870:
675:
110:
680:
653:
541:
865:
838:
536:
725:
531:
756:
563:
860:
685:
1101:
Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.; Belyaev, Artem O.; Mathur, Varsha; Karpov, Sergey A.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Borodina, Anastasia S.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2022). "Microbial predators form a new
869:
62:(abbreviated as eToL) has been divided into 5–8 major groupings called 'supergroups'. These groupings were established after the idea that only
929:
studies of bacteria, in a smaller sense than within eukaryotes. As of 2021, it is very commonly used for naming clades within the genus
674:
1171:
Baldo L, Werren JH (2007). "Revisiting
Wolbachia Supergroup Typing Based on WSP: Spurious Lineages and Discordance with MLST".
168:). It is estimated to occupy up to half of all eukaryotic diversity, since it includes multiple major groups such as
1133:
Brown MW, et al. (2018), "Phylogenomics Places Orphan
Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group",
109:
679:
652:
141:
analyses have brought a new, more accurate supergroup model. These are the current supergroups of eukaryotes:
1272:
424:
Many orphan groups of free-living protozoa remain left behind, unable to be added to a supergroup, such as:
1055:"New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life"
1239:
Covacin C, Barker SC (2007). "Supergroup F Wolbachia bacteria parasitise lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)".
269:
103:
24:
540:
1035:
395:
1221:
1115:
1027:
984:
864:
261:
98:. Since then, the eToL has been rearranged profoundly, and most of these groups were found as
43:
106:
characteristics that unite their members, which makes the 'supergroup' label more arbitrary.
1248:
1211:
1180:
1152:
1142:
1107:
1076:
1066:
1017:
974:
614:
401:
339:
130:
1008:
173:
31:
and have important defining characteristics. It is an informal, mostly arbitrary rank in
1157:
1081:
1054:
809:
787:
669:
490:
441:
433:
429:
405:
348:
273:
257:
237:
215:
201:
91:
87:
837:
455:
A possible modern topology of the eToL would be the following (supergroups labeled in
1266:
1039:
449:
367:
359:
245:
157:
1200:"Wolbachia supergroup E found in Hypochthonius rufulus (Acari: Oribatida) in Poland"
926:
535:
376:
309:
265:
250:
185:
138:
99:
79:
67:
63:
28:
724:
1216:
1199:
530:
416:
289:
277:
241:
223:
193:
1111:
979:
962:
113:
Phylogenomic tree of eukaryotes, as regarded in 2020. Supergroups are in color.
1252:
1184:
1022:
1003:
755:
750:
437:
387:
363:
343:
325:
294:
285:
281:
219:
189:
134:
1225:
74:. In the early days of the eToL six traditional supergroups were considered:
1071:
931:
647:
466:
445:
305:
229:
161:
149:
122:
75:
59:
1119:
1031:
988:
1053:
Strassert JFH, Jamy M, Mylnikov AP, Tikhonenkov DV, Burki F (April 2019).
1147:
854:
557:
391:
381:
371:
321:
301:
207:
197:
165:
95:
83:
71:
35:
719:
588:
562:
425:
411:
355:
181:
177:
169:
126:
118:
32:
329:
313:
233:
211:
153:
47:
39:
859:
684:
66:
groups should be accepted as ranks, as an alternative to the use of
832:
335:
317:
108:
525:
145:
414:, the most recent supergroup, containing the previously orphan
117:
Currently, the addition of many lineages of newly discovered
961:
Burki F, Roger AJ, Brown MW, Simpson AGB (January 2020).
404:, previously an orphan clade but recently brought into
200:
parasites. It essentially contains the majority of "
1002:Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004).
46:, although some supergroups are also treated as
338:, composed by the free-living protozoan groups
1198:Konecka, Edyta; Olszanowski, Ziemowit (2021).
320:and related protists). They're related to the
264:), constituted by the lineages that acquired
8:
380:. It is the biggest remaining clade of the "
1215:
1156:
1146:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1070:
1021:
978:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
27:, is a large group of organisms that
16:Classification rank for living beings
7:
1004:"The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes"
824:
802:
780:
639:
517:
510:
503:
496:
486:
479:
472:
462:
58:Since the decade of the 2000s, the
14:
1204:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
925:The term 'supergroup' is used in
868:
863:
858:
836:
754:
723:
683:
678:
673:
651:
561:
539:
534:
529:
1059:Molecular Biology and Evolution
328:, and together form the clade
1:
1217:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104829
1135:Genome Biology and Evolution
963:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
1102:supergroup of eukaryotes".
38:that is often greater than
1289:
1112:10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5
980:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
436:(thought to be related to
390:, previously part of the "
1253:10.1007/s00436-006-0309-6
1185:10.1007/s00284-007-0055-8
1023:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038
851:
829:
822:
807:
800:
785:
778:
747:
716:
666:
644:
637:
611:
585:
554:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
484:
477:
470:
432:with limited certainty),
29:share one common ancestor
921:Prokaryotic supergroups
394:", entirely containing
60:eukaryotic tree of life
114:
54:Eukaryotic supergroups
1072:10.1093/molbev/msz012
428:(possibly belongs to
270:primary endosymbiosis
112:
137:...) and the use of
25:evolutionary biology
260:(also treated as a
232:(also treated as a
210:(also treated as a
102:or lacked defining
1148:10.1093/gbe/evy014
304:, composed by the
248:and the enigmatic
240:", comprising the
236:), previously in "
218:", comprising the
214:), previously in "
115:
1016:(17): R693–R696.
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
890:
889:
881:
880:
767:
766:
736:
735:
705:
704:
696:
695:
626:
625:
600:
599:
574:
573:
358:, constituted by
148:, constituted by
1280:
1257:
1256:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1025:
999:
993:
992:
982:
967:Trends Ecol Evol
958:
872:
867:
862:
840:
825:
803:
781:
758:
727:
687:
682:
677:
655:
640:
615:Hemimastigophora
565:
543:
538:
533:
518:
511:
504:
497:
487:
480:
473:
463:
402:Hemimastigophora
340:Collodictyonidae
131:Hemimastigophora
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1009:Current Biology
1001:
1000:
996:
960:
959:
946:
941:
923:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
768:
737:
706:
697:
627:
601:
575:
174:dinoflagellates
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1273:Eukaryote taxa
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1231:
1190:
1173:Curr Microbiol
1163:
1141:(2): 427–433,
1125:
1088:
1065:(4): 757–765.
1045:
994:
943:
942:
940:
937:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
910:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
892:
888:
887:
884:
883:
879:
878:
875:
874:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
828:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
810:Malawimonadida
806:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:Ancyromonadida
784:
779:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:
699:
698:
694:
693:
690:
689:
670:Archaeplastida
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
643:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
620:
619:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
598:
597:
594:
593:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
521:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
491:Diaphoretickes
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
461:
442:Ancyromonadida
434:Malawimonadida
430:Archaeplastida
422:
421:
409:
406:Diaphoretickes
399:
385:
353:
333:
299:
274:Chloroplastida
258:Archaeplastida
255:
246:katablepharids
238:Chromalveolata
227:
216:Chromalveolata
205:
202:Chromalveolata
186:foraminiferans
92:Chromalveolata
88:Archaeplastida
55:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Parasitol Res
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
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1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
945:
938:
936:
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928:
920:
913:
912:
904:
903:
895:
894:
886:
885:
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861:
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856:
849:
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841:
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827:
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819:
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815:
812:
811:
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804:
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776:
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772:
771:
763:
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721:
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686:
681:
676:
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671:
664:
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641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
622:
621:
618:
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609:
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604:
596:
595:
592:
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590:
583:
582:
579:
578:
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566:
564:
560:
559:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
542:
537:
532:
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527:
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519:
513:
512:
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505:
499:
498:
492:
489:
488:
482:
481:
475:
474:
468:
465:
464:
460:
458:
453:
451:
450:Apusomonadida
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
418:
413:
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:Heterolobosea
365:
361:
360:Discicristata
357:
354:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
253:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Stramenopiles
155:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
111:
107:
105:
104:morphological
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1103:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1013:
1007:
997:
973:(1): 43–55.
970:
966:
930:
927:phylogenetic
924:
853:
852:
831:
830:
808:
786:
749:
748:
718:
717:
668:
667:
646:
645:
613:
612:
587:
586:
556:
555:
524:
523:
456:
454:
423:
415:
377:Tsukubamonas
375:
347:
310:Opisthokonta
293:
266:chloroplasts
251:Palpitomonas
249:
242:cryptomonads
224:centrohelids
194:apicomplexan
190:radiolarians
139:phylogenomic
116:
100:paraphyletic
80:Opisthokonta
68:paraphyletic
64:monophyletic
57:
20:
18:
1247:: 479–485.
417:Ancoracysta
326:apusomonads
290:Glaucophyta
282:land plants
278:green algae
1210:(104829).
939:References
751:Metamonada
438:Metamonada
388:Metamonada
364:Euglenozoa
349:Mantamonas
344:Rigifilida
295:Rhodelphis
286:Rhodophyta
222:algae and
220:haptophyte
192:, and the
135:Rigifilida
33:biological
21:supergroup
1226:1567-1348
1179:: 81–87.
1040:207051421
932:Wolbachia
648:Cryptista
467:Eukaryota
446:Breviatea
398:protists.
396:anaerobic
392:Excavates
382:Excavates
322:breviates
306:Amoebozoa
230:Cryptista
162:Alveolata
154:SAR clade
150:Telonemia
123:Telonemia
121:(such as
76:Amoebozoa
1267:Category
1120:36477531
1032:15341755
989:31606140
855:Amorphea
558:Haptista
372:Jakobida
324:and the
308:and the
302:Amorphea
268:through
208:Haptista
198:oomycete
182:ciliates
178:seaweeds
166:Rhizaria
152:and the
119:protists
96:Rhizaria
84:Excavata
72:Protista
70:kingdom
36:taxonomy
1158:5793813
1082:6844682
720:Discoba
589:Provora
452:, etc.
426:Picozoa
412:Provora
356:Discoba
314:animals
262:kingdom
170:diatoms
127:Picozoa
44:kingdom
1224:
1155:
1118:
1104:Nature
1079:
1038:
1030:
987:
330:Obazoa
234:phylum
212:phylum
94:" and
40:phylum
1036:S2CID
833:CRuMs
336:CRuMs
318:fungi
48:phyla
23:, in
1222:ISSN
1116:PMID
1028:PMID
985:PMID
526:TSAR
457:bold
374:and
366:and
346:and
292:and
280:and
196:and
164:and
146:TSAR
1249:doi
1245:100
1212:doi
1181:doi
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