294:
184:
697:(a preservative) on children in the general population who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended".
36:
454:
708:(ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers. However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects" and in 2014 after further review of the data, the EFSA restored the prior ADI levels.
27:
457:
459:
505:
458:
630:"European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs" harmonized rules and approved Sunset Yellow FCF for use in foodstuffs in the whole of the European Union. Before that time, approved amounts was up to each country, but naming and composition was standardized.
693:-like behavior in children. These concerns have led the FDA and other food safety authorities to regularly review the scientific literature, and led the UK FSA to commission a study by researchers at Southampton University of the effect of a mixture of the "Southampton 6" and
585:
Sunset yellow is used in foods, cosmetics, and drugs. Sunset yellow FCF is used as an orange or yellow-orange dye. For example, it is used in candy, desserts, snacks, sauces, and preserved fruits. Sunset yellow is often used in conjunction with E123,
617:-like behavior in children, but there is no scientific evidence to support these broad claims. It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.
637:
before 2001. That was the time when the 94/36/EC directive of 1994 was included in EFTA (now EEC) rules and came into effect, after years of delaying tactics from the
Norwegian side and a heated political debate.
121:
668:
An EU regulation came into effect in 2010 mandating that food manufacturers include a label on foods containing the
Southampton 6 stating: "may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children".
1055:
Background
Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30-31, 2011
602:(ADI) is 0–4 mg/kg under both EU and WHO/FAO guidelines. Sunset yellow FCF has no carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, or developmental toxicity in the amounts at which it is used.
563:-dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13, with a shoulder at 500 nm. When added to foods sold in the United States, it is known as
677:
Sunset yellow FCF is known as FD&C yellow No. 6 in the US and is approved for use in coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics with an acceptable daily intake of 3.75 mg/kg.
518:
460:
317:
InChI=1S/C16H12N2O7S2.2Na/c19-15-8-1-10-9-13(27(23,24)25)6-7-14(10)16(15)18-17-11-2-4-12(5-3-11)26(20,21)22;;/h1-9,19H,(H,20,21,22)(H,23,24,25);;/q;2*+1/p-2/b18-17+;;
327:
InChI=1/C16H12N2O7S2.2Na/c19-15-8-1-10-9-13(27(23,24)25)6-7-14(10)16(15)18-17-11-2-4-12(5-3-11)26(20,21)22;;/h1-9,19H,(H,20,21,22)(H,23,24,25);;/q;2*+1/p-2/b18-17+;;
875:
468:
343:
1103:"Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages"
712:
901:
690:
614:
1066:
1054:
482:
715:
in 2008, requesting the FDA to ban several food additives, the FDA commenced a review of the available evidence, and still made no changes.
475:
982:
915:
832:
803:
758:
308:
711:
The US FDA did not make changes following the publication of the
Southampton study, but following a citizen petition filed by the
1183:
1178:
525:
977:
pp 449-454 in
Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013.
860:
251:
872:
1198:
272:
665:(dubbed the "Southampton 6") by 2009, and provided a document to assist in replacing the colors with other colors.
1193:
907:
847:
Codex
Alimentarius (Codex GFSA) Online. Updated up to the 37th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2014)
1102:
1168:
848:
705:
701:
599:
179:
1163:
141:
642:
48:
1188:
994:
Millichap JG; Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
943:"Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessment for Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110)"
35:
658:
289:
87:
1092:
Sarah
Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011
1203:
1019:
768:
1173:
1011:
978:
911:
828:
799:
754:
686:
606:
161:
645:
of the UK called for food manufacturers to voluntarily stop using six food additive colours,
1138:
1003:
954:
610:
366:
260:
879:
780:
694:
97:
1127:"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive"
293:
183:
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425:
172:
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553:
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662:
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26:
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549:
1015:
1007:
571:
481:
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467:
440:
199:
191:
753:. Vol. 2: Hazards and Diseases. Academic Press. pp. 459–465.
564:
227:
634:
132:
495:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
700:
The
European regulatory community, with a stronger emphasis on the
215:
120:
110:
749:
Abbey J (2013). Yasmine
Motarjemi; Gerald Moy; Ewen Todd (eds.).
605:
It has been claimed since the late 1970s, under the advocacy of
206:
590:, to produce a brown colouring in both chocolates and caramel.
689:, there has been public concern that food colorings may cause
556:
277:
560:
452:
1067:"NOU 2012-2 Utenfor og innenfor - Norges avtaler med EU"
798:(5th ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
513:
192:
685:
Since the 1970s and the well-publicized advocacy of
351:..S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)/N=N/c2c3ccc(cc3ccc2O)S()(=O)=O
744:
742:
740:
738:
704:, required labelling and temporarily reduced the
239:
1088:
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1084:
1082:
1080:
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96:
1049:
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1035:
1033:
52:Disodium 6-hydroxy-5--2-naphthalenesulfonate
8:
937:
935:
933:
794:Committee on Food Chemicals Codex (2003).
292:
182:
160:
18:
1142:
958:
713:Center for Science in the Public Interest
259:
891:European Medicines Agency 19 June 2007
570:; when sold in Europe, it is denoted by
734:
348:
313:
288:
776:
766:
633:Sunset yellow FCF was not approved in
430:300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
173:
903:Food: The Chemistry of Its Components
882:. Database accessed 6 December 2014]
821:Analytical methods for food additives
320:Key: OIQPTROHQCGFEF-QIKYXUGXSA-L
140:
7:
330:Key: OIQPTROHQCGFEF-JLAJEUQUBH
230:
214:
16:Chemical compound used as colorant
14:
973:Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S.
873:Sunset Yellow FCF/Orange Yellow S
609:, that sunset yellow FCF causes
503:
384:
378:
34:
25:
499:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
402:
396:
390:
372:
1:
1072:. The Norwegian Government.
621:Regulation as food additive
1220:
908:Royal Society of Chemistry
871:EU Food Additive Database
861:Color Additive Status List
726:, also known as Yellow 5
493:
434:
359:
339:
304:
80:
57:
47:
42:
33:
24:
1144:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1330
975:Food Additives - General
960:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3765
849:Sunset yellow FCF (110)
819:Wood, Roger M. (2004).
706:acceptable daily intake
702:precautionary principle
600:acceptable daily intake
1008:10.1542/peds.2011-2199
463:
1184:Naphthalenesulfonates
643:Food Standards Agency
462:
1179:Organic sodium salts
796:Food chemicals codex
661:, sunset yellow and
445:(fire diamond)
681:Society and culture
659:quinoline yellow WS
420: g·mol
21:
1199:E-number additives
1137:(11): 1330. 2009.
878:2016-03-04 at the
859:FDA December 2009
526:Infobox references
464:
20:Sunset yellow FCF
19:
1194:Benzenesulfonates
953:(7): 3765. 2014.
687:Benjamin Feingold
607:Benjamin Feingold
538:Sunset yellow FCF
534:Chemical compound
532:
531:
273:CompTox Dashboard
122:Interactive image
66:FD&C Yellow 6
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695:sodium benzoate
683:
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628:
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542:orange yellow S
540:(also known as
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521: ?)
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76:
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63:Orange Yellow S
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1217:
1215:
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1169:Food colorings
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1002:(2): 330–337.
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823:. Boca Raton:
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1131:EFSA Journal
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1110:. Retrieved
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81:Identifiers
58:Other names
1189:2-Naphthols
777:|work=
360:Properties
180:100.018.629
1158:Categories
1112:2014-12-06
996:Pediatrics
923:2014-12-06
730:References
724:Tartrazine
663:carmoisine
655:ponceau 4R
651:allura red
647:tartrazine
546:C.I. 15985
413:Molar mass
261:H77VEI93A8
153:ChemSpider
109:3D model (
88:CAS Number
69:C.I. 15985
49:IUPAC name
1204:Acid dyes
825:CRC Press
779:ignored (
769:cite book
751:Colorants
550:petroleum
200:(colours)
98:2783-94-0
1174:Azo dyes
1024:14925322
1016:22232312
910:. 2009.
876:Archived
719:See also
588:amaranth
572:E Number
568:Yellow 6
565:FD&C
442:NFPA 704
435:Hazards
193:E number
162:11431290
559:with a
548:) is a
519:what is
517: (
241:6093232
228:PubChem
1022:
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635:Norway
626:Europe
594:Safety
514:verify
511:
418:452.36
344:SMILES
216:C19531
133:ChEMBL
43:Names
1108:. FSA
1106:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
1053:FDA.
1020:S2CID
544:, or
309:InChI
198:E110
111:JSmol
1012:PMID
979:ISBN
912:ISBN
829:ISBN
800:ISBN
781:help
755:ISBN
691:ADHD
615:ADHD
613:and
598:The
581:Uses
575:E110
252:UNII
207:KEGG
72:E110
1139:doi
1004:doi
1000:129
955:doi
557:dye
554:azo
278:EPA
231:CID
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