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university to establish a translation bureau in order to compile and translate foreign textbooks for use in an envisioned national university system. This, alongside another request to open a medical studies facility, was granted by the emperor. He additionally requested that a college be established at the university aimed at officials already holding
664:) only taught individual skills, rather than a unified educational framework. He sought to combine western and Chinese-style education into a single institution. Sun criticized what he saw as extreme westernization in Japan, writing that "absolutely must not do as the Japanese have done, dispensing with their own learning in favor of Western learning".
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In late
September, Empress Dowager Cixi regained power and purged many officials. The university was the lone institution established during the reform period to survive, and Sun was able to continue in his position as president of the institution. He scaled back his earlier plans for the institution
757:
in charge of the gazette in lieu of Liang, who had already been tasked with translation projects. This greatly upset Kang, who wished to stay in
Beijing in order to gain political influence within the central government. Kang attempted to modify Sun's guidance for the project to gain greater control
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as head of faculty and supervisor of
Western learning. Sun's appointment of Martin balanced the power between other Chinese officials, allowing Sun greater control over the institution in lieu of its supervisors. This was also likely motivated by the political conflict between Sun and Kang, who was
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Sun stressed that the western powers invested large amount of money and resources into their national universities, and advocated that such an institution should be located in the capital of
Beijing, in order to serve as a unifying cultural symbol. He created a draft curriculum for the institution
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Sun hired a number of foreign instructors at much higher wages than their
Chinese peers. They were mainly missionaries, as the government was unwilling to recruit talent from overseas. Western embassies in the capital lobbied for their nationals to be hired as instructors. Sun advocated for the
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which mixed western and
Chinese learning and centered around ten disciplines: astronomy, classics, politics, literature, military science, engineering, commerce, and medicine. The emperor approved the establishment of the university and appointed Sun the Director of Educational Affairs (
781:. Sun appointed Kang and Liang to prepare a charter and set of regulations for the university, which were approved on July 3. Although proposed by more radical reformists, Sun was seen as a moderate and tasked to serve as the first imperial minister of the university.
852:
in the more conservative environment, maintaining that the university's primary purpose was to teach the
Chinese classics. However, conservatives within the imperial government continued to oppose the university, and despite political support from Grand Councilor
718:; 'Protest from the Jiaobin Studio') be printed and distributed among court officials. The emperor approved this the same day, and around a thousand copies were distributed on August 1, with encouragement for bureaucrats to make commentaries and notes.
856:, Sun was unable to secure funding to expand it. Rumors of a plot against Emperor Guangxu led Sun to request to retire from his post, citing poor health; this was rejected several times, but he was eventually allowed to retire with full pay in late 1899.
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to study foreign governments for possible reforms, producing small-scale proposals due to conservative opposition. In 1908, he was given the honorary title of Grand Tutor of the Heir
Apparent. He was named as the presumptive chairman of the
776:
The opening of the university became a priority for the reformers, with a third of
Emperor Guangxu's June 11 edict inaugurating the reform campaign dedicated to the establishment of the institution. Sun was promoted to the post of
864:
569:, Sun opposed Weng's advocacy of war against Japan over Korea, believing that China would be unable to defeat the Japanese. Weng's faction was able to push Emperor Guangxu to support the conflict, leading to the
660:) was sent to Emperor Guangxu, requesting the university's establishment. Sun wrote in favor of this document, stating that prior western-style government schools (such as naval colleges or the
704:, he was only able to meet with the emperor six times during the Hundred Days, mainly communicating with him in writing. In July, Sun wrote to the emperor requesting that
700:. Sun emerged as one of his most trusted officials during this period, and was frequently called to weigh in on proposed reforms. However, as Sun was not a member of the
621:'s proposal that the emperor to fund the establishment of a book depot to house the society's library. Sun was declared the superintendent of the Official Book Depot.
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was officially founded on August 9. Sun almost exclusively hired administrators from the ranks of senior government officials. He appointed Hanlin
Academy compiler
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in 1890; two years later he was jointly appointed as the president of the Ministry of Works and the governor of Beijing, a post he would hold until 1899. Alongside
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in 1859. After service as an education director in Hubei and at the Palace School for Princes, he was appointed as the tutor of the young Guangxu Emperor alongside
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due to his connections with Emperor Guangxu. Rebels destroyed the Imperial University during the fighting. Sun followed Cixi to the provisional capital of
1407:
Weston, Timothy B. (2002). "The Founding of the Imperial University and the Emergence of Chinese Modernity". In Karl, Rebecca E.; Zarrow, Peter (eds.).
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In order to mediate conflict, Sun was appointed in 1904 to manage the reëstablished Imperial University alongside his initial replacement as president,
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wrote to Sun whether this action was officially-sanctioned; Sun responded that Kang was acting on his own initiative and should be ignored.
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and China's defeat in 1895. After the war, Sun was appointed to establish a state printing office. He served as the president of the
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over the guidance, but was forced to defer to his approval. Kang was unable to gain control of the paper in Shanghai from its owner
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Sun served as the vice president of various ministries, some concurrently to his tutoring service; he was the vice president of the
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522:. Shortly into their service, both tutors upset conservative Manchu officials after recommending that the 17th century
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in 1904. However, due to Sun's age, most policy decisions were made by Zhang. Sun served on a commission alongside
1384:
Kwong, Luke S. K. (2000). "Chinese Politics at the Crossroads: Reflections on the Hundred Days Reform of 1898".
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678:) in order to organize it. However, the university's establishment was delayed by conservative leaders such as
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degrees, and that university agents should be sent to Japan to study their higher education system.
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The Power of Position: Beijing University, Intellectuals, and Chinese Political Culture, 1898-1929
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Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in Late Qing China
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A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics, and Ideas of 1898
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410:. Emperor Guangxu appointed Sun the Director of Educational Affairs (
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seeking appointment to the supervisor position. As Martin was not a
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under Liang's leadership. Sun agreed with this proposal, but placed
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Peking University: Chinese Scholarship and Intellectuals, 1898–1937
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in 1896–1897 and the Ministry of Civil Appointments in 1897–1899.
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petitioned the government to take over the production of Liang's
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in 1904. He was named the prospective chairman of the advisory
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official and educator, noted as an advisor and tutor to the
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406:. He was an advocate for the creation of what would become
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Fan, Peiwei (1995). "Educational Reforms, 1903-1904".
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696:On June 11, 1898, Emperor Guangxu began the
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561:from 1889–1890. He became president of the
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580:In 1895, a group of intellectuals led by
1321:United States Government Printing Office
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478:on 7 April 1827. Passing the
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408:Imperial University of Peking
1328:Lin, Xiaoqing Diana (2005).
1299:10.2753/CSH0009-463328030485
1528:Assistant grand secretaries
1438:Weston, Timothy B. (2004).
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721:During the reforms, Censor
536:Beijing Temple of Confucius
518:, alongside the preeminent
494:in 1859 after study at the
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1351:Kwong, Luke S. K. (1984).
1287:Chinese Studies in History
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637:'s tutor and advisor
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534:be enshrined at the
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109:Suzhou, Anhui
106:April 7, 1827
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1408:
1391:
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1377:j.ctt1tfjbj1
1353:
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1188:
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1140:
1128:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1020:
1008:
996:
926:
910:Kansu Braves
903:
870:Wang Wenshao
850:
845:
841:
838:
833:
817:Xu Jingcheng
806:Huang Shaoji
799:
775:
738:
720:
710:
695:
673:
666:
662:Tongwen Guan
658:Liang Qichao
640:
633:Sun was the
619:Li Hongzhang
608:Yang Chongyi
579:
567:Li Hongzhang
544:
528:Huang Zongxi
489:
483:
473:
470:Early career
437:Kansu Braves
426:
415:
381:
366:Qing dynasty
361:
360:
323:Hanyu Pinyin
254:Hanyu Pinyin
206:Sun Chia-nai
185:Hanyu Pinyin
132:, Qing China
121:(1909-11-29)
111:, Qing China
81:Xu Jingcheng
76:Succeeded by
68:
53:
1493:1909 deaths
1488:1827 births
1268:Weston 2002
1229:Weston 2004
1181:Weston 2004
1169:Weston 2004
1091:Weston 2004
1079:Weston 2004
1067:Weston 2002
1040:Weston 2002
1025:Weston 2004
1001:Weston 2004
955:Wenzheng.
936: [
929:Zhang Baixi
904:During the
899: 1903
888: [
877: [
809: [
763: [
755:Kang Youwei
743: [
736:periodical
726: [
706:Feng Guifen
683: [
650: [
611: [
596: [
593:Qiangxuehui
585: [
582:Wen Tingshi
520:Weng Tonghe
456: [
449:Zhang Baixi
388:Weng Tonghe
275:Hsieh-ch`en
64:Preceded by
1482:Categories
1334:SUNY Press
1332:. Albany:
1217:Kwong 1984
1205:Kwong 1984
1145:Kwong 1984
1133:Kwong 2000
1121:Kwong 1984
1013:Kwong 1984
959:References
860:Later life
647:Li Duanfen
526:loyalists
372:. Born in
362:Sun Jianai
337:Wade–Giles
268:Wade–Giles
199:Wade–Giles
191:Sūn Jiānài
145:Sun Jianai
102:1827-04-07
23:Sun Jianai
989:Fang 1943
944:Qu Hongji
829:P. Martin
739:Shiwu bao
723:Song Bolu
563:Censorate
392:Censorate
344:Wen-cheng
58:1898–1899
54:In office
1309:(1943).
1256:Fan 1995
1241:Lin 2005
1193:Lin 2005
1157:Lin 2005
1106:Lin 2005
1055:Lin 2005
933:Rongqing
734:Shanghai
532:Gu Yanwu
453:Rongqing
329:Wénzhèng
1313:(ed.).
1278:Sources
508:Chinese
293:Chinese
260:Xièchén
224:Chinese
155:Chinese
126:Beijing
1460:
1450:
1427:
1375:
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374:Anhui
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800:The
689:and
670:管學大臣
530:and
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451:and
412:管學大臣
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604:強學會
161:孫家鼐
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1390:.
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394:,
299:文正
230:燮臣
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1301:.
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