516:, the sun conure is very social and typically occurs in large flocks of 15 to 30 individuals. They rarely leave the flock, but when they get separated from the group, they squawk and scream in a high-pitched voice, which can carry for hundreds of yards, allowing individuals to communicate with their flock and return to them. Flocks are relatively quiet while feeding, but are known to be very vocal and make loud noises when in flight. They can travel many miles in a single day, and they are fast, direct flyers. Nonverbal communication is also practised, with a variety of physical displays. Birds within a flock rest, feed one another, preen, and bathe throughout the daylight hours. They move through the trees using their beaks for extra support. They also have the ability to use their feet like hands to help hold, examine, or eat items. Sun conures have been reported to nest and roost in tree cavities. When in molt, conures are uncomfortable, so are easily irritable. Bathing, warm rainfalls, and humidity allow the sheaths of each
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588:, with eggs and chicks being present in nests from January to October. Fertility rate of sun conures is relatively high. Typical clutch size is three or four white eggs, and they may be laid in two- to three-day intervals. Pairs may only destroy and eat their eggs in cases of calcium deficiency. Females are responsible for the entire incubation period from 23 to 27 days, and only leave the nest for short feeding periods. Males aggressively protect the nest from potential predators. Eggs may fail to hatch if they are not kept warm or if the hatchling fails to break through the shell successfully, which may take from a few hours to a few days. Chicks are born
641:
nature. Due to its inquisitive temperament, it demands a great deal of attention from owners, with whom it can be loving and cuddly. Hand-reared pets can be very friendly towards people with whom they are familiar, but they may be aggressive with strangers and even territorial with visitors. Sun conures are capable of learning many tricks and can even perform in front of a live audience. They enjoy listening to music, to which they occasionally sing and dance. Like many parrots, they are determined chewers and require toys and treats on which to chew. Other activities enjoyed by sun conures include taking baths and preening feathers. Many owners
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cress, roquette, kale, broccoli, carrots, alfalfa, peas, endive, and sweet potatoes), dandelions, chickweed, soaked corn, germinated sunflower seeds, and spray millet. They may also eat fruit tree buds (elderberry bushes, willows, hawthorn, and aspen), ant eggs, mealworms or their substitutes (hard-boiled eggs, bread, biscuits, hard cheese or low-fat cottage cheese). Cuttle bones, mineral blocks, and gravel or ground oyster shells may be given to aid in mechanical digestion.
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mantle, lesser wing coverts, tips of the greater wing coverts, chest, and underwing coverts. The face and belly are orange with red around the ears. The base of the greater wing coverts, tertials, and base of the primaries are green, while the secondaries, tips of the primaries, and most of the primary coverts are dark blue. The tail is olive-green with a blue tip. From below, all the
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Conservation Act was put in place in 1992 to ban the importation of parrots (including sun conures) into the United States, they are more frequently bred in captivity for domestication purposes. Similarly, the
European Union more recently banned the importation of wild-caught birds in 2007. These legislations may help increase their population in the wild.
592:. Only after 10 days, they begin to open their eyes and their feather quills break through. Both parents participate in feeding the chicks. The young depend on their parents for 7 to 8 weeks after hatching, and only become independent after 9 to 10 weeks. Conures are sexually mature around 2 years of age and have a lifespan ranging from 25 to 30 years.
645:, but this is not necessary if the proper precautions are put in place. Due to environmental hazards, conures should not be allowed to fly unsupervised. Sun conures are great candidates for outdoor flight when well trained, as they are loyal, but risk potential must be minimized. In captivity, their lifespans range from 15 to 30 years.
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Young sun conures form monogamous pairs around 4 to 5 months of age. Prior to breeding, they may be seen feeding and grooming one another. Mating can last up to three minutes, after which pairs become very affectionate with each other. Prior to egg laying, the female's abdomen noticeably swells. They
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On average, sun conures weigh around 110 g (4 oz) and are around 30 cm (12 in) long. The sexes are similar in plumage, although hens may be lighter and slenderer in body, having a shorter tail, with a smaller, rounder head and a smaller beak. Adults have a rich yellow crown, nape,
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in the early 2000s, this mutation results in the parakeet's normal yellowish plumage being replaced by a deep reddish-orange, the intensity of which varies from individual to individual. The genetics and inheritance mode of the mutation are poorly understood at present and some red-factor birds that
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in captivity (the sulphur-breasted also likely will interbreed with these). In the wild, hybrids between the jandaya parakeet and golden-capped parakeet have been reported in their limited area of contact, but most such individuals could be subadults (which easily could be confused with hybrids). As
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Sun conures are currently endangered, with their population numbers declining rapidly due to loss of habitat, hunting for plumage, and being excessively wild caught – about 800,000 each year, for the pet trade. Now, more sun conures are living in people's homes than in the wild. Since the Wild Bird
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In captivity, their diets may include grass seeds, beans, nuts, fruits (apples, papaya, bananas, oranges, grapefruits, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants, rowans, elderberries, hawthorn berries, rose hips, cucumbers, and tomatoes), vegetables (spinach, Chinese cabbage,
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native to northeastern South
America. The adult male and female are similar in appearance, with black beaks, predominantly golden-yellow plumage, orange-flushed underparts and face, and green and blue-tipped wings and tails. Sun conures are very social birds, typically living in flocks. They form
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to open more easily and lessen their discomfort. Sun conures are extremely smart and curious, so require constant mental stimulation and social interaction. Their speech and ability to learn tricks in captivity are quite moderate. Otherwise, relatively little is known about their behavior in the
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plants, with their colourful plumage serving as camouflage against the red and yellow flowers while eating. At times, they forage from agricultural crops and may be considered pests. They require more protein intake during breeding season, more carbohydrates when rearing young, and more calcium
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The sun conure is noted for its very loud squawks and screams compared to its relatively small size, and have been recorded reaching over 120 decibels. It is capable of mimicking humans, but not as well as some larger parrots. It is popular as a pet because of its bright coloration and curious
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Sun conures are mostly found in tropical habitats, but their exact ecological requirements remain relatively poorly known. They are widely reported as occurring within dry savanna woodlands and coastal forests, but recent sightings suggest they mainly occur at altitudes less than 1,200 m
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are dark greyish. The bill is black. The legs and the bare eye ring are grey, but the latter often fades to white in captivity (so using amount of grey or white in the eye ring for determining "purity" of an individual can be misleading). It is easily confused with the closely related jandaya
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from the former and rare in the latter. It is very rare in French Guiana, but may breed in the southern part of the country (this remains unconfirmed). Today, it is regularly bred in captivity, but the capture of wild individuals potentially remains a serious threat. This has fueled recent
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of the sun conure, but most recent authorities maintain their status as separate species. Alternatively, the sun conure and the sulphur-breasted parakeet have been suggested to represent one species, while the jandaya parakeet and golden-capped parakeet represent a second. Of these, the
496:, and cross more open savannah habitats only when traveling between patches of forest. Sun conures have been seen in shrublands along the Amazon riverbank, as well as forested valleys and coastal, seasonally flooded forests. These conures usually inhabit fruiting trees and palm groves.
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parakeet and sulphur-breasted parakeet, but the former has entirely green wing coverts, mantle, and vent, while the latter has green mottling to the mantle and less orange to the underparts. The sun conure is also superficially similar to the pale-billed
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sulphur-breasted parakeet only received widespread recognition in 2005, having gone unnoticed at least partially due to its resemblance to certain preadult plumages of the sun conure. The sun, jandaya, and golden-capped parakeets all can
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and as such, its genes have been sequenced for comparative purposes, in relation to studying the genome of the latter species. The two species last shared a common ancestor about 3 million years ago, coinciding with the closure of the
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In the wild, sun conures mainly feed on fruits, flowers, berries, blossoms, seeds, nuts, and insects. They feed on both ripe and half-ripe seeds of both fruits and berries. They also consume red cactus fruit,
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pairs for reproduction, and nest in palm cavities in the tropics. Sun conures mainly feed on fruits, flowers, berries, blossoms, seeds, nuts, and insects. Conures are commonly bred and kept in
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palms. Active conure nests have been observed to contain multiple adults, as well as eggs and young birds of various ages and it may be the case that the species engages in
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and resemble similarly aged sulphur-breasted parakeets. The distinctive yellow, orange, and reddish colouration on the back, abdomen, and head is attained with maturity.
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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exhibit extremely reddish color fail to thrive, display health problems, and die within months of hatching, with brain and spleen abnormalities apparent upon autopsy.
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335:. However, this is the only species of "conure" that is regularly referred to as such in ornithological circles; most others are called "parakeets" by authorities.
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are "sun conure", used in aviculture, by the World Parrot Trust and some authorities such as Thomas Arndt and Joseph
Forshaw, and "sun parakeet" as used by the
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and may live up to 30 years. This species is currently threatened by loss of habitat and trapping for plumage or the pet trade. Sun conures are now listed as
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wild, in part due to confusion with the sulphur-breasted parakeet species. Regardless, the behavior of the two is unlikely to differ to any great extent.
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Jutglar, Á. (1997). Aratinga solstitialis (Sun Conure). p. 431 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds (1997).
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996:"Lafeber's Global Parrot Conservation Spotlight January 2024: The Sun Conures of Guyana – Pet Birds by Lafeber Co"
956:"Lafeber's Global Parrot Conservation Spotlight January 2024: The Sun Conures of Guyana – Pet Birds by Lafeber Co"
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generally is very poorly documented), but this remains to be confirmed. Populations found along the
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for 'of the summer solstice', hence 'sunny', and refers to its golden plumage. The two widely used
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Sun conures live in a relatively small region of northeastern South
America – the north
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Teitler, R., 1981. Taming and
Training Conures. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd. England.
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Birds of
Northern South America – An Identification Guide. Vol. 1: Species Accounts.
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Conure (Psittaformes: Psittacidae) from Brazil, with taxonomical remarks on the
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A red-factor colour mutation has been produced in aviculture. Originating in
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861:"DNA Study Points To Humans As Cause of Carolina Parakeet Extinction"
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730:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824. Archived from
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in Brazil are now known to belong to the sulphur-breasted parakeet.
835:"The Extinction of This U.S. Parrot Was Quick and Driven by Humans"
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In the past, the sun conure has been considered safe and listed as
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The sun conure was one of the many species originally described by
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1034:"Are Sun Conures Louder Than Macaws? The Differences – Beak Craze"
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discussions regarding its status, leading to it being uplisted to
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Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Sandgrouse to
Cuckoos.
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The sun conure is the closest living relative of the extinct
488:(3,900 ft), at the edge of humid forests growing in
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is unclear, but recent sightings from the southeast near
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complex includes three additional species from Brazil:
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Silverira, L., de Lima, F., & Höfling, E. (2005).
749:(5th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Cassell Ltd.
380:, where some doubts exist over their exact identity.
286:, but it has since been moved to the widely accepted
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1139:Restall, R., Rodner, C., & Lentino, M. (2006).
578:have been known to nest in trees or in cavities of
404:Adult on the left and three juveniles on the right
700:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62233372A95192947.en
548:berries, and legume pods. Sun conure flocks near
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636:A young female sun conure hatched in captivity
1154:Recognize Aratinga pintoi as a valid species.
8:
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1067:"The Red Factor Sun Conure Color Mutation"
460:to coastal French Guiana. Their status in
424:sun conures display a predominantly green
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552:have commonly been observed feeding upon
1156:South American Classification Committee.
1101:Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
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590:blind, naked, and completely vulnerable
244:, is a medium-sized, vibrantly colored
468:have been reported. They may occur in
1172:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
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947:
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921:. Beauty of Birds. 16 September 2021.
7:
1574:DC6B39C5-4E74-4DC9-AAD6-846EB92628AC
1113:A Guide to the Parrots of the World.
1111:Juniper, T., & Parr, M. (1998).
771:"SUN CONURE (Aratinga solstitialis)"
686:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
327:and widely by official birdlists,
14:
358:. These have all been considered
1597:IUCN Red List endangered species
1099:Birds of Venezuela, 2nd edition.
512:Like other members of the genus
73:
675:BirdLife International (2016).
325:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
1607:Birds of the Brazilian Amazon
1170:Explore Species: Sun Parakeet
368:far as known, the remaining
1627:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1074:Feathered Companions Aviary
1643:
1612:Birds of the Guiana Shield
1129:Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
994:Brooks, Ann (2024-01-17).
954:Brooks, Ann (2024-01-17).
747:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1115:Pica Press, East Sussex.
643:clip their conures' wings
356:sulphur-breasted parakeet
296:is now restricted to the
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70:Scientific classification
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823:The Auk 122(1): 292–305.
693:: e.T62233372A95192947.
432:Distribution and habitat
304:and the closely related
1622:Birds described in 1758
907:. Animal Diversity Web.
745:Simpson, D. P. (1979).
557:during egg production.
1532:Psittacus solstitialis
1055:. theparrotplace.co.nz
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509:
508:A group of sun conures
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352:golden-capped parakeet
218:Psittacus solstitialis
1520:Aratinga-solstitialis
1476:Paleobiology Database
1250:aratinga-solstitialis
1237:Aratinga_solstitialis
1223:Aratinga solstitialis
1193:Aratinga solstitialis
905:"Aratinga solstialis"
819:Aratinga solstitialis
679:Aratinga solstitialis
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573:A pair of sun conures
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466:Santa Elena de Uairén
456:. They also occur as
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344:Aratinga solstitialis
273:in his landmark 1758
240:), also known as the
237:Aratinga solstitialis
179:Aratinga solstitialis
839:Smithsonian Magazine
773:. World Parrot Trust
586:cooperative breeding
315:is derived from the
161:A. solstitialis
936:"Sun-conure-parrot"
476:(regions where the
448:, extreme southern
221:Linnaeus, 1758
40:Conservation status
1097:Hilty, S. (2003).
1000:Lafeber® Pet Birds
960:Lafeber® Pet Birds
793:Lexicon of Parrots
791:Arndt, T. (1997).
638:
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338:The sun conure is
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1463:Open Tree of Life
1185:Taxon identifiers
885:Sun Conure Parrot
813:A new species of
581:Mauritia flexuosa
390:Isthmus of Panama
385:Carolina parakeet
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1077:. Retrieved
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1060:
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1037:. Retrieved
1028:
1022:. My conure.
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
989:
981:"Sun Conure"
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963:. Retrieved
959:
919:"Sun Conure"
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868:. Retrieved
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842:. Retrieved
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704:. Retrieved
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617:in the 2008
603:
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565:Reproduction
559:
554:monkey brush
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535:Hamilton Zoo
513:
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482:Amazon River
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329:field guides
321:common names
313:solstitialis
312:
298:type species
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242:sun parakeet
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1437:Neotropical
1359:iNaturalist
1217:Wikispecies
887:. PBase.com
777:20 February
706:12 November
518:pin feather
444:, southern
396:Description
302:grey parrot
137:Psittacidae
24:Sun conure
1591:Categories
1547:Q125076909
1515:Xeno-canto
1053:Sun Conure
1039:2022-09-09
1005:2024-07-12
965:2024-07-12
657:References
628:Aviculture
615:endangered
610:extirpated
374:allopatric
365:interbreed
360:subspecies
342:, but the
259:endangered
255:aviculture
251:monogamous
232:sun conure
55:Endangered
1079:5 January
550:Karasabai
545:Malpighia
490:foothills
462:Venezuela
440:state of
438:Brazilian
340:monotypic
294:Psittacus
283:Psittacus
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1602:Aratinga
1541:Wikidata
1489:Species+
1403:62233372
1377:11270124
1276:62233372
1271:BirdLife
1202:Wikidata
870:5 August
821:complex.
815:Aratinga
724:(1758).
622:Red List
514:Aratinga
500:Behavior
478:avifauna
458:vagrants
450:Suriname
422:Juvenile
289:Aratinga
265:Taxonomy
209:Synonyms
187:Linnaeus
148:Aratinga
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1569:ZooBank
1561:9438524
1442:sunpar1
1351:2479158
1338:1177978
1325:sunpar1
1299:sunpar1
1258:Avibase
1208:Q225039
844:14 July
492:in the
442:Roraima
426:plumage
378:Guianas
333:birders
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1481:415945
1468:851008
1429:176015
1390:177689
1364:202471
1289:110443
1245:ARKive
1147:
1133:
1119:
1105:
865:Forbes
799:
753:
650:Hawaii
596:Status
446:Guyana
354:, and
331:, and
308:. The
300:, the
246:parrot
1455:71553
1372:IRMNG
1320:eBird
1296:BOW:
1070:(PDF)
470:Amapá
317:Latin
1556:GBIF
1507:2172
1494:7141
1424:NCBI
1398:IUCN
1385:ITIS
1346:GBIF
1312:G65Z
1284:BOLD
1145:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1081:2021
872:2023
846:2023
797:ISBN
779:2022
751:ISBN
708:2021
691:2016
619:IUCN
525:Diet
474:Pará
370:taxa
230:The
191:1758
117:Aves
1502:TSA
1411:NBN
1333:EoL
1307:CoL
1232:ADW
695:doi
533:At
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234:(
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185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
