1097:
1676:
208:
194:
19:
181:
An initial project proposed in 2006 by Irish wind farm developer
Airtricity (Formerly Eirtricity) and Swiss engineering firm ABB would provide a chain of undersea cable connections extending from the Baltic Sea southward to Spain and servicing areas between the endpoints. Proponents of the project
111:
serving 24 countries. There are studies and ongoing discussions regarding creation of a synchronous grid spanning 13 time zones that would result from unifying the UCTE grid with that of the IPS/UPS Interconnection serving Russia, Belarus and other countries of the former Soviet Union. Such mega
133:
electricity system. The super grid features would deliver inexpensive, high capacity, low loss transmission, interconnecting producers and consumers of electricity across vast distances. Smart grid capabilities use the local grid's transmission and distribution network to coordinate distributed
116:, and the need for rapid diagnostic, coordination and control systems. Advocates of schemes such as the SuperSmart Grid claim that such a major technological upgrade is necessary to assure the practical operation and promised benefits of such transcontinental mega grids.
70:
capabilities into a comprehensive network. There are no planned locations for infrastructure or schedule explicitly for the SSG; the name is used to discuss the economic and technological feasibility of such a network and ways that it might gain political support.
161:(HVDC) cables in its first-generation implementation to integrate the European electricity market and possibly connect it to neighboring regions, such as North Africa, and their vast renewable energy resources, such as those that could be unlocked by the
182:
claimed that this western corridor could be in service as early as 2015. The first segments would provide two 5000 megawatt links connecting a new 10,000 megawatt group of wind parks in the North Sea with consumers in the UK and continental Europe.
347:
In 1965 the first 400 kV line was inaugurated, running for 150 miles from Sundon, Bedfordshire to West Burton in the
Midlands. The two new 275 kV and 400 kV systems running in parallel with each other became known as the
667:
128:
are two approaches that are often perceived as being mutually exclusive alternatives. The SSG aims at reconciling the two approaches and considers them complementary and necessary to realize a transition towards a fully
169:
project. The SuperSmart Grid would operate 'on top' of the local high voltage AC (HVAC) grids. Existing AC grids would still transmit electricity over shorter domestic distances, but be upgraded to smart grids.
102:
The concept of a "super grid" is not new- the term itself was used to describe the emerging unification of the Great
Britain grid in the 60s. Europe has been unifying its grids since the 1950s and its largest
1715:
1710:
640:
1705:
386:
1700:
291:
173:
Dr Gregor Czisch of Kassel
University, has constructed and optimized a model indicating that an entirely renewable electric supply system is possible at 2008 electricity prices.
535:
948:
91:
1621:
820:
633:
567:
149:
in 2007. In the context of the SuperSmart Grid, advocates use the term "super grid" to refer to a network super imposed on top of local grid networks.
488:
626:
235:
108:
589:
393:
1679:
145:
The name "SuperSmart Grid" was invented by
Antonella Battaglini and used the first time in the position paper for the energy conference in
446:
Study Group (7 December 2008). "Feasibility Study: Synchronous
Interconnection of the IPS/UPS with the UCTE". TEN-Energy programme of the
1518:
324:
301:
1626:
1096:
941:
871:
59:
1246:
881:
1409:
1334:
1205:
754:
718:
581:
897:
550:
82:
grids finds support among advocates of large scale utilization of alternative energy, and as well as advocates of enhanced
1581:
1513:
1503:
1379:
1279:
934:
124:
The concept of a wide-area "super grid" with centralized control and the concept of small-scale, local and decentralized
1434:
1394:
971:
728:
1661:
1656:
1374:
1349:
1339:
1315:
1310:
1016:
759:
158:
75:
34:
across North Africa, the Middle East and Europe and could serve as the backbone for the hypothetical supersmart grid.
1576:
1294:
1264:
1041:
805:
764:
221:
104:
43:
1631:
1120:
1081:
825:
536:"Low Cost but Totally Renewable Electricity Supply for a Huge Supply Area – a European/Trans-European Example –"
1606:
1414:
1354:
1011:
784:
708:
79:
1545:
1535:
1525:
915:
830:
779:
260:
213:
113:
1466:
1329:
1112:
1001:
902:
87:
1601:
1369:
1364:
1344:
876:
507:
455:
412:
354:
1195:
957:
700:
546:
1566:
1399:
1299:
1274:
1227:
1036:
1026:
991:
447:
231:
139:
135:
23:
1440:
1051:
690:
240:
130:
566:
The paper was presented at the
Claverton Energy conference in Bath, 24 October 2008. See paper
1591:
1471:
1076:
331:
1540:
1481:
1185:
1180:
1157:
1066:
1006:
835:
1571:
1530:
1508:
1389:
1359:
1324:
1284:
1086:
861:
851:
769:
723:
713:
650:
520:
468:
425:
367:
83:
1596:
1586:
1384:
996:
810:
1694:
1616:
1404:
1289:
1269:
1200:
1190:
1147:
1031:
986:
910:
856:
199:
1636:
1611:
1476:
1445:
1259:
1061:
815:
685:
250:
618:
1461:
1429:
1222:
1210:
1130:
1056:
1046:
976:
774:
738:
292:"Power supergrid plan to protect Europe from Russian threat to choke off energy"
207:
51:
1424:
1419:
1232:
1215:
1071:
789:
733:
680:
245:
226:
189:
125:
67:
63:
112:
systems are experiencing scaling problems as a result of network complexity,
1140:
1135:
1021:
981:
296:
193:
1254:
866:
265:
162:
27:
157:
The SSG relies on existing technology. The SuperSmart Grid would employ
18:
1175:
1165:
926:
494:. European Climate Forum; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
443:
382:
270:
166:
55:
31:
1170:
330:. Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh: 10. Archived from
47:
392:. Bucharest, Romania: Black Sea Energy Conference: 2. Archived from
387:"Synchronous Interconnection of IPS/UPS with UCTE - Study Overview"
138:
and consumption into a cluster that appears to the super grid as a
17:
613:
1125:
439:
146:
930:
622:
487:
A. Battaglini; J. Lilliestam; C. Bals; A. Haas (18 June 2008).
255:
1645:
1555:
1492:
1454:
1308:
1245:
1156:
1111:
1104:
964:
844:
798:
747:
699:
657:
86:for Europe. The SSG proposal was initiated by the
74:The ambitious upgrade and unification of current
1716:Proposed electric power infrastructure in Europe
1711:Proposed electric power infrastructure in Africa
1706:Proposed electric power infrastructure in Asia
942:
634:
92:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
8:
1701:Proposed electric power transmission systems
1108:
949:
935:
927:
641:
627:
619:
94:by Antonella Battaglini and colleagues.
282:
26:linking renewable energy projects like
516:
505:
464:
453:
421:
410:
363:
352:
236:Synchronous grid of Continental Europe
109:synchronous grid of Continental Europe
590:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
482:
480:
478:
325:"Issues for Scotland's Energy Supply"
7:
1627:Renewable energy commercialization
872:Renewable energy commercialization
62:countries. The system would unify
14:
882:United States energy independence
534:Gregor Czisch (24 October 2008).
1675:
1674:
1095:
543:2008 Claverton Energy Conference
290:David Charter (13 August 2008).
206:
192:
46:connecting Europe with northern
755:Flexible AC transmission system
580:Peter Fairley (15 March 2006).
323:Alan Shaw (29 September 2005).
668:Smartgrids Technology Platform
1:
1622:Renewable Energy Certificates
1582:Cost of electricity by source
1504:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1380:High-voltage shore connection
821:Renewable Energy Certificates
153:Implementation practicalities
44:wide area electricity network
1637:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1435:Transmission system operator
1395:Mains electricity by country
972:Automatic generation control
729:Nonintrusive load monitoring
1662:List of electricity sectors
1657:Electric energy consumption
1375:High-voltage direct current
1350:Electric power transmission
1340:Electric power distribution
1017:Energy return on investment
748:Other technologies/concepts
159:high voltage direct current
1732:
1577:Carbon offsets and credits
1295:Three-phase electric power
806:Carbon capture and storage
222:Wide area synchronous grid
1670:
1632:Renewable Energy Payments
1121:Fossil fuel power station
1093:
890:
826:Renewable Energy Payments
1415:Single-wire earth return
1355:Electrical busbar system
1012:Energy demand management
785:Power-line communication
582:"A Supergrid for Europe"
1546:Residual-current device
1536:Power system protection
1526:Generator interlock kit
831:Renewable energy policy
780:Phasor measurement unit
686:Pickens Plan super grid
614:SuperSmart Grid Website
261:North Sea Offshore Grid
214:Renewable energy portal
114:transmission congestion
22:A conceptual plan of a
1330:Distributed generation
1002:Electric power quality
760:HVDC bulk transmission
515:Cite journal requires
463:Cite journal requires
420:Cite journal requires
362:Cite journal requires
88:European Climate Forum
35:
1602:Fossil fuel phase-out
1370:Electricity retailing
1365:Electrical substation
1345:Electric power system
898:Electricity economics
877:Rural electrification
489:"The SuperSmart Grid"
40:SuperSmart Grid (SSG)
21:
958:Electricity delivery
701:Efficient energy use
547:University of Kassel
1567:Availability factor
1519:Sulfur hexafluoride
1400:Overhead power line
1300:Virtual power plant
1275:Induction generator
1228:Sustainable biofuel
1037:Home energy storage
1027:Grid energy storage
992:Droop speed control
448:European Commission
304:on 25 November 2008
232:European super grid
140:virtual power plant
24:European super grid
1441:Transmission tower
1052:Nameplate capacity
691:Unified Smart Grid
241:Unified Smart Grid
42:is a hypothetical
36:
1688:
1687:
1592:Environmental tax
1472:Cascading failure
1241:
1240:
1077:Utility frequency
924:
923:
709:Demand management
586:Technology Review
1723:
1678:
1677:
1587:Energy subsidies
1541:Protective relay
1482:Rolling blackout
1109:
1099:
1067:Power-flow study
1007:Electrical fault
951:
944:
937:
928:
916:Renewable energy
836:Soft energy path
649:Modernizing the
643:
636:
629:
620:
601:
600:
598:
596:
577:
571:
565:
563:
561:
555:
549:. Archived from
540:
531:
525:
524:
518:
513:
511:
503:
501:
499:
493:
484:
473:
472:
466:
461:
459:
451:
436:
430:
429:
423:
418:
416:
408:
406:
404:
399:on 18 March 2009
398:
391:
385:(5 April 2006).
378:
372:
371:
365:
360:
358:
350:
344:
342:
337:on 18 March 2009
336:
329:
320:
314:
313:
311:
309:
300:. Archived from
287:
216:
211:
210:
202:
197:
196:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1666:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1572:Capacity factor
1560:
1558:
1551:
1531:Numerical relay
1509:Circuit breaker
1497:
1495:
1488:
1450:
1390:Load management
1360:Electrical grid
1325:Demand response
1318:
1313:
1304:
1285:Microgeneration
1237:
1152:
1100:
1091:
1087:Vehicle-to-grid
960:
955:
925:
920:
886:
862:Energy security
852:Electrification
840:
794:
770:Load management
743:
714:Demand response
695:
673:SuperSmart Grid
653:
651:electrical grid
647:
610:
605:
604:
594:
592:
579:
578:
574:
559:
557:
556:on 4 March 2009
553:
538:
533:
532:
528:
514:
504:
497:
495:
491:
486:
485:
476:
462:
452:
438:
437:
433:
419:
409:
402:
400:
396:
389:
381:Sergey Kouzmin
380:
379:
375:
361:
351:
340:
338:
334:
327:
322:
321:
317:
307:
305:
289:
288:
284:
279:
212:
205:
198:
191:
188:
179:
155:
122:
100:
84:energy security
12:
11:
5:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:Statistics and
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:Feed-in tariff
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:Interconnector
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:Dynamic demand
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Combined cycle
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:Load-following
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Electric power
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
962:
961:
956:
954:
953:
946:
939:
931:
922:
921:
919:
918:
913:
908:
905:
900:
895:
891:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
845:Related issues
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
811:Feed-in tariff
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
765:Load following
762:
757:
751:
749:
745:
744:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
719:Dynamic demand
716:
711:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
675:
670:
665:
661:
659:
655:
654:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
617:
616:
609:
608:External links
606:
603:
602:
572:
526:
517:|journal=
474:
465:|journal=
431:
422:|journal=
373:
364:|journal=
315:
281:
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275:
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268:
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258:
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96:
13:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
1728:
1717:
1714:
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1709:
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1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Pigouvian tax
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Earth-leakage
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:Failure modes
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Power station
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Rankine cycle
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Cooling tower
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1113:Non-renewable
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Grid strength
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Demand factor
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
963:
959:
952:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
932:
929:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
904:
903:Energy policy
901:
899:
896:
893:
892:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Energy crisis
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
663:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
621:
615:
612:
611:
607:
591:
587:
583:
576:
573:
569:
552:
548:
544:
537:
530:
527:
522:
509:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
470:
457:
449:
445:
441:
435:
432:
427:
414:
395:
388:
384:
377:
374:
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