30:
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275:(NO) in the skin, and nitric oxide can lower blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke and heart disease. Although long-term exposure to ultraviolet contributes to non-melanoma skin cancers that are rarely fatal, it has been found in a Danish study that those who get these cancers were less likely to die during the study, and were much less likely to have a heart attack, than those who did not have these cancers.
550:
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carcinogenic. UVC is almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere and does not reach the surface in any appreciable quantity. As a result, only the broad-spectrum combination (UVA, UVB, UVC) known as "ultraviolet radiation" is listed as a carcinogen; the components are only "likely to become" known carcinogens. Solar radiation (sunlight) and sunlamps are listed as carcinogens because they contain ultraviolet radiation.
228:
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darker the complexion, or the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed, approximating 25% of the time for minimal sunburn. Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure; the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created.) Individuals with limited sun exposure need to include good sources of vitamin D in their diet or take a supplement.
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minutes, on a frequency of two to three times per week, will cause the adult's skin to produce enough vitamin D. It is not necessary to expose the face to the UV, as facial skin provides little vitamin D3. Individuals whose metabolism makes taking oral vitamin D ineffective are able, through exposure to an ultraviolet lamp that emits
360:, is mostly caused by indirect DNA damage from UVA radiation. This can be seen from the absence of a direct UV signature mutation in 92% of all melanoma. UVC is the highest-energy, most-dangerous type of ultraviolet radiation, and causes adverse effects that can variously be mutagenic or carcinogenic.
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that provide a healthy level of UV exposure. This largely explains the tendency toward darker-skinned populations in the sunniest tropical environments, and lighter skin tones in less-sunny regions and for those who most need vitamin D for rapid bone growth, specifically children and reproductive-age
266:
There are not many foods that naturally have vitamin D. Examples are cod liver oil and oily fish. If people cannot get sunlight, then they will need 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day to stay healthy. A person would have to eat oily fish three or four times per week in order to get enough vitamin D from
169:
and vitamin D synthesis, making it difficult to provide general guidelines. It has been suggested by some researchers, for example, that adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to the face, arms and legs, averaging 5–30 minutes twice per week without sunscreen. (The
111:
Given these dual effects, public health organizations emphasize the importance of striking a balance between the benefits and risks of UV exposure. They recommend avoiding sunburn at all costs and advocate for moderation in sun exposure to minimize the risks associated with UV radiation while still
278:
People in certain situations, such as people with intellectual disabilities and neurodevelopmental disorders who stay inside most of the time have low vitamin D levels. Getting enough vitamin D can help stave off "autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, many types of cancer, dementia, types 1
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that occur annually in the United States. The use of sunbeds is reported by the World Health
Organization to be responsible for over 450,000 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer and over 10,000 cases of melanoma every year in the U.S., Europe, as well as Australia. Lifetime cumulative UV exposure to
243:
dose of sunlight UV radiation provides the equivalent of about 20,000 IU of vitamin D2, taken as an oral supplement. If an adult's arms and legs are exposed to a half minimal erythemal UV radiation, it is the same as taking 3,000 IU of vitamin D3 through an oral supplement. This exposure of 10–15
270:
People with higher levels of vitamin D tend to have lower rates of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke and tend to have lower blood pressure. However, it has been found that vitamin D supplementation does not improve cardiovascular health or metabolism, so the link with vitamin D must be in part
540:
to the US Department of Health and Human
Services, there is not enough information to determine a safe level of sun exposure that imposes minimal risk of skin cancer. In addition, there is not yet conclusive evidence on which components of ultraviolet radiation (UVA, UVB, UVC) are actually
185:
was below the recommended level for more than a third of white men in a 2005 study, with serum levels even lower in women and in most minorities. This indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be a common problem in the US. Australia and New
Zealand have had similar findings, which indicate
262:
secretion, and blood pressure. In low and middle income countries, foods fortified with vitamin D are "practically nonexistent." Most people in the world depend on the sun to get vitamin D, and elderly populations in low UVB countries experience higher rates of cancer.
125:
467:. It is most common in younger people, mainly those who spend a lot of their time outdoors and do not protect their eyes from UV rays. To decrease the risk of developing pingueculae, it may be wise to wear sunglasses when outdoors, even on overcast days.
523:
A seasonal variation in blood pressure has been noted for decades. Research indicates that skin exposure to sunlight results in a modest reduction in systolic blood pressure. The effect is independent of vitamin D status, instead being mediated by
581:. These long-term adaptations for optimal health can be confounded by patterns of food, clothing and shelter, especially at a time when large populations have migrated far from the climates for which their skin was genetically adapted.
507:, a nutrient vital for fetal development, can be degraded by UV radiation, raising concerns about sun exposure for pregnant women. Lifespan and fertility can be adversely affected for individuals born during peaks of the 11-year
565:, analysis of lifespan versus disease shows that far more lives worldwide could be lost to diseases caused by lack of sunlight than to those caused by too much, and it is inappropriate to recommend total avoidance of sunlight.
224:, for locations around the world. Effects of UV-radiation at high latitudes, where snow stays on the ground into early summer and the sun then remains at a low position even at its zenith, have been reviewed by Meyer-Rochow.
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157:. UVB radiation does not penetrate glass, so exposure to sunshine indoors through a window does not produce vitamin D. Time of day, time of year, geographic latitude, ground altitude, cloud cover, smog, skin
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West SK, Duncan DD, Muñoz B, Rubin GS, Fried LP, Bandeen-Roche K, Schein OD (August 1998). "Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study: the
Salisbury Eye Evaluation project".
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in the skin at rates of up to 1,000 IUs per minute. This vitamin helps to regulate calcium metabolism (vital for the nervous system and bone health), immunity, cell proliferation,
321:. The toxic effects of UV from natural sunlight and therapeutic artificial lamps are a major concern for human health. Skin surface lipids, including unsaturated lipids such as
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293:(MS) is least prevalent in the sunniest regions. Exposure to the ultraviolet-B radiation of sunlight appears to be most important and this may operate via vitamin D synthesis.
403:
advises that photoprotective measures be taken, including the use of sunscreen, whenever one is exposed to the sun. Short-term over-exposure causes the pain and itching of
3417:
3195:
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341:, inducing specific enzymatic oxidation of lipids. Free radical mediated lipid peroxidation gives multiple oxidation products which may induce various skin diseases
271:
indirect. People who get more sun are generally healthier, and also have higher vitamin D levels. It has been found that ultraviolet radiation (even UVA) produces
671:
John EM, Schwartz GG, Koo J, Van Den Berg D, Ingles SA (June 2005). "Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of advanced prostate cancer".
557:
for classifying skin color. It was reported that for areas with no data
Biasutti simply filled in the map by extrapolation from findings obtained in other areas.
418:. The index can be used as a guide to the public of dangers from over-exposure to sunlight, especially around noon, when direct sunlight is at its most intense.
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372:
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Meyer-Rochow VB (January 2000). "Risks, especially for the eye, emanating from the rise of solar UV-radiation in the Arctic and
Antarctic regions".
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can also be obtained through dietary supplements, UV exposure offers benefits such as enhanced subdermal nitric oxide production and improved
3261:
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Despite the importance of the sun to vitamin D synthesis, it is prudent to limit the exposure of skin to UV radiation from sunlight and from
818:"Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death: a competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort"
3123:
Lucas RM, McMichael AJ, Armstrong BK, Smith WT (June 2008). "Estimating the global disease burden due to ultraviolet radiation exposure".
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and increase the likelihood of developing serious skin conditions later in life. Prolonged exposure is associated with the development of
1565:
Zadshir A, Tareen N, Pan D, Norris K, Martins D (2005). "The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among US adults: data from the NHANES III".
1543:
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1809:
1382:
Holick MF (February 2002). "Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health".
197:
Over the past several years, levels of ultraviolet radiation have been tracked at over 30 sites across North
America as part of the
2406:
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There are currently no recommendations on a safe level of total lifetime sun exposure. According to epidemiologist Robyn Lucas at
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women. The map to the right illustrates the geographic distribution of skin color for native populations prior to 1940, based on
554:
396:
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400:
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Hayes CE, Nashold FE, Spach KM, Pedersen LB (March 2003). "The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system".
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2432:
1651:
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2047:"Emphasizing the health benefits of vitamin D for those with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disabilities"
595:
2457:
Wolpowitz D, Gilchrest BA (February 2006). "The vitamin D questions: how much do you need and how should you get it?".
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onset in the evening and makes it easier to fall asleep. Bright morning light has been shown to be effective against
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can be a subject of oxidation by singlet oxygen and ozone as well as free radicals. Ultraviolet radiation activates
3412:
3333:
2820:"Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is associated with a decreased folate status in women of childbearing age"
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Osborne JE, Hutchinson PE (August 2002). "Vitamin D and systemic cancer: is this relevant to malignant melanoma?".
605:
706:
Egan KM, Sosman JA, Blot WJ (February 2005). "Sunlight and reduced risk of cancer: is the real story vitamin D?".
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Fetuses and children who do not get enough vitamin D can result in "growth retardation and skeletal deformities."
3459:
3449:
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2493:"The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic review"
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levels, which are not achievable through supplementation alone. Additionally, exposure to visible light supports
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Light to the eyes, primarily blue-wavelength light, is important for the entrainment and maintenance of robust
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presents both positive and negative health effects. On the positive side, UV exposure enables the synthesis of
1884:"Could age increase the strength of inverse association between ultraviolet B exposure and colorectal cancer?"
3353:
3328:
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Alfredsson L, Armstrong BK, Butterfield DA, Chowdhury R, de Gruijl FR, Feelisch M, et al. (July 2020).
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205:. The first map at right shows levels of UVB radiation in June 2008, expressed in Vitamin D Equivalents.
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Prolonged optical exposure to sunlight, especially intense ultraviolet light, may be linked to cortical
217:
46:
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is thought to contribute to most of the estimated 1.5 million skin cancers and the 8,000 deaths due to
142:
UVB radiation with a wavelength of 290–315 nanometers penetrates uncovered skin and converts cutaneous
1981:"Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis"
1758:"The benefits and risks of ultraviolet tanning and its alternatives: the role of prudent sun exposure"
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Three benefits of UV exposure are production of vitamin D, improvement in mood, and increased energy.
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Grant WB, Wimalawansa SJ, Holick MF, Cannell JJ, Pludowski P, Lappe JM, et al. (February 2015).
1593:
1417:
Holick MF (2005). "Photobiology of vitamin D". In
Feldman, David Henry; Glorieux, Francis H. (eds.).
980:
537:
431:
143:
2145:
Milo R, Kahana E (March 2010). "Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment".
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Webb AR (September 2006). "Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis".
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Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN (March 2004). "Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin".
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969:"Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide:A multi-cell and multi-donor analysis"
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release from skin upon exposure to UV light. The effect is greater in fair-skinned individuals.
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2919:"Solar activity at birth predicted infant survival and women's fertility in historical Norway"
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The major acute effects of UV irradiation on normal human skin comprise sunburn inflammation
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Frequent exposure to the sun can cause yellow non-cancerous bumps on the middle part of the
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74:
1805:
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However, significant daily exposure to bright light may be necessary for children to avoid
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2359:
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984:
816:
Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Nielsen K, Landin-Olsson M, Ingvar C, Olsson H (October 2016).
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Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, et al. (August 2007).
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Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, et al. (August 2007).
549:
445:
338:
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479:. Exposure to sunlight in the morning is particularly effective; it leads to earlier
227:
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3303:
3230:
2846:
2768:
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Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, Stephens P, Edkins S, Clegg S, et al. (June 2002).
2026:
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1395:
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Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is a source of vitamin D. One minimal
147:
3191:
2646:
2301:
2209:
2131:
1965:
1625:
1520:
1403:
1105:
918:"Bioavailability of Different Vitamin D Oral Supplements in Laboratory Animal Model"
851:
553:
Map of human skin color distribution for native populations, by R. Biassutti in the
124:
2402:
2098:"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors"
525:
334:
272:
191:
2792:
784:
684:
2966:
Weller RB, Wang Y, He J, Maddux FW, Usvyat L, Zhang H, et al. (March 2020).
2559:"More can be done to restrict sunbeds to prevent increasing rates of skin cancer"
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2180:
Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC (June 2010). "Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis".
2158:
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600:
508:
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364:
349:
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85:
58:
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1900:
992:
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2225:"Environmental factors and their regulation of immunity in multiple sclerosis"
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744:. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Archived from
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380:
376:
318:
101:
89:
54:
39:
1849:
934:
173:
The only way to quantify adequate levels of vitamin D is with a serum 25(OH)D
2983:
1997:
1980:
1343:
1328:"McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: vitamin D--new horizons for the 21st century"
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17:
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2006:
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Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation present in sunlight is an environmental human
92:
for the skin, posing significant risks. Acute exposure can lead to painful
2638:
1351:
1203:
719:
407:, which in extreme cases can produce more-severe effects like blistering.
3358:
3136:
1949:
1504:
1044:
610:
484:
415:
392:
383:
357:
345:
322:
232:
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50:
34:
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2711:"Solar retinopathy and associated optical coherence tomography findings"
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834:
817:
590:
404:
259:
187:
158:
129:
93:
2509:
2492:
2114:
2097:
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916:Šimoliūnas E, Rinkūnaitė I, Bukelskienė Ž, Bukelskienė V (June 2019).
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504:
460:
438:
2686:
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309:
301:
867:"Insufficient Sun Exposure Has Become a Real Public Health Problem"
104:
or premature skin aging, immune suppression, and eye diseases like
3020:"Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health"
2533:"Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, Broad Spectrum and UVA, UVB, and UVC"
636:"Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health"
548:
452:, which is long-lasting retinal damage and vision impairment from
226:
207:
61:
and potentially plays a role in inhibiting certain cancers. While
28:
2968:"Does Incident Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Lower Blood Pressure?"
2022:"Shunning the sun may be killing you in more ways than you think"
871:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
414:) provide public forecasts of UV irradiation in the form of the
245:
3276:
1882:
Purushothaman VL, Cuomo RE, Garland CF, Mackey TK (July 2021).
967:
Holliman G, Lowe D, Cohen H, Felton S, Raj K (September 2017).
220:
produce similar maps expressed in units of the widely followed
2818:
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2535:. National Toxicology Program. January 5, 2009. Archived from
1188:"Is the current public health message on UV exposure correct?"
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1115:
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448:, which is analogous to sunburn of the cornea, or can cause
279:
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2752:"Photo-induced foveal injury after viewing a solar eclipse"
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1929:
2827:
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430:, and high levels of visible light is maybe linked to
2272:
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has helped indigenous human populations adapt toward
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1233:
1231:
375:, broad-spectrum UV radiation is a carcinogen whose
3427:
3405:
3374:
3311:
2452:
2450:
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1377:
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568:Over thousands of years, in many climate zones,
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399:, age spots and other cosmetic changes. The
216:Using satellite data, measurements from the
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536:According to a 2007 study submitted by the
181:) test. In the United States, serum 25(OH)D
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742:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D"
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165:are among the factors that greatly affect
132:, usually caused by insufficient vitamin D
3031:
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356:. The most deadly form, malignant
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153:, which in turn becomes vitamin D
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2769:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00511.x
2020:Richard Weller (June 10, 2015).
1598:The Medical Journal of Australia
1460:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20731.x
1396:10.1097/00060793-200202000-00011
1090:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04960.x
391:dryness, wrinkling, elastin and
186:insufficient protection against
84:However, UV radiation is also a
3418:Natural phenols and polyphenols
2596:American Academy of Dermatology
2497:International Journal of Cancer
401:American Academy of Dermatology
371:Report on Carcinogens from the
1301:Cellular and Molecular Biology
563:Australian National University
212:UV map (Vitamin D Equivalents)
1:
3091:Annual Review of Anthropology
3082:Jablonski NG (October 2004).
3055:Brannon H (January 1, 2014).
2791:Lusby F, Zieve D, Ogilvie I.
2194:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70086-7
785:10.1080/19381980.2016.1248325
685:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3134
579:von Luschan's chromatic scale
555:Von Luschan's chromatic scale
112:reaping its health benefits.
2503:(5): 1116–1122. March 2007.
2286:10.3109/10715762.2014.976213
2159:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.010
1725:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011
1534:Topiwala S (July 19, 2012).
1442:Holick MF (September 2002).
822:Journal of Internal Medicine
596:Fluorescent lamps and health
3059:. About.com. Archived from
2471:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1057
1808:. Oregon State University.
1573:(4 Suppl 5): S5–97–S5–101.
1536:"25-hydroxy vitamin D test"
493:seasonal affective disorder
410:Several countries (such as
369:National Toxicology Program
128:Radiograph of a child with
79:seasonal affective disorder
3507:
2337:10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019
1901:10.1186/s12889-021-11089-w
1326:Holick MF (October 1994).
993:10.1038/s41598-017-11567-5
606:Photosensitivity in humans
532:Safe level of sun exposure
254:UVB induces production of
135:
77:, and reduces the risk of
3481:Health effects by subject
2563:World Health Organization
2241:10.1016/j.jns.2012.10.021
1774:10.1016/j.det.2008.11.008
616:High-energy visible light
203:Colorado State University
57:, which is essential for
3252:Jablonski, Nina (2012).
1979:Holick MF (March 2004).
1850:10.4103/0970-0218.164378
1831:Shah D, Gupta P (2015).
935:10.3390/medicina55060265
574:skin pigmentation levels
352:, and local or systemic
267:that food source alone.
2984:10.1161/JAHA.119.013837
2892:"Pregnancy and Tanning"
2660:Dolgin E (March 2015).
1713:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1567:Ethnicity & Disease
286:Multiple sclerosis risk
2935:10.1098/rspb.2014.2032
2631:10.1001/jama.280.8.714
1027:Mead MN (April 2008).
884:10.3390/ijerph17145014
558:
314:
306:
305:Melanoma on human skin
236:
213:
133:
42:
2437:Encyclopedia of Earth
2274:Free Radical Research
2182:The Lancet. Neurology
1998:10.1093/ajcn/79.3.362
1344:10.1093/ajcn/60.4.619
1204:10.2471/BLT.05.026559
773:Dermato-Endocrinology
552:
545:Lifetime sun exposure
489:premenstrual syndrome
312:
304:
230:
218:European Space Agency
211:
127:
73:synthesis, maintains
47:ultraviolet radiation
32:
3366:Ultra-processed food
3097:(1): 585-623 (600).
2605:on January 14, 2018.
2443:on October 19, 2013.
2147:Autoimmunity Reviews
1950:10.1056/NEJMra070553
1762:Dermatologic Clinics
1505:10.1056/NEJMra070553
1045:10.1289/ehp.116-a160
538:University of Ottawa
432:macular degeneration
144:7-dehydrocholesterol
45:Exposure of skin to
3420:(including tannins)
2839:2014JPPB..131...90B
2678:2015Natur.519..276D
2387:10.1038/nature00766
2379:2002Natur.417..949D
2329:2004ToxAP.195..298M
2102:Annals of Neurology
1658:on January 29, 2019
985:2017NatSR...711105H
720:10.1093/jnci/dji047
463:of the eye, called
441:(nearsightedness).
395:damage, freckling,
367:. According to the
3445:Pesticide exposure
3170:(11–12): 594–598.
3137:10.1093/ije/dyn017
2929:(1801): 20142032.
1161:www.nhsinform.scot
973:Scientific Reports
835:10.1111/joim.12496
559:
515:during gestation.
499:Folate degradation
315:
307:
291:Multiple sclerosis
237:
214:
134:
43:
3468:
3467:
3263:978-0-520-25153-3
2672:(7543): 276–278.
2662:"The myopia boom"
2510:10.1002/ijc.22453
2431:Hogan CM (2011).
2373:(6892): 949–954.
2115:10.1002/ana.21141
2064:10.3390/nu7031538
1888:BMC Public Health
1768:(2): 149–54, vi.
1428:978-0-12-252687-9
679:(12): 5470–5479.
570:genetic selection
513:folate deficiency
477:circadian rhythms
450:solar retinopathy
354:immunosuppression
325:, sebaleic acid,
190:for children and
75:circadian rhythms
16:(Redirected from
3498:
3450:Sawdust exposure
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3063:on March 5, 2016
3052:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2439:. Archived from
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2153:(5): A387–A394.
2142:
2136:
2135:
2117:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2057:(3): 1538–1564.
2042:
2036:
2035:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1039:(4): A160–A167.
1024:
1015:
1014:
1004:
964:
958:
957:
947:
937:
913:
907:
906:
896:
886:
862:
856:
855:
837:
813:
807:
806:
796:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
748:on July 16, 2007
738:
732:
731:
703:
697:
696:
668:
662:
661:
651:
631:
503:Blood levels of
471:Circadian rhythm
21:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3440:Noise pollution
3423:
3401:
3370:
3307:
3301:
3271:
3264:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3057:"UVC Radiation"
3054:
3053:
3049:
3017:
3016:
3009:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2687:10.1038/519276a
2659:
2658:
2654:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2539:on May 28, 2010
2531:
2530:
2526:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1026:
1025:
1018:
966:
965:
961:
915:
914:
910:
864:
863:
859:
815:
814:
810:
779:(1): e1248325.
766:
765:
761:
751:
749:
740:
739:
735:
705:
704:
700:
673:Cancer Research
670:
669:
665:
633:
632:
628:
624:
587:
547:
534:
521:
501:
473:
424:
422:Effects on eyes
313:Sunburn peeling
299:
297:Effects on skin
288:
184:
176:
156:
151:
140:
122:
119:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3406:Phytochemicals
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:Health effects
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3244:
3209:
3150:
3131:(3): 654–667.
3115:
3074:
3047:
3026:(158): 1–235.
3007:
2978:(5): e013837.
2958:
2909:
2883:
2810:
2783:
2762:(5): 586–589.
2742:
2721:(6): 390–393.
2701:
2652:
2625:(8): 714–718.
2608:
2580:
2550:
2524:
2484:
2465:(2): 301–317.
2446:
2423:
2350:
2323:(3): 298–308.
2307:
2280:(7): 827–834.
2264:
2235:(1–2): 10–16.
2215:
2188:(6): 599–612.
2172:
2137:
2108:(6): 504–513.
2088:
2037:
2012:
1991:(3): 362–371.
1971:
1944:(3): 266–281.
1925:
1874:
1843:(4): 215–217.
1823:
1797:
1748:
1719:(7): 720–755.
1699:
1669:
1643:
1604:(3): 149–152.
1584:
1557:
1526:
1499:(3): 266–281.
1483:
1454:(9): 733–735.
1434:
1427:
1409:
1369:
1338:(4): 619–630.
1318:
1307:(2): 277–300.
1291:
1259:
1227:
1198:(6): 485–491.
1178:
1148:
1111:
1084:(2): 197–213.
1068:
1016:
959:
908:
857:
828:(4): 375–387.
808:
759:
733:
714:(3): 161–163.
698:
663:
642:(158): 1–235.
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
586:
583:
546:
543:
533:
530:
520:
519:Blood pressure
517:
500:
497:
472:
469:
446:snow blindness
423:
420:
389:age-associated
339:cyclooxygenase
298:
295:
287:
284:
182:
174:
154:
149:
136:Main article:
121:
117:
114:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Saturated fat
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2876:September 19,
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2416:September 28,
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:New Scientist
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
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