Suspension bridge - Knowledge (XXG)

567: 626: 583: 378: 1212:. Along the catwalk, workers also pull the cable wires to their desired tension. This continues until a bundle, called a "cable strand" is completed, and temporarily bundled using stainless steel wire. This process is repeated until the final cable strand is completed. Workers then remove the individual wraps on the cable strands (during the spinning process, the shape of the main cable closely resembles a hexagon), and then the entire cable is then compressed by a traveling hydraulic press into a closely packed cylinder and tightly wrapped with additional wire to form the final circular cross-section. The wire used in suspension bridge construction is a galvanized steel wire that has been coated with corrosion inhibitors. 29: 946: 603: 1852:. As a result of this incident, 24 people died and dozens of others were injured and were treated at the Aji Muhammad Parikesit Regional Hospital. Meanwhile, 12 people were reported missing, 31 people were seriously injured, and 8 people had minor injuries. Research findings indicate that the collapse was largely caused by the construction failure of the vertical hanging clamp. It was also found that poor maintenance, fatigue in the cable hanger construction materials, material quality, and bridge loads that exceed vehicle capacity, can also have an impact on bridge collapse. In 2013 the 889: 153: 1048: 803: 1505: 1477: 1365: 1337: 492: 1116: 1105: 2889: 337: 779: 903: 679: 874: 260: 1799:(USA) was an eyebar chain highway bridge, built in 1928, that collapsed in late 1967, killing forty-six people. The bridge had a low-redundancy design that was difficult to inspect. The collapse inspired legislation to ensure that older bridges were regularly inspected and maintained. Following the collapse a bridge of similar design was immediately closed and eventually demolished. A second similarly-designed bridge had been built with a higher 1533: 1128: 723:, assuming the weight of the cables is small compared to the weight of the deck. One can see the shape from the constant increase of the gradient of the cable with linear (deck) distance, this increase in gradient at each connection with the deck providing a net upward support force. Combined with the relatively simple constraints placed upon the actual deck, that makes the suspension bridge much simpler to design and analyze than a 767: 1779: 1449: 1810:, (USA), 1940, was vulnerable to structural vibration in sustained and moderately strong winds due to its plate-girder deck structure. Wind caused a phenomenon called aeroelastic fluttering that led to its collapse only months after completion. The collapse was captured on film. There were no human deaths in the collapse; several drivers escaped their cars on foot and reached the anchorages before the span dropped. 461: 3060: 1593: 1089: 1393: 1718: 866: 1561: 1421: 1281: 1309: 566: 582: 1185:

are constructed, usually in tandem with the towers, to resist the tension of the cables and form as the main anchor system for the entire structure. These are usually anchored in good quality rock but may consist of massive reinforced concrete deadweights within an excavation. The anchorage structure

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The main suspension cables in older bridges were often made from a chain or linked bars, but modern bridge cables are made from multiple strands of wire. This not only adds strength but improves reliability (often called redundancy in engineering terms) because the failure of a few flawed strands in

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The catenary represents the profile of a simple suspension bridge or the cable of a suspended-deck suspension bridge on which its deck and hangers have negligible mass compared to its cable. The parabola represents the profile of the cable of a suspended-deck suspension bridge on which its cable and

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Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent cable termination. They are created by inserting the suspender wire rope (at the bridge deck supports) into the narrow end of a conical cavity which is oriented in-line with the intended direction of strain. The individual wires are splayed

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The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since any load applied to the bridge is transformed into tension in these main cables. The main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The roadway is

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derrick may be used to extend the deck one section at a time starting from the towers and working outward. If the addition of the deck structure extends from the towers the finished portions of the deck will pitch upward rather sharply, as there is no downward force in the center of the span. Upon

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approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. By design, all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so

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is too deep to be exposed by excavation or the sinking of a caisson, pilings are driven to the bedrock or into overlying hard soil, or a large concrete pad to distribute the weight over less resistant soil may be constructed, first preparing the surface with a bed of compacted gravel. (Such a pad

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Each suspender cable is engineered and cut to precise lengths, and are looped over the cable bands. In some bridges, where the towers are close to or on the shore, the suspender cables may be applied only to the central span. Early suspender cables were fitted with zinc jewels and a set of steel

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Typical suspension bridges are constructed using a sequence generally described as follows. Depending on length and size, construction may take anywhere between a year and a half (construction on the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge took only 19 months) up to as long as a decade (the Akashi-Kaikyō

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In an underspanned suspension bridge, also called under-deck cable-stayed bridge, the main cables hang entirely below the bridge deck, but are still anchored into the ground in a similar way to the conventional type. Very few bridges of this nature have been built, as the deck is inherently less

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environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load refers to environmental factors that go beyond normal weather conditions, factors such as sudden gusts of wind and earthquakes. All three factors must be taken into consideration when building a bridge.

452:(1889), where the chains are not attached to abutments as is usual, but instead are attached to the main girders, which are thus in compression. Here, the chains are made from flat wrought iron plates, eight inches (203 mm) wide by an inch and a half (38 mm) thick, rivetted together. 1793:(England) was an iron chain bridge built in 1826. One of Europe's first suspension bridges, it collapsed in 1831 due to mechanical resonance induced by troops marching in step. As a result of the incident, the British Army issued an order that troops should "break step" when crossing a bridge. 1038:

load. Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which the bridge is made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal

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Special lifting hoists attached to the suspenders or from the main cables are used to lift prefabricated sections of the bridge deck to the proper level, provided that the local conditions allow the sections to be carried below the bridge by barge or other means. Otherwise, a traveling

1018:, note the very sharp entry edge and sloping undergirders in the suspension bridge shown. This enables this type of construction to be used without the danger of vortex shedding and consequent aeroelastic effects, such as those that destroyed the original Tacoma Narrows bridge. 28: 1233:, while the arc of the deck will be as the designer intended – usually a gentle upward arc for added clearance if over a shipping channel, or flat in other cases such as a span over a canyon. Arched suspension spans also give the structure more rigidity and strength. 1059:

The principles of suspension used on a large scale also appear in contexts less dramatic than road or rail bridges. Light cable suspension may prove less expensive and seem more elegant for a cycle or footbridge than strong girder supports. An example of this is the

1179:, which will carry the main suspension cables, are positioned atop the towers. Typically of cast steel, they can also be manufactured using riveted forms, and are equipped with rollers to allow the main cables to shift under construction and normal loads. 1075:

Where such a bridge spans a gap between two buildings, there is no need to construct towers, as the buildings can anchor the cables. Cable suspension may also be augmented by the inherent stiffness of a structure that has much in common with a

370:. Finley's bridge was the first to incorporate all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge, including a suspended deck which hung by trusses. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal, 1207:

High strength wire (typically 4 or 6 gauge galvanized steel wire), is pulled in a loop by pulleys on the traveler, with one end affixed at an anchorage. When the traveler reaches the opposite anchorage the loop is placed over an open anchor

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From the tower foundation, towers of single or multiple columns are erected using high-strength reinforced concrete, stonework, or steel. Concrete is used most frequently in modern suspension bridge construction due to the high cost of

1639:(USA, 1924), the longest suspension span (497 m) from 1924 to 1926. The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow. 232:

edge where the road may proceed directly to the main span, otherwise the bridge will usually have two smaller spans, running between either pair of pillars and the highway, which may be supported by suspender cables or their own

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loads of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without the use of

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The wooden 1808 Burr Suspension Bridge in Schenectady, NY, USA, during demolition in 1871, showing wooden cables. Spans of 160, 190, 180 and 157 feet on 3 piers began to sag, and 4 supporting piers were added in 1833 making 8

1197:, are then erected using a set of guide wires hoisted into place via winches positioned atop the towers. These catwalks follow the curve set by bridge designers for the main cables, in a path mathematically described as a 625: 1928:— has features in common with a suspension bridge and predates them by at least three hundred years. However, in a rope bridge the deck itself is suspended from the anchored piers and the guardrails are non-structural. 1912:— superficially similar to a suspension bridge, but cables from the towers directly support the roadway, rather than the road being suspended indirectly by additional cables from the main cables connecting two towers. 702:, on the Wales-England border. In a suspended deck bridge, cables suspended via towers hold up the road deck. The weight is transferred by the cables to the towers, which in turn transfer the weight to the ground. 1656: 2310: 1064:

in the Netherlands, and the Roebling designed 1904 Riegelsville suspension pedestrian bridge across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. The longest pedestrian suspension bridge, which spans the River Paiva,

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Suspension bridges are typically ranked by the length of their main span. These are the ten bridges with the longest spans, followed by the length of the span and the year the bridge opened for traffic:

937:(begun 1847) consists of three sections supported by cables. The timber structure essentially hides the cables; and from a quick view, it is not immediately apparent that it is even a suspension bridge. 749:

from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the

985:.) Another reason is that as spans increased, engineers were unable to lift larger chains into position, whereas wire strand cables can be formulated one by one in mid-air from a temporary walkway. 1204:

Gantries are placed upon the catwalks, which will support the main cable spinning reels. Then, cables attached to winches are installed, and in turn, the main cable spinning devices are installed.

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in New York City, opened in 1909 and is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges; its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world.

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Except for installation of the initial temporary cables, little or no access from below is required during construction and so a waterway can remain open while the bridge is built above.

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At specific points along the main cable (each being the exact distance horizontally in relation to the next) devices called "cable bands" are installed to carry steel wire ropes called

417:. The Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge with a 200 feet span (also termed Beose Bridge) was constructed near Sagar, India during 1828–1830 by Duncan Presgrave, Mint and Assay Master. The 318:

were reinforced by the iron chains. Before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins. He may have also used tightly bound cloth.

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at each end to the ground. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under

1822:(Canada), which was completed in 1943, collapsed when the north anchor's soil support for the suspension bridge failed in October 1957. The entire bridge subsequently collapsed. 429:

and was built between 1829 and 1832, replacing a wooden bridge further downstream which collapsed in 1828. It is the only suspension bridge across the non-tidal Thames. The

2318: 1645:(USA, 1926), replaced Bear Mountain Bridge as the longest span at 1,750 feet between the towers. Includes an active subway line and never-used trolley stations on the span. 2952: 421:(designed in 1831, completed in 1864 with a 214 m central span), is similar to the Sagar bridge. It is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type. The current 377: 1002:

Most suspension bridges have open truss structures to support the roadbed, particularly owing to the unfavorable effects of using plate girders, discovered from the

2154: 2068: 433:, (designed in 1840, opened in 1849), spanning the River Danube in Budapest, was also designed by William Clark and it is a larger-scale version of Marlow Bridge. 1940:— a modern implementation of the rope bridge using steel cables, although either the upper guardrail or lower footboard cables may be the main structural cables. 2988: 823:

Bridge decks can have deck sections replaced in order to widen traffic lanes for larger vehicles or add additional width for separated cycling/pedestrian paths.

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hangers have negligible mass compared to its deck. The profile of the cable of a real suspension bridge with the same span and sag lies between the two curves.

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The earliest suspension bridges were ropes slung across a chasm, with a deck possibly at the same level or hung below the ropes such that the rope had a

2212: 653: 2998: 2978: 2920: 310:, which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the walking layer of Gyalpo's bridges used wires. The 2983: 2973: 2636: 1886: 1587: 1246: 1052: 54: 2017: 1615:(England/Scotland, 1820), the longest span (137 m) from 1820 to 1826. The oldest suspension bridge in the world still carrying road traffic. 541:

and completed in 1842, it had a span of 109 m. Ellet's Niagara Falls suspension bridge (1847–48) was abandoned before completion. It was used as

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With the completion of the primary structure various details such as lighting, handrails, finish painting and paving is installed or completed.

2497: 576:, constructed in 1430, with long chains suspended between towers, and vertical suspender ropes carrying the weight of a planked footway below. 2236: 2110: 694:

in the pillars. Since almost all the force on the pillars is vertically downwards, and the bridge is also stabilized by the main cables, the

2400:"Structural behaviour and design criteria of under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges. Part 1: Single-span bridges" 1648: 847:

Some access below may be required during construction to lift the initial cables or to lift deck units. That access can often be avoided in

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T R Barnard (1959). "Winding Ropes and Guide Ropes:" Mechanical Engineering. Coal Mining Series (2nd ed.). London: Virtue. pp. 374–375.

2040: 3084: 2700: 2292:"Marlow Suspension Bridge". Retrieved 11 December 2008. Cove-Smith, Chris (2006). The River Thames Book. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. 593: 485: 652: 2457: 1739: 1624: 2993: 2350: 2297: 2148: 2076: 1765: 924: 363: 2372: 659: 778: 3094: 2556: 1931: 1891: 1652: 1618: 1328: 934: 753:

of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards

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bridge collapse. In the 1960s, developments in bridge aerodynamics allowed the re-introduction of plate structures as shallow

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Less material may be required than other bridge types, even at spans they can achieve, leading to a reduced construction cost.

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In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A

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Considerable stiffness or aerodynamic profiling may be required to prevent the bridge deck from vibrating under high winds.

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in San Francisco. Main cable diameter is 36 inches (910 mm), and suspender cable diameter is 3.5 inches (89 mm).

409:(1826), "the first important modern suspension bridge". The first chain bridge on the German speaking territories was the 2586: 1915: 1807: 1003: 977:

can cause failure of an entire bridge. (The failure of a single eyebar was found to be the cause of the collapse of the

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supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers. In some circumstances, the towers may sit on a bluff or

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The relatively low deck stiffness compared to other (non-suspension) types of bridges makes it more difficult to carry

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arc. Typical catwalks are usually between eight and ten feet wide and are constructed using wire grate and wood slats.

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Two towers/pillars, two suspension cables, four suspension cable anchors, multiple suspender cables, the bridge deck.

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Comparison of a catenary (black dotted curve) and a parabola (red solid curve) with the same span and sag. The main

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and suspension bridges may appear to be similar, but are quite different in principle and in their construction.

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out inside the cone or 'capel', and the cone is then filled with molten lead-antimony-tin (Pb80Sb15Sn5) solder.

1937: 1853: 1825: 1642: 410: 291: 246: 193: 157: 66: 1272: 560:(1938–1939) was the first modern suspension bridge outside the United States built with parallel wire cables. 34: 2208: 1848:, was built in 1995, completed in 2001 and collapsed in 2011. Dozens of vehicles on the bridge fell into the 3024: 3008: 3003: 2968: 2910: 1300: 491: 406: 382: 367: 359: 2185: 1229:

completion of the deck, the added load will pull the main cables into an arc mathematically described as a

1165:.) The piers are then extended above water level, where they are capped with pedestal bases for the towers. 2770: 2715: 2622: 2087: 1990: 920: 766: 691: 515: 199:

Besides the bridge type most commonly called suspension bridges, covered in this article, there are other

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for the widest suspension bridge in the world with a width of 67.3 meters, and with a span of 540 meters.

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on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s.

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stable than when suspended below the cables. Examples include the Pont des Bergues of 1834 designed by

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Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the Early 19th Century Cable Suspension Bridges

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washers, which formed the support for the deck. Modern suspender cables carry a shackle-type fitting.

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and his brothers in 1822. It spanned only 18 m. The first permanent wire cable suspension bridge was

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when hanging under their own weight only. When supporting the deck, the cables will instead form a

2851: 2685: 1909: 1857: 1692: 1159: 848: 746: 735: 724: 687: 80: 1778: 1627:(USA, 1866), then the longest wire suspension bridge in the world at 1,057 feet (322 m) main span. 902: 522:

of 1823, with two 40 m spans. The first with cables assembled in mid-air in the modern method was

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Development of wire-cable suspension bridges dates to the temporary simple suspension bridge at

484:(1816), a modest and temporary footbridge built following the collapse of James Finley's nearby 1139:

Bridge's construction began in May 1986 and was opened in May 1998 – a total of twelve years).

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in the city of Morbi, Gujarat, India collapsed, leading to the deaths of at least 141 people.

1695:(Egypt, 2019), a modern Egyptian steel wire-cables based suspension bridge crossing the river 1660: 1412: 1384: 820:

They may be better able to withstand earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid bridges.

538: 259: 196:, which lack vertical suspenders, have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world. 2578: 2226: 609: 3063: 2807: 2451: 2419: 2411: 2136: 1800: 1108: 1066: 557: 546: 465: 326: 283: 2198:

p.62, Schenectady and the Great Western Gateway, 1926, Schenectady, NY, Chamber of Commerce

1127: 2905: 2740: 2603: 2590: 2573: 2376: 1837: 1676: 1630: 1597: 1356: 1072:, Portugal, opened in April 2021. The 516 metres bridge hangs 175 meters above the river. 1035: 1031: 1027: 841: 806:

A suspension bridge can be made out of simple materials such as wood and common wire rope.

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Where the towers are founded on dry land, deep foundation excavation or pilings are used.

2369: 1679:(USA, 1957), the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western hemisphere. 741:

In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are

298:. The last surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpo's was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in 3045: 2866: 2856: 2822: 2755: 2745: 2705: 1895: 1868: 1538: 1468: 1077: 1015: 907: 613: 371: 306:, which was finally washed away in 2004. Gyalpo's iron chain bridges did not include a 303: 276: 460: 3078: 2846: 2690: 2433: 1849: 1829: 1796: 1621:(USA, 1847), the oldest wire suspension bridge still in service in the United States. 1524: 1061: 1011: 978: 911: 699: 663: 523: 449: 422: 390: 355: 253: 185: 161: 1592: 2861: 2785: 2780: 2453:

A Memoir of Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History of Their Origin And Progress

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25 May 2014 at Wikiwix by Manfred Gerner. Thimphu: Center for Bhutan Studies 2007.

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the hundreds used pose very little threat of failure, whereas a single bad link or

742: 386: 351: 330: 287: 234: 172:, is the world's busiest suspension bridge, carrying 106 million vehicles annually. 2066:

Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo – Architect, Philosopher, and Iron Chain Bridge Builder

2340: 2171: 488:(1808). The footbridge's span was 124 m, although its deck was only 0.45 m wide. 237:. In the latter case, there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables. 2817: 2790: 2735: 2710: 2665: 2660: 2399: 1717: 1454: 1007: 865: 542: 511: 495: 38: 1986:"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18" 2750: 2730: 2725: 2680: 2583: 1963: 1669:(USA, 1937), the longest suspension bridge from 1937 to 1964. It was also the 1225: 982: 790: 169: 116: 2140: 1841: 928: 750: 469: 414: 221: 189: 140: 2531: 2424: 2282:

The Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge Mechanics Magazine Volume 2, 1836 p. 49-53

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In the United States, the first major wire-cable suspension bridge was the

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is considered the last remaining Inca rope bridge and is rebuilt annually.

2614: 329:, documented as early as 1615. It is not known when they were first made. 2827: 1601: 1230: 1198: 881: 720: 716: 527: 473: 2560: 2041:"GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge" 2871: 1673:

from 1937 to 1993, and remains the tallest bridge in the United States.

1398: 1150: 1097: 1069: 965: 961: 507: 499: 2566: 2014:"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - George Washington Bridge" 1934:— combining elements of a suspension bridge and a cable-stayed bridge. 1816:(England) was built in 1829 and collapsed in 1845, killing 79 people. 1111:

in New York City with deck under construction from the towers outward.

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Pedestrians, bicycles, livestock, automobiles, trucks, railed vehicles

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Longer main spans are achievable than with any other type of bridge.

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are sunk and any soft bottom is excavated for a foundation. If the

588:"View of the Chain Bridge invented by James Finley Esq." (1810) by 2379:

Web site Retrieved 21 February 2007, includes image of the bridge.

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Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge, by Major Presgrave, 1828–1830, near

573: 490: 459: 335: 258: 204: 151: 1689:, with its deck around 500 meters above the surface of the river. 119:, multiple steel wire strand cables or forged or cast chain links 2498:"World's longest pedestrian suspension bridge opens in Portugal" 2039:

Bod Woodruff; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash (20 November 2012).

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suspension bridge with the longest main span in the world

1964:"Why Turkey Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge" 869:

Micklewood Bridge as illustrated by Charles Drewry, 1832

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must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads.

405:(1820), with spans rapidly increasing to 176 m with the 1856:

rebuilt the same location and completed in 2015 with a

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For bridges where the deck follows the suspenders, see

203:. The type covered here has cables suspended between 923:; James Smith's Micklewood Bridge; and a proposal by 572:

Drawing of the Tibetan-built Chaksam bridge south of

1633:(USA, 1883), the first steel-wire suspension bridge. 3038: 3017: 2961: 2898: 2653: 2593:

History and heritage of civil engineering – bridges

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with deck under construction from the span's center

715:The main cables of a suspension bridge will form a 139: 131: 123: 112: 104: 96: 86: 72: 62: 1588:History of longest vehicle suspension bridge spans 1143:Where the towers are founded on underwater piers, 266:, one of Thangtong Gyalpo's chain bridges, in 1904 2953:List of lists of covered bridges in North America 2172:"Bridgemeister - Mohawk Wooden Suspension Bridge" 2016:. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 1883:— for articles about specific suspension bridges. 1154:footing can also accommodate the movements of an 1119:Suspender cables and suspender cable band on the 1026:Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the 294:. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern 2228:Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature 480:The first wire-cable suspension bridge was the 2253:"Menai Bridge - bridge, Wales, United Kingdom" 1084:Construction sequence (wire strand cable type) 2630: 2211:. Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute. 2209:"Iron Wire of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge" 596:(1808) had two spans, 100 feet, and 200 feet. 8: 2524:"DRPA :: Delaware River Port Authority" 2231:. MBI Publishing Company. 12 November 2001. 1699:, which was completed in 2019 and holds the 21: 2567:New Brunswick Canada suspension footbridges 2398:Ruiz-Teran, A. M.; Aparicio, A. C. (2008). 1746:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1655:, the longest of its type in the world. It 910:, a plate deck suspension bridge, over the 537:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by 2637: 2623: 2615: 1867:, a pedestrian suspension bridge over the 1254: 2445: 2443: 2423: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2135:. Centre for Bhutan Studies. p. 61. 1766:Learn how and when to remove this message 1014:, built 1961–1966. In the picture of the 397:Early British chain bridges included the 2597:Bridgemeister: Mostly suspension bridges 2090:by Lawrence Austine Waddell, 1905, p.313 927:for a bridge over the River Almond near 619:constructed using locally produced iron. 376: 1955: 1887:List of longest suspension bridge spans 1247:List of longest suspension bridge spans 759: 686:in a suspension bridge of any type are 562: 2487:As exists with signage re the history. 2047:from the original on 28 September 2013 2020:from the original on 20 September 2013 20: 2404:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 1803:and remained in service until 1991. 1193:Temporary suspended walkways, called 727:in which the deck is in compression. 698:can be made quite slender, as on the 553:railroad and carriage bridge (1855). 7: 2557:Historic American Engineering Record 1744:adding citations to reliable sources 482:Spider Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill 2584:American Society of Civil Engineers 2215:from the original on 30 April 2011. 1186:will have multiple protruding open 840:traffic in which high concentrated 761:Difference between types of bridges 731:Comparison with cable-stayed bridge 594:Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill 486:Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill 2602:Wilford, John Noble (8 May 2007). 2359:from the original on 10 July 2014. 2263:from the original on 13 April 2015 1625:John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge 14: 2921:medieval stone bridges in Germany 2460:from the original on 16 June 2013 2160:from the original on 25 May 2014. 364:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania 3059: 3058: 2561:Contextual Essay on Wire Bridges 2450:Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). 1716: 1649:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 1559: 1531: 1503: 1475: 1447: 1419: 1391: 1363: 1335: 1307: 1279: 777: 765: 651: 624: 601: 581: 565: 27: 1932:Self-anchored suspension bridge 1892:Timeline of three longest spans 1653:self-anchored suspension bridge 1190:enclosed within a secure space. 784:Cable-stayed bridge, fan design 91:Self-anchored suspension bridge 2579:Structurae: suspension bridges 1921:Cable-stayed suspension bridge 1784:Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse 1051:Cable-suspended footbridge at 77:Underspanned suspension bridge 1: 2878:Visual index to various types 2370:Cleveland Bridge Company (UK) 1820:Peace River Suspension Bridge 1497:Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge 2701:Cantilever spar cable-stayed 2604:"How the Inca Leapt Canyons" 1916:Floating cable-stayed bridge 1881:Category: Suspension bridges 1619:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct 1043:Use other than road and rail 1004:Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) 989:Suspender-cable terminations 935:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct 436:An interesting variation is 1791:Broughton Suspension Bridge 1687:highest bridge in the world 518:'s Saint Antoine Bridge in 201:types of suspension bridges 3111: 3085:Bridges by structural type 2186:"Burr Bridge - Scotia, NY" 2129:Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo 1944:Floating suspension bridge 1814:Yarmouth suspension bridge 1585: 1572:1408 m (4619 ft) 1544:1410 m (4626 ft) 1516:1418 m (4652 ft) 1488:1490 m (4888 ft) 1460:1545 m (5069 ft) 1432:1550 m (5085 ft) 1404:1624 m (5328 ft) 1376:1650 m (5413 ft) 1348:1700 m (5577 ft) 1320:1991 m (6532 ft) 1292:2023 m (6637 ft) 1244: 526:'s Grand Pont Suspendu in 244: 3054: 2885: 2559:(HAER) No. NJ-132, " 1834:Kutai Kartanegara Regency 1553:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 1053:Dallas Fort Worth Airport 956:suspension bridge on the 897:Clifton Suspension Bridge 662:The slender lines of the 419:Clifton Suspension Bridge 292:simple suspension bridges 290:chains in his version of 194:Simple suspension bridges 188:is hung below suspension 26: 2989:Continuous truss bridges 2962:Lists of bridges by size 2899:Lists of bridges by type 2126:Gerner, Manfred (2009). 1938:Simple suspension bridge 1854:Kutai Kartanegara Bridge 1826:Kutai Kartanegara Bridge 1643:Benjamin Franklin Bridge 632:Wire Bridge at Fairmount 535:Wire Bridge at Fairmount 423:Marlow suspension bridge 247:simple suspension bridge 158:George Washington Bridge 67:Simple suspension bridge 2339:Peters, Tom F. (1987). 2141:10.11588/xarep.00000311 2105:. Lonely Planet. 2007. 2088:Lhasa and Its Mysteries 498:suspension bridge near 366:, designed by inventor 352:chain suspension bridge 3095:Structural engineering 2948:List of bridge–tunnels 2892: 2716:Double-beam drawbridge 1966:. The B1M. 11 May 2022 1787: 1671:world's tallest bridge 1605: 1135: 1124: 1112: 1101: 1056: 969: 941:Suspension cable types 921:Guillaume Henri Dufour 915: 899: 885: 870: 807: 712: 645:Bridge main components 634:(1842, replaced 1874). 516:Guillaume Henri Dufour 503: 477: 431:Széchenyi Chain Bridge 394: 381:An early plan for the 342: 286:originated the use of 267: 173: 2941:vertical-lift bridges 2891: 1828:(Indonesia) over the 1808:Tacoma Narrows Bridge 1781: 1701:Guinness World Record 1595: 1273:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge 1175:Large devices called 1130: 1118: 1107: 1096:suspension bridge in 1091: 1050: 948: 905: 891: 876: 868: 805: 681: 494: 463: 438:Thornewill and Warham 427:William Tierney Clark 399:Dryburgh Abbey Bridge 380: 339: 308:suspended-deck bridge 262: 155: 35:1915 Çanakkale Bridge 2999:Masonry arch bridges 2979:Cable-stayed bridges 2572:14 July 2011 at the 2375:20 July 2008 at the 1863:On 30 October 2022, 1740:improve this section 1637:Bear Mountain Bridge 1301:Akashi Kaikyō Bridge 1010:, first seen on the 998:Deck structure types 736:Cable-stayed bridges 360:Jacob's Creek Bridge 2926:multi-level bridges 2589:4 June 2009 at the 2321:on 25 October 2016. 1991:Hürriyet Daily News 1910:Cable-stayed bridge 1858:Through arch bridge 1693:Rod El Farag Bridge 1685:(China, 2009), the 1441:Lee Sun-shin Bridge 1100:was opened in 1970. 849:cable-stayed bridge 725:cable-stayed bridge 674:Structural analysis 393:, completed in 1826 282:and bridge-builder 81:cable-stayed bridge 23: 3090:Suspension bridges 2984:Cantilever bridges 2974:Suspension bridges 2916:cantilever bridges 2893: 2813:Navigable aqueduct 2608:The New York Times 1788: 1786:on 7 November 1940 1683:Si Du River Bridge 1667:Golden Gate Bridge 1606: 1163:Rio-Antirio bridge 1136: 1132:Lions' Gate Bridge 1125: 1121:Golden Gate Bridge 1113: 1102: 1057: 970: 916: 900: 886: 878:Squibb Park Bridge 871: 808: 713: 690:in the cables and 590:William Strickland 504: 478: 395: 343: 268: 211:that transfer the 174: 156:The double-decked 3072: 3071: 3030:Bridge to nowhere 2931:road–rail bridges 2648:-related articles 2238:978-0-7603-1234-6 2112:978-1-74059-529-2 1776: 1775: 1768: 1708:Notable collapses 1661:cantilever bridge 1579: 1578: 1413:Osman Gazi Bridge 1385:Great Belt Bridge 1329:Yangsigang Bridge 1217:Suspender cables. 772:Suspension bridge 539:Charles Ellet Jr. 401:(1817) and 137 m 314:that carried the 178:suspension bridge 150: 149: 22:Suspension bridge 3102: 3062: 3061: 3018:Additional lists 2654:Structural types 2639: 2632: 2625: 2616: 2611: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2530:. 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Archived from 2307: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1960: 1926:Inca rope bridge 1894:whether bridge, 1840:district on the 1801:margin of safety 1771: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1720: 1712: 1608:(Chronological) 1604:, opened in 1957 1569: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1255: 1109:Manhattan Bridge 925:Robert Stevenson 895:chain cables of 781: 769: 655: 628: 605: 585: 569: 558:Otto Beit Bridge 547:John A. Roebling 466:Manhattan Bridge 425:was designed by 284:Thangtong Gyalpo 209:suspender cables 207:, with vertical 31: 24: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3050: 3034: 3025:Bridge failures 3013: 2957: 2911:bascule bridges 2906:List of bridges 2894: 2883: 2771:Rolling bascule 2649: 2643: 2601: 2591:Wayback Machine 2574:Wayback Machine 2553: 2548: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2534:on 4 March 2009 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2504:. 29 April 2021 2496: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2416:10.1139/L08-033 2397: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2377:Wayback Machine 2368: 2364: 2353: 2338: 2337: 2326: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1994:. 17 March 2017 1984: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1877: 1838:East Kalimantan 1772: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1737: 1721: 1710: 1677:Mackinac Bridge 1631:Brooklyn Bridge 1598:Mackinac Bridge 1590: 1584: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1357:Xihoumen Bridge 1336: 1334: 1333: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1249: 1243: 1086: 1045: 1024: 1000: 991: 943: 863: 858: 830: 800: 785: 782: 773: 770: 757:on the towers. 733: 711: 710: 706: 676: 668: 667: 666: 661: 656: 647: 642: 635: 629: 620: 606: 597: 586: 577: 570: 458: 446:Burton-on-Trent 350:The first iron 348: 273: 264:Chushul Chakzam 250: 243: 58: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3046:Bridges in art 3042: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2599: 2594: 2581: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2551:External links 2549: 2546: 2545: 2515: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2439: 2410:(9): 938–950. 2390: 2381: 2362: 2351: 2345:. Birkhauser. 2324: 2315:www.ice.org.uk 2302: 2285: 2274: 2257:britannica.com 2244: 2237: 2218: 2200: 2191: 2177: 2163: 2149: 2118: 2111: 2092: 2080: 2058: 2031: 2005: 1977: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1896:aerial tramway 1889: 1884: 1876: 1873: 1869:Machchhu River 1774: 1773: 1724: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1690: 1680: 1674: 1664: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1583: 1582:Other examples 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539:United Kingdom 1527: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1471: 1469:Runyang Bridge 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1221: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1191: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1085: 1082: 1078:tubular bridge 1044: 1041: 1034:load, and the 1023: 1020: 1016:Yichang Bridge 999: 996: 990: 987: 958:Lake Näsijärvi 942: 939: 908:Yichang Bridge 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 845: 834: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 799: 796: 787: 786: 783: 776: 774: 771: 764: 762: 732: 729: 707: 704: 703: 675: 672: 658: 657: 650: 649: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 636: 630: 623: 621: 614:Sagar district 607: 600: 598: 587: 580: 578: 571: 564: 457: 454: 372:The Port Folio 347: 344: 304:Trashi Yangtse 272: 269: 242: 239: 148: 147: 144: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 114: 110: 109: 108:Medium to long 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 74: 70: 69: 64: 60: 59: 32: 16:Type of bridge 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3107: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 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1835: 1832:, located in 1831: 1830:Mahakam River 1827: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797:Silver Bridge 1794: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1767: 1759: 1756:December 2023 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1725:This section 1723: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1528: 1526: 1525:Humber Bridge 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1241:Longest spans 1240: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1062:Nescio Bridge 1054: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1012:Severn bridge 1009: 1005: 997: 995: 988: 986: 984: 980: 979:Silver Bridge 976: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 947: 940: 938: 936: 932: 930: 926: 922: 913: 912:Yangtze River 909: 904: 898: 894: 890: 883: 879: 875: 867: 860: 855: 851:construction. 850: 846: 843: 839: 835: 832: 831: 828:Disadvantages 827: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 809: 804: 797: 795: 792: 780: 775: 768: 763: 760: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 730: 728: 726: 722: 718: 701: 700:Severn Bridge 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 673: 671: 665: 664:Severn Bridge 660: 654: 644: 639: 633: 627: 622: 618: 615: 611: 604: 599: 595: 591: 584: 579: 575: 568: 563: 561: 559: 554: 552: 551:double decker 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 524:Joseph Chaley 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 497: 493: 489: 487: 483: 475: 471: 468:, connecting 467: 462: 455: 453: 451: 450:Staffordshire 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 392: 391:Bangor, Wales 388: 384: 379: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:Western world 353: 346:Chain bridges 345: 338: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 312:stress points 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 270: 265: 261: 257: 255: 248: 240: 238: 236: 231: 225: 223: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 197: 195: 191: 187: 184:in which the 183: 180:is a type of 179: 171: 167: 166:Bergen County 163: 162:New York City 160:, connecting 159: 154: 145: 142: 138: 134: 132:Design effort 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 45:, connecting 44: 40: 36: 30: 25: 19: 2994:Arch bridges 2936:toll bridges 2876: 2852:Through arch 2834: 2686:Cable-stayed 2607: 2536:. 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Retrieved 1958: 1862: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1789: 1762: 1753: 1738:Please help 1726: 1613:Union Bridge 1607: 1250: 1216: 1194: 1187: 1182: 1176: 1160:cable-stayed 1156:active fault 1145: 1137: 1074: 1058: 1025: 1001: 992: 971: 933: 917: 884:, built 2013 861:Underspanned 788: 740: 734: 714: 705:More details 669: 555: 532: 505: 479: 442:Ferry Bridge 435: 411:Chain Bridge 407:Menai Bridge 403:Union Bridge 396: 387:Menai Strait 383:chain bridge 368:James Finley 349: 331:Queshuachaca 327:rope bridges 320: 302:en route to 274: 251: 226: 208: 198: 177: 175: 18: 2796:Transporter 2776:Submersible 2761:Retractable 2051:14 February 2024:14 February 1455:South Korea 1094:Little Belt 1008:box girders 755:compression 692:compression 592:. 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