60:
68:
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that rely on supercooling for survival must also live well below the water surface, because if they came into contact with ice nuclei they would freeze immediately. Animals that undergo supercooling to survive must also remove ice-nucleating agents from their bodies because they act as a starting point for freezing. Supercooling is also a common feature in some insect, reptile, and other
1000:
is one such fish that utilizes these proteins to survive in its frigid environment. The liver secretes noncolligative proteins into the bloodstream. Other animals use colligative antifreezes, which increases the concentration of solutes in their bodily fluids, thus lowering their freezing point. Fish
1044:
and the cuticle inhibit ice nucleators and force water into the supercooled tissue. The xylem and primary tissue of plants are very susceptible to cold temperatures because of the large proportion of water in the cell. Many boreal hardwood species in northern climates have the ability to prevent ice
1083:
The presence of salt in seawater affects the freezing point. For that reason, it is possible for seawater to remain in the liquid state at temperatures below melting point. This is "pseudo-supercooling" because the phenomenon is the result of freezing point lowering caused by the presence of salt,
1023:
Plants can also survive extreme cold conditions brought forth during the winter months. Many plant species located in northern climates can acclimate under these cold conditions by supercooling, thus these plants survive temperatures as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). Although this supercooling
1140:
that were later transplanted into recipient animals were preserved by supercooling for up to 4 days, quadrupling the limits of what could be achieved by conventional liver preservation methods. The livers were supercooled to a temperature of −6 °C (21 °F) in a specialized solution that
1152:
proposed a method for "soldering without heat" by using encapsulated droplets of supercooled liquid metal to repair heat sensitive electronic devices. In 2019, the same team demonstrated the use of undercooled metal to print solid metallic interconnects on surfaces ranging from polar (paper and
1092:
at high-pressure results in liquid melt-water that can be below the freezing temperature. It is supposed that the water does not immediately refreeze due to a lack of nucleation sites. This provides a challenge to oceanographic instrumentation as ice crystals will readily form on the equipment,
1014:
As an animal gets farther and farther below its melting point the chance of spontaneous freezing increases dramatically for its internal fluids, as this is a thermodynamically unstable state. The fluids eventually reach the supercooling point, which is the temperature at which the supercooled
1160:
can build ordered channels for diffusion for energy storage applications. In this case, the electrolyte has a rigid structure comparable to a solid electrolyte, but the diffusion coefficient can be as large as in liquid electrolytes. Supercooling increases the medium viscosity but keeps the
1015:
solution freezes spontaneously due to being so far below its normal freezing point. Animals unintentionally undergo supercooling and are only able to decrease the odds of freezing once supercooled. Even though supercooling is essential for survival, there are many risks associated with it.
1144:
Another potential application is drug delivery. In 2015, researchers crystallized membranes at a specific time. Liquid-encapsulated drugs could be delivered to the site and, with a slight environmental change, the liquid rapidly changes into a crystalline form that releases the drug.
991:
In order to survive extreme low temperatures in certain environments, some animals use the phenomenon of supercooling that allow them to remain unfrozen and avoid cell damage and death. There are many techniques that aid in maintaining a liquid state, such as the production of
98:
structure can form. The supercooling of water can be achieved without any special techniques other than chemical demineralization, down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F). Supercooled water can occur naturally, for example in the atmosphere, animals or plants.
189:. An aircraft flying through such a cloud sees an abrupt crystallization of these droplets, which can result in the formation of ice on the aircraft's wings or blockage of its instruments and probes, unless the aircraft is equipped with an appropriate
500:
346:
1035:
Supercooling inhibits the formation of ice within the tissue by ice nucleation and allows the cells to maintain water in a liquid state and further allows the water within the cell to stay separate from extracellular ice. Cellular barriers such as
621:
177:
can be heated up to approximately 150 K (−123 °C; −190 °F) without nucleation occurring. In the range of temperatures between 150 and 231 K (−123 and −42.2 °C; −190 and −43.9 °F), experiments find only crystal ice.
2366:
Andrew Martin; Boyce S. Chang; Zachary Martin; Dipark
Paramanik; Christophe Frankiewicz; Souvik Kundu; Ian Tevis; Martin Thuo (2019-07-15). "Heat-Free Fabrication of Metallic Interconnects for Flexible/Wearable Devices".
978:
208:; even when the subject of a paper is "freezing-point determination", the actual methodology is "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice". It is possible, at a given pressure, to
407:
247:
Constitutional supercooling, which occurs during solidification, is due to compositional solid changes, and results in cooling a liquid below the freezing point ahead of the solid–liquid
165:, but the cooling itself does not require any specialised technique. If water is cooled at a rate on the order of 10 K/s, the crystal nucleation can be avoided and water becomes a
200:
The process opposite to supercooling, the melting of a solid above the freezing point, is much more difficult, and a solid will almost always melt at the same temperature for a given
415:
264:
786:
890:
511:
832:
251:. When solidifying a liquid, the interface is often unstable, and the velocity of the solid–liquid interface must be small in order to avoid constitutional supercooling.
1075:
species. Freezing outside of the cell and within the cell wall does not affect the survival of the plant. However, the extracellular ice may lead to plant dehydration.
1032:
tissue and spreading throughout the rest of the plant. Infrared thermography allows for droplets of water to be visualized as they crystalize in extracellular spaces.
1381:
728:
698:
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664:
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239:
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2195:
Berendsen, TA; Bruinsma, BG; Puts, CF; Saeidi, N; Usta, OB; Uygun, BE; Izamis, Maria-Louisa; Toner, Mehmet; Yarmush, Martin L; Uygun, Korkut (2014).
3130:
1011:) could survive inside their cysts in a supercooled state to temperatures as low as −38 °C (−36 °F), even with the cyst encased in ice.
898:
2503:
1402:
Moore, Emily; Valeria
Molinero (24 November 2011). "structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice".
409:, so the constitutional supercooling criterion for a binary alloy can be written in terms of the concentration gradient at the interface:
1562:
3684:
1605:
1908:"Persistent supercooling of reproductive shoots is enabled by structural ice barriers being active despite intact xylem connection"
2089:"Oceanographic observations in supercooled water: Protocols for mitigation of measurement errors in profiling and moored sampling"
223:. Supercooling is the cooling of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming solid. Freezing point depression is when a
3679:
3603:
3399:
2880:
2950:
2875:
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1295:
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spreading into the shoots allowing the plant to tolerate the cold. Supercooling has been identified in the evergreen shrubs
791:
For the steady-state growth of a planar interface, the composition of the solid is equal to the nominal alloy composition,
3515:
3492:
3062:
2890:
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153:
at almost 224.8 K (−48.3 °C; −55.0 °F). The process of supercooling requires water to be pure and free of
3689:
3348:
3072:
892:, can be assumed constant. Therefore, the minimum thermal gradient necessary to create a stable solid front is given by
170:
135:
90:
While it can be achieved by different physical means, the postponed solidification is most often due to the absence of
3123:
1125:
in the UK, and Coke in
Singapore, which stored the bottles in a supercooled state so that their content would turn to
1510:
Angell, C. Austen (2008). "Insights into Phases of Liquid Water from Study of Its
Unusual Glass-Forming Properties".
1353:
1093:
potentially affecting the data quality. Ultimately the presence of extremely cold seawater will affect the growth of
358:
2576:
2565:
2554:
2543:
2130:
996:, or AFPs, which bind to ice crystals to prevent water molecules from binding and spreading the growth of ice. The
173:
is much colder and harder to determine, but studies estimate it at about 136 K (−137 °C; −215 °F).
3379:
3300:
3190:
2599:
1089:
220:
2046:
Hoppmann, M.; Richter, M.E.; Smith, I.J.; Jendersie, S.; Langhorne, P.J.; Thomas, D.N.; Dieckmann, G.S. (2020).
1382:"Water freezing almost instantaneously when shaking a bottle that spend the night outside during a frosty night"
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2996:
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1369:
1094:
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162:
59:
67:
3643:
3510:
3384:
2991:
1175:
1007:
495:{\displaystyle m\left.{\frac {\partial C_{L}}{\partial x}}\right|_{x=0}>{\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}}}
205:
2751:
341:{\displaystyle \left.{\frac {\partial T_{L}}{\partial x}}\right|_{x=0}>{\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}}}
3694:
3116:
3016:
3006:
2756:
1133:
258:
temperature gradient at the interface (the position x=0) is larger than the imposed temperature gradient:
2523:
3452:
3260:
2581:
1325:
1149:
1114:
1053:
1025:
835:
667:
190:
733:
2148:
616:{\displaystyle \left.{\frac {\partial C_{L}}{\partial x}}\right|_{x=0}=-(C^{LS}-C^{SL}){\frac {v}{D}}}
3608:
3482:
3230:
3220:
2935:
2695:
2466:
2411:
2297:
2100:
2059:
1919:
1691:
C.H. Lowe; P.J. Lardner & E.A. Halpern (1971). "Supercooling in reptiles and other vertebrates".
1484:
1421:
1242:
841:
224:
3555:
3414:
3275:
1153:
Jello) to superhydrophobic (rose petals), with all the surfaces being lower modulus than the metal.
231:; an example of this is the freezing point depression that occurs when salt is added to pure water.
3628:
3550:
3472:
3447:
2910:
2802:
2792:
2705:
2660:
1656:
Garth L Fletcher; Choy L Hew & Peter L Davies (2001). "Antifreeze
Proteins of Teleost Fishes".
1122:
227:
can be cooled below the freezing point of the corresponding pure liquid due to the presence of the
794:
145:
Water normally freezes at 273.15 K (0.0 °C; 32 °F), but it can be "supercooled" at
3535:
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1888:
1755:
1535:
1445:
1411:
1232:
993:
248:
86:
without it becoming a solid. As per the established international definition, supercooling means
2197:"Supercooling enables long-term transplantation survival following 4 days of liver preservation"
2402:
Eftekhari, A; Liu, Y; Chen, P (2016). "Different roles of ionic liquids in lithium batteries".
3648:
3613:
3583:
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3477:
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2700:
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2323:
2226:
2001:
1947:
1804:
1747:
1708:
1673:
1638:
1601:
1596:
Kurz W, Fisher DJ (1992). "Chapter 3: Morphological
Instability of a Solid/Liquid Interface".
1578:
1527:
1437:
1276:
1258:
1132:
Supercooling was successfully applied to organ preservation at
Massachusetts General Hospital/
146:
53:
1554:
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3394:
3389:
3159:
3042:
2665:
2515:
2474:
2419:
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2313:
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2216:
2208:
2170:
2108:
2067:
2028:
1991:
1981:
1937:
1927:
1880:
1871:
Wisniewski, M (2004). "Ice nucleation, propagation, and deep supercooling in woody plants".
1841:
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1739:
1700:
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1126:
1109:. Freezers can cool drinks to a supercooled level so that when they are opened, they form a
703:
673:
46:
42:
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3598:
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3442:
3338:
3310:
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3285:
3245:
3215:
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2152:
2134:
1826:
1357:
1170:
1118:
1113:. Another example is a product that can supercool the beverage in a conventional freezer.
997:
158:
3315:
2286:"Mechanical Fracturing of Core-Shell Undercooled Metal Particles for Heat-Free Soldering"
27:
Lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid
2470:
2415:
2301:
2104:
2063:
2032:
1923:
1488:
1425:
1246:
1028:. Ice nucleation occurs in certain plant organs and tissues, debatably beginning in the
3560:
3530:
3525:
2830:
2825:
2782:
2715:
2710:
2318:
2285:
2221:
2196:
1996:
1969:
1942:
1907:
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1220:
1190:
1185:
1157:
649:
629:
124:
108:
83:
2113:
2088:
1799:
1775:"Observations of ice nucleation and propagation in plants using infrared thermography"
1774:
1621:
J.G. Duman (2001). "Antifreeze and ice nucleator proteins in terrestrial arthropods".
3673:
3467:
3424:
3330:
3305:
3200:
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3047:
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1704:
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352:
213:
194:
186:
182:
174:
31:
2087:
Robinson, N.J.; Grant, B.S.; Stevens, C.L.; Stewart, C.L.; Williams, M.J.M. (2020).
1156:
Eftekhari et al. proposed an empirical theory explaining that supercooling of ionic
3633:
3588:
3545:
3235:
3210:
3092:
2965:
2960:
2920:
2870:
2787:
2494:
2423:
1892:
1759:
1539:
1449:
1303:
1200:
730:
are the compositions of the liquid and solid at the interface, respectively (i.e.,
209:
120:
2478:
1932:
3658:
3623:
3343:
3225:
3001:
2895:
2807:
2675:
2441:
1084:
not supercooling. This condition is most commonly observed in the oceans around
1254:
3653:
3618:
3487:
3255:
3250:
2940:
2915:
2842:
2812:
2746:
2725:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2440:
Giovambattista, N.; Angell, C. A.; Sciortino, F.; Stanley, H. E. (July 2004).
1467:
1180:
1085:
204:. For this reason, it is the melting point which is usually identified, using
154:
150:
128:
112:
91:
35:
1751:
1262:
3520:
3419:
2586:
1986:
1523:
1370:
https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/free-resources/ashrae-terminology
1002:
139:
138:, but if homogeneous nucleation has not occurred above that temperature, an
88:‘cooling a substance below the normal freezing point without solidification’
2486:
2380:
2327:
2230:
2005:
1951:
1846:
1808:
1726:
Wisniewski, M.; Fuller, M.; Palta, J.; Carter, J.; Arora, R. (2004-05-24).
1677:
1642:
1582:
1531:
1441:
1280:
973:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}}={\frac {mC_{0}(1-k)v}{kD}}}
243:
Constitutional supercooling – phase diagram, concentration, and temperature
2591:
2519:
1884:
1743:
1712:
1600:(3rd ed.). Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd. pp. 45–55.
1350:
3638:
3409:
3185:
3180:
3077:
2905:
2461:
1790:
255:
201:
17:
2072:
2047:
1727:
1574:
1433:
3358:
3108:
3037:
2925:
2860:
2777:
2772:
2127:
1219:
Gomes, Gabriel O.; H. Stanley, Eugene; Souza, Mariano de (2019-08-19).
1041:
116:
95:
2309:
1496:
3434:
3240:
2646:
1037:
228:
2212:
1728:"Ice Nucleation, Propagation, and Deep Supercooling in Woody Plants"
1555:"A new method of freezing-point determination for small quantities"
1237:
505:
The concentration gradient ahead of a planar interface is given by
82:, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its
3353:
3320:
3270:
3154:
3139:
2655:
2641:
2284:
Simge Çınar; Ian D. Tevis; Jiahao Chen; Martin Thuo (2016-02-23).
1416:
1137:
1110:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1029:
238:
166:
66:
58:
1141:
protected against freezing and injury from the cold temperature.
1299:
1024:
phenomenon is poorly understood, it has been recognized through
71:
Start of solidification as a result of leaving the state of rest
3112:
2595:
127:
can be maintained all the way down to the temperature at which
2651:
2343:"Heat-free method yields printed metallic circuit connections"
2442:"Glass-Transition Temperature of Water: A Simulation Study"
517:
424:
270:
2145:
2048:"Platelet ice, the Southern Ocean's hidden ice: a review"
119:
structure can form creating a solid. Lacking any such
2504:"Solidification in heat packs: III. Metallic trigger"
901:
844:
797:
736:
706:
676:
652:
632:
514:
418:
361:
267:
169:—that is, an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid. Its
3569:
3501:
3433:
3367:
3329:
3173:
3147:
3025:
2979:
2851:
2765:
2739:
2683:
2634:
1963:
1961:
1221:"Enhanced Grüneisen Parameter in Supercooled Water"
107:A liquid crossing its standard freezing point will
2019:Burke, M (1976). "Freezing and injury in plants".
1866:
1864:
972:
884:
826:
780:
722:
692:
658:
638:
615:
494:
401:
340:
2502:Rogerson, M. A.; Cardoso, S. S. S. (April 2004).
1105:One commercial application of supercooling is in
254:Constitutional supercooling is observed when the
1461:
1459:
1349:IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration,
402:{\displaystyle m=\partial T_{L}/\partial C_{L}}
157:sites, which can be achieved by processes like
52:"Super Cool" redirects here. For the song, see
2166:"Coca Cola Plans High Tech, Super Cool Sprite"
1326:"Look Ma — No Hands!: What is "Undercooling"?"
1324:Science Mission Directorate (April 23, 2001).
41:"Supercool" redirects here. For the band, see
3579:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
3124:
2607:
1820:
1818:
181:Droplets of supercooled water often exist in
8:
1466:Debenedetti, P. G.; Stanley, H. E. (2003).
134:Homogeneous nucleation can occur above the
3131:
3117:
3109:
2614:
2600:
2592:
2460:
2317:
2220:
2112:
2071:
1995:
1985:
1970:"Frost resistance in alpine woody plants"
1941:
1931:
1845:
1798:
1415:
1270:
1236:
1161:directional channels open for diffusion.
1005:species. The potato cyst nematode larva (
935:
925:
902:
900:
873:
864:
855:
843:
818:
802:
796:
757:
741:
735:
711:
705:
681:
675:
651:
631:
603:
591:
575:
550:
529:
519:
513:
472:
457:
436:
426:
417:
393:
381:
375:
360:
318:
303:
282:
272:
266:
219:Supercooling should not be confused with
2572:Supercooled Water Nucleation Experiments
197:is also caused by supercooled droplets.
63:Supercooled water, still in liquid state
1693:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
1351:http://dictionary.iifiir.org/search.php
1211:
983:For more information, see Chapter 3 of
2246:"A "super cool" way to deliver drugs"
7:
2093:Cold Regions Science and Technology
2033:10.1146/annurev.pp.27.060176.002451
1088:where melting of the undersides of
142:(non-crystalline) solid will form.
913:
905:
537:
522:
483:
475:
444:
429:
386:
368:
329:
321:
290:
275:
25:
2114:10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102954
2021:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
781:{\displaystyle C^{LS}=C_{L}(x=0)}
2674:
2587:Radiolab podcast on supercooling
2582:Supercooled liquids on arxiv.org
1670:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
1635:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.327
3649:Radioactive waste vitrification
3604:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
885:{\displaystyle k=C^{SL}/C^{LS}}
2424:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.025
1598:Fundamentals of Solidification
1468:"Supercooled and Glassy Water"
953:
941:
775:
763:
600:
568:
151:crystal homogeneous nucleation
129:crystal homogeneous nucleation
1:
3516:Chemically strengthened glass
3063:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
2479:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.047801
2369:Advanced Functional Materials
2347:Chemical and Engineering News
2265:Chemical and Engineering News
2164:Charlie Sorrel (2007-09-21).
216:without it becoming gaseous.
3349:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
3073:Order and disorder (physics)
2244:Hunka, George (2015-05-06).
1933:10.1371/journal.pone.0163160
1705:10.1016/0300-9629(71)90352-5
827:{\displaystyle C^{SL}=C_{0}}
351:The liquidus slope from the
171:glass transition temperature
136:glass transition temperature
2341:Mitch Jacoby (2019-07-23).
2259:Mitch Jacoby (2016-03-14).
1873:Journal of Crop Improvement
1827:"Plant freezing and damage"
1732:Journal of Crop Improvement
1658:Annual Review of Physiology
1623:Annual Review of Physiology
646:is the interface velocity,
235:Constitutional supercooling
3711:
2539:Supercooled water and coke
1255:10.1038/s41598-019-48353-4
51:
40:
29:
3380:Chemical vapor deposition
3301:Ultra low expansion glass
3191:Borophosphosilicate glass
2672:
1117:briefly marketed special
221:freezing-point depression
163:chemical demineralization
3685:Condensed matter physics
3619:Glass-reinforced plastic
3281:Sodium hexametaphosphate
3098:Thermo-dielectric effect
2997:Enthalpy of vaporization
2691:Bose–Einstein condensate
2404:Journal of Power Sources
2261:"Soldering without heat"
1968:Neuner, Gilbert (2014).
1048:Rhododendron ferrugineum
30:Not to be confused with
3680:Thermodynamic processes
3511:Anti-reflective coating
3385:Glass batch calculation
3266:Photochromic lens glass
2992:Enthalpy of sublimation
2449:Physical Review Letters
1987:10.3389/fpls.2014.00654
1524:10.1126/science.1131939
1176:Pumpable ice technology
1008:Globodera rostochiensis
206:melting point apparatus
113:seed crystal or nucleus
92:seed crystals or nuclei
3007:Latent internal energy
2757:Color-glass condensate
2381:10.1002/adfm.201903687
2133:March 1, 2009, at the
1847:10.1006/anbo.2000.1352
1773:Wisniewski, M (1997).
1553:Ramsay, J. A. (1949).
1134:Harvard Medical School
974:
886:
828:
782:
724:
723:{\displaystyle C^{SL}}
694:
693:{\displaystyle C^{LS}}
660:
640:
617:
496:
403:
342:
244:
72:
64:
3644:Prince Rupert's drops
3493:Transparent materials
3453:Gradient-index optics
3261:Phosphosilicate glass
2817:Magnetically ordered
2561:Super Cooled Water #2
2520:10.1002/aic.690490222
1885:10.1300/j411v10n01_02
1744:10.1300/J411v10n01_02
1150:Iowa State University
1115:The Coca-Cola Company
1054:Vaccinium vitis-idaea
1026:infrared thermography
975:
887:
836:partition coefficient
829:
783:
725:
695:
668:diffusion coefficient
661:
641:
618:
497:
404:
343:
242:
191:ice protection system
111:in the presence of a
70:
62:
3609:Glass ionomer cement
3483:Photosensitive glass
3410:Liquidus temperature
3231:Fluorosilicate glass
2696:Fermionic condensate
2052:Annals of Glaciology
1791:10.1104/pp.113.2.327
1368:ASHRAE Terminology,
899:
842:
795:
734:
704:
674:
650:
630:
512:
416:
359:
353:binary phase diagram
265:
45:. For the film, see
3690:Concepts in physics
3629:Glass-to-metal seal
3551:Self-cleaning glass
3473:Optical lens design
2911:Chemical ionization
2803:Programmable matter
2793:Quantum spin liquid
2661:Supercritical fluid
2471:2004PhRvL..93d7801G
2416:2016JPS...334..221E
2302:2016NatSR...621864C
2105:2020CRST..17002954R
2073:10.1017/aog.2020.54
2064:2020AnGla..61..341H
1924:2016PLoSO..1163160K
1906:Kuprian, E (2016).
1575:10.1242/jeb.26.1.57
1489:2003PhT....56f..40D
1434:10.1038/nature10586
1426:2011Natur.479..506M
1247:2019NatSR...912006O
1148:In 2016, a team at
994:antifreeze proteins
212:a liquid above its
3614:Glass microspheres
3536:Hydrogen darkening
3458:Hydrogen darkening
3206:Chalcogenide glass
3196:Borosilicate glass
3058:Leidenfrost effect
2987:Enthalpy of fusion
2752:Quark–gluon plasma
2290:Scientific Reports
2151:2010-01-23 at the
2099:(102954): 102954.
1825:Pearce, R (2001).
1356:2019-10-01 at the
1225:Scientific Reports
970:
882:
824:
778:
720:
690:
656:
636:
613:
492:
399:
338:
245:
73:
65:
3667:
3666:
3584:Glass-coated wire
3556:sol–gel technique
3541:Insulated glazing
3478:Photochromic lens
3463:Optical amplifier
3415:sol–gel technique
3106:
3105:
3088:Superheated vapor
3083:Superconductivity
3053:Equation of state
2901:Flash evaporation
2853:Phase transitions
2838:String-net liquid
2731:Photonic molecule
2701:Degenerate matter
2550:Supercooled water
2310:10.1038/srep21864
1518:(5863): 582–587.
1497:10.1063/1.1595053
1410:(7374): 506–508.
968:
920:
659:{\displaystyle D}
639:{\displaystyle v}
611:
544:
490:
451:
336:
297:
147:standard pressure
54:Super Cool (song)
16:(Redirected from
3702:
3405:Ion implantation
3160:Glass transition
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3043:Compressed fluid
2678:
2623:States of matter
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2540:
2527:
2522:. Archived from
2498:
2464:
2462:cond-mat/0403133
2446:
2428:
2427:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2161:
2155:
2143:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1834:Annals of Botany
1831:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1779:Plant Physiology
1770:
1764:
1763:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1419:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1240:
1216:
1119:vending machines
979:
977:
976:
971:
969:
967:
959:
940:
939:
926:
921:
919:
911:
903:
891:
889:
888:
883:
881:
880:
868:
863:
862:
833:
831:
830:
825:
823:
822:
810:
809:
787:
785:
784:
779:
762:
761:
749:
748:
729:
727:
726:
721:
719:
718:
699:
697:
696:
691:
689:
688:
665:
663:
662:
657:
645:
643:
642:
637:
622:
620:
619:
614:
612:
604:
599:
598:
583:
582:
561:
560:
549:
545:
543:
535:
534:
533:
520:
501:
499:
498:
493:
491:
489:
481:
473:
468:
467:
456:
452:
450:
442:
441:
440:
427:
408:
406:
405:
400:
398:
397:
385:
380:
379:
347:
345:
344:
339:
337:
335:
327:
319:
314:
313:
302:
298:
296:
288:
287:
286:
273:
78:, also known as
47:Supercool (film)
43:Supercool (band)
21:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3599:Glass electrode
3594:Glass databases
3571:
3565:
3503:
3497:
3429:
3363:
3339:Bioactive glass
3325:
3311:Vitreous enamel
3296:Thoriated glass
3291:Tellurite glass
3276:Soda–lime glass
3246:Gold ruby glass
3216:Cranberry glass
3169:
3143:
3137:
3107:
3102:
3033:Baryonic matter
3021:
2975:
2946:Saturated fluid
2886:Crystallization
2847:
2821:Antiferromagnet
2761:
2735:
2679:
2670:
2630:
2620:
2571:
2560:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2501:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2434:Further reading
2431:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2375:(40): 1903687.
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2213:10.1038/nm.3588
2201:Nature Medicine
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2153:Wayback Machine
2144:
2140:
2135:Wayback Machine
2126:
2122:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1974:Front Plant Sci
1967:
1966:
1959:
1918:(9): e0163160.
1905:
1904:
1900:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:Wayback Machine
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1171:Amorphous solid
1167:
1158:liquid crystals
1103:
1081:
1021:
998:winter flounder
989:
960:
931:
927:
912:
904:
897:
896:
869:
851:
840:
839:
814:
798:
793:
792:
753:
737:
732:
731:
707:
702:
701:
677:
672:
671:
648:
647:
628:
627:
587:
571:
536:
525:
521:
516:
515:
510:
509:
482:
474:
443:
432:
428:
423:
422:
414:
413:
389:
371:
357:
356:
328:
320:
289:
278:
274:
269:
268:
263:
262:
237:
159:reverse osmosis
115:around which a
105:
94:around which a
57:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3561:Tempered glass
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:DNA microarray
3528:
3526:Dealkalization
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Glass modeling
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3331:Glass-ceramics
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Silicate glass
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:science topics
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3012:Trouton's rule
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Critical point
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Liquid crystal
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Strange matter
2713:
2711:Rydberg matter
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2568:
2557:
2546:
2533:
2532:External links
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:on 2012-12-09.
2514:(2): 522–529.
2499:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2394:
2358:
2333:
2276:
2251:
2236:
2207:(7): 790–793.
2187:
2156:
2138:
2120:
2079:
2038:
2011:
1957:
1898:
1860:
1840:(4): 417–424.
1814:
1785:(2): 327–334.
1765:
1718:
1699:(1): 125–135.
1683:
1648:
1613:
1606:
1588:
1545:
1502:
1455:
1394:
1373:
1361:
1342:
1316:
1296:"Undercooling"
1286:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Viscous liquid
1188:
1186:Ultracold atom
1183:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1129:upon opening.
1102:
1099:
1080:
1077:
1020:
1017:
988:
985:
981:
980:
966:
963:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
938:
934:
930:
924:
918:
915:
910:
907:
879:
876:
872:
867:
861:
858:
854:
850:
847:
821:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
717:
714:
710:
687:
684:
680:
655:
635:
624:
623:
610:
607:
602:
597:
594:
590:
586:
581:
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
559:
556:
553:
548:
542:
539:
532:
528:
524:
518:
503:
502:
488:
485:
480:
477:
471:
466:
463:
460:
455:
449:
446:
439:
435:
431:
425:
421:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
349:
348:
334:
331:
326:
323:
317:
312:
309:
306:
301:
295:
292:
285:
281:
277:
271:
236:
233:
187:cumulus clouds
104:
101:
84:freezing point
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3695:Glass physics
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Optical fiber
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3425:Vitrification
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Glass melting
3393:
3391:
3390:Glass forming
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Uranium glass
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Soluble glass
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Ceramic glaze
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Mpemba effect
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Cooling curve
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2971:Vitrification
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Recombination
2934:
2932:
2931:Melting point
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Critical line
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Boiling point
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Exotic matter
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:AIChE Journal
2505:
2500:
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214:boiling point
211:
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195:Freezing rain
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123:, the liquid
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100:
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48:
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33:
32:superfluidity
19:
3634:Porous glass
3589:Safety glass
3546:Porous glass
3504:modification
3316:Wood's glass
3236:Fused quartz
3211:Cobalt glass
3165:Supercooling
3164:
3093:Superheating
2966:Vaporization
2961:Triple point
2956:Supercooling
2955:
2921:Lambda point
2871:Condensation
2788:Time crystal
2766:Other states
2706:Quantum Hall
2524:the original
2511:
2507:
2452:
2448:
2407:
2403:
2397:
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2368:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
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2264:
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2055:
2051:
2041:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1977:
1973:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1851:. Retrieved
1837:
1833:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1735:
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1591:
1569:(1): 57–64.
1566:
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1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1384:. 2021-04-07
1376:
1364:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1330:NASA Science
1329:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1294:Rathz, Tom.
1289:
1231:(1): 12006.
1228:
1224:
1214:
1201:Superheating
1155:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1104:
1101:Applications
1082:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1013:
1006:
990:
982:
790:
625:
504:
355:is given by
350:
253:
246:
218:
199:
180:
175:Glassy water
149:down to its
144:
133:
106:
87:
80:undercooling
79:
76:Supercooling
75:
74:
3659:Glass fiber
3624:Glass cloth
3368:Preparation
3344:CorningWare
3226:Flint glass
3221:Crown glass
3174:Formulation
3002:Latent heat
2951:Sublimation
2896:Evaporation
2831:Ferromagnet
2826:Ferrimagnet
2808:Dark matter
2740:High energy
2410:: 221–239.
2027:: 507–528.
1853:11 December
1664:: 359–390.
1629:: 327–357.
1121:containing
1090:ice shelves
1079:In seawater
1057:as well as
103:Explanation
3674:Categories
3654:Windshield
3488:Refraction
3448:Dispersion
3256:Milk glass
3251:Lead glass
3017:Volatility
2980:Quantities
2941:Regelation
2916:Ionization
2891:Deposition
2843:Superglass
2813:Antimatter
2747:QCD matter
2726:Supersolid
2721:Superfluid
2684:Low energy
2352:2019-07-24
2270:2016-03-14
2248:. R&D.
2181:2013-12-05
2176:Condé Nast
1388:2021-04-08
1310:2010-01-12
1238:1808.00536
1207:References
1181:Subcooling
1086:Antarctica
987:In animals
834:, and the
155:nucleation
109:crystalize
36:subcooling
3521:Corrosion
3420:Viscosity
3375:Annealing
2389:199076266
2296:: 21864.
2146:Slush-It!
1752:1542-7528
1417:1107.1622
1263:2045-2322
1019:In plants
1003:ectotherm
948:−
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906:∂
585:−
566:−
538:∂
523:∂
484:∂
476:∂
445:∂
430:∂
387:∂
369:∂
330:∂
322:∂
291:∂
276:∂
249:interface
210:superheat
140:amorphous
18:Supercool
3639:Pre-preg
3443:Achromat
3186:Bioglass
3181:AgInSbTe
3078:Spinodal
3026:Concepts
2906:Freezing
2487:15323794
2328:26902483
2231:24973919
2149:Archived
2131:Archived
2006:25520725
1952:27632365
1912:PLOS ONE
1809:12223611
1678:11181960
1643:11181959
1583:15406812
1532:18239117
1442:22113691
1354:Archived
1335:13 April
1281:31427698
1165:See also
256:liquidus
225:solution
202:pressure
131:occurs.
3570:Diverse
3502:Surface
3359:Zerodur
3038:Binodal
2926:Melting
2861:Boiling
2778:Crystal
2773:Colloid
2577:YouTube
2566:YouTube
2555:YouTube
2544:YouTube
2495:8311857
2467:Bibcode
2412:Bibcode
2319:4763186
2298:Bibcode
2222:4141719
2101:Bibcode
2060:Bibcode
1997:4249714
1980:: 654.
1943:5025027
1920:Bibcode
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1760:5362785
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1512:Science
1485:Bibcode
1450:1784703
1422:Bibcode
1272:6700159
1243:Bibcode
1095:sea ice
1042:suberin
183:stratus
117:crystal
96:crystal
3572:topics
3435:Optics
3241:GeSbTe
3148:Basics
2666:Plasma
2647:Liquid
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1038:lignin
670:, and
626:where
229:solute
121:nuclei
3354:Macor
3321:ZBLAN
3155:Glass
3140:Glass
2656:Vapor
2642:Solid
2635:State
2491:S2CID
2457:arXiv
2445:(PDF)
2385:S2CID
2171:Wired
1889:S2CID
1830:(PDF)
1756:S2CID
1558:(PDF)
1536:S2CID
1471:(PDF)
1446:S2CID
1412:arXiv
1233:arXiv
1127:slush
1111:slush
1072:Larix
1066:Picea
1060:Abies
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2627:list
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2324:PMID
2227:PMID
2002:PMID
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1639:PMID
1602:ISBN
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