies endemic to Sumatra
1194:10.1016/B978-0-8155-1570-8.00004-9
1072:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00021.x
285:in 1844 for a tiger specimen from
25:
2322:Overweight captive Sumatran tiger
396:in the coastal lowland forest of
2317:from the original on 2013-12-31.
2305:from the original on 2015-03-01.
2289:from the original on 2014-12-13.
2274:from the original on 2014-11-12.
2071:from the original on 2014-10-23.
1785:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02040.x
1433:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00219.x
779:
652:
631:
59:
2311:"Tiger Facts − Sumatran Tiger"
485:surveys conducted in southern
1:
2207:Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae
2105:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.010
1933:Ng, J. & Nemora (2007).
1664:10.1371/journal.pone.0030859
1602:10.1371/journal.pone.0025931
1167:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007
1016:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007
733:San Antonio Zoo and Aquarium
693:Indonesian Forestry Ministry
593:anthropogenic climate change
430:Kerinci Seblat National Park
311:is therefore considered the
2270:/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
2061:"Sumatran tiger sperm bank"
1942:. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia:
877:Panthera tigris trinilensis
406:Gunung Leuser National Park
400:on the southeastern tip of
2552:
2225:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.005
2124:Journal of Applied Ecology
1483:10.1038/s41467-017-01656-4
1306:Cambridge University Press
923:(Special Issue 11): 66–68.
801:Mainland Asian populations
710:North Padang Lawas Regency
2531:Mammals described in 1929
2189:10.1017/S0030605309990901
1919:10.1017/s0030605300021918
1879:10.1007/s10668-006-9080-1
1839:10.1017/s0030605303000103
1387:10.1017/S1367943003003172
961:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019
884:Panthera tigris acutidens
870:Panthera tigris soloensis
344:and 11 out of 108 unique
212:
203:
56:Scientific classification
46:
37:
2521:Endemic fauna of Sumatra
2380:Panthera tigris sumatrae
2350:Panthera tigris sumatrae
2313:. The Tiger Foundation.
1961:Panthera tigris sumatrae
1415:Panthera tigris sumatrae
1093:Temminck, C. J. (1844).
838:Sunda island populations
685:Way Kambas National Park
589:greenhouse gas emissions
495:Tesso Nilo National Park
388:Distribution and habitat
293:Panthera tigris sumatrae
226:Panthera tigris sondaica
2137:10.1111/1365-2664.12461
2085:Biological Conservation
1980:10.13057/biodiv/d160228
422:Sumatran national parks
283:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
2213:The Veterinary Journal
1296:Kitchener, A. (1999).
1145:) of Southeast Asia".
1115:Pocock, R. I. (1929).
735:
549:
452:
448:Sumatran tiger cub at
368:
275:Felis tigris sondaicus
47:Sumatran tiger in the
1463:Nature Communications
1041:"Sorting out tigers (
753:dysfunctions such as
730:
547:
447:
440:Ecology and behaviour
366:
297:Reginald Innes Pocock
1764:Conservation Biology
1743:: e.T15955A50659951.
867:Prehistoric tigers:
731:A Sumatran tiger at
591:, playing a part in
2097:2014BCons.169..147B
2019:Tilson, R. (1999).
1871:2008EDSus..10..697G
1777:2003ConBi..17..245K
1655:2012PLoSO...730859S
1593:2011PLoSO...625931W
1475:2017NatCo...8.1783L
1421:Integrative Zoology
1379:2003AnCon...6..131O
1367:Animal Conservation
1186:Tigers of the World
1159:2006MamBi..71..268M
1064:1998AnCon...1..139C
1052:Animal Conservation
1008:2006MamBi..71..268M
952:2018CBio...28E3840L
607:in a shipment from
305:zoological specimen
257:mitochondrial genes
223:is a population of
184:P. t. sondaica
2260:"Species portrait
1308:. pp. 19–39.
1255:Mazák, V. (1981).
736:
550:
506:pig-tailed macaque
474:rubber plantations
453:
369:
2508:
2507:
2342:Taxon identifiers
2209:) in Australasia"
1946:, Southeast Asia.
1413:"Sumatran tiger (
1315:978-0-521-64057-2
1265:Mammalian Species
1238:978-0-08-094751-8
996:Mammalian Biology
946:(23): 3840–3849.
831:South China tiger
816:Indochinese tiger
796:Tiger populations
751:vestibular system
526:lesser mouse-deer
510:Malayan porcupine
491:peat swamp forest
338:mitochondrial DNA
217:
216:
173:
16:(Redirected from
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2279:"short portrait
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2157:The Jakarta Post
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1795:. Archived from
1760:
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1710:. Archived from
1696:Sunarto (2011).
1693:
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1342:(Linnaeus 1758)"
1333:
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1318:. Archived from
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1024:
1018:. Archived from
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980:
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931:
925:
924:
918:
908:
789:
787:Indonesia portal
784:
783:
782:
678:CITES Appendix I
656:
635:
402:Lampung Province
295:was proposed by
208:
199:
187:
172:
170:
64:
63:
42:
30:
21:
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2493:Observation.org
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2387:
2378:
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2372:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2344:
2309:
2293:
2277:
2262:Panthera tigris
2258:
2255:
2250:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2150:
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2145:
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2018:
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1956:
1955:
1951:
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1847:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1729:Panthera tigris
1724:
1723:
1719:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
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1552:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1344:
1340:Panthera tigris
1335:
1334:
1327:
1316:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1274:10.2307/3504004
1259:Panthera tigris
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1228:Panthera tigris
1221:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1143:Panthera tigris
1140:
1139:
1132:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1047:
1043:Panthera tigris
1038:
1037:
1030:
1022:
991:
987:Panthera tigris
982:
981:
977:
940:Current Biology
933:
932:
928:
916:
910:
909:
900:
896:
889:
861:
785:
780:
778:
775:
725:
702:natural habitat
674:Panthera tigris
671:
670:
669:
668:
667:
657:
648:
647:
646:
636:
625:
542:
483:Camera trapping
442:
426:protected areas
390:
361:
359:Characteristics
321:
279:scientific name
272:
195:
181:
171:
164:
58:
49:Tierpark Berlin
33:Sumatran tiger
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2549:
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2538:
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2328:
2319:
2307:
2291:
2281:P. t. sumatrae
2254:
2253:External links
2251:
2249:
2248:
2219:(2): 178–182.
2195:
2182:(2): 230–234.
2162:
2143:
2130:(4): 851–860.
2110:
2074:
2051:
2045:978-0521648356
2044:
2026:
2011:
2005:978-0521648356
2004:
1986:
1973:(2): 311–319.
1949:
1925:
1892:
1865:(6): 697–716.
1845:
1812:
1746:
1717:
1714:on 2013-05-26.
1688:
1626:
1587:(11): e25931.
1565:
1550:
1543:
1525:
1506:
1446:
1427:(4): 313–323.
1400:
1373:(2): 131–139.
1354:
1325:
1322:on 2012-04-23.
1314:
1288:
1244:
1237:
1209:
1202:
1172:
1153:(5): 268–287.
1130:
1104:
1085:
1058:(2): 139–150.
1028:
1025:on 2013-03-13.
1002:(5): 268–287.
975:
926:
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864:
860:
859:
858:
857:
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845:
835:
834:
833:
828:
826:Siberian tiger
823:
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792:
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724:
721:
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570:montane forest
541:
538:
530:Indian muntjac
441:
438:
389:
386:
360:
357:
346:microsatellite
320:
317:
309:P. t. sondaica
271:
268:
263:P. t. sondaica
255:from complete
221:Sumatran tiger
215:
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18:Sumatran Tiger
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1649:(1): e30859.
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1304:. Cambridge:
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1203:9780080947518
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865:
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854:
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849:
848:Bornean tiger
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Malayan tiger
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:Caspian tiger
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
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788:
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772:
770:
768:
764:
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749:
745:
741:
734:
729:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:North Sumatra
711:
705:
703:
698:
697:Australia Zoo
694:
691:In 2007, the
689:
686:
681:
679:
676:is listed on
675:
666:
662:
655:
645:
641:
640:Melbourne Zoo
634:
622:
620:
617:
612:
610:
606:
601:
596:
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583:
578:
577:deforestation
573:
571:
566:
561:
559:
558:illegal trade
555:
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531:
527:
523:
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514:Malayan tapir
511:
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451:
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410:Aceh Province
407:
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269:
267:
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258:
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249:are extinct.
248:
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239:Sunda Islands
236:
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36:
31:
19:
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2064:
2054:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1935:
1928:
1912:(1): 59–66.
1909:
1905:
1895:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1832:(1): 41–48.
1829:
1825:
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1768:
1762:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1712:the original
1698:
1691:
1646:
1642:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1522:(1): 97–102.
1519:
1515:
1509:
1466:
1462:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1370:
1366:
1348:
1339:
1320:the original
1301:
1291:
1267:(152): 1–8.
1264:
1258:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1185:
1175:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1124:
1120:
1098:
1088:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1020:the original
999:
995:
986:
978:
943:
939:
929:
920:
882:
875:
868:
806:Bengal tiger
737:
723:In captivity
718:
706:
690:
682:
673:
672:
623:Conservation
613:
597:
586:
574:
562:
551:
499:
454:
435:
418:
414:
391:
382:
370:
323:Analysis of
322:
308:
292:
291:
281:proposed by
274:
273:
261:
251:
247:Javan tigers
241:, where the
224:
220:
218:
196:
192:Population:
182:
178:Subspecies:
165:
153:
2428:iNaturalist
2374:Wikispecies
2091:: 147–156.
1771:: 245–257.
1708:10919/37392
1469:(1): 1783.
853:Javan tiger
744:New Zealand
616:snare traps
565:forest loss
534:Sambar deer
502:great argus
470:leaf litter
457:plantations
450:Chester Zoo
377:Javan tiger
329:Pleistocene
303:of a tiger
143:Pantherinae
139:Subfamily:
2515:Categories
1806:2013-02-06
1544:0815511337
1127:: 505–541.
894:References
843:Bali tiger
767:inbreeding
759:strabismus
748:congenital
661:Dublin Zoo
518:banded pig
342:haplotypes
313:valid name
233:island of
231:Indonesian
123:Feliformia
119:Suborder:
1887:153432460
1516:Carnivore
763:nystagmus
644:Australia
394:sea level
353:gene flow
319:Evolution
253:Sequences
167:P. tigris
161:Species:
113:Carnivora
79:Kingdom:
73:Eukaryota
2472:14000266
2359:Wikidata
2315:Archived
2303:Archived
2287:Archived
2272:Archived
2243:26403953
2069:Archived
1793:59583614
1683:22292063
1643:PLOS ONE
1621:22087218
1580:PLoS ONE
1501:29208916
1441:21392349
1395:86006229
1117:"Tigers"
1080:34186394
970:30482605
921:Cat News
773:See also
740:studbook
600:poachers
554:palm oil
465:oil palm
424:and two
333:Holocene
277:was the
270:Taxonomy
154:Panthera
129:Family:
103:Mammalia
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2365:Q191129
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1651:Bibcode
1612:3206793
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1375:Bibcode
1338:"Tiger
1283:3504004
1155:Bibcode
1060:Bibcode
1004:Bibcode
948:Bibcode
665:Ireland
638:In the
609:Jakarta
582:logging
540:Threats
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532:, and
461:acacia
373:Bengal
2498:85028
2459:15966
2394:5K5M8
1940:(PDF)
1883:S2CID
1800:(PDF)
1789:S2CID
1759:(PDF)
1391:S2CID
1345:(PDF)
1279:JSTOR
1222:(PDF)
1076:S2CID
1048:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
992:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
301:skull
2485:9695
2480:NCBI
2454:IUCN
2441:ITIS
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245:and
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219:The
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2229:PMC
2221:doi
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2184:doi
2132:doi
2101:doi
2089:169
1975:doi
1914:doi
1875:doi
1834:doi
1781:doi
1704:hdl
1669:PMC
1659:doi
1607:PMC
1597:doi
1487:PMC
1479:doi
1429:doi
1383:doi
1269:doi
1190:doi
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