522:, they seek their intercession and are the worshippers of graves (quburiyyun). So these are infidel polytheists (mushrikun kuffar) and are not Muslims. There is no difference between their scholars and followers (muqallidihim) or the ignorant among them (juhhalihim). They are all polytheists and are not Muslims and cannot be excused for their claim to be ignorant that they are worshipping other than God (la yu'dharan bi-l-jahl fi 'ibadati-him li-ghayr allah)."
24:
594:...we only declare someone who denies something necessarily known of the religion to be a kafir--and this is not the case with common Shia. Someone who says 'There is no God but Allah, Mohammed is the Prophet of Allah' is a Muslim. Shia Muslims, who make this declaration of faith are therefore MUSLIM.
544:
There are Sunni fatwas that were considered Sunni obligation to the "insult offered to the Sunni faith by the Shia religious literature." This is demonstrated in the case of some Sunni fatwas issued in
Pakistan, which were considered as defensive materials created for the purpose of defending the
433:. However, there are reports that says that he and Malik Shah I after a debate between Sunni and Shi'a scholars which was prepared by him by the orders of Malik Shah I resulted in converting both him and the king to the Shi'a Islam. The story is reported by the son-in-law of Nizam al-Mulk,
170:
The Sunni fatwas on Shia often involved legal opinions issued by an expert in the Sharia law. However, modern fatwas were also given by other Muslim authorities and these were recognized as long as they cite the legal sources used. Some of the notable fatwas are listed below:
241:, disdained and killed scholars on account of their knowledge, considered their immoral cursed leader god and prostrated before him. considered permissible many religiously forbidden acts whose prohibition has been established by definite scriptural sources, and cursed
368:
Those who hold the above and other such statements that amount to disbelief are kâfirs by ijmâ`a. All dealings with them are similar to those with apostates. it is in Fatâwâ Dhahîriyyah, Fatâwâ hindiyyah, Hadiqatun
Nadiyyah: they are to be dealt with as
528:— "The Rafida are the Jews of this nation. They hate Islam as the Jews hate Christianity. They embraced Islam, not because they longed for it or because they feared Allah, but because they detested the Muslims and intended to overpower them."
579:. This initiative outlined who are qualified to issue fatwas or legal opinions, promoting a more conservative framework over progressive interpretations. The Amman Message also asserted the common beliefs of the two Islamic sects.
423:— He considered Shiites more heretical than Jews, Christians and many polytheists. Noting contemporary circumstances, he considered Shiites more harmful to the Muslim community than groups such as the Crusaders and Mongols.
534:— In one of his fatwas, he accused Shiites of shirk (polytheism) because of their cult of the saints, which included the adoration of figures such as Ali and Husayn and the veneration of tombs and shrines.
219:(disbelievers). He also proclaimed the legal verdict calling for the killing of the Kizilbash; which was implemented by Ottoman authorities to suppress Shi'ism throughout the empire. Declaring the
459:— After saying he had previously been misguided to pursue Sunni-Shia rapprochement, Qaradawi went on to condemn Shiites as heretics in several fatwas and praised virulently anti-Shia Saudi
736:
257:
the trustworthy (Prophet’s wife), may God be pleased with her, who was exonerated by the revelation of several verses . By doing so, they also cursed the
Prophet (
162:
on not only political issues, but also important theological issues. Various attitudes towards Shia can be found among the worldwide majority Sunni community.
1051:
979:. Appendix I: The Deobandi Stance vis-a-vis Muslim Groups Other Than The Barelwis: B. The DMM on Shia Muslims: iii. Changes in the Quran: Anthem Press.
310:(Allah be pleased with him) was an Imam... even if they believe in Allah, the last Prophet, and the perfection of the Quran (Radd al-Muhtar, 4/453).
842:
1381:
869:
THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS: Biographies of The Imams & Scholars, by
Zulfiqar Ayub, p.25.
823:
784:
759:
716:
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545:
faith from the Shia. The latter's mere existence in the country within the context of these specific fatwas was considered as an insult.
571:, which established some form of standards to prevent or at least discredit and counter renegade interpretations such as those made by
649:
U.S. Conflicts in the 21st
Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror
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453:— Several of his fatwas denounced Shiites as atheists and apostates, and, among other rulings, forbade Sunni marriage to Shiites.
253:’s death), may God be satisfied with them. In addition, they became unbelievers because they denied the Holy Qurʾan by defaming
604:
34:
619:
814:
Khafipour, Hani; Atcil, Abdurrahman (2019). "Ottoman
Religious Rulings Concerning the Safavids: Ebussuud Efendi's fatwas".
750:
Khafipour, Hani; Atcil, Abdurrahman (2019). "Ottoman
Religious Rulings Concerning the Safavids: Ebussuud Efendi's fatwas".
493:
as you would with a person whose very existence is full of betrayal, treachery, fury and hatred against Islam and
Muslims!"
540:— He believed that the Shia interpretation and practices of Islam should be discarded, since they greatly misguide people.
800:
732:
609:
483:(beliefs) are completely contradictory and cannot be reconciled; the talk of Sunni-Shia rapprochement is utterly false."
110:
614:
443:— issued a fatwa in December 1987 declaring Shia kuffar (non-believers), which was endorsed by hundreds of prominent
389:
to which Malik responded in the negative. Malik defined a Rafidi as “whoever says ‘Abu Bakr and `Umar are not Imams”.
531:
354:
f) to allege that Allâh didn't realize the wisdom of a certain ruling (or the lack of it) and when He realized it,
351:
e) to allege that Allâh was regretful after issuing a command and hence remorsefully, changed His earlier ruling.
46:
858:
624:
816:
The
Empires of the Near East and India: Source Studies of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Literate Communities
752:
The
Empires of the Near East and India: Source Studies of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Literate Communities
671:
Al Qaeda’s Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims, by V. G. Julie Rajan, p.159
320:
537:
476:
336:
122:
282:
However, major Sunni scholars have declared the unbelief of Shia who hold certain beliefs. For example,
839:
1378:
891:
703:. St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 61, 70.
576:
486:
557:
450:
941:
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726:
466:
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331:
because they repudiated necessities of religion. This includes, according to him, the following:
148:; these two branches are then subdivided by their views on the further course of the succession.
203:
191:
385:- One of his most prominent students, al-Buwayti, asked if it was permissible to pray behind a
1358:
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121:, they differ in which other authorities they acknowledge; in particular the question of the
775:
Woodhead, Christine; Winter, Stefan (2012). "12: The Kizilbas of Syria and Ottoman Shiism".
704:
554:
324:
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1385:
963:
846:
572:
206:
1339:
382:
101:
Sunni fatwas have been used to justify the persecution of Shia throughout their history.
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463:
clerics for being “more mature and far-sighted” than himself in generally judging Shias.
561:
496:
283:
1397:
583:
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82:
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c) elevate Sayyiduna `Ali karram Allâhu wajhah and other imâms above the prophets .
194:, a stance which was used by Ottoman sultans to declare the wars fought against the
406:
195:
525:
929:
701:
The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East
519:
420:
156:
126:
86:
1316:
Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims
1178:
Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims
1153:
Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims
906:
Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims
859:
http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Fiqh/Sunni%20marriage%20with%20Shia.htm
479:— In a "vicious" fatwa against the Shia he concluded with: "the Sunni and Shia
400:
287:
149:
137:
1237:
The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia
1128:
A Necessary Engagement: Reinventing America's Relations with the Muslim World
948:(در جستجوی حق در بغداد), also appearing under the title "راهي به سوي حقيقت",
504:
220:
689:
International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress, pp.124-5
560:
that Shia theology is a part of Islam. In 2016, the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar
118:
45:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
708:
489:— In his fatwa against Shia, he warned Muslims to "Interact with the Shii
511:
444:
392:
378:
Other Sunni scholars who have declared Shiites as deviants or apostates:
355:
328:
303:
242:
145:
130:
470:
74:
1082:. European Council on Foreign Relations. November 2013. pp. 3, 11
699:
Bengio, Litvak, Ofra, Meir (2011). Bengio, Ofra; Litvak, Meir (eds.).
977:
The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies
779:. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017: Routledge. pp. 171–182.
587:
490:
430:
386:
362:
291:
233:
215:
186:
133:
98:
94:
1027:
Saudi Arabia: Outside Global Law and Order : A Discussion Paper
840:
http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=7&ID=1898&CATE=164
93:, which seeks to enlighten on theological and philosophical issues,
1379:
http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=7&ID=13662&CATE=1
680:
Doctrine of Terror: Saudi Salafi Religion, by Mahboob Illahi, p.191
302:(Allah be pleased with her) of adultery, deny the Companionship of
89:. Fatwas are based on the question and answer process found in the
1286:
1002:
The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future
892:
http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm
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as disbelievers and calling for their executions, Ebussud states:
199:
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1203:"The Heterodoxies of the Shiites in the Presentation of Ibn Hazm"
348:
d) if these imâms are held to be higher than even one prophet .
298:
There is no doubt in the disbelief of those that falsely accuse
262:
246:
227:"These outrageous people became unbelievers as they scorned the
159:
152:
141:
70:
1103:
Militancy and Political Violence in Shiism: Trends and Patterns
307:
17:
567:
In 2004, both Sunni and Shia scholars released the so-called
415:"Shia are the source of all deviant groups in Islam history"
265:
of a multitude of scholars from different times and places,
1239:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 70.
586:
has noted that it is not the way of Sunnis to make blanket
1052:"Hatred, violence and the sad demise of Yusuf Al Qaradawi"
261:) and blemished his saintly personality. According to the
184:
Ottoman clergy officially maintained the pronunciation of
818:. New York, USA: Columbia University Press. p. 100.
754:. New York, USA: Columbia University Press. p. 100.
1287:"SHAH WALIULLAH AL-DEHLAWI: THOUGHTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS"
42:
1029:(illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 69.
894:
Shi'ah tenets concerning the question of the imamate.
503:, he says: "What we have today are the Rafidis , the
77:
and the difference of opinions have resulted in many
271:); those who doubt their unbelief become unbelievers
85:or learned interpretation issues pertaining to the
956:, p.134-136. Link to item in publisher's catalog:
1357:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 60.
592:
518:. These four groups are the ones who deify the
333:
296:
403:debating him brought a Shia book as reference.
8:
651:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 305.
1353:Esposito, John; DeLong-Bas, Natana (2018).
1004:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 236.
735:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
564:reissued Shaltoot's fatwa on Shia Muslims.
306:( Allah be pleased with him), believe that
1130:. Princeton University Press. p. 29.
1340:"Fatwa of Al-Azhar's Grand Imam on Shia"
1210:Journal of the American Oriental Society
361:g) to allege that RasûlAllâh practised
636:
290:, a source of authoritative fatwas for
792:
724:
1309:
1307:
469:— Denounced the Shia as infidels and
7:
1355:Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know
1101:Moghadam, Assaf, ed. (21 Jul 2011).
642:
640:
553:In 1959, the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar
213:excommunicating Twelver Shi'ites as
857:Fatwa on Sunni marriage with shia:
1318:. London: Routledge. p. 252.
14:
1176:V. G. Julie Rajan (30 Jan 2015).
1151:V. G. Julie Rajan (30 Jan 2015).
1050:Hassan Hassan (28 January 2014).
904:V. G. Julie Rajan (30 Jan 2015).
342:b) to call it 'book of `Uthman'.
838:Are Shi'as considered Muslims?:
136:and their descendants, from the
97:, legal theory, duties, and the
81:, non-binding but authoritative
22:
1216:. American Oriental Society: 19
605:Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam
447:scholars in India and Pakistan.
327:, most Shiites of his day were
620:Shia Muslims in the Arab world
365:in the course of his tabligh.
129:, who acknowledge the elected
1:
1180:. Routledge. pp. 121–2.
1126:Emile Nakhleh (29 Dec 2008).
946:In search of Truth in Baghdad
429:— where he fully attacks the
267:killing them is permissible (
249:(the first two caliphs after
1377:Sunnipath's stance on Shia:
1264:. Random House. p. 43.
1260:Robert Lacey (30 Jun 2011).
1235:Nabil Mouline (1 Jul 2014).
1201:Israel Friedlaender (1908).
610:Islamic schools and branches
111:Islamic schools and branches
1077:"THE GULF AND SECTARIANISM"
975:Muhammad Moj (1 Mar 2015).
882:الفصل في الملل والنحل 2/213
615:Schools of Islamic theology
397:"Shia are not even Muslims"
202:. The 16th century Ottoman
1425:
1314:Rajan, V.G. Julie (2015).
1155:. Routledge. p. 122.
1105:. Routledge. p. 166.
908:. Routledge. p. 159.
532:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
73:are different sects among
1000:Vali Nasr (17 Apr 2007).
37:toward certain viewpoints
1025:Anders Jerichow (1997).
799:: CS1 maint: location (
731:: CS1 maint: location (
647:Tucker, Spencer (2015).
437:who attended the debate.
321:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
315:Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi
596:
538:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
477:Abdul-Rahman al-Barrak
371:
312:
275:
259:hazret-i risalet-penah
237:, and the religion of
140:, who acknowledge the
123:Succession to Muhammad
709:10.1057/9781137495068
323:, the founder of the
225:
1404:Shia–Sunni relations
880:al-Millal wa al-Nahl
625:Shia–Sunni relations
590:of Shia. He writes:
577:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
487:Abu Basir al-Tartusi
337:Qur'an is incomplete
105:Points of difference
451:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
356:He changed the rule
335:a) to believe that
209:issued a series of
43:improve the article
1384:2012-03-01 at the
1342:. 19 October 2016.
1285:Saifudheen Kunju.
1262:Inside the Kingdom
962:2014-02-18 at the
942:Mughatil ibn Bakri
845:2012-08-05 at the
569:2004 Amman Message
467:Ehsan Elahi Zaheer
435:Mughatil ibn Bakri
319:According to Imam
304:Sayyiduna Abu Bakr
144:or descendants of
825:978-0-231-54784-0
786:978-0-415-44492-7
777:The Ottoman World
761:978-0-231-54784-0
718:978-1-137-48558-8
514:, and the Batini
457:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
374:Historical Fatwas
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631:References
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