199:
can include reducing daily food consumption and selling livestock to compensate for the decreased productivity. These responses often threaten the future of household farms in the following seasons as many farmers will sell draft animals used for labor and will also consume seeds saved for planting. Measuring the full extent of future climate change impacts is difficult to determine as smallholder farms are complex systems with many different interactions. Different locations have different adaptation strategies available to them such as crop and livestock substitutions. Rates of production for cereal crops, such as wheat, oats, and maize have been declining largely due to heat's effects on crop fertility. This has forced many farmers to switch to more
329:. Poor countries are limited in fiscal and institutional resources that would allow them to contain rises in domestic prices as well as to manage social assistance programs, which is often because they are using policy tools that are intended for middle- and high-income countries. Low-income countries tend to have populations in which 80% of poor are in rural areas and more than 90% of rural households have access to land, yet a majority of these rural poor have insufficient access to food. Subsistence agriculture can be used in low-income countries as a part of policy responses to a food crisis in the short and medium term, and provide a safety net for the poor in these countries.
51:
174:
increase in industrialization and decrease in rural agriculture has led to rural unemployment and increased poverty for those in lower caste groups. Those that are able to live and work in urbanized areas are able to increase their income while those that remain in rural areas take large decreases, which is why there was no large decline in poverty. This effectively widens the income gap between lower and higher castes and makes it harder for those in rural areas to move up in caste ranking. This era has marked a time of increased
31:
333:
at reducing poverty in those that have an income of $ 1 per day than those that have an income of $ 2 per day in Africa. People who make less income are more likely to be poorly educated and have fewer opportunities; therefore, they work more labor-intensive jobs, such as agriculture. People who make $ 2 have more opportunities to work in less labor-intensive jobs in non-agricultural fields.
305:
enough for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods. It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. In the most intensive situation, farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies. Such fields are found in densely populated parts of Asia,
332:
Agriculture is more successful over non-agricultural jobs in combating poverty in countries that have a larger population of people without education or that are unskilled. However, there are levels of poverty to be aware of to target agriculture towards the right audience. Agriculture is better
232:
is restored. After a decade or more, the farmer may return to the first piece of land. This form of agriculture is sustainable at low population densities, but higher population loads require more frequent clearing which prevents soil fertility from recovering, opens up more of the forest canopy, and
223:
In this type of farming, a patch of forest land is cleared by a combination of felling (chopping down) and burning, and crops are grown. After two–three years the fertility of the soil begins to decline, the land is abandoned and the farmer moves to clear a fresh piece of land elsewhere in the forest
261:
While shifting agriculture's slash-and-burn technique may describe the method for opening new land, commonly the farmers in question have in existence at the same time smaller fields, sometimes merely gardens, near the homestead there they practice intensive "non-shifting" techniques. These farmers
198:
will be more intense in these regions as extreme temperatures are linked to lower crop yields. Farmers have been forced to respond to increased temperatures through things such as increased land and labor inputs which threaten long-term productivity. Coping measures in response to variable climates
173:
Areas where subsistence farming is largely practiced today, such as India and other regions in Asia, have seen a recent decline in the practice. This is due to processes such as urbanization, the transformation of land into rural areas, and integration of capitalist forms of farming. In India, the
304:
In intensive subsistence agriculture, the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour. Climate with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils, permits growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot. Farmers use their small land holdings to produce
295:
of the
Himalayas. They carry their belongings, such as tents, etc., on the backs of donkeys, horses, and camels. In mountainous regions, like Tibet and the Andes, yak and llama are reared. Reindeer are the livestock in arctic and sub-arctic areas. Sheep, goats, and camels are common animals, and
203:
crops to maintain levels of productivity. Substitution of crops for heat tolerant alternatives limits the overall diversity of crops grown on smallholder farms. As many farmers farm to meet daily food needs, this can negatively impact nutrition and diet among many families practicing subsistence
126:), unimproved varieties of crops and animals, little or no surplus yield for sale, use of crude/traditional tools (e.g. hoes, machetes, and cutlasses), mainly the production of crops, small scattered plots of land, reliance on unskilled labor (often family members), and (generally) low yields.
170:) of land. Around 98% of China's farmers work on small farms, and China accounts for around half of the total world farms. In India, 80% of the total farmers are smallholder farmers; Ethiopia and Asia have almost 90% being small; while Mexico and Brazil recorded 50% and 20% being small.
106:
are typically not necessary for survival and may include sugar, iron roofing-sheets, bicycles, used clothing, and so forth. Many have important trade contacts and trade items that they can produce because of their special skills or special access to resources valued in the marketplace.
274:
In some areas of tropical Africa, at least, such smaller fields may be ones in which crops are grown on raised beds. Thus farmers practicing "slash and burn" agriculture are often much more sophisticated agriculturalists than the term "slash and burn" subsistence farmers suggests.
77:
to meet the needs of themselves and their families. Subsistence agriculturalists target farm output for survival and for mostly local requirements. Planting decisions occur principally with an eye toward what the family will need during the coming year, and only secondarily toward
157:
Subsistence farming continues today in large parts of rural Africa, and parts of Asia and Latin
America. In 2015, about 2 billion people (slightly more than 25% of the world's population) in 500 million households living in rural areas of developing nations survive as
266:" techniques to clear additional land and (by the burning) provide fertilizer (ash). Such gardens near the homestead often regularly receive household refuse. The manure of any household chickens or goats are initially thrown into
270:
piles just to get them out of the way. However, such farmers often recognize the value of such compost and apply it regularly to their smaller fields. They also may irrigate part of such fields if they are near a source of water.
101:
to some degree. Although their amount of trade as measured in cash is less than that of consumers in countries with modern complex markets, they use these markets mainly to obtain goods, not to generate income for food; these
426:
Bisht, I. S.; Pandravada, S. R.; Rana, J. C.; Malik, S. K.; Singh, Archna; Singh, P. B.; Ahmed, Firoz; Bansal, K. C. (2014-09-14). "Subsistence
Farming, Agrobiodiversity, and Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study".
636:
Steffen Abele and Klaus
Frohberg (Eds.). "Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: How to Break the Vicious Circle?" Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe. IAMO,
1491:
287:, sheep, goats, camels and/or yaks for milk, skin, meat and wool. This way of life is common in parts of central and western Asia, India, east and southwest Africa and northern Eurasia. Examples are the nomadic
145:
and tenant farmers out of the
American South and Midwest during the 1930s and 1940s. In Central and Eastern Europe, semi-subsistence agriculture reappeared within the
696:
About two-thirds of the developing world's 3 billion rural people live in about 475 million small farm households, working on land plots smaller than 2 hectares.
141:
Subsistence agriculture largely disappeared in Europe by the beginning of the twentieth century. It began to decrease in North
America with the movement of
306:
1101:
De
Neergaard, Andreas; Magid, Jakob; Mertz, Ole (2008). "Soil Erosion from Shifting Cultivation and Other Smallholder Land Use in Sarawak, Malaysia".
283:
In this type of farming people migrate along with their animals from one place to another in search of fodder for their animals. Generally they rear
1526:
90:, defines "subsistence peasants" as "people who grow what they eat, build their own houses, and live without regularly making purchases in the
2015:
1238:
1148:
492:
1453:
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313:. Intensive subsistence farming is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southwest, and southeast Asia.
1001:
773:"Reducing subsistence farmers' vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contributions of agroforestry in western Kenya"
750:
1882:
889:"Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops"
615:
1024:"Impact of climate change on farms in smallholder farming systems: Yield impacts, economic implications and distributional effects"
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717:
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1917:
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after 1990 but declined in significance (or disappeared) in most countries by the accession to the EU in 2004 or 2007.
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713:"Rural Transformation in India: Deagrarianization and the Transition from a Farming to Non-farming Economy"
134:
Subsistence agriculture was the dominant mode of production in the world until recently, when market-based
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368:
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30:
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1497:
Marvin P Miracle (May 1968). "Subsistence
Agriculture: Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts",
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436:
218:
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Miracle, Marvin P. (1968). "Subsistence
Agriculture: Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts".
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as the process continues. While the land is left fallow the forest regrows in the cleared area and
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Farmer Power: The continuing confrontation between subsistence farmers and development bureaucrats
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Despite the self-sufficiency in subsistence farming, most subsistence farmers also participate in
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1267:"Intensive Interventions in Reading for Students with Reading Disabilities: Meaningful Impacts"
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Miggelbrink, Judith; Habeck, Joachim Otto; Mazzullo, Nuccio; Koch, Peter (15 November 2016).
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The persistence of subsistence agriculture : life beneath the level of the marketplace
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1022:
Habtemariam, Lemlem
Teklegiorgis; Abate Kassa, Getachew; Gandorfer, Markus (March 2017).
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309:. They may also intensify by using manure, artificial irrigation and animal waste as
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1439:
1424:"The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction—An empirical perspective"
1376:"Agriculture, structural transformation and poverty reduction: Eight new insights"
114:. Subsistence agriculture generally features: small capital/finance requirements,
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570:"Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat"
17:
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1331:(2011-06-01). "Subsistence farming as a safety net for food-price shocks".
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830:"The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture"
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encourages scrub at the expense of large trees, eventually resulting in
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1282:
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656:
Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry
551:
292:
267:
229:
55:
1172:
Hymer, Stephen (Spring 2018). "Economic Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana".
948:"Adaptation of crop production to climate change by crop substitution"
680:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 9.
635:
568:
Aragón, Fernando M.; Oteiza, Francisco; Rud, Juan Pablo (2021-02-01).
2064:
1816:
1629:
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Eyshi Rezaei, E.; Gaiser, T.; Siebert, S.; Ewert, F. (October 2015).
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strategy, specifically as a safety net for food-price shocks and for
284:
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543:
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1993:
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1422:
Christiaensen, Luc; Demery, Lionel; Kuhl, Jesper (November 2011).
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103:
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29:
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70:
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1227:
Nomadic and indigenous spaces : productions and cognitions
1141:
Nomadic and indigenous spaces : productions and cognitions
525:
523:
952:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
771:
Thorlakson, Tannis; Neufeldt, Henry (December 2012).
1478:
The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846
2074:
2007:
1956:
1850:
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1693:
1542:
658:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980.
563:
561:
1374:Christiaensen, Luc; Martin, Will (2018-09-01).
834:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
668:
666:
664:
194:. Effects on crop production brought about by
1520:
1271:Learning Disabilities Research & Practice
186:Most subsistence agriculture is practiced in
8:
110:Subsistence farming today is most common in
1499:American Journal of Agricultural Economics,
1265:Vaughn, Sharon; Wanzek, Jeanne (May 2014).
675:"The economic lives of smallholder farmers"
1527:
1513:
1505:
574:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
532:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
1447:
1391:
1298:
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979:
922:
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863:
845:
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321:Subsistence agriculture can be used as a
1103:Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
476:
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429:Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
415:
1322:
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296:cattle and horses are also important.
2016:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1260:
1258:
1134:
1132:
1073:"Community Forestry: Forestry Note 8"
887:Bita, Craita E.; Gerats, Tom (2013).
118:, limited use of agrochemicals (e.g.
7:
1480:. New York: Oxford University Press.
706:
704:
421:
419:
54:Subsistence farmers selling their
25:
241:. Shifting cultivation is called
1428:Journal of Development Economics
711:Majumdar, Koustab (2020-04-09).
1456:from the original on 2022-10-18
1083:from the original on 2020-06-01
1054:from the original on 2022-06-16
1004:from the original on 2023-07-30
777:Agriculture & Food Security
753:from the original on 2023-07-30
718:Journal of Developing Societies
687:from the original on 2016-05-04
618:from the original on 2022-07-30
509:from the original on 2023-04-05
162:" farmers, working less than 2
1393:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.027
828:Morton, John F. (2007-12-11).
1:
2037:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
1440:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.006
1139:Miggelbrink, Judith. (2016).
673:Rapsomanikis, George (2015).
300:Intensive subsistence farming
178:and the "vanishing village".
1345:10.1080/09614524.2011.561292
1174:Economic History Association
449:10.1080/21683565.2014.901273
208:Types of subsistence farming
182:Adaptation to global warming
1463:– via Science Direct.
27:Farming to meet basic needs
2271:
1487:. Oxford University Press.
1483:Sir Albert Howard (1943).
1123:10.1016/j.agee.2007.12.013
1048:10.1016/j.agsy.2016.12.006
893:Frontiers in Plant Science
307:such as in the Philippines
216:
1786:Twelve Tribes communities
1485:An Agricultural Testament
1186:10.1017/S0022050700078578
981:10.1007/s11027-013-9528-1
972:10.1007/s11027-013-9528-1
344:Back-to-the-land movement
1476:Charles Sellers (1991).
731:10.1177/0169796x20912631
1776:Testimony of simplicity
1694:Religious and spiritual
1655:Subsistence agriculture
1650:Slow movement (culture)
1333:Development in Practice
906:10.3389/fpls.2013.00273
847:10.1073/pnas.0701855104
82:prices. Tony Waters, a
63:Subsistence agriculture
42:field on the slopes of
2250:Agricultural economics
2107:Appropriate technology
1665:Sustainable sanitation
1610:Low-impact development
798:10.1186/2048-7010-1-15
369:Industrial agriculture
354:Commercial agriculture
153:Contemporary practices
59:
47:
38:farmer working on his
2023:Escape from Affluenza
1600:Intentional community
1490:Tony Waters (2010). "
481:Waters, Tony (2008).
394:Allotment (gardening)
359:Extensive agriculture
253:in North East India.
53:
33:
2240:Tropical agriculture
2147:Front Porch Republic
2137:Ecological footprint
1957:Modern-day adherents
1028:Agricultural Systems
596:10.1257/pol.20190316
219:Shifting cultivation
213:Shifting agriculture
188:developing countries
112:developing countries
2235:Agriculture by type
2214:Work–life interface
2097:Anarcho-primitivism
1938:Henry David Thoreau
1822:Open Source Ecology
1329:Sadoulet, Elisabeth
1115:2008AgEE..125..182D
1040:2017AgSys.152...58H
964:2015MASGC..20.1155E
840:(50): 19680–19685.
789:2012AgFS....1...15T
487:. Lexington Books.
441:2014AgSFS..38..890B
384:Subsistence fishing
379:Subsistence economy
323:poverty alleviation
317:Poverty alleviation
138:became widespread.
2245:Agricultural labor
2172:Intentional living
2058:Small Is Beautiful
1933:George Skene Keith
1781:Tolstoyan movement
1680:War tax resistance
1660:Sustainable living
1327:de Janvry, Alain;
1283:10.1111/ldrp.12031
642:2011-07-19 at the
147:transition economy
60:
48:
2222:
2221:
2182:Rainbow Gathering
2051:The Power of Half
2044:Mother Earth News
1863:Ernest Callenbach
1795:Secular movements
1501:pp. 292–310.
1380:World Development
1240:978-1-138-26721-3
1150:978-1-315-59843-7
494:978-0-7391-5876-0
389:Urban agriculture
374:Opium replacement
262:pair this with "
257:Sedentary farming
249:in Indonesia and
192:tropical climates
16:(Redirected from
2262:
2122:Critique of work
2102:Anti-consumerism
1969:Robin Greenfield
1928:E. F. Schumacher
1868:G. K. Chesterton
1802:Back-to-the-land
1640:Self-sufficiency
1580:Forest gardening
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1339:(4–5): 472–480.
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958:(7): 1155–1174.
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1851:Notable writers
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1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Jesus movement
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Local currency
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1434:(2): 239–254.
1407:
1366:
1314:
1254:
1239:
1217:
1164:
1149:
1128:
1093:
1064:
1014:
938:
879:
820:
763:
725:(2): 182–205.
700:
660:
647:
628:
557:
538:(2): 292–310.
519:
493:
470:
435:(8): 890–912.
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
338:
335:
318:
315:
301:
298:
280:
277:
264:slash and burn
258:
255:
226:soil fertility
217:Main article:
214:
211:
209:
206:
196:climate change
183:
180:
154:
151:
131:
128:
116:mixed cropping
44:Mount Cameroon
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2267:
2256:
2255:Simple living
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:The good life
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2062:
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2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:The Good Life
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Peace Pilgrim
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Ted Kaczynski
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Dugald Semple
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Peace Pilgrim
1911:
1909:
1908:Scott Nearing
1906:
1904:
1903:Helen Nearing
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Richard Gregg
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Wendell Berry
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Environmental
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
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1772:
1769:
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1764:
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1734:
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1724:
1722:
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1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Vegetarianism
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
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1608:
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1603:
1601:
1598:
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1591:
1588:
1586:
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1581:
1578:
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1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Simple living
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
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1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:. Routledge.
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
939:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
707:
705:
701:
697:
683:
676:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
654:Goran Hyden.
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
632:
629:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
520:
508:
504:
500:
496:
490:
486:
485:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
420:
416:
410:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
336:
334:
330:
328:
327:food security
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
299:
297:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
272:
269:
265:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:deforestation
231:
227:
220:
212:
207:
205:
204:agriculture.
202:
201:heat tolerant
197:
193:
189:
181:
179:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
152:
150:
148:
144:
143:sharecroppers
139:
137:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
105:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
75:smallholdings
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2167:Hedonophobia
2127:Deep ecology
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
1898:Satish Kumar
1756:Plain people
1721:Distributism
1654:
1635:Sattvic diet
1625:Permaculture
1620:Off-the-grid
1595:Gift economy
1565:Downshifting
1555:Cord-cutting
1498:
1477:
1458:. Retrieved
1431:
1427:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1277:(2): 46–53.
1274:
1270:
1226:
1220:
1195:10419/160011
1180:(1): 33–50.
1177:
1173:
1167:
1140:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1031:
1027:
1017:
1006:. Retrieved
955:
951:
941:
896:
892:
882:
837:
833:
823:
780:
776:
766:
755:. Retrieved
722:
716:
695:
689:. Retrieved
655:
650:
631:
620:. Retrieved
577:
573:
535:
531:
511:. Retrieved
483:
432:
428:
404:Smallholding
399:Permaculture
331:
320:
303:
282:
273:
260:
250:
246:
242:
239:soil erosion
222:
185:
172:
156:
140:
133:
109:
96:
65:occurs when
62:
61:
2199:Nonviolence
2117:Consumerism
2112:Bohemianism
2087:Agrarianism
1943:Leo Tolstoy
1873:Duane Elgin
1832:Small house
1751:Plain dress
1741:Monasticism
1736:Mindfulness
1645:Slow living
1449:10419/54152
1386:: 413–416.
1109:(42): 182.
1077:www.fao.org
580:(1): 1–35.
364:Hoe-farming
190:located in
160:smallholder
92:marketplace
2229:Categories
2142:Food miles
2092:Amateurism
1984:Jim Merkel
1964:Mark Boyle
1918:Nick Rosen
1837:Tiny house
1771:Temperance
1716:Detachment
1711:Asceticism
1706:Aparigraha
1585:Freeganism
1570:Dry toilet
1460:2022-12-17
1249:1010537015
1087:2020-05-30
1058:2022-04-10
1008:2022-04-10
757:2022-02-14
691:2018-01-11
622:2022-04-10
587:1902.09204
513:2023-03-19
411:References
311:fertilizer
245:in India,
136:capitalism
124:fertilizer
120:pesticides
2189:Itinerant
2082:Affluenza
1766:Rastafari
1731:Mendicant
1615:No frills
1590:Frugality
1560:DIY ethic
1543:Practices
1402:0305-750X
1353:0961-4524
1291:0938-8982
1231:Routledge
1212:154689928
1159:953047010
1034:: 58–66.
998:154474937
990:1381-2386
915:1664-462X
856:0027-8424
807:2048-7010
783:(1): 15.
747:216333815
739:0169-796X
604:1945-7731
503:839303290
465:154197444
457:2168-3565
349:Cash crop
88:sociology
84:professor
2204:Peak oil
2132:Degrowth
1948:Valluvar
1807:Car-free
1670:Veganism
1454:Archived
1361:13891983
1309:24910504
1081:Archived
1052:Archived
1002:Archived
933:23914193
874:18077400
815:16321096
751:Archived
682:Archived
640:Archived
616:Archived
612:85529687
507:Archived
337:See also
289:Bhotiyas
251:jhumming
164:hectares
2177:commune
2075:Related
1761:Quakers
1575:Fasting
1300:4043370
1204:2116722
1111:Bibcode
1036:Bibcode
960:Bibcode
924:3728475
899:: 273.
865:2148357
785:Bibcode
552:1237543
437:Bibcode
293:Gujjars
268:compost
230:biomass
130:History
67:farmers
56:produce
36:Bakweri
2065:Walden
1999:Thomas
1817:Hippie
1630:Regift
1550:Barter
1400:
1359:
1351:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1247:
1237:
1210:
1202:
1157:
1147:
996:
988:
931:
921:
913:
872:
862:
854:
813:
805:
745:
737:
610:
602:
550:
501:
491:
463:
455:
285:cattle
247:ladang
80:market
58:, 2017
46:, 2005
2008:Media
1994:Suelo
1701:Amish
1685:WWOOF
1357:S2CID
1208:S2CID
1200:JSTOR
994:S2CID
811:S2CID
743:S2CID
685:(PDF)
678:(PDF)
637:2003.
608:S2CID
582:arXiv
548:JSTOR
461:S2CID
243:dredd
168:acres
104:goods
99:trade
71:crops
69:grow
1827:Slow
1398:ISSN
1349:ISSN
1305:PMID
1287:ISSN
1245:OCLC
1235:ISBN
1155:OCLC
1145:ISBN
986:ISSN
929:PMID
911:ISSN
870:PMID
852:ISSN
803:ISSN
735:ISSN
600:ISSN
499:OCLC
489:ISBN
453:ISSN
291:and
237:and
228:and
122:and
40:taro
1444:hdl
1436:doi
1388:doi
1384:109
1341:doi
1295:PMC
1279:doi
1190:hdl
1182:doi
1119:doi
1044:doi
1032:152
976:hdl
968:doi
919:PMC
901:doi
860:PMC
842:doi
838:104
793:doi
727:doi
592:doi
540:doi
445:doi
166:(5
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1432:96
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1000:.
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801:.
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779:.
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703:^
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572:.
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433:38
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1528:e
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1281::
1251:.
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1192::
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1161:.
1125:.
1121::
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1107:4
1090:.
1061:.
1046::
1038::
1011:.
978::
970::
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935:.
903::
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844::
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787::
781:1
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20:)
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