966:
1122:. He refers to the "gleaming-white ruins of the temple". In the strong sea breeze "these few standing columns were the strings of an invisible lyre, the song of which the far-seeing Delian god let resonate over the Cycladic world of islands". He marvels at "the way that this single gesture of the land suggests the invisible nearness of the divine and dedicates to it every growth and every human work" (ibid.). He goes on to reflect "the people of this country knew how to inhabit and demarcate the world against the barbarous in honour of the seat of the gods. ...they knew how to praise what is great and by acknowledging it, to bring themselves in front of the sublime, founding, in this way, a world" (ibid.).
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715:(413 BCE) for the purpose of protecting the passage of the cornships to Athens, and was regarded from that time as one of the principal fortresses of Attica. Its proximity to the silver mines of Laurium probably contributed to its prosperity, which passed into a proverb; but even in the time of
719:
it had sunk into decay. The circuit of the walls may still be traced, except where the precipitous nature of the rocks afforded a natural defence. The walls which are fortified with square towers, are of the most regular
Hellenic masonry, and enclose a space or a little more than half a mile in
996:
The Temple of
Poseidon was situated in the southeastern corner of the fortress, with the garrison quarters arranged along a main stream on the western slope of the hill. The fortress included a small naval base, with a shipshed for two warships in the northwestern corner
781:, discovered in 1906 in a pit east of the temple alongside fragments of other statues, was probably one of a number of votive statues dedicated to Poseidon which probably stood in front of the god's sanctuary. The archaic temple was probably destroyed in 480 BC by
846:. They were made of locally quarried white marble. They were 6.10 m (20 ft) high, with a diameter of 1 m (3.1 ft) at the base and 79 cm (31 inches) at the top. At the center of the temple, there would have been a hall of worship (
1096:
of Europe before he acquired fame. Byron spent several months in 1810–11 in Athens, including two documented visits to
Sounion. There is, however, no direct evidence that the inscription was made by Byron himself. Byron mentions Sounion in his poem
1061:) is reported from the 17th century, for the reason that unusually, several columns of the temple of Poseidon had remained standing since antiquity. Early modern descriptions in travelogues include those by
842:
As with all Greek temples, the
Poseidon building was rectangular, with a colonnade on all four sides. The total number of original columns was 34, of which 15 still stand today. The columns are of the
827:
in Athens. It was built on the ruins of a temple dating from the
Archaic period. It is perched above the sea at a height of almost 60 metres (200 ft). The design of the temple is a typical
2130:
981:, the Athenians fortified the site with a wall and towers to prevent it from falling into Spartan hands. This would have threatened Athens' seaborne grain supply route from
612:(VI.87) mentions that in sixth century BC, the Athenians celebrated a quinquennial festival at Sounion, which involved Athens' leaders sailing to the cape in a sacred boat.
1707:
646:, and later (3rd century BC) six men to the Boule of 600. In the 2nd century BC, Sounion is still on record as a deme, but now considered part of the recently-introduced
1167:, Sounion is now an upscale summer home location for Athenians. Construction of villas across the bay northwest of Cape Sounion flourished in the 1960s to 1970s. The
1963:
1391:
965:
909:). Its architecture was unusual, as it had colonnades on the southern and eastern sides, but not on the western or northern sides, a peculiarity mentioned by
905:), was located on a low hill some 300 m northeast of the temple of Poseidon. It was built in 470 BC, replacing an older building of the 6th century BCE (
850:), a windowless rectangular room, similar to the partly intact hall at the Temple of Hephaestus. It would have contained, at one end facing the entrance, the
601:
died at his post while rounding "Holy
Sounion, Cape of Athens." Menelaus landed at Sounion to give his companion full funeral honours (i.e., cremation on a
1538:
835:
with six columns. Only some columns of the
Sounion temple stand today, but when intact it would have closely resembled the contemporary and well-preserved
953:
The temple of Athena was demolished in the 1st century AD, and parts of its columns were taken to Athens to be used in the South-East temple of the
566:
989:, to the north of Attica. The Sounion fortress was soon later seized from the Athenians by a force of rebel slaves from the nearby silver mines of
1175:
39:
1700:
669:. According to Traill (1986), the center of the settlement was situated somewhat to the north of the cape, between the modern settlements of
1915:
1680:
1179:
2115:
1956:
1809:
1693:
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circumference. The southern part of Attica, extending northwards from the promontory of
Sounion as far as Thoricus on the east, and
1887:
1467:
1274:
192:
1779:
1081:(1732–1769) was shipwrecked off Cape Colonna, as Sounion was then known, in 1750, an event depicted in the central scene of his
2120:
985:. Athens' supply situation had become critical since the city's land supply lines had been cut by the Spartan fortification of
1092:, carved into the base of one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon, possibly dates from his first visit to Greece, on his
536:
1028:). The fortress was maintained well into the Hellenistic period. Repairs and additions to the fortress were made during the
1648:
1146:, as viewed from the ruins, a sought-after sight since the first development of modern tourism in the early 19th century.
1062:
2110:
1949:
1853:
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A smaller Doric temple next to the temple of Athena is thought to have been dedicated either to the hero
Phrontis or to
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168:
2049:
1157:, and renamed to Lavreotiki in 1891. Cape Sounion itself is located between the villages of Kato Sounio and Legrena.
1130:
754:
1830:
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The Sounio national park (Εθνικός Δρυμός τού Σουνίου) was established in 1974 with a core area of 750 hectares.
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1000:
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The project
Arrangement of the Archaeological Site of Sounion (2011–2013) was co-financed by the Greek
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was used to deposit the remains of the Archaic-period offerings destroyed during the Persian invasion.
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589:(III. 278–285). The story recounts that as the various Greek commanders sailed back from
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A Classical and Topographical Tour Through Greece: During the Years 1801, 1805, and 1806
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Demos and trittys. Epigraphical and topographical studies in the organization of Attica
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the Suniac angle (τὸν γουνὸν τὸν Σουνιακόν). Though Sounion was especially sacred to
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Sounion beach and Aegeon Beach hotel, seen from Cape Sounion (July 2009 photograph).
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Cape Sounion remains a popular day-excursion for tourists from Athens, with the
854:, a colossal, ceiling-height (6 metres (20 ft)) bronze statue of Poseidon.
843:
721:
643:
157:
73:
View of Cape Sounion and the ruins of the temple of Poseidon looking west, with
1623:, translated by J. P. Manoussakis, State University of New York, 2005, p. 43ff.
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visited Sounion during his journey to Greece in 1962, as described in his book
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175:. Its remains are perched on the headland, surrounded on three sides by the
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1234:"But when we approached holy Sounion, headland of the Athenians" (III.278)
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beneath the Acropolis, which may have been designed by the same architect.
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199:). Cape Sounio experiences hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters.
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1973:
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https://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/temple-athena-sounio.html
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View from within the remains of the temple of Athena, looking west.
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at Sounion was constructed in 444–440 BC. This was during the
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Archaeological finds on the site date from as early as 700 BC.
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1229:
1484:
Herbert Abramson, "A Hero Shrine for Phrontis at Sounion?",
1603:, Canto the Third "The Isles of Greece". Romantic Circles,
34:
Greek cape at the southernmost tip of the Attic peninsula
1608:
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municipality was established in 1890 under the name of
711:
Sounion was fortified in the nineteenth year of the
1818:
1797:
1727:
1259:. Athenians Victoria College, Toronto 1986, p. 131.
800:(warship with three banks of oars) at Sounion as a
634:tribe (phyle) even before its fortification in the
1444:Perseus Digital Library, for search term 'Sounion'
665:to the north. Its territory included parts of the
136:, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the town of
2086:*Not included the most parts of Athens urban area
1584:The Poetical Works of Beattie, Blair and Falconer
1435:@ www.perseus.tufts.edu (search term: 'Sounion').
580:The earliest literary reference to Sounion is in
1044:Lord Byron's name carved into temple of Poseidon
796:, the Athenians placed an entire captured enemy
1231:ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε Σούνιον ἱρὸν ἀφικόμεθ᾽, ἄκρον Ἀθηνέων
1957:
1701:
1659:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
1171:Cape Sounio luxury resort was built in 1973.
969:Remains of Bastion Delta seen from the north.
773:temple of Poseidon on the site was built of
8:
2131:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Attica
1542:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
933:whose burial at Sounion is mentioned in the
576:View of the Temple of Poseidon in the sunset
27:For the attacks on the ship MT Sounion, see
1396:University of Cambridge Faculty of Classics
1053:
1964:
1950:
1942:
1708:
1694:
1686:
792:. After they defeated Xerxes in the naval
758:Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, built
202:
1486:California Studies in Classical Antiquity
1163:Forming the southeastern endpoint of the
144:), and 69.5 km (43.1 miles) southeast of
567:National Archaeological Museum of Athens
539:Monthly Bulletins (Jul 2019- Oct 2023)
1190:
1554:Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterranean
1499:Greece: An Oxford Archaeological Guide
1468:"Sounion, Temple of Athena (Building)"
1497:Christopher Mee and Antony Spawfort,
1110:May hear our mutual murmurs sweep...
874:Souniados (Ναός της Αθηνάς Σουνιάδος
100:
7:
1676:360 Panorama from Temple of Poseidon
1108:Where nothing, save the waves and I,
171:, one of the major monuments of the
1106:Place me on Sunium's marbled steep,
593:, the helmsman of the ship of King
638:. It sent four men to the ancient
25:
1788:
1275:History of the Peloponnesian War
1657:"Sounion" in: Stillwell (ed.),
1621:Sojourns: The Journey to Greece
132:at the southernmost tip of the
1552:David Blackman, Boris Rankov,
1176:Ministry of Culture and Sports
946:. A deep pit southeast of the
537:National Observatory of Athens
167:Cape Sounion is noted for its
1:
1217:"Latest Conditions in Sounio"
913:. It was built adjacent to a
759:
657:The deme was located between
559:
465:Average rainfall mm (inches)
193:Köppen climate classification
650:phyle (created in honour of
750:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
740:was also worshipped there.
395:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
255:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
2147:
1326:Anaxand. ap. Athen. 6.263c
1230:
819:of the Athenian statesman
747:
724:on the west, is called by
619:
534:
205:
128:"Cape of Columns") is the
110:
26:
1980:
1786:
1728:National (Woodland) Parks
1298:Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
1054:
464:
394:
324:
254:
249:
246:
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210:
102:[akroˈtirʝoˈsuɲo]
77:visible in the background
2116:Landforms of East Attica
2050:Queen's Tower (Serpieri)
1831:Axios-Loudias-Aliakmonas
1178:and the European Union (
206:Climate data for Sounio
2080:Temple of Apollo Zoster
1539:Encyclopædia Britannica
1433:Perseus Digital Library
1316:]. Vol. 31.25.
1246:(epigraphy.packhum.org)
831:, i.e., it had a front
823:, who also rebuilt the
804:dedicated to Poseidon.
2121:Locations in the Iliad
1135:
1113:
1088:The inscribed name of
1077:(1805). Scottish poet
1045:
973:In 413 BC, during the
970:
867:
766:
577:
569:
86:
85:Sunset at Cape Sounion
78:
29:Attacks on the Sounion
1990:Amphiareion of Oropos
1798:National Marine Parks
1571:The Defense of Attica
1472:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1309:Ab urbe condita Libri
1133:
1103:
1043:
968:
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757:
620:Further information:
575:
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189:hot semi-arid climate
84:
72:
1888:Messolonghi-Aitoliko
1605:The Byron Chronology
1488:12 (1979), pp. 1-19.
1032:(266–261 BC).
837:Temple of Hephaestus
173:Golden Age of Athens
2111:Headlands of Greece
1854:E. Macedonia-Thrace
1199:"Monthly Bulletins"
1016:37.6524°N 24.0228°E
1012: /
889: /
692: /
325:Daily mean °C (°F)
96:: Aκρωτήριο Σούνιο
51: /
1582:George Gilfillan,
1517:VII.28 and VIII.4.
1244:epigraphic sources
1136:
1126:Modern development
1046:
1036:Literary reception
971:
929:, the helmsman of
917:identified as the
893:37.653°N 024.027°E
868:
790:invasion of Greece
767:
744:Temple of Poseidon
578:
570:
187:Cape Sounio has a
169:Temple of Poseidon
87:
79:
2093:
2092:
2087:
1939:
1938:
1515:Peloponnesian War
1360:. Vol. 4.99.
1090:George Lord Byron
975:Peloponnesian War
794:Battle of Salamis
713:Peloponnesian War
696:37.674°N 24.030°E
636:Peloponnesian War
543:
542:
55:37.652°N 24.026°E
16:(Redirected from
2138:
2085:
2060:Rododafni Castle
2035:Mount Pentelicus
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
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1398:. Archived from
1392:"Sounion Kouros"
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1278:. Vol. 8.4.
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1255:John S. Traill,
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1116:Martin Heidegger
1079:William Falconer
1057:
1056:
1030:Chremonidean War
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1021:37.6524; 24.0228
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732:, we learn from
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667:Mines of Laurion
661:to the west and
622:Mines of Laurion
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152:. It is part of
134:Attica peninsula
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98:Akrotírio Soúnio
75:Patroklos island
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1501:(2001), p. 100.
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1670:External links
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1652:
1641:
1625:
1613:
1592:
1575:
1573:(1993), p. 10.
1569:Mark H. Munn,
1562:
1545:
1533:"Sunium"
1530:, ed. (1911).
1528:Chisholm, Hugh
1519:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1459:
1455:Greek Religion
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1165:Athens Riviera
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962:
959:
870:The temple of
859:
856:
785:troops during
779:Sounion Kouros
771:Archaic-period
769:The original,
748:Main article:
745:
742:
701:37.674; 24.030
626:Sounion was a
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556:Sounion Kouros
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156:municipality,
150:Athens Riviera
60:37.652; 24.026
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2143:
2132:
2129:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Lake Marathon
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:Landmarks of
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1917:
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1649:fr.hotels.com
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1402:on 2013-10-05
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1084:
1083:The Shipwreck
1080:
1076:
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1064:
1060:
1052:(graecicized
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1025:
994:
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763: 440 BC
756:
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583:
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563: 600 BC
557:
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139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:Άkron Soúnion
111:Ἄκρον Σούνιον
108:
107:Ancient Greek
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
76:
71:
67:
64:
30:
19:
2084:
2075:Tatoi Palace
2069:
1911:Prespa Lakes
1774:
1658:
1644:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1583:
1578:
1570:
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1537:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1493:
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1480:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1453:W. Burkert,
1449:
1440:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1395:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1371:Aristophanes
1366:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1273:
1264:
1256:
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1211:
1203:www.meteo.gr
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1159:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1087:
1082:
1067:J.-D. Le Roy
1058:
1050:Capo Colonne
1049:
1047:
995:
977:against the
972:
952:
941:
934:
919:burial mound
869:
847:
841:
806:
768:
734:Aristophanes
710:
674:
670:
656:
647:
640:Boule of 500
625:
607:
603:funeral pyre
584:
579:
196:
186:
166:
126:Capo Colonne
125:
117:
116:, latinized
113:
97:
94:Modern Greek
90:Cape Sounion
89:
88:
36:
2045:Porto Rafti
1929:-Peristeri-
1607:, webpage:
1423:, VIII.121.
1419:Herodotus,
1289:Demosthenes
1073:(1765) and
1071:R. Chandler
1059:Kavokolones
1055:Καβοκολώνες
1019: /
896: /
844:Doric Order
722:Anaphlystus
699: /
675:Kato Sounio
644:Cleisthenes
158:East Attica
58: /
2100:Categories
2005:Eleutherae
1985:Aigosthena
1884:-Strofylia
1826:Amvrakikos
1780:Vikos–Aoos
1681:Sounion 3D
1511:Thucydides
1406:2018-02-22
1270:Thucydides
1151:Lavreotiki
1144:Aegean Sea
1094:Grand Tour
1075:E. Dodwell
1007:24°01′22″E
1004:37°39′09″N
884:24°01′37″E
881:37°39′11″N
852:cult image
817:ascendancy
787:Xerxes I's
687:24°01′48″E
684:37°40′26″N
677:(close to
671:Ano Sounio
659:Amphitrope
177:Aegean sea
154:Lavreotiki
130:promontory
46:24°01′34″E
43:37°39′07″N
1931:Arachthos
1927:Tzoumerka
1920:Schinias-
1900:Echinades
1847:-Lefkimi-
1840:Vouraikos
1810:Zakynthos
1805:Alonnisos
1750:Parnassos
1556:(2013),
1421:Histories
1357:Histories
1352:Herodotus
1301:, p. 21;
1142:over the
1063:G. Wheler
1048:The name
915:peribolos
911:Vitruvius
829:hexastyle
825:Parthenon
726:Herodotus
652:Attalus I
610:Herodotus
140:(ancient
2065:Saronida
2055:Rhamnous
2040:Parnitha
2030:Marathon
2015:Lagonisi
1995:Artemida
1922:Marathon
1892:Acheloos
1755:Parnitha
1661:(2017),
1636:(1819),
1601:Don Juan
1586:(1854),
1295:p. 238;
1293:pro Cor.
1169:Grecotel
1120:Sojourns
1085:(1762).
1069:(1754),
1065:(1676),
987:Dekeleia
979:Spartans
961:Fortress
931:Menelaus
927:Phrontis
821:Pericles
813:Poseidon
738:Poseidon
663:Thorikos
595:Menelaus
535:Source:
530:(14.75)
142:Thoricus
122:Venetian
2070:Sounion
2025:Laurium
2010:Eleusis
2000:Brauron
1882:Kotychi
1869:Koronia
1864:Kerkini
1836:Chelmos
1770:Samaria
1765:Prespes
1745:Olympos
1599:Byron,
1457:(1987).
1339:ad Att.
991:Laurium
948:temenos
944:Artemis
936:Odyssey
833:portico
798:trireme
783:Persian
648:Attalid
632:Leontis
630:of the
586:Odyssey
582:Homer's
547:History
525:(4.34)
520:(2.47)
515:(0.81)
510:(1.57)
505:(0.10)
500:(0.06)
495:(0.30)
490:(0.11)
485:(0.58)
480:(1.24)
475:(0.87)
470:(2.30)
460:(60.3)
455:(52.3)
450:(57.9)
445:(63.7)
440:(70.2)
435:(76.1)
430:(76.1)
425:(69.4)
420:(61.3)
415:(53.6)
410:(48.7)
405:(46.8)
400:(46.9)
390:(67.1)
385:(57.2)
380:(63.3)
375:(70.3)
370:(77.2)
365:(83.8)
360:(84.2)
355:(77.5)
350:(69.4)
345:(61.0)
340:(55.2)
335:(53.2)
330:(52.7)
320:(74.0)
315:(62.2)
310:(68.7)
305:(76.8)
300:(84.4)
295:(91.6)
290:(92.1)
285:(85.8)
280:(77.7)
275:(68.2)
270:(61.9)
265:(59.9)
260:(58.6)
183:Climate
148:in the
1974:Attica
1916:Rodopi
1906:Pindos
1896:Evinos
1849:Soufli
1775:Sounio
1760:Pindos
1721:Greece
1663:p. 854
1638:p. 539
1609:RC-UMD
1588:p. 165
1558:p. 531
1381:, 869.
1336:Cicero
1155:Sounio
1140:sunset
983:Euboea
923:shrine
872:Athena
809:temple
802:trophy
777:. The
730:Athena
717:Cicero
599:Sparta
211:Month
162:Greece
146:Athens
138:Lavrio
118:Sunium
18:Sunium
1877:Tempe
1873:Volvi
1859:Evros
1845:Dadia
1735:Ainos
1377:557,
1312:[
1186:Notes
955:Agora
736:that
528:375.1
523:110.3
250:Year
1740:Oiti
1379:Aves
1304:Livy
1180:ERDF
1149:The
921:and
848:naos
807:The
775:tufa
673:and
628:deme
616:Deme
591:Troy
565:),
518:62.8
513:20.6
508:40.0
483:14.7
478:31.6
473:22.2
468:58.3
458:15.7
453:11.3
448:14.4
443:17.6
438:21.2
433:24.5
428:24.5
423:20.8
418:16.3
413:12.0
388:19.5
383:14.0
378:17.4
373:21.3
368:25.1
363:28.8
358:29.0
353:25.3
348:20.8
343:16.1
338:12.9
333:11.8
328:11.5
318:23.3
313:16.8
308:20.4
303:24.9
298:29.1
293:33.1
288:33.4
283:29.9
278:25.4
273:20.1
268:16.6
263:15.5
258:14.8
247:Dec
244:Nov
241:Oct
238:Sep
235:Aug
232:Jul
229:Jun
226:May
223:Apr
220:Mar
217:Feb
214:Jan
1904:N.
1719:of
1375:Kn.
1341:7.3
1182:).
925:to
811:of
708:).
654:).
597:of
503:2.5
498:1.6
493:7.6
488:2.9
408:9.3
403:8.2
398:8.3
197:BSh
164:.
2102::
1536:.
1513:,
1470:.
1394:.
1373:,
1354:.
1306:.
1291:,
1272:.
1201:.
1101::
993:.
957:.
939:.
760:c.
560:c.
195::
179:.
160:,
124::
120:;
109::
105:;
1965:e
1958:t
1951:v
1898:-
1894:-
1890:-
1875:-
1871:-
1838:-
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1702:t
1695:v
1665:.
1611:.
1590:.
1560:.
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1219:.
1205:.
997:(
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558:(
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20:)
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